Warm-Up

Chapter 26An Age of Democracy and Progress

1815-1914

Britain Enacts Reforms (cont.)

• Chartist Movemento Chartist Movement: expands

suffrage and reform politicso Demands suffrage for all men,

secret vote, Parliamentary reformso Parliament at first rejects, but

eventually adopts, Chartist goals

• The Victorian Ageo Queen Victoria – rules for 64 years

at height of British Powero Loses power to Parliament,

especially House of Commonso Government run almost completely

by prime minister, cabinet

Women Get the Vote• Organization and Resistance

o Many women organize to win the right to voteo Some argue against it as to radical and break from traditiono Others say women do not have ability to engage in politics

• Militant Protestso Emmeline Pankhurst forms Women’s Social and Political

Uniono After 1903, WSPU members protest, go to jail, stage hunger

strikeso Women do not win suffrage in Britain and U.S. until after

World War I

France and Democracy• The Third Republic

o France changes governments repeatedly after Franco-Prussian War

o Third Republic: French government formed in 1875, lasts 60 years

• The Dreyfus Affairo Dreyfus affair: spy controversy over

Jewish officer in French armyo Anti-Semitism: prejudice against

Jews, strong in much of Europeo Government eventually declares

Captain Alfred Dreyfus innocent

• The Rise of Zionismo Zionism: movement for Jewish

homeland – grows after Dreyfus affair

Inventions Make Life Easier

• Edison the Inventoro Thomas Edison patents over 1,000 invention in

research laboratory

• Bell and Marconi Revolutionize Communicationo In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell invents

telephoneo In 1895, Italian Guglielmo Marconi builds first

radio

• Ford Sparks the Automobile Industryo In 1880s, Germans invent first automobileo Henry Ford lowers cost with assembly line –

one task per worker

• The Wright Brothers Flyo In 1903, Wright brothers develop first working

airplane

New Ideas in Medicine• The Germ Theory of Disease

o Louis Pasteur discovers existence of bacteria while observing fermentation

o He and others quickly discover that bacteria cause disease

o British surgeon Joseph Lister links bacteria to surgical problems

o Sterilizing instruments reduces deaths from infection

o Medical researchers develop vaccines; cities improve sanitation

New Ideas in Medicine (cont.)

• Darwin Challenges Creationismo Charles Darwin – English scientist develops

theory of evolutiono In 1880s most people believe in “special

creation” by God

• Darwin’s Theory of Evolutiono Darwin’s idea of natural selection says

competition elevates fittesto Fittest then breed, their offspring share their

advantageso Gradually, over generations, species change;

new species evolveo Theory of evolution: species change slowly

though natural selection

• Mendel and Geneticso Austrian monk Gregor Mendel discovers

patterns to inherited traitso Mendel’s work begins the science of genetics

New Ideas in Medicine (cont.)

• Advances in Chemistry and Physicso IN 1803, John Dalton theorizes all

matter is made of atomso In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev creates

periodic table of elementso Radioactivity – type of energy

discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie

o Ernest Rutherford says atoms have a nucleus surrounded by electrons

Social Sciences Explore Behavior

• New Ideas in Social Scienceo Sciences of archaeology, sociology, anthropology begin in

1800so Psychology: study of human mind, behavioro Ivan Pavlov believes human actions actually unconscious

reactionso Sigmund Freud studies unconscious, develops

psychoanalysiso Freud, Pavlov shake Enlightenment’s faith in reason

The Rise of Mass Culture

• From Leisure Culture to Mass Cultureo Mass culture – art, music, writing, entertainment for large audience

• Changes Produce Mass Cultureo Leisure activities (moves, music) now available to working class

• Music Halls, Vaudeville, and Movieso Traveling acts feature music, juggling, dancingo In 1880s, people develop early projections of moving imageso By the early 1900s, filmmakers produce the first feature films

• Sports Entertain Millionso Spectator sports draw huge crowds; modern Olympics in Greece,

1896

Wrap-Up