Warren HardingWarren Harding

1920’s

Herbert Hoover

American President Herbert Hoover in a color engraving.The Granger Collection, New York

Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge

Presidential candidate Harding and vice-presidential candidate Coolidge portrayed with American flags in a 1920 campaign poster. Library of Congress

THE TWENTIES THE TWENTIES

The postwar decade is often called the Jazz Age.

It was the roaring twenties, the heyday of the flappers and the flivvers.

It was the period of Republican prosperity, conservatism, and isolation.

It was the period of Hemingway, Fitzgerald, movie stars, and radio.

Lucky Strike ad

The image of a young, attractive in this Lucky Strike ad from the 1920s is much more prominent than the product she is promoting. How does the ad make the connection between cigarettes and femminine beauty? What is the underying message of the command to “reach for a Lucky—instead of a sweet?”

La Creole Ad

Virtually all ads during this period, except those aimed explicitly at African Americans, avoided any ethnic or racial references. “La Creole” ads are exceptions. The product name itself referred to a specific Community of people in Louisiana, descendants of French settlers. But the term was also used to refer to individuals of mixed racial background. How does the “La Creole” ad deal with this? What does that suggest for how you might interpret the other ads?

Advertisement for Madame Walker's Beauty Preparations

This ad for a line of hair products created and manufactured by Madame C.J. Walker, one of the first African-American millionaires. The ad promises “fascinating beauty” to users of its product.

1920’S 1920’S THE JAZZ AGETHE JAZZ AGE

The Jazz Age- name given for the music of the period

Louis Armstrong, and Duke Ellington- famous jazz musicians

Louis ArmstrongLouis Armstrong

jazz

THE CAR REVOLUTIONIZED THE THE CAR REVOLUTIONIZED THE ECONOMYECONOMY

Impact of Automobile- made other industries like oil, gasoline, rubber, glass, paint, steel, etc. boom; had

a dramatic impact on the landscape with red lights, parking lots, stop signs, gas stations, etc.

Assembly line- allowed goods to be produced faster and therefore, cheaper

Toward a Modern America: The 1920s

"More than a car. FORD, a National Institution" poster, 1923.

Ford Model T

A Ford automobile assembly line with several unfinished automobile frames. Library of Congress

1920 Chevrolet1920 Chevrolet

HARLEM RENAISSANCEHARLEM RENAISSANCE

Harlem Renaissance- rebirth of art and literature in the black community; center of this rebirth was Harlem, NY

The Lost Generation- group of artists and writers that were disillusioned with society; they were disgusted with the materialism and were disillusioned from the war

Ford Model T

A Ford automobile assembly line with several unfinished automobile frames. Library of Congress

Scopes Monkey Trial

Clarrence Darrow stands behind a cluttered table in a crowded courtroom during the trial of John Scopes in Dayton, Tennessee in 1925. Library of Congress

Map 24-1  Population Shifts, 1920–1930

Rural Americans fled to the cities during the 1920s, escaping a declining agricultural economy to search for new opportunities. African Americans in particular left the rural South for eastern and midwestern cities, but the urban population also jumped in the West and in the South itself.

GEE Practice #44GEE Practice #44

44. During the 1920’s, which ethnic group caused a demographic

shift called the “Great Migration” from the south to the north

in search of jobs? A. Italian immigrants B. Single women C. Asian immigrants D. African Americans

GEE Practice #45GEE Practice #45

45. Which of the following developments was NOT influenced by the automobile?

A. introduction of new appliancesB. family & community changesC. people moved to suburbsD. oil, rubber & steel industries boomed

Greta GarboGreta Garbo

TVstar

Charlie ChaplinCharlie Chaplin

TV star

FLAPPERS & RADIOFLAPPERS & RADIO

Flappers- symbolized the revolution in morals and manners; women who drank, smoked, cursed, cut their hair short, wore short sleeveless dresses, danced the Charleston…

Popularity of radio (first stations hit the air) , movies (first talking movie was The Jazz Singer) , and Sports (Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey, Red Grange); all were huge forms of entertainment

FlappersFlappers

THE FLAPPERS

GEE PRACTICE #46GEE PRACTICE #46

46. Which statement is MOST correct when describing the Flappers?

A. They were a result of the passage of the 19th Amendment.

B. They were a “Lost Generation.” C. They were a sign of social stability

and women embracing traditional roles. D. They were a vivid illustration of how

women wanted to break withtraditional roles.

RadioRadio

KDKA

PROHIBITIONPROHIBITION

Prohibition and 18th amendment- made alcohol illegal

21st amendment- repealed prohibition (made it legal again)

speakeasies- illegal bars where alcohol was sold

ProhibitionProhibition

Prohibition & 18Prohibition & 18THTH AMENDMENT AMENDMENT

AL CAPONEAL CAPONE

Al Capone- king of the mob; made his fortune on gambling, prostitution, and illegal alcohol

Volstead Act- enforced prohibition

Al CaponeAl Capone

MAFIAMAFIA

Babe RuthBabe Ruth

Lou GehrigLou Gehrig

Red GrangeRed GrangeThe Galloping GhostThe Galloping Ghost

Gertrude EderleGertrude EderleFirst Woman to Swim the First Woman to Swim the English Channel & English Channel & Charles Charles Lindbergh- flew the Spirit of St. Lindbergh- flew the Spirit of St. Louis from NY to Paris non-stop; Louis from NY to Paris non-stop; became a hero overnightbecame a hero overnight

Flag Pole SittingFlag Pole Sitting

THE TWENTIES THE TWENTIES

18TH AMENDMENTVOLSTEAD ACT19TH AMENDMENT

A. Mitchell PalmerA. Mitchell Palmer

REDSCARE

THE PALMER RAIDSTHE PALMER RAIDS

The 1920’s: 1920-1929A. Mitchell Palmer and the Red Scare-

Attorney General who accused innocent people of being communist and

created the mass hysteria when people worried that communists were going to take over the US

SCANDAL IN THE 1920’SSCANDAL IN THE 1920’S

Sacco and Vanzetti- two Italian immigrants who were falsely accused and executed of murder and robbery;

Example of intolerance of the periodTeapot Dome Scandal- oil scandal that

occurred while Harding was president; the scandal was not known until he died; Sec. Of the Interior Albert Fall had leased govt lands to private oil companies and pocketed the money

Sacco-VanzettiSacco-Vanzetti

RACISM

GEE Practice #47GEE Practice #47

47. This case illustrated how Americans during the 1920’s were Nativists and strongly aligned with xenophobia:

A. Schenck v. United States B. Sacco and Vanzetti C. Scottsboro Boys D. Roe v. Wade

THE GARVEY MOVEMENTTHE GARVEY MOVEMENT

Ku Klux Klan- first formed after the Civil War (1860s) and was revived during this period of intolerance; KKKpersecuted Af-Am, Jews, Catholics, alcoholics, adulterers, immigrants

Marcus Garvey- led the Black Nationalists movement; promoted black pride in their culture; encouraged Af-Am to start their own businesses; started a back-to-Africa movement; he embezzled $ from his followers and was sentenced to prison

GEE PRACTICE #48GEE PRACTICE #48

48. What major event sparked the Red Scare in the United States?

A. World War I B. Russian Revolution C. Forming of the League of Nations D. The Great Depression

Warren HardingWarren Harding

Teapot DomeTeapot Dome

Teapot DomeTeapot Dome

OILSCANDAL

Albert FallAlbert FallSecretary of the InteriorSecretary of the Interior

STUDENT ESSAY PRACTICESTUDENT ESSAY PRACTICE

CUBING WRITING PRACTICE

Discuss three examples of why the 1920s have been called the “Roaring Twenties”.

1920’S ANSWER KEY1920’S ANSWER KEY

The Roaring Twenties-Flappers- drastic changes in womenAutomobile- changes that took place in

industries, families, travelProhibition- speakeasies, Al Capone,

bootlegging, breaking the lawRevival of the KKK- membership reached

5 million, example of intolerance and prejudice of the period

1920’S ANSWER KEY1920’S ANSWER KEY

Sacco and Vanzetti- example of xenophobia and intolerance, two Italian immigrants were executed for robbery and murder even though they had alibis and didn’t do it (we now believe)

Harlem Renaissance- rebirth of art, music, literature etc. in the African American community; Langston Hughes was a well known Harlem Renaissance writer

Jazz Age- dances like the Charleston were the rage; musicians included Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington

1920’S ANSWER KEY1920’S ANSWER KEY

Scopes Trial- fundamentalism was challenged when Scopes taught evolution in school; it fueled the controversy of whether schools should teach religion (evolution vs. creationism)

Sports figures like Babe Ruth, Gertrude Ederle, Jack Dempsey, Red Grange…

Charles Lindberg and the Spirit of St. Louis- first to fly non-stop across the Atlantic from NY to Paris

Scopes Trial

The packed courtroom for the Scopes Trial in 1925 illustrates the intense interest that Americans have persistently taken in conflicts stemming from differing cultural values and ethical visions.Getty Images Inc.

THE GREAT DEPRESSION THE GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE NEW DEALAND THE NEW DEAL

DISASTER AND RECOVERY

Causes: stock speculation- buying stock when the price is

low and selling it when the price rises in hopes of making a quick profit; many Americans were stuck with worthless stock when the market crashed

buying on the margin- Americans were able to purchase stock by putting down as little as 10% of the stock’s value; Americans then borrowed money from the bank to pay for the rest of the stock; when the market crashed, Americans had to pay the loan back to the bank even though the stock was worthless

THE GREAT DEPRESSIONTHE GREAT DEPRESSION

overproduction- various industries kept up production even though there was not a demand from the market

(ex. Automobiles, crops, construction); supply exceeded demand which made prices fall

stock market crash- this was the spark that began the depression; 16 million shares of stock were traded******

individual debt- Americans were in debt due to the installment buying of the 20’s

THE GREAT DEPRESSIONTHE GREAT DEPRESSION

stock market crash- this was the spark that began the depression; 16 million shares of stock were traded

individual debt- Americans were in debt due to the installment buying of the 20’s

international debt- the US was in debt due to WWI; we practically financed the entire war for the Allies inevitability of depressions- depressions are a natural part of the business cycle; they will happen eventually

unequal distribution of income- “the rich got richer and the poor got poorer”; salaries of the wealthiest percent of Americans increased while wages of the poorest percent of Americans decreased

THE STOCK MARKET CRASHEDTHE STOCK MARKET CRASHED

49. Which was an important factor contributing to the Great Depression of 1929?

A. unsound expansion of credit B. government restrictions of

business activities C. increased importation of foreign

goods D. large military expenditures

THE STOCK MARKET CRASHEDTHE STOCK MARKET CRASHED

50. An important factor that influenced Franklin Roosevelt’s victory over Herbert Hoover in

the Presidential election of 1932 was the —

A end of World War I.B beginning of World War II.C passage of the Clayton Antitrust Act.D continuation of the Great Depression.

HERBERT HOOVERHERBERT HOOVER

HERBERT HOOVER US PRESIDENT

WHAT DOES THIS CARTOON SAY WHAT DOES THIS CARTOON SAY ABOUT HOOVER?ABOUT HOOVER?

Herbert Hoover- elected in 1928 by promising a “chicken in every pot, a car in every garage”; was blamed for

the depression even though it was not his fault; he was in the wrong place at the wrong time (White House)

Hoovervilles, Hoover flags, etc.- names given to common objects that showed Americans blamed Hoover

“Brother can you spare a dime”- lyrics to a famous song of the depression

Bonus Army- group of WWI vets who marched in Washington, DC ; they wanted the govt to pay them then

the bonus that they had been promised for fighting in WWI; they did not receive it during the depression

HERBERT NOOVER’S POOR HERBERT NOOVER’S POOR RESPONSERESPONSE

The Scottsboro Case- involved 9 African-American teenaged boys who were accused of raping 2 white girls on a train; was an ex. of the intolerance of the period; they were later all freed and charges were dropped

Dust Bowl- natural disaster that occurred out west where a severe drought and heavy winds blew the dry

topsoil east; poor farming practices intensified the situation (lack of crop rotations); many moved to

California and were nicknamed Okies (most moved from Oklahoma)

25% unemployment- highest average unemployment during the depression; in 1933

DIASTER IMPACTS CULTUREDIASTER IMPACTS CULTURE

51. During the 1930s, many Americans moved out of the Great Plains states to —

A escape the Dust Bowl.B work in railroad construction.C avoid Native American uprisings.D acquire free land in California.

THE GREAT PLAINSTHE GREAT PLAINS

52. Why were the “Dust Bowl” conditions of the 1930s so significant in United States

history? A They occurred at the same time as the

Great Depression. B They included most of the farming regions

of the Northwest. C They increased farm production by nearly

thirty percent. D They provided increased opportunities for

government jobs.

THE DUST BOWLTHE DUST BOWL

53. What was a significant result of the Great Depression?

A. elimination of the business cycle B. failure of the Republican Party to

win the Presidency C. a major increase in the amount of farmers in the United States D. a federal government that provided

a “safety net” for the people

THE GREAT DEPRESSIONTHE GREAT DEPRESSION

54. How did Herbert Hoover try to deal with the Great Depression?

A By giving emergency loans to large businesses

B By distributing food and clothing to the needy

C By giving grants to local communitiesD By increasing government spending

HERBERT HOOVERHERBERT HOOVER

55. Identify which statement (s) below is true.

A. Wages had failed to keep pace with production in the United States during the 1920’s.

B. The wealth of the United States had become evenly dispersed.

C. Inventions were scarce. There were not enough goods being produced to meet the needs of the people.

D. Very few people within the United States had invested in the Stock Market.

The Great Depression The Great Depression

56. The severity of the Great Depression became worse when the people:

A. decided to re-elect Hoover as President in 1932.

B. begin to buy up more goods than the nation’s industries could produce.

C. begin to seek agricultural jobs in larger numbers.

D. began to panic, withdrawing their money from banks and avoiding spending.

The Great DepressionThe Great Depression

57. Racism and discrimination was evident during the 1930’s with the example of:

A. Sacco and Vanzetti B. Hoover and the Bonus Army C. The Scottsboro Boys D. The Scopes Trial

THE 1930’STHE 1930’S

FDR OFFERS A NEW DEAL AND FDR OFFERS A NEW DEAL AND HOPE!HOPE!

Election of 32 and 36- FDR won both Franklin Roosevelt- promised Americans a “New

Deal” and began social programs that helped ease the

depression New Deal Agencies: CCC (worked outdoors doing

conservation projects); CWA, PWA, WPA (all gave jobs building roads, bridges, and dams; WPA also helped writers and artists); TVA (built dams that created hydro-

Electricity); FDIC (insured bank deposits); SSI (pension plan for elderly and disabled); AAA (told

Farmers not to farm ¼ to ½ of land in an effort to raise farm prices)

New York Politico to WWI Ass’t New York Politico to WWI Ass’t Secretary of NavySecretary of Navy

1920 Vice Presidential Candidate1920 Vice Presidential Candidate

PolioPolio

The Press and PolioThe Press and Polio

FDR’s Popularity FDR’s Popularity

The New Deal: The New Deal: A Revolution?A Revolution?

Relief (the “dole”): The Origins of the Welfare StateRecovery: Ending the Depression

Banking, Industry and AgricultureReform: FDIC, Social Security, Labor Laws, Stock Market Regulations, Farm Subsidies

FDR declared a Bank Holiday during the first 100 days. What was the purpose of this holiday?

A. to give employees a much needed vacation

B. to demonstrate control over the banking industry

C. to investigate and eliminate the use of cash

D. to inspect the banks to make sure that they are sound before reopening

A Bank Holiday????A Bank Holiday????

Court packing plan or Judiciary Reorganization Bill- when FDR tried to get Congress to allow him to add new

justices to the Sup Ct for every justice over 70; he was mad b/c they ruled many agencies

unconstitutionalDorothea Lange- photographer during the

Depression whose photos help bring govt aid to farmers out west

FDR FACES SUPREME COURTFDR FACES SUPREME COURT

59. On February 5, 1937, President Franklin Roosevelt submitted to Congress a plan for reorganizing the federal judiciary. His proposal included an increase in

membership on the Supreme Court, and additional judges at all levels of the federal judiciary.

Which of the following caused Roosevelt to submit his proposals?

A Most Supreme Court justices were young and inexperienced.

B Most Supreme Court justices were retiring soon. C Roosevelt received bad advice from his presidential

advisors. D The Supreme Court declared many of his New Deal

programs unconstitutional.

THE COURT PACKING PLANTHE COURT PACKING PLAN

60. The MAIN reason FDR asked Congress to increase the number of Supreme Court justices was:

A. there was simply to much work for 9 justices

B. he felt that all justices over the age of 70 were to old and inconsistent with the changing times

C. he felt that 15 judges would represent the diversity in the United States

D. the Supreme Court had declared several laws and agencies unconstitutional

SUPREME COURT PROBLEMSSUPREME COURT PROBLEMS

STUDENT WRITING PRACTICESTUDENT WRITING PRACTICE

WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION?

Causes of Great Depression Consumer Debt- caused by installment buying; people

overextended themselves; they bought too much and could not make the payments

Overproduction/Under consumption- Farmers and industries were producing too many crops/goods; the demand was low which made prices fall

Stock market speculation- buying and selling stock quickly in order to make a quick profit; this made the market unstable

Bank failures- over 5,000 banks closed when there was a “run on the banks”; people withdrew their savings and banks ran out of money and were forced to close

Unequal distribution of wealth- “the rich got richer and the poor got poorer”; the incomes of the wealthy increased while incomes of the poor decreased; there was a huge gap between the two groups

WHAT CAUSED THE GREAT WHAT CAUSED THE GREAT DEPRESSION?DEPRESSION?

61. How did New Deal programs and policies change the role of the federal government

in domestic affairs? A States were given the exclusive power to

implement relief programs for unemployment. B The federal government expanded its role by

providing for the welfare of its citizens. C The federal government implemented new security

procedures by interning suspected traitors and spies. D States were granted authority to regulate

businesses within their boundaries.

THE NEW DEALTHE NEW DEAL

62. The creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) BEST illustrates the New

Deal's commitment to —A financial reform.B agricultural relief.C rural electrification.D industrial recovery.

Lasting effects of New DealLasting effects of New Deal

63. Which New Deal program continues to provide for the welfare of retired workers?

A Social Security AdministrationB Works Progress AdministrationC Civilian Conservation CorpsD Resettlement Administration

THE NEW DEALTHE NEW DEAL

BIG GOVERNMENTBIG GOVERNMENT

The Regulatory StateThe Welfare StateThe Warfare StateThe New Deal Coalition

Farmers Middle ClassWorkers Senior CitizensMinorities The PoorUrbanites Bosses

64. Critics of the New Deal stated:A. it weakened the power of the chief

executiveB. it failed to address the labor needs in

AmericaC. allowed laissez-faire principles to dictate legislation

D. created a federal bureaucracy that was to powerful

NEW DEAL CRITICSNEW DEAL CRITICS

65. The New Deal can BEST be described as:

A. democratic socialism B. bold, persistent experimentation C. laissez-faire government D. minimal government intervention

THE NEW DEALTHE NEW DEAL

66. The economic depression of the 1930s was ended by the —

A demand for manufactured goods caused by World War II.

B effects of the New Deal on the United States economy.

C removal of federal regulations on the stock market.

D “baby boom” and the resulting rise of suburbs.

What ended the Great What ended the Great Depression?Depression?

WHAT WERE THE LAST WHAT WERE THE LAST EFFECTS OF THE NEW EFFECTS OF THE NEW

DEAL?DEAL?STUDENT WRITING PRACTICE

Social Security- provides a monthly pension to Americans over the age of 65, disabled, handicapped, unemployed, etc; FDR began SS because many elderly Americans had lost their savings due to the depression and were not able to find work to provide for themselves

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation- FDIC insures bank deposits up to $100,000 today and $2,500 back then. Banks were forced to close when there was a “run on the banks” (when Americans rushed to withdraw their savings). FDIC promises us that we will never have to worry again about losing our money if it is in a bank. It is insured by the US Government.

Tennessee Valley Authority- The TVA built a series of dams in TN and surrounding Southeastern states that provided hydroelectric power. Many of these states did not have electricity. The dams also helped with flood control. Ultimately, the TVA provided much need jobs and provided electricity in the end.

WHAT WAS THE LASTING IMPACT WHAT WAS THE LASTING IMPACT OF THE NEW DEAL?OF THE NEW DEAL?