water in the earth’s climate system. ocean and freshwater distribution figure 5.3
Post on 19-Dec-2015
215 views
TRANSCRIPT
Atmospheric Stability • Adiabatic Processes
– Dry adiabatic rate (DAR)– Moist adiabatic rate (MAR)– Stable and unstable atmospheric conditions
Atmospheric Lifting Mechanisms
• Convectional Lifting
• Orographic Lifting
• Frontal Lifting – Cold fronts – Warm fronts
Precipitation Cloud droplets
Less than 20 micrometers (0.02 millimeter) in diameter
Fall incredibly slow Formation of precipitation
Ice crystal process Temperature in the cloud is below freezing Ice crystals collect water vapor Large snowflakes form and fall to the
ground or melt and turn to rain
Precipitation
Formation of precipitation Collision-coalescence process
Warm clouds Large hygroscopic condensation nuclei Large droplets form Droplets collide with other droplets during
their descent
Precipitation Forms of precipitation
Rain and drizzle Rain—Droplets have at least a 0.5 mm
diameter Drizzle—Droplets have less than a 0.5 mm
diameter Snow—Ice crystals, or aggregates of ice
crystals Sleet and glaze
Sleet Small particles of ice in winter
Change in Annual Total Rainfall over Time
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Corv
allis
Gra
nt's
Pas
s
Hoo
d Ri
ver
Esta
cada
Mor
o
Lake
view
Alt
uras
Orl
eans
Scoti
a
Uki
ah
Sant
a Ro
sa
Gra
ton
Sacr
amen
to
Nap
a
Los
Bano
s
Han
ford
Coal
inga
Los
Ang
eles
Big
Bear
Sant
a A
na
Palm
Spr
ings
San
Die
go
Chan
ge in
Inch
es o
f Rai
n si
nce
1925
Western OR
Northern CA
Central CA Southern CAEastern OR/Northeast CA
Change in Rainfall from 1925 to 2008, CA & OR
ANNUAL
y = 0.0254x + 72.209
y = 0.0591x + 50.935
y = -0.0085x + 15.508
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
1878
1883
1888
1893
1898
1903
1908
1913
1918
1923
1928
1933
1938
1943
1948
1953
1958
1963
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
TE
MP
(F
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
PR
EC
IPIT
AT
IN (
IN)
RAIN FALL MAX TEMP 5 YR MEAN
MIN TEMP 5 YR MEAN Linear (MAX TEMP 5 YR MEAN)
Linear (MIN TEMP 5 YR MEAN) Linear (RAIN FALL)
Downtown LA Rainfall & Temperature 1878-2003