WARM UP 3/6, 3/6 WARM UP 3/6, 3/6 DOUBLEDOUBLETAKE A DITTO OFF THE FRONT DESK

1. From notes: Where is the myelin sheath?

2. From notes: What does it do?

3. Label on your warm up paper “NEURON DISORDERS”

For each of the 4 diseases

a. Name of disease

b. What causes it

c. What it does to the nerves

d. symptoms

d. One other fact

HEAVY METAL POISONINGHEAVY METAL POISONING

b.b. Chronic exposure to heavy metals (lead, Chronic exposure to heavy metals (lead, mercury)mercury)

c.c. Demyelination and glia cell damageDemyelination and glia cell damage

d.d. Affects physical and mental functionAffects physical and mental function

e.e. FACTFACT

DIPTHERIADIPTHERIA

b.b. Bacteria infection of the respiratory tractBacteria infection of the respiratory tract

c.c. Damages schwann cells and destroys the Damages schwann cells and destroys the myelin sheathmyelin sheath

d.d. Sensory and motor problems; fatal Sensory and motor problems; fatal paralysis; heart problemsparalysis; heart problems

e.e. FACTFACT

MULTIPLE SCLEROSISMULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

b.b. Genetic diseaseGenetic disease

c.c. Recurrent incidents of demyelination Recurrent incidents of demyelination affecting axons of the optic nerve, brain, affecting axons of the optic nerve, brain, and spinal cordand spinal cord

d.d. Vision/ speech, balance, coordination Vision/ speech, balance, coordination problemsproblems

e.e. FACTFACT

GUILLAIN-BARRE GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROMESYNDROME

b.b. Viral infection/ malfunction of immune Viral infection/ malfunction of immune systemsystem

c.c. DemyelinationDemyelination

d.d. Weakness of musclesWeakness of muscles

e.e. FACTFACT

WARM UP 3/9WARM UP 3/9

1.1. What do afferent neurons do?What do afferent neurons do?

2.2. What cells help destroy microbes for the nervous What cells help destroy microbes for the nervous system?system?

3.3. What does the oliodendroglia do?What does the oliodendroglia do?

4.4. What is a protective layer on the axon called?What is a protective layer on the axon called?

5.5. What are the ends of dendrites called?What are the ends of dendrites called?

6.6. What are spaces between schwann cells called?What are spaces between schwann cells called?

7.7. What type of neuron sends messages to the What type of neuron sends messages to the muscles or glands?muscles or glands?

NOTES Ch 10 3/9NOTES Ch 10 3/9

Neuron physiologyNeuron physiology

SYNAPSE – gap between neurons (junction)SYNAPSE – gap between neurons (junction)VESSICLES – sacs containing neurotransmittersVESSICLES – sacs containing neurotransmittersNEUROTRANSMITTER – chemical that brings NEUROTRANSMITTER – chemical that brings

message across the synapsemessage across the synapse

*they can excite – speed messages up*they can excite – speed messages up or inhibit – slow messages downor inhibit – slow messages down

EX: Ach , Dopamine, GABA, Norepinepherine, EX: Ach , Dopamine, GABA, Norepinepherine, SerotoninSerotonin

RESTING POTENTIAL – when a neuron is RESTING POTENTIAL – when a neuron is not conducting impulsesnot conducting impulses

Membrane is –70mV (negative inside)Membrane is –70mV (negative inside)

CHOLINESTERASE – CHOLINESTERASE – breaks down Ach to stop breaks down Ach to stop the impulsethe impulse

1. Something will stimulate a receptor in the 1. Something will stimulate a receptor in the body:body:

EX: light, sound, pressure, taste, cold, hot….EX: light, sound, pressure, taste, cold, hot….

2. Impulse reaches axon end2. Impulse reaches axon end

3. Neurotransmitter in vesicles released from 3. Neurotransmitter in vesicles released from synaptic knobssynaptic knobs

4.4. NT travels across synapseNT travels across synapse

5. Attaches to receptors on dendrite of next 5. Attaches to receptors on dendrite of next neuronneuron

6. Na+ rushes in – makes cell positive – 6. Na+ rushes in – makes cell positive – DEPOLARIZATION DEPOLARIZATION

7.Action potential moves down neuron (leaps 7.Action potential moves down neuron (leaps if myelinated)if myelinated)

The action potential travels along the entire neuron

When it reaches the axon end of the When it reaches the axon end of the neuron, message goes to next neuron by neuron, message goes to next neuron by doing steps 3-7 doing steps 3-7

Continues until reaches a muscle, gland, or Continues until reaches a muscle, gland, or the brainthe brain

To stop impulse at synapse:To stop impulse at synapse:

1. Enzymes can destroys NT1. Enzymes can destroys NT

2. NT back to vesicles (uptake)2. NT back to vesicles (uptake)

When NT gone, Na+ goes out - cell becomes When NT gone, Na+ goes out - cell becomes negative again - REPOLARIZATIONnegative again - REPOLARIZATION

LABELING

LABELINGLABELING

8.8. Resting neuron (-70mV)Resting neuron (-70mV)

9. DEPOLARIZATION9. DEPOLARIZATION Na+ rushes in and makes Na+ rushes in and makes

cell positive – creates an cell positive – creates an action potential action potential (electrical current)(electrical current)

10. REPOLARIZATION10. REPOLARIZATION Na+ rushes out and Na+ rushes out and

neuron becomes neuron becomes negative againnegative again

11.11. Resting potentialResting potential

12.12. DepolarizationDepolarization

13.13. RepolarizationRepolarization

14.14. Action potentialAction potential

Chemicals can affect the Chemicals can affect the movement across the synapsemovement across the synapse

1.1. Stop creation of NTStop creation of NT

2.2. Block NT from leaving vesiclesBlock NT from leaving vesicles

3.3. Bind to receptors in place of NTBind to receptors in place of NT

4.4. Prevent Na+ from starting an APPrevent Na+ from starting an AP

5.5. Prevent NT from uptakePrevent NT from uptake

6.6. Empty NT from vesiclesEmpty NT from vesicles

7.7. Have neuron become too negativeHave neuron become too negative

NEUROTOXINSNEUROTOXINS

Made by animals for protectionMade by animals for protection Blocks many different receptorsBlocks many different receptors

EXTRA CREDITEXTRA CREDIT1.1. NIOROCSPNIOROCSP

2.2. ROACBROACB

3.3. BAMAMBAMAM

4.4. PAWSPAWS

5.5. KESTANLTREKESTANLTRE

6.6. CLABK DWOIWCLABK DWOIW

7.7. LUTARTAANLUTARTAAN

8.8. WRORA GFORWRORA GFOR

9.9. YOHEN EBEYOHEN EBE

10.10. FLYEJLSIHFLYEJLSIH

**ASE MONAENE**ASE MONAENE

Unscramble the words of Unscramble the words of 10 common poisonous 10 common poisonous animals that produce a animals that produce a toxin that affects the toxin that affects the nervous system.nervous system.

DRUGSDRUGS

ANOTHER EC!ANOTHER EC!

STIMULANTSTIMULANT

DEPRESSANTDEPRESSANT

HALLUCIGENHALLUCIGEN

NARCOTICNARCOTIC

1.1. PCPPCP

2.2. MarijuanaMarijuana

3.3. NicotineNicotine

4.4. AlcoholAlcohol

5.5. EcstasyEcstasy

6.6. CaffeineCaffeine

7.7. InhalantsInhalants

8.8. HeroinHeroin

9.9. MorphineMorphine

10.10. valiumvalium

DepressantsDepressants

They slow down the amount of Na+ They slow down the amount of Na+ entering the neuronentering the neuron

EX: Alcohol, valium, inhalants, barbituites, rohypnol

Many inhalants are thought to dissolve the protective myelin Many inhalants are thought to dissolve the protective myelin sheath that surrounds neurons in brain cells - resulting in cell sheath that surrounds neurons in brain cells - resulting in cell death death

•Slowed down messages from the brain to muscle impair our reflexes, reduce reaction time and impair our coordination, and our ability to drive is impaired.•Slurring of speech, stumbling when you walk, loss of balance.•Hand-eye coordination is reduced.•Thought and judgment are impaired because messages between the neurons in the brain are slowed down.

Rohypnol, “Roofies” is a very potent tranquilizer similar in nature to valium, but many times stronger.

The drug produces a sedative effect, amnesia, muscle relaxation, and a slowing of psychomotor responses. Sedation occurs 20-30 minutes after administration and lasts for several hours.

It is commonly reported that persons who become intoxicated on a combination of alcohol and rohypnol have "blackouts" lasting eight to twenty-four hours following ingestion.

Adverse effects of Rohypnol use include, decreased blood pressure, memory impairment, drowsiness, visual disturbances, dizziness, confusion, gastrointestinal disturbances and urinary retention. Withdrawal symptoms include headache, muscle pain, confusion, hallucinations and convulsions. Seizures may occur up to a week after use.

Known as the “date rape” drug – it is often slipped into a drink by an attacker. The drug has no taste or odor so the victims don't realize what is happening. About ten minutes after ingesting the drug, the woman may feel dizzy and disoriented, simultaneously too hot and too cold, or nauseated. She may experience difficulty speaking and moving, and then pass out. Such victims have no memories of what happened while under the drug's influence.

•Be wary about accepting drinks from anyone you don't know well or long enough to trust. · If you are accepting a drink, make sure it's from an unopened container and that you open it yourself. •Don't put your drink down and leave it unattended, even to go to the restroom.

NEW TEST FOR THIS DRUG

The strips were created by a person whose friend was a victim of a date-rape drug. They are easy to use. A drink straw can drip a few drops of a drink on the test strip. If the liquid turns blue, toss the drink.

Other products in the range include a drinks coaster, designed with two areas that test for traces of date rape drugs. A drop of tainted liquid on the coaster will change the color of the cardboard.

In the United States, the strips are available online at

www.drinksafetech.com for 40 cents each.

NARCOTICSNARCOTICS

They attach to receptors and block NTs from binding (especially at pain They attach to receptors and block NTs from binding (especially at pain receptors); can also make neuron too negative so longer for AP to startreceptors); can also make neuron too negative so longer for AP to start

EX: opium, codeine, anethestics, morphine, heroin, demerolEX: opium, codeine, anethestics, morphine, heroin, demerol

Effects are similar to depressants and they have other effects that depressants do not have, which would include:

•Pain relief •Suppress cough reaction

StimulantsStimulants

They can increase release of NT and disrupt They can increase release of NT and disrupt the clearing of NT in the synapsethe clearing of NT in the synapse

EX: Cocaine, Nicotine, Caffeine, RitalinEX: Cocaine, Nicotine, Caffeine, Ritalin

•Desired effects would include a sense of well being or euphoria, or an enhanced ability to think and function.•Other effects include anxiety, paranoia, increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, reduced appetite, restlessness, insomnia, and a feeling of being “shaky.”

NICOTINENICOTINE

Increase release of Ach (heightened activity – Increase release of Ach (heightened activity – “wake up feeling)“wake up feeling)

Releases endorphins (natural pain killers)Releases endorphins (natural pain killers)

HallucinogensHallucinogens

Many mimic NTs Many mimic NTs

EX: LSD, PCP, Mushrooms, Marijuana EX: LSD, PCP, Mushrooms, Marijuana

MDMA (ecstasy)MDMA (ecstasy)

•Distorts messages within the brain, and this can be felt as a distortion in perception.•Can cause hallucinations.•Milder hallucinogens are experienced as an enhancement of the senses: more sensitive to touch, pain can be magnified, music sounds better, hearing is altered, vision can be enhanced or blurred.•Our perception of time can be affected.•Thought processes are affected: poor short term memory, alternating inability to focus and enhanced ability to focus, reduced ability to learn•Other effects would include increased blood pressure, increased heart rate, and increased appetite.

ecstasyecstasyIt can cause a sharp increase in body temperature leading It can cause a sharp increase in body temperature leading

to muscle breakdown and kidney and cardiovascular to muscle breakdown and kidney and cardiovascular system failure.system failure.

Brain imaging research in humans indicates that MDMA Brain imaging research in humans indicates that MDMA causes injury to the brain, affecting neurons that use causes injury to the brain, affecting neurons that use the chemical serotonin to communicate with other the chemical serotonin to communicate with other neurons. The serotonin system plays a direct role in neurons. The serotonin system plays a direct role in regulating mood, aggression, sleep, and sensitivity to regulating mood, aggression, sleep, and sensitivity to pain. Many of the risks users face with MDMA use are pain. Many of the risks users face with MDMA use are similar to those found with the use of cocainesimilar to those found with the use of cocaine

Psychological difficulties, including confusion, depression, sleep Psychological difficulties, including confusion, depression, sleep problems, drug craving, severe anxiety, and paranoia - during and problems, drug craving, severe anxiety, and paranoia - during and sometimes weeks after taking MDMA.sometimes weeks after taking MDMA.

Physical symptoms such as muscle tension, involuntary teeth clenching, Physical symptoms such as muscle tension, involuntary teeth clenching, nausea, blurred vision, rapid eye movement, faintness, and chills or nausea, blurred vision, rapid eye movement, faintness, and chills or sweating.sweating.

Increases in heart rate and blood pressure, a special risk for people with Increases in heart rate and blood pressure, a special risk for people with circulatory or heart disease.circulatory or heart disease.

Research links MDMA use to long-term Research links MDMA use to long-term damage to those parts of the brain critical damage to those parts of the brain critical to thought and memory. One study, in to thought and memory. One study, in primates, showed that exposure to primates, showed that exposure to MDMA for 4 days caused brain damage MDMA for 4 days caused brain damage that was evident 6 to 7 years later.that was evident 6 to 7 years later.

12- 18 months later

MarijuanaMarijuana

THC in marijuana mimics neurotransmitters and fits into receptor sites in THC in marijuana mimics neurotransmitters and fits into receptor sites in the brain and stimulates those neuronsthe brain and stimulates those neurons

When they copy the effects of the neurotransmitters, they are able to alter regular brain functions in these locations like memory and coordination. This explains why when you are high, you are disoriented and dizzy.

Chronic marijuana smokers are prey to chest colds, bronchitis, emphysema, and bronchial asthma. Persistent use will damage lungs and airways and raise the risk of cancer. And there is evidence that marijuana may limit the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease.

Marijuana also affects hormones. Regular use can delay the onset of puberty in young men and reduce sperm production. For women, regular use may disrupt normal monthly menstrual cycles and inhibit ovulation.

NERVE AGENTSNERVE AGENTS

•Chemical warfare used in warsChemical warfare used in wars

•Read article about nerve agents and Read article about nerve agents and answer the questions : separate sheetanswer the questions : separate sheet