water
DESCRIPTION
Water. The Hydrologic Cycle. “Whiskey’s for drinking, water’s for fighting over.” Western saying. The Critical Need: Water. Global Water. Ocean (Salty) 97.2 % Fresh Water 2.8 % Ice 2.15% Liquid 0.65% Groundwater 0.62% Lakes 0.009% Soil Moisture 0.005% Streams and Rivers 0.001% - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Water
![Page 2: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Hydrologic Cycle
![Page 3: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
“Whiskey’s for drinking, water’s for fighting over.”
Western saying
![Page 4: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The Critical Need: Water
![Page 5: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Global Water• Ocean (Salty) 97.2 %• Fresh Water 2.8 %
– Ice 2.15%– Liquid 0.65%
• Groundwater 0.62%• Lakes 0.009%• Soil Moisture 0.005%• Streams and Rivers 0.001%• Atmosphere 0.0001%
![Page 6: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Why Not Use Sea Water?
• Desalination now provides 1% of world drinking water
• Distillation (Energy intensive)• Passive distillation (Slow, inefficient)• Reverse Osmosis (Filters delicate, prone to
clogging and contamination)• Towing Antarctic Icebergs (Not done yet,
but the numbers are promising)
![Page 7: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Surface Water, Bosnia
![Page 8: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Dams
• Irrigation• Urban water supply• Hydroelectric power• Flood control• Recreation
![Page 9: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Impacts of Dams• Human dislocation• Habitat Destruction
– Terrestrial– Aquatic– Disruption of natural cycles
• Sediment Starvation• Increased Evaporation• Conflict
– Division of Water– Denial as weapon
![Page 10: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Yangtze Gorge
![Page 12: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Three Gorges Dam, China
![Page 13: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Three Gorges Dam, China
![Page 14: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Three Gorges Dam, China
![Page 15: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Three Gorges Dam Locks
![Page 16: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Three Gorges Dam Locks
![Page 17: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Open Spillway
![Page 18: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Sierra Foothills, California
![Page 19: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
O’Shaugnessy Dam, California
![Page 20: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
O’Shaugnessy Dam, California
![Page 21: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
O’Shaugnessy Dam, California
![Page 22: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, California
![Page 23: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Owens Valley, California
![Page 24: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Mono Lake, California
![Page 25: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Tufa Pinnacles, Mono Lake
![Page 26: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
San Bernardino, California
![Page 27: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The Aral Sea
![Page 28: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Prehistoric Aral Sea?
![Page 29: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The Aral Sea• Once world’s 4th largest lake• Roughly area of Lake Michigan, but only
20% of its volume• Complex history of natural diversion and
dessication• Pleistocene filling from north?• Fed only by Syr Darya until Holocene• Amu Darya captured ca. 10,000 years ago.
![Page 30: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Aral Sea
1957-2006
![Page 31: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Aral Sea
1957-2006
![Page 32: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Aral Sea
1957-2006
![Page 33: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Aral Sea
1957-2006
![Page 34: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Aral Sea
1957-2006
![Page 35: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Aral Sea
1957-2006
![Page 36: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Aral Sea, 2006
![Page 37: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Aral Sea, 2009
![Page 38: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The Aral Sea Disaster• Effects
– < ¼ of original area– Destruction of fisheries – Respiratory illness from wind-blown salts
• Solutions?– Ideally, stop irrigating– Dam off northern lakes and restore– Canal from Siberia?
![Page 39: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Some Places Have Too Much Water
![Page 40: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
New Orleans
![Page 41: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Dangers of Cheap Work
![Page 42: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Missed It By That Much
![Page 43: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
That Much
![Page 44: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Aquifers
![Page 45: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Impacts of Groundwater Use• Aquifer depletion• Lowering of water table
– Drying of wells– Danger to springs and wetlands
• Invasion of contaminants• Ground subsidence
![Page 46: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Green Bay Case Study Deep Aquifers of the Green Bay Area
![Page 47: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Green Bay Groundwater Pumping 1880-1960
![Page 48: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Green Bay
Water Table 1880-1960
![Page 49: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Green Bay Piezometric Surface1957 1960
![Page 50: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Green Bay Piezometric Surface1957 2003
![Page 51: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Pumping and Water Table
![Page 52: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Center-Pivot Irrigation
![Page 53: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Center-Pivot Irrigation
![Page 54: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
The Russian Radioactive Waste Injection Program
![Page 55: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
The Russian Radioactive Waste Injection Program
![Page 56: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Soluble Rocks
![Page 57: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Karst, Turkey
![Page 58: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Karst, Paraguay
![Page 59: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Sinkholes, Bosnia
![Page 60: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Sinkhole From Below
![Page 61: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Sacred Cenote, Chichen Itza
![Page 62: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
A Scene From
Traditional Chinese Art
![Page 63: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Karst, China
![Page 64: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
![Page 65: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
![Page 66: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Karst in Wisconsin
![Page 67: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
![Page 68: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
![Page 69: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
![Page 70: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Problems in Karst Landscapes• Extremely fast water (and contaminant)
movement• Long-range connections• Unanticipated connections
![Page 71: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Geothermal Systems: Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone
![Page 72: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Yellowstone Canyon
![Page 73: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
San Juan Mountains, Colorado
![Page 74: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Old Faithful Geyser,
Yellowstone
![Page 75: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
High Plains (Ogalalla) Aquifer• 27% of all irrigated land in U.S. overlies
aquifer• 30% of U.S. ground water used in irrigation
comes from this aquifer• 80% of the population in the aquifer area
rely on it for drinking water• Withdrawal = 12 km3/yr = 18 Colorado
Rivers
![Page 76: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
High Plains Aquifer
![Page 77: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Saturated Thickness
1997
![Page 78: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Geology• Pliocene-Miocene sediments (2-6 m.y.)• Eroded off Rocky Mountains• Open (unconfined) aquifer• Depth to water: 30m in S to 130 m in N• Original water volume in aquifer about
3900 km3
• 2005 volume: 3600 km3
![Page 79: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Drawdown 1980-1995
![Page 80: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
California Central Valley
![Page 81: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Continental Sediment Thickness
![Page 82: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Drawdown 1860-1960
![Page 83: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Recovery 1960-1976
![Page 84: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Land Subsidence
![Page 85: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Land Subsidence,
Mendota, CA
![Page 86: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
The Okeefenokee Swamp
![Page 87: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
![Page 88: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
The Okeefenokee Swamp
![Page 89: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
The Okeefenokee Swamp
![Page 90: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
The Okeefenokee Swamp
![Page 91: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
The Everglades
![Page 92: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Radar Image of South Florida
![Page 93: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Airliner View
![Page 94: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
The Everglades
![Page 95: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Mangroves
![Page 96: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Limestone in the Making
![Page 97: Water](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56815043550346895dbe4303/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Diversion Structure, Everglades