WARMUP #1For each definition below, choose the appropriate word.

confederation legislature ratifyconstitution plurality simple majority

1. an elected group of representatives who make laws on behalf of the people

2. to formally agree to a new plan or law, often by voting3. a written plan for the government of a country4. half of a group, plus one5. more of something (like votes) than anyone else gets, but

not more than half of the total number cast; applies to groups of more than two

6. an alliance or league

The Articles of Confederation("The Rope of Sand")

Shays' Rebellion (western Massachusetts, 1786)

I. New Social FabricsA. pro-democracy efforts gained:

1. expulsion of 80,000 Loyalists robbed the nation of leadership & a conservative balance to revolutionaries2. entail & primogeniture repealed, weakening aristocracy3. slavery weakened:

a) forbidden in many new state constitutionsb) some northern states abolished slavery or provided for

phased/gradual emancipationB. religious change:

1. Church of England ruined, replaced by the Episcopal Church, completely separate from England2. democratic spirit encouraged spread of frontier faiths (i.e.-Methodism, Baptists)3. strong statement of separation of Church & state written by Thomas Jefferson in Virginia in 1786 (“Statute of Religious Freedom”)

II. Economic StressesA. because economic democracy preceded political democracy,

little retributive violence occurred following the war. Some Loyalist land was broken up into parcels for farming

B. postwar economic problems resulted from severing ties with Great Britain1) commerce with Great Britain almost completely halted2) speculation & profiteering during the war had led to inflation with 2nd Continental Congress unable to control its effects3) new class of profiteers emerged4) economic causes of war had led to a distaste for taxes, further weakening 2nd Continental Congress' ability to take action

III. Articles of ConfederationA. created by the 2nd Continental Congress in 1777, but not approved by the states until 1781B. Congress was the dominant force (no executive or federal courts), but it was hobbled by

rules: 1. all bills required 2/3 vote for passage2. any amendment to the Articles required a unanimous vote3. each state had 1 vote4. no power to regulate commerce5. no tax enforcement power (states paid taxes voluntarily)

C. Land Ordinance of 17851. Northwest Territory land sold to pay off debt2. land divided into townships 6 square miles (then into 36 sections of 1 square mile each)3. one section reserved for a public school

D. Northwest Ordinance of 17871. territories established, which could eventually become states on an equal basis with the original 13. Needed a minimum of 60,000 inhabitants2. slavery forbidden in the Northwest Ordinance

IV. Foreign & Domestic ProblemsA. the United States had difficulty commanding respect from allies or enemies

1. Great Britain refused to send an ambassador, to make a commercial treaty, or repeal the Navigation Laws. Trading posts along Canadian border source of trouble with Native Americans

2. Spain seized lands granted to the United States by Great Britain & harassed trade on the Mississippi River

3. France demanded repayment of loans made during the American Revolution & restricted trade with the West Indies

B. domestic disputes arose over economic & political weakness:1. some states refused to pay any taxes, while interest on the public debt grew & the nation's credit dwindled2. states began levying duties on each other's products & quarreling over boundaries3. Shays’ Rebellion (1786-87) broke out in western Massachusetts with frustrated farmers losing their farms due to mortgage foreclosures & tax delinquencies

a) Massachusetts authorities put down the uprising with force, killing three farmers

b) leaders throughout the nation worried about the potential of domestic unrest

***SHAYS’ REBELLION → the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

V. The Call for Reform ofthe Articles of Confederation

A. Annapolis Convention: called to deal with interstate commerce squabbling, instead requested a convention to meet in Philadelphia to deal with reforming the Articles of Confederation

B. 55 representatives from 12 states (Rhode Island boycotted) assembled in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in May 1787 to "make a more perfect Union"

WARMUP #2List the strengths & weaknesses of:

the Articles of Confederation (1781)Strengths Weaknesses_________

Are there more strengths or more weaknesses to the Articles of Confederation? If more strengths, do the Articles of Confederation still need to be updated or changed, for any reason? If more weaknesses, do the Articles of Confederation needed to severely revised, or do they need to tossed out, in favor of a newer & more comprehensive constitution? Please explain your argument in 1 clear, concise paragraph.

“Miracle at Philadelphia”The Constitutional

ConventionJames Madison: “Father of the U.S. Constitution”

I. The Setting ofthe Philadelphia Convention

SHAYS’ REBELLION (1786-87)A) early decision to re-write, rather than tinker with the Articles

of ConfederationB) open agreement secretly arrived at, upon George

Washington's pleaC) intent of the Convention:

1) economic (Charles Beard): protect property rights & make America safe from democracy2) idealistic: make a perfect Union3) pragmatic: dealing with the question of sovereignty & placing common interests over regional or personal concerns

II. The ParticipantsA. 55 delegates from 12 states

1) young (average age 42), professional (over half were lawyers) & men of economic substance2) many were Revolutionary War veterans3) absent: Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry & other Revolutionary War heroes

B. Key Participants1) George Washington: president of the convention2) James Madison: researched every previous republic

a) large republic is not only possible; it's preferredb) popularly elected officials with sovereignty in the

hands of the people & not the states3) Benjamin Franklin (81 years old): the steadying influence

PRESENT ABSENT

III. The CompromisesA. Great Compromise (bicameral legislature representing both people &

states)1. Virginia Plan or Large States Plan (Edmund Randolph)

a) 2-house legislature with representation based on population for both (House of Representatives)

b) president & national courts chosen by legislature2. New Jersey Plan (William Patterson)

a) Congress with each state having l vote (equality = Senate)b) separate executive & judicial branchesc) increased powers of Congress

1+ 2 = 3. Great/Connecticut Compromisea) lower house membership dependent on populationb) upper house with 2 members from each statec) all revenue bills must begin in lower house

B. Three-Fifths Compromise (60% of slaves counted for representation & taxation; no Congressional interference with slavery for 20 years) NORTH v. SOUTH

1. Non-slavery states wanted slaves counted for taxation, but not representation & wanted an end to importation of slaves

2. Slave states wanted slaves counted for representation, but not taxation & no interference with slave trade by the federal government

C. Commerce Compromise (no tax on exports & simple majority needed to pass commerce bills)

1. cotton & tobacco producing states wanted restriction of taxes on exports & all commerce bills to be passed by a two-thirds vote of Congress

2. Northern industrial states wanted federal tariffs to keep up out cheaper European products & raise revenues for the government

IV. Ratification

A. because of fear of opposition from states, only 9 of the 13 were needed for the Constitution to take effect

B. because of opposition from state legislatures, conventions elected by the people were given authority to approve or reject Constitution

C. Federalists (Alexander Hamilton) vs. Anti-Federalists (Thomas Jefferson) 1) most Federalists were wealthy & well-educated & sought the creation of a more powerful central government2) most Anti-Federalists were farmers who were loyal primarily to their state governments

a) feared taxation power of federal government b) republican government could not rule a large nation

D. Federalist Papers: most influential political literature of the time (Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay)

1) argued that limitations on governmental power were built into the Constitution

2) need for strength to earn respect abroadE. promise of Bill of Rights added to the Constitution

helped persuade opponents to ratify it

WARMUP #3What were the three major compromises reached at the Constitutional Convention of 1787, in order for the Founding Fathers to agree upon the new Constitution? Please describe each compromise in great detail, including the “plans” proposed by the opposing factions.In the Constitution ratification debate, what are the 2 opposing factions & who are their leaders? How does one side, convince the other that the Constitution is worth ratifying? Please respond to each question, with contextual evidence.

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION CONSTITUTION

levying taxes Congress could request states to pay taxes

Congress has right to levy taxes on individuals

federal courts no system of federal courts court system created to deal with issues between citizens & between states

regulation of trade no provision to regulate interstate trade

Congress has right to regulate trade between the states

executive no executive with power. President of the United States merely presided over Congress

executive branch headed by the President who chooses their Cabinet & has checks on power of legislative & judicial branches

amending document 13/13 states needed to amend the Articles of Confederation

2/3 of both houses of Congress plus ¾ of state legislatures or national convention

representation of states each state received 1 vote regardless of size

upper house (Senate) with 2 votes; lower house (House of Representatives) based on population

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION CONSTITUTION

raising an army Congress could not draft troops & was dependent on the states to contribute forces

Congress can raise an army to deal with military situations

interstate commerce no control of trade between the states

interstate commerce controlled by Congress

disputes between states complicated system of arbitration

federal court system to handle disputes between states & residents of different states

sovereignty sovereignty resides in the states

Constitution was established as “the supreme law of the land”

passing laws 9/13 states needed to approve legislation

50% + 1 of both houses plus signature of the President

WARMUP #4

How well do you know your Roman numerals?Write out #1-50 in Roman numerals…

1 = I2 = II3 = III etc.

The PreambleWe the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

ARTICLE I:Establishment of the legislative branch, consisting of a

bicameral legislature, the House of Representatives & Senate

ARTICLE II:Establishment of the executive branch, consisting of the President,

the Vice President & members of the Presidential Cabinet

ARTICLE III:Establishment of the judicial branch, consisting of

the Supreme Court & the lower federal courts

ARTICLE IV: Outline of the relationship between states, as

well as between the states & the federal government

ARTICLE V:Description of the process whereby the Constitution may be

altered, through the proposing of amendments & their subsequent ratification

ARTICLE VI:Establishment of the Constitution as

“the supreme law of the land”

ARTICLE VII:Sets the number of state ratifications necessary in order for

the Constitution to take effect & prescribes the method through which the states may ratify it

AMENDMENT I (Bill of Rights):freedom of:

religion, speech, press, assembly & petition

AMENDMENT II (Bill of Rights):right to bear arms

AMENDMENT III (Bill of Rights):no one may be forced to house soldiers

AMENDMENT IV (Bill of Rights):protects against unreasonable search & seizure

AMENDMENT V (Bill of Rights):rights of the criminally accused (indictment by grand jury; no

double jeopardy; no self-incrimination; due process of the law; eminent domain)

AMENDMENT VI (Bill of Rights):right to a speedy trial by jury (speedy trial; impartial jury;

informed of charges; rights to an attorney)

AMENDMENT VII (Bill of Rights):rights to a jury trial in civil cases of more than $20

(ability to sue over money/property)

AMENDMENT VIII (Bill of Rights):no excessive bail; no cruel & unusual punishment

AMENDMENT IX (Bill of Rights):other basic rights not listed in the Constitution

AMENDMENT X (Bill of Rights):all powers not given to the federal government are

left for the states to take care of & decide upon

AMENDMENT XI:federal courts do not have jurisdiction in cases

against a state

AMENDMENT XII:provides for separate elections for President &

Vice President