water budget for village level micro-planningsohoni/td603/jys/pocratraining2nov2… · •iwmp:...

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Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planning Prof. Milind Sohoni POCRA team IIT Bombay Nanaji Deshmukh Krishi Sanjivani Prakalp (PoCRA, 2017-18) Divisional Officers Orientation Program 2 nd November’17, Yashada, Pune 1

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Page 1: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planning

Prof. Milind Sohoni

POCRA team

IIT Bombay

Nanaji Deshmukh Krishi Sanjivani Prakalp(PoCRA, 2017-18)

Divisional Officers Orientation Program

2nd November’17, Yashada, Pune1

Page 2: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

Agenda

• Objectives

• Current situation and need for water budget

• Water budget: concepts

• Output and action plans

• Data requirement and collection

• Water budgeting process and roles

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Page 3: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

Objectives

• To consider all sources (SW, soil moisture, GW) aswell as demand side analysis

• To give a computational tool for advise on croppingpattern

• To feed into watershed development plans for thecluster

• To help in implementation of GW act at communitylevel

• Current focus: non-command areas.

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Page 4: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

Current situation and need for water budget

4

Page 5: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

Current Situation

• Changing diets: year long (out-of-season) demand for

perishable fruits, milk, vegetables

• Demand for livestock feed

• Changes in other inputs: seeds, chemicals, labour

• Climate change: variability in daily and cumulative rainfalls,

temperature etc.

Resulting in the following at farm and village level

• Move to annual crops in poorer soil; higher cropping intensity

• Importance of assured water

• Composite use of groundwater, surface water and soil moisture

• Competition for ground water: deeper wells, borewells

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Page 6: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

Climate change

परति तिनपरजनयमान

सकतिि

अपधाव(cumulative)

पडगाव,परभणी(२०१५)

पडगाव, परभणी(२०१६)

6

Page 7: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

Various Programs - What to do, Where to do and How much to do

• IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

• Jalyukta Shivar: oriented towards farmers, many engineering interventions

• Water balance: • Benefits community as well as farm level

• Quantitative understanding of design issues

• Helps to combine benefits of both approaches

• Helps implement JSA exit protocol

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Page 8: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

गावािीि महतवाचया समसया

• खरीप हगामािीि वाढि/िाबि चाििि पावसाच खड (dry spells)• िबार परणी

• तपकाच नकसान

• सरतिि तसचनाची गरर

• रबबी हगामाि तपकािा कमी पडणार पाणी• उतपािकिा कमी, बारार भाव कमी, आतथजक नकसान

• भरिासाठी सपधाज, तवतहरी िवकर आटण

• रबबी चया सरवािीिा पाणयाचया उपिबधिनसार सामतहक ररतया तपक पदधिठरतवणयाची गरर

8

Page 9: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

गावािीि महतवाचया समसया

• वाढि चािििी मािीची धप• मािीचा थर कमी होण

• मािीिीि पाणी साठवन ठवणयाची िमिा कमी होण

• खरीप मधय पावसाचा खड पडलयास मािीिीि पाणी कमी पडण

• रबबी मधय कवळ मािीिीि ओिावया वर घििी राणारी तपक कमी होण

• Ridge to valley पदधिीन मि सधारणाची काम करन मािी ची धप कमी करणआवशयक

9

Page 10: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

गावािीि सथातनक असमानिा

वरच शिकरी –खािच शिकरी

काळी मािी – मरमाड मािी

बागायिी शिकरी –कोरडवाह शिकरी

• िाळबि कवळ आकडवारी नसन तयाचा सबध सथातनकपररससथिीशी व पाणयाचया असमान (कमी / रासत) उपिबधिशीरोडण अतिशय महतवाच

• तया कररिा तवतवध नकाशाचया (Soil, Land use maps इतयािी)सहाययान गरर शिकऱयाना िकषय करण आवशयक

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Page 11: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

Sample soil texture map (Gondala, Hingoli)

11

Page 12: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

Sample soil depth map (Gondala, Hingoli)

12

Page 13: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

Contour Map

13

Page 14: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

Typical Scenario

Area: 700 AcresRainfall 650mm

Kharif Area Aspiration Vulnerable

Orange 50 +50 Borewell

Cotton 200 +50

Soyabean 200 100

Tur 200 100

Jawar 100 -75

Rabi

Harbhara 100 +25 75

Wheat 50 +50 50

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Page 15: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

Crop Water

Crop Water(mm) Crop Water(mm)

Soyabean 400 Orange 1100

Tur 450 Harbhara 350

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Page 16: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

तपणयाच पाणयाची उपिबधिा व भरि पािळी

पवी

भरि पािळी

गावठाणािीि तपणयाचयापाणयाची तवहीर

शि तवहीर

सदयाससथिी

सतरोत बळकटीकरणआवशयक 16

Page 17: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

Key Question

• Can we answer vulnerability and aspirational questions?

• Can we advise farmers as well as community?

Answer: Water Balance

• Framework – Supply and Demand

• Spatial as well as temporal analysis

• Uses scientific data which is now available

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Page 18: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

Water budget: concepts

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Page 19: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

पाणयाचा िाळबि : महततवाच गतणि व साधन

• िाळबि महणर थोडकयाि पाणयाची उपिबधिा आतण मागणी याच समीकरण वतयानसार पाणयाचा वाटप करण

• शिकरी समार आतण इिर िोकामधय या पाणयाचया गतणिाबददिची रागरकिावाढतवण

• गावाचा समगर आतण एकतिि तवचार करणयास परोतसाहन िण

• गाव पािळीवर सामहिक तवचार-परतिया व तनयोरन-परतिया बळकट करण

• तनयोरन कशासाठी?

• गावातील सवव शतकऱााना (हवशषतः छोट व सीमाात) परस पाणी उपलबध करनदणयासाठी

• गावातील हपणयाचया पाणयाची टाचाई सोडहवणयासाठी (हवशषतः महिला, भहमिीन, आहदवासी ााचया समसया) 19

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भरि

Jun DecNovOctSepAug JanJul Feb Mar Apr May Jun

खरीप

कापस, िर इ.

वातषजक / फळ तपक

रबबीउनहाळी

परजनयमानDry spell

अपाधावरि सधारणकाम

पनभजरण

मािीिीि ओिावा

महततवाचा तनणजय १ महततवाचा तनणजय २

सरतिि तसचन

वन-िि, करण, गवि इतयािी

िाळबिाची सकलपना 20

Page 21: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

Simple hydrological cycle िाळबिािीि परमख घटक

परजनयमानतपकाची गररबाशपोतशवास (ET)

अपधावमािीिीिओिावा

मािीिन

तिरपिि पाणी(भरि)

भरि परवाह

खडक

21

Page 22: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

Kharif water balance

अपधाव जहमनीत मरलल

पाणी

पजवनयमान

22

मातीतील

हशललक

पाणी /

ओलावा

मातीतन

खाली

हिरपलल

पाणी (भजल)

खरीप हपक

िाड गवत

ाानी शोषलल

पाणी

गावाबािर

वाहन

जाणार पाणी

मद व जल

साधारण

कामाामळअडहवलल पाणी

जहमहनतील

पाणयात वाढ

(पनभवरण)

बाषपीभवनGW flows/ Baseflowsभजल साठा

Page 23: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

अपधाव जहमनीत मरलल

पाणी

पजवनयमान

मखय घटक : रतमनीचा उिार, परकार, मािीचा परकार,

soil thickness, organic matter आचछािन

इ.

मखय घटक :

नोिीची वारवाररिा (सधया िनतिन

उपिबध)

नोिीच तठकाण (सधया मडळ सतरावरउपिबध)

High Low

Slope

Soil conductivity

Organic matter

Soil thickness

Low runoff

High runoff

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Page 24: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

गावाबािर वाहन

जाणार पाणी

अपधाव

मद व जल

साधारण

कामाामळ

अडहवलल पाणी

जहमहनतील

पाणयात वाढ

(पनभवरण)

बाषपीभवन

मखय घटक :

िापमान, हवचा वग, आरदजिा,

पाणयाचा पषठभाग इ.उपचाराची पाणी साठवण िमिा, भरण

सखया, मािीचा परकार, रतमनीचा उिार इ.

24

मखय घटक : Available run-off for potential structures, existing structures: सीमट बधार, मािी नािा बाध, पािरििाव, कटी वयर, gabion बधार, deep CCT, ि.बो., शि िळ इ.

Page 25: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

अपधाव तनयोरनाची गरर

परति तिनपरजनयमान

सकतिि

अपधाव(cumulative)

पडगाव,परभणी(२०१५)

पडगाव, परभणी(२०१६)

25

Page 26: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

dry spells, soil moisture deficit

तपकाची पाणयाची गरर(तमतम परति तिन)

तपकािा मािीिन उपिबधपाणी (तमतम परति तिन)

Ref. - परा परसाि याचया चाि अभयासािन (तसननर िािका, नातशक) २०१७

िनतिन परजनयमान (तमतम)

26

Page 27: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

भरि

Jun DecNovOctSepAug JanJul Feb Mar Apr May Jun

खरीप

कापस, िर इ.

वातषजक / फळ तपक

रबबीउनहाळी

परजनयमानDry spell

अपाधावरि सधारणकाम

पनभजरण

मािीिीि ओिावा

महततवाचा तनणजय १ महततवाचा तनणजय २

सरतिि तसचन

वन-िि, करण, गवि इतयािी

Now to rabi water balance27

Page 28: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

जहमनीत मरलल

पाणी

पजवनयमान

28

मातीतील

हशललक पाणी / ओलावा

मातीतन खाली

हिरपललपाणी (भजल)

खरीप हपक िाड

गवत ाानीशोषलल पाणी

GW flows/ Baseflows

भजल साठा

Soil Moisture

Ground water stockGW flow in from upstream

GW flow out downstream

Evapotranspiration

GW Recharge

Infiltration

Page 29: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

जहमनीत मरलल

पाणी

पजवनयमान

29

मातीतील

हशललक पाणी / ओलावा

मातीतन खाली

हिरपललपाणी (भजल)

खरीप हपक िाड

गवत ाानीशोषलल पाणी

GW flows/ Baseflows

भजल साठा

मखय घटक :

Evapotranspiration Load:तपक, िाड, गवि

याची पाणयाची रोरची

गरर, मळाची खोिी,

तयाची पाणी शोषन घणयाची

िमिा इ.

िापमान, आरदजिा, हवचावग इ.

Actual ET Load: Soil moisture stress condition

Page 30: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

जहमनीत मरलल

पाणी

पजवनयमान

30

मातीतील

हशललक पाणी / ओलावा

मातीतन खाली

हिरपललपाणी (भजल)

खरीप हपक िाड

गवत ाानीशोषलल पाणी

GW flows/Baseflows

भजल साठामखय घटक : मािीचा परकार (water holding capacity, conductivity) soil thickness, organic matter इ.

मखय घटक : मािीचा परकार (water holding capacity, conductivity) soil thickness, भरि-धारकाच गणधमज इ.

भरि-धारकाच गणधमज

(aquifer properties?)

Page 31: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

Rabi water availability

भजल साठा

रबबी व उनहाळी

हपकाासाठीहशललक पाणी

मातीतील हशललकपाणी

बािरील पाणी (उपसा

हसाचन, कालवा, बोरवल इ.)

वरच गाव खािच गाव

+

31

Page 32: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

• उपिबधिपिा गरर रासत महणर नमक काय?• रबी तपकािा शवटच पाणी कमी पडण

• रबी / उनहाळी तपकािा कमी पडणार पाणी खोि बोरवल न अथवा गावा बाहरन lift करनपरतवण

• शत-तळ खोिन पाणयाचया उपिबधिची तनतििी करण

• परीणाम• तपकाची उतपािकिा कमी , शिकऱयाच आतथजक नकसान

• भरिासाठी सपधाज, तवतहरी िवकर आटण, उनहाळयाि पाणयाची टचाई

• खोि खोि बोरवि व शि-िळ यावर अमयाजतिि खचज

• उपाय• नवीन रि-सधाराची काम करन उपिबधिा वाढतवण

• गावािीि पाणयाचया उपिबधिनसार शावि तपक पदधिी अविबण (उिा. तहवर बारार)

रबबी व उनहाळी हगामासाठीतशललक पाणी

रबबी व उनहाळी हगामािीितपकाची गरर

32

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रबबी व उनहाळी हगामासाठीतशललक पाणी

रबबी व उनहाळी हगामािीितपकाची गरर

नवीन रि-सधाराची काम करनउपिबधिा वाढतवण

गावािीि पाणयाचया उपिबधिनसारशावि तपक पदधिी अविबण33

Page 34: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

रबबी रि-वापर तनिशाक

१.० पिा कमी असलयास -- सरहित सथिती

१.० पिा रासतअसलयास -- असरहित सथिती

DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT

आवशयक

रबबी व उनहाळी हगामासाठी

तशललक पाणी

रबबी व उनहाळी हगामािीि

तपकाची गरर

=

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Page 35: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

Output and action plans

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Page 36: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

Objective of Micro-plans

• खरीपािीि सरतिि तसचनाची गरर परतवण

• खरीपािीि िागवडीखािीि िि वाढतवण

• रबी िीि िागवडीखािीि िि वाढतवण

• रबी रि-वापर तनिशाक आटोकयाि ठवण

• वन-िि व उवजररि तबगर-शिी रतमनीवर वि िागवड व मिसधारानाची काम हािी घयावी

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उपचाराच तनयोरन Treatment Potential map (िरगाव, फिबरी, औरगाबाि)

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Page 38: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

Output of the water budget

• Kharif vulnerable zones• Identification of zones most vulnerable during Kharif dry

spells

• Requirement of protective irrigation

• Targeted region for interventions

• Total runoff and peak run-off at key points in streams• Potential water that can be impounded

• Match with Kharif protective irrigation demand targets

• Rabi water balance• Available ground water for Rabi irrigation

• Under design

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Page 39: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

Land use map (Pedgaon, Parbhani)

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How to do protective irrigation?

Page 40: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

७० ह. चा छोटापाणिोट

खरीप हगामाि सरतिि तसचनासाठीनािा व अपधाव तनयोरन

शि िळ,

छोट बधार, खोिीकरण इ.

1st order stream

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Page 41: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

Output of the water budget

• Kharif Vulnerable zones

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परा परसाि, सधाश िशमखयाचया चाि अभयासािन(२०१७)

(गाव – तिगिरी, रामिया, गोडाळा, उमरिरी (सनगाव, तहगोिी)

Page 42: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

Output of water budget

• Total run-off and peak-runoff at various points

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Page 43: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

Rabi balance – where is rabi possible?

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Page 44: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

Rabi balance – where is rabi possible?

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Page 45: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

Demand side management/ Rabi cropping decision• Ground water: how much to take from upstream?

How much to give to downstream?

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Page 46: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

Data requirement and collection process

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Sr.

No

Water Budget

ComponentSecondary Data Source Analysis

1 Surface RunOff Daily Rainfall dataMaharain website,

agroclimatic zone wise KVK

Supply side analysis (AET,

Runoff and Infiltration

calculation)

Land Use Land Cover maps MRSAC

Select and analyze for areas of

interest - Agricultural land

and Fallow land

Soil Maps MRSAC

Calculation of AET

requirement and groundwater

infiltration as well as run off

Watershed Map MRSACTo perform clusterwise

analysis

2Ground Water

RechargeSpecific yield and conductivity PoCRA (from GSDA)

Pre Monsoon to Post Monsoon

Well level FluctuationGSDA

Drainage Map

DEMfor modflow simulation and

gw model

Ground water assessment report

latestGSDA

Secondary data

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Sr. NoWater Budget Component

Secondary Data Source Analysis

2Ground Water Recharge

Ground Water Prospect Map MRSAC

Ground recharge priority map GSDA

Geology, lithologs, HydrogeologyMaps

GSDA

3Recharge fromotherstructures

All surface water storage structures(2016-17)

PoCRA (from WRD and MI Local– ZP)

Not required for us except ifarea treatment done

4 Crop ETVillage Level Crop Sowing reports(Kharif, Long Kharif, Rabi, Summer)(2011-2017)

PoCRA from (Taluka Agriculture Officer or Deputy Director Agriculture).

Basic Cultivation data for app

Zone wise Eto dataWALMI or KVK or AgriUniversities

Crop water demand and AET Calculation and input in app

Revenue or Cadastral Maps. GP Offices / ZP offices Village level analysis

Crop ET Load for crops cultivated inthese clusters

WALMI or KVK or AgriUniversities

Crop water demand and AET Calculation and input in app

Secondary data

Page 49: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

Primary data

• Validation of Kharif vulnerable zones

• Existing cropping pattern – Kharif, Rabi, Summer, Annual

• Single cropped, double cropped area

• Irrigation practices, yields

• Existing structures and watershed interventions

• Well surveys

• Stream flows and duration

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Page 50: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

Budgeting process and roles

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Page 51: Water Budget for Village Level Micro-Planningsohoni/TD603/JYS/PoCRATraining2Nov2… · •IWMP: focus on area treatment, community mobilization, natural resource management approach

Water budgeting process and roles• Cluster data and map docket

• Shivar-feri

• Detailed field work• Well levels, soil data

• Stress and vulnerability – farmer interviews

• Current assets and drainage

• Village Meeting – preparation of village plan

• Big picture and technical vetting

• Action plan and implementation

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धनयवाद!52