Warm up

• What developments have caused Atlanta to become a major transportation center?

Warm Up

• What does it mean to reapportion?

SS8H12 Topics of discussion• County Unit system– (end of the system and reapportionment)

• Jimmy Carter – (as state senator, governor, president, former

president)• 1996 Olympics – (its effect on Georgia)

• The 2-party system in Georgia– Impact on politics– Voting Rights Act of 1965– People of the 2-party system

• Immigrant communities in Georgia

SS8H12The student will explain the importance of significant

social, economical and political developments in Georgia since 1970

a. Evaluate the consequences of the end of the county unit system and reapportionment

b. Describe the role of Jimmy Carter in Georgia as state senator, governor, president, and past president.

c. Analyze the impact of the rise of the two-party system in Georgia.

d. Evaluate the effect of the 1996 Olympic Games on Georgia.

e. Evaluate the importance of new immigrant communities to the growth and economy of Georgia.

a. Evaluate the consequences of the end of the county unit system and

reapportionment• The end of the county unit system brought

many changes to Georgia politics• The County Unit system became legal in 1917

when the Neill Primary Act was passed.

County Unit System

• Under the county unit system, the winner of the popular vote in each county received the “unit” votes for that county.

• This system gave each county a given number of “units” based on the size of the population– Urban counties received up to 8 votes– Town counties received up to 4 votes– Rural counties received at least 2 votes

• Smaller, rural areas had more voting units per person than the large city areas.

County Unit System

• Look at the table below and explain what is unfair about the county unit system

County Population # of voting units

Echols 1,876 1Fulton 556,326 3

Glascock 2,672 1Quitman 2,432 1

County Unit System• The system gave most of the political power to the

rural communities• Many African Americans and whites who wanted to

see change lived in the cities• Cities had fewer unit votes per person so their vote

did not count as much.• Voting districts were segregated to increase the

voting power of white citizens which protected segregation and slowed the civil rights movement in the state.

County Unit

• Change came in 1962• James Sanders from Atlanta sued James Gray

from a rural county saying Gray’s vote counted more than his.

• The judge ruled in favor of Sanders and declared that each person should have one vote.

• This became known as the one man, one vote rule

Reapportionment

• The 15th amendment guarantees equal protection in regards to voting.

• The Supreme Court ordered Georgia to reorganize its Congressional districts

• This was known as Reapportionment.• The boundaries of the voting districts were

changed to make each district more equally representative.

Effects of ReapportionmentBefore Reapportionment

• Many African Americans were unable to vote.

• Laws were in place that made it harder for African Americans to register to vote.

• Most African Americans lived in urban areas that had fewer unit votes.

• The unit votes did not add up to make a change.

After Reapportionment• All votes were equal.• African Americans and other

liberals were able to vote for change.

• People in the cities had more influence on votes

• Groups like the NAACP helped African Americans register to vote.

• People began to vote for desegregation and equality in public places

Effects of Reapportionment• Carl Sanders was the first

governor elected by popular vote under the new system

• Helped Georgia move to a more industrial economy

• The legislature increased minimum wage

• Laws helped protect African American workers from other racist practices.

• African Americans were able to make more money and live a better life

Warm Up

• Where is Jimmy Carter from and what business was he involved in before politics?

Jimmy Carter

• SS8H12 b. Describe the role of Jimmy Carter in Georgia as state senator, governor, president, and past president.

• Essential Question: What impact did Jimmy Carter have in state and federal politics?

Jimmy Carter• Born in Plains Georgia• Attended Georgia Southern and

U.S. Naval Academy• Returned home to Plains GA to run

the family farm.• Peanuts were the primary crop.• He differed from many of the other

residents of Plains in his views on segregation

• He did not approve of the segregation laws and this belief shaped many of his political decisions.

Jimmy Carter State Senator and Governor

• Elected to the Georgia senate in 1962 and 1964

• His main focus was improving education

• He lost the governor election in the primary in 1966 but won in 1970.

Jimmy Carter

• In his inaugural address he said: • “I say to you quite frankly that the time for

racial discrimination is over. No poor, rural, weak, or black person should ever have to bear the additional burden of being deprived of the opportunity of an education, a job, or simple justice.”

Jimmy Carteras Governor

• Set up a task force to study every state agency• Combined about 300 state agencies and

boards into about 30 agencies– This restructure saved the state both time and

money• Made the state give equal money to both

wealthy and poor schools throughout the state

• Laws passed to protect the environment and historical sites

Jimmy Carteras Governor

• Made judges and state officials earn jobs based on things they had done as apposed to the political influence they held.

• Appointed women and people of color to important jobs in the state government.

• Appointed more people of color to positions than all of the governors before him combined.

Jimmy Carter as President

Elected as President of the United States in 1976

Jimmy Carter as President• Known as a casual and hard working president• Daughter, Amy Carter, attended Washington

D.C. public school and would often have school friends over to the white house to play

Jimmy Carter as President• Very involved in peaceful relations between

countries• Developed and signed– Panama Canal treaty– Treaty of peace between Egypt and Israel– SALT II treaty to reduce nuclear arms with Soviet Union

• Established diplomatic relations with China

Jimmy Carter as President• Iranian Hostage crisis– Carter allowed the former shah of Iran to see a Dr.

in the U.S. after being removed from power by Ayatollah Khomeini.

– Angry Iranians seized a group of Americans in Iran and held them hostage for 444 days.

– On attempt to rescued the hostages failed– Americans unhappy with how the situation was

handled– This contributed to Carter’s loss in 1980– The hostages were released the day after Carter

left office

Iran Hostage Crisis

Jimmy Carter as President

• Other problems with presidency.– Price of oil remained high– Inflation went from 6% to 15% – Unemployment high– Planned to cut federal spending– Taxed imported oil– Restricted consumer credit

Jimmy Carter as President

• Lasting outcomes of his Presidency:–Created Department of Education–Reorganized the departments of

Health, Education, and Welfare to become the Department of Health and Human Services

Jimmy Carter as Past President• Carter moved back to Plains, Georgia after

presidency ended• Continued work for human rights and peace

throughout the world through organizations such as:– Carter Presidential Center– Carter Center at Emory University– International Network Council– Jimmy Carter Work Project– Atlanta Project to help low-income families

Jimmy Carter as Past President• Continues to work with leaders around the world to

build peace. • Since his presidency, he has helped solve conflicts in

the following countries:– Ethiopia (1989)– Bosnia (1994)– Haiti (1994)– Liberia (1994)– North Korea (1994)– Sudan (1995)– Great Lakes Region of Africa (1995-96)– Venezuela (2002-2003)

Jimmy Carter as Past President

• Because of his efforts to maintain peace around the world, Jimmy Carter has received many awards– President Clinton awarded

him the Presidential Medalof Freedom.

– Nobel Peace Prize

Warm Up• What was the biggest cause of

inflation during Carter’s Presidency?

SS8H12 a,b quiz1. The Neill Primary Act supported discrimination

by:a. Requiring minorities to pass tests in order to vote.b. Legalizing the county unit system.c. Encouraging blacks to vote in the cities.d. Reorganizing the voting system in Georgia. 2. The county unit voting system was declared

unconstitutional by the Supreme Court because it violated the:

a. Civil Rights Act.b. Voting Rights Act.c. Fourteenth Amendment.d. Equal Rights Protection Act.3. Which term and definition is matched correctly?a. Amendment—a change made to the U.S.

Constitutionb. Legislator—the executive head of a statec. Reapportionment—sharing funds with all citizens

equallyd. Segregation—racial equality in public places

4. How did Jimmy Carter personally help to end racial discrimination and segregation as governor of Georgia?

a. Carter appointed more people of color to government positions than ever before.

b. Carter made funding for education equal for students in low-income and wealthy areas.

c. Carter merged about 300 state agencies and boards into about 30 agencies.

d. Carter appointed judges and state government officials based on accomplishments and merit.

5. Which international award did President Carter receive for his efforts to find peaceful solutions around the world?

a. The Walter Mondale Peace Prizeb. The United Nations Service Awardc. The Nobel Peace Prized. The Presidential Medal of Freedom6. Which economic development was the biggest cause of

inflation during Jimmy Carter’s presidency?a. The Iranian hostage crisisb. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistanc. High prices on foreign oild. Decreasing aid and exports to foreign countries7. In which branch of the armed forces did Jimmy Carter serve?a. Armyb. Navyc. Air Forced. Marines

SS8H12 c. Analyze the impact of the rise of the two-party system in Georgia.

• A one-party system only allows one political party to have power

• Until the early 1970’s, Georgia’s politics were controlled by the Democratic party due to the County Unit System.

• The change came as a result of the end of the County Unit System and the Voting Rights Act in 1965

• The Voting Rights Act encouraged many blacks to vote– 8 African Americans elected to Georgia House of

Representatives 2 elected to Senate in 1965 and 1966

From 1-party to 2• The one-party system (Democratic Party) only

allowed a small percentage of the population to have their views represented in government– Mostly rural citizens– Urban centers were not as influencial– Only one side of an argument represented

• Came to an end with the end of County unit system– Gave urban and suburban areas equal voice in

government

Voting Rights Act of 1965

• Followed the Civil Rights Act of 1964• Outlawed a States ability to disenfranchise

African Americans – Literacy Tests– Understanding tests– Poll Tax

• As a result, the percentage of registered voters in the African American community rose from 23% to 61%

Two-Party System• Julian Bond – civil rights leader elected

to Georgia House of Representatives in 1965.

• Other legislators refused to allow Bond• They claimed Bond spoke against the

United states during the Vietnam war.• Supreme Court ruled in favor of Bond’s

election saying the Georgia had denied Bond’s freedom of Speech.

Outcomes of the two-party system• Democratic party no longer in control causing

many laws to change.• African Americans no longer had to pass tests to

become registered voters.• No longer held back from polling places.• Urban vote began to outnumber rural vote• Political groups began to form in support of

equality in government, education, and employment, and social welfare and start up capital for African American run businesses.

People under the 2-party system

• Maynard Jackson – first African American Mayor of a Major city in the south

• Calvin Smyre – appointed by Governor Joe Harris as assistant floor leader in 1983 and became floor leader in 1986. (floor leader promotes the governors interest on the senate floor).

Economy and the 2-party system• Before the 1970’s, agriculture dominated the

economy.• After the death of the County Unit system, more

votes came from cities.• More businesses and industries were able to

move into cities.• Minimum wage was raised and standard of living

increased.• People of color were offered more opportunities

both as employees and as business owners.• Georgia’s leading manufacturing goods are now

chemicals, food products, textiles, and transportation equipment.

SS8H12 c. quiz1. Which politician is correctly matched with his

position? a. Julian Bond—Georgia legislator in 1965b. Maynard H. Jackson—mayor of Savannah in

1973c. Gene Walker—House majority whip in 1989d. Al Scott—Commissioner of Education 2. How has the economy in Georgia changed since

1970? a. Farming is the largest industry in the state.b. Industries have become the state’s largest

income.c. Not much has changed since the 1970s.d. Entertainment is now the largest industry in the

state.

3. A person who supports a one-party system would most likely agree with which of these statements?

a. All people, no matter what their education,

should be able to vote.b. There is only one good choice, do not get

people confused.c. People of color need to have a voice.d. Everyone’s opinion and vote counts. 4. Which of the following is a direct result of the

Voting Rights Act of 1965? a. Segregation was made illegal at election polls.b. Black legislators were elected.c. Many new black voters registered in 1966.d. Julian Bond’s right to free speech was upheld.

SS8H12 d,e

d. Evaluate the effect of the 1996 Olympic Games on Georgia.

e. Evaluate the importance of new immigrant communities to the growth and economy of Georgia.

Essential Question: What impact did the 1996 Olympic games have on Georgia?

1996 Olympics

1996 Olympics• Mayor Andrew Young and Billy Payne were influential

in bringing the Olympics to Atlanta.• Olympic committee was impressed with Atlanta

because of it History in the civil rights movement and its mild climate.

• The Federal government paid to replace sidewalks, put in street signs, and plant trees.

• Streets and highways were also fixed and enlarged.• Hotels were added and many restaurants and shops

were built and sports venues and sites were added.• Many people concerned with the amount of

commercialism (focus on making a lot of money) involved in hosting the games.

1996 Olympics• Effect on Georgia was good– Added buildings have allowed Georgia to host

many conventions over the past 5 years– Tourism has also increased since Olympics

• Housing in Atlanta has improved– Housing areas replaced with nice apartment

buildings– GA Tech dormitories improved to house Olympic

Athletes.• Economy boosted– 72 million visitors came to Atlanta– Many people opened booths at different venues

Georgia Immigrants• Immigrants – people who come to Georgia from

another country.• Most immigrants come to find a better job and a

chance for a better life• Throughout history, Immigrants have helped

economies by filling jobs when their weren’t enough workers

• Many immigrants have come to Georgia from Mexico and other Latin American countries

• Help the economy of an area by spending their money in local stores and housing.

SS8H12 d,e quiz1. Which of the following BEST states why

Georgia’s business leaders wanted to host the Olympics?a. To make money for themselvesb. To provide educational opportunities for

Georgia’s childrenc. To show the world that Georgia is a city

for international businessd. To enjoy the games in their home state 2. Much of the money needed to host the

Olympics came from: a. The federal governmentb. The International Olympic Committeec. Foreign governmentsd. Local businesses

3. A way in which immigrants help the economy is by:

a. Bringing money into the countyb. Sending money to the country

from which they camec. Running for political officed. Filling jobs when there aren’t

enough workers 4. Many of the immigrants who come

to Georgia are from: a. Asiab. Mexicoc. Europed. Canada