Warm-Up 3/5 #16

• Sketch the following cell and label as many parts as you can.

Review!!Yes, you need to write all of the organelles names and function

• Match the cell organelle with the correct function

• 1. Mitochondria• 2. Chloroplast• 3. Cell Membrane• 4. Ribosomes• 5. Endoplasmic

Reticulum• 6. Golgi Body• 7. Lysosomes• 8. Vacuole

A. digestion B. protein synthesis C. regulates what enters and

leaves the cell D. packages E. Storage F. Energy (Respiration) G. Photosynthesis H. Synthesize lipids and

proteins, transport, and communicate

Unit 6 – Cell Physiology

Cells are the basic unit of life therefore they must eat, breathe, excrete and maintain homeostasis (balanced internal conditions). To do these things, cells must transport substances across their membrane to regulate life processes to stay alive!

Cell Transport: -- Moving substances a cell needs in and letting wastes out of the cell; this can occur PASSIVELY or ACTIVELY

• Cell Membrane: The barrier that surrounds ALL cells. It is a phospholipid bilayer AND is selectively permeable.

inside cell

outside cell

Proteins act like doors in the cell membrane!

• Pores: SMALL holes that allow certain things to cross the membrane

• Transport Proteins: proteins specifically shaped to move large things in and out

protein channelsin bi-lipid membrane

Protein channels

• Proteins act as doors in the membrane– channels to move specific molecules through cell

membrane

HIGH

LOW

Passive Transport: movement of molecules across the membrane from a high to low concentration. NO ENERGY REQUIRED!

Examples: Diffusion of water Diffusion (Osmosis)

• Diffusion: the spreading out of molecules from high concentration to low concentration– Is possible because molecules are always

randomly moving and colliding– No energy required because molecules are

moving WITH the concentration gradient– When the molecules are spread throughout the

space evenly, this is called EQUILIBRIUM.

Osmosis Animation

Diffusion is how our lungs take in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide wastes

• Diffusion depends on a Concentration Gradient:

• A concentration gradient is the difference in the concentration of a substance on two sides of a permeable barrier– Concentration is the amount of substance present in a mixture or solution

• Osmosis: the movement of WATER across a membrane from high to low concentration– Osmosis is PASSIVE transport-

NO energy is used. – Water molecules are found

on both inside and outside the cell, WATER moves from a high to low concentration.

• A solution is composed of a solute and a solvent. The solute is what is dissolved in the solvent. For osmotic solutions, the solvent is always water. The solutes are usually salt or sugar.

Another Example of Osmosis

• To determine how a cell will react you must:– First- Look at how much solute is dissolved in the water on either side

of the cell. • Second- Find the side with the most water and least amount of solute.

Water will flow ‘downstream’ from there (high to low).

3. Real-life EXAMPLES of osmosis:

• Plants use osmosis to take in water they need for photosynthesis

• If you pour salt on a slug water diffuses out of the slug and causes it to shrink

• Vegetables in the grocery store are sprayed with water to keep them crisp

• Draw arrows to show what will happen to the cell below.

• Kidney dialysis for patients with kidney disease– A dialyzer removes waste products from a

patient's blood through a semi-permeable membrane, and passes them into the dialysis solution tank. The red blood cells being larger in size cannot pass through the membrane and are retained in the blood. Thus, by the process of osmosis waste materials are continuously removed from the blood. Plants use osmosis to take in water they need for photosynthesis

• If you pour salt on a slug water diffuses out of the slug and causes it to shrink

Draw arrows to show what will happen to the cell below.

95% water

5% salt

Solution around the cell:

85% water

15% salt

• Factors that affect cell transport include: • Amount of solute across the membrane

(concentration gradient)• temperature (higher temperatures=faster

diffusion)

Cell Adaptations for survival in a FRESHWATER environment:

• A cell that lives in freshwater, like a protist called PARAMECIUM is surrounded by HIGH concentration of water. This means water is constantly moving INTO their cells which could be a problem. The ADAPTATION they have is called a CONTRACTILE VACUOLE. This allows them to pump out excess water.

Cell Adaptations for survival in a SALTWATER environment:

• An organism that lives in a saltwater environment is always in a LOW concentration of water and is constantly losing water. ADAPTED by being able to take up water (drink the salt water and can eliminate excess salt through their gills)

DiffusionMovement of

molecules from high to low concentration

Example of Passive Cell transport

OsmosisMovement of water

from high to low concentration

Example of Passive Cell transport

Keeping water balance• Cell survival depends on balancing water

uptake & water lossfreshwater balanced saltwater

• Active Transport: when molecules are moved from low to high concentrations (against concentration gradient)

REQUIRES ENERGY!! • Example: Sodium-

Potassium Pump – 3 sodium pumped out and 2 potassium pumped inside

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP11203

Examples of Active Transport• digestion of food in the small

intestine. Carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars such as glucose. The glucose is absorbed by active transport into the villi, to be passed into the bloodstream and taken around the body.

• Phagocytosis (cell-eating), pinocytosis (cell drinking)

Cell Transport summary

simplediffusion

facilitateddiffusion

activetransport

ATP

Warm Up 3/61. ___________ is the movement of molecules from high to low

concentration. 2. Anything coming into or leaving a cell must pass through the

______________. 3. ___________ is the movement of WATER from a high to low

concentration. 4. Passive cell transport is when things move in our out of the cell with

the concentration gradient and does not require ___________. 5. ___________ cell transport is when things move from low to high

AGAINST the concentration gradient and this requires energy.6. A cell contains MORE salt than its environment. Salt CANNOT pass

through the membrane. The cell will __________. 7. What will happen to the cells of a freshwater fish if it is placed into

salty seawater? 8. Why do grocery stores constantly spray their vegetables with

water?

• Sketch the following example and draw what will happen to the water level.– Explain WHY this is

happening. • A paramecium is an aquatic

unicellular organism that pumps water out. Is this active or passive transport and WHY?

Flashcard Warm-Up

• Define the word

Producer.

• Write a synonym for the word producer.

• What process takes place within the chlorplasts of producers?

• Explain the role of a producer in a food web.

Warm-up March 9 #Cellular Respiration

This process takes place in ALL living cells to create ENERGY in the form of ATP.

-takes place in the mitochondria-the chemical equation is the opposite of

photosynthesis

glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide+ water + energy

C6H12O6 O2 CO2 H2O ATP+ + +

Energy production is vital for maintaining homeostasis:

• ATP : Adenosine triphosphate, the form of energy the form of energy ALL living cells use

• ATP has energy stored in the

chemical bonds between 3 phosphates – breaking phosphate releases energy– Energy is released when a bond is

broken

– Product : ADP + Phosphate

– Energy Recycled: More energy available to add 3rd phosphate

make energy

A Body’s Energy Budget

eatfood

synthesis(building)

• energy needed even at rest

• activity• temperature

control{• growth• reproduction• repair{

storage• glycogen

(animal starch)• fat{

ATP1

2

3

Equation:C6H1206 + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP (energy)

• Cellular Respiration: happens in ALL cells to get ENERGY

• Site of Respiration: in eukaryotic cells (BOTH plant and animal) – in the organelle mitochondria

The chemical equation is the opposite of photosynthesis

REACTANTS PRODUCTS

glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide+ water + energy

C6H12O6 O2 CO2 H2O ATP+ + +

• Two Types of Cellular Respiration:• Aerobic Respiration: uses oxygen to break down

sugar, takes longer but makes LOTS of ATP• Gas Released: Carbon Dioxide (CO2)• (What organisms use the gas?) Producers turn CO2

and H2O into food•

glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide+ water + energy

C6H12O6 O2 CO2 H2O ATP+ + +

• Anaerobic Respiration (also called FERMENTATION): when no oxygen is present – faster, but LESS ATP

• Sore muscles are a result of anaerobic respiration producing lactic acid .– Two Types of Anaerobic Respiration: Alcoholic fermentation: used by

plants, fungi, bacteria. Makes CO2, H2O and ATP, but also alcohol– Lactic Acid fermentation: used by SOME animal cells, makes CO2,

H2O and ATP, but also lactic acid

Warm-up 3/6

• Photosynthesis– Plants are also called autotrophs or producers. They use energy from the Sun and convert carbon

dioxide and water into CHEMICAL energy (sugar) and release

oxygen

Equation:

• How does energy from the sun become energy for life?

• Photosynthesis: happens in producers to get food

• Site of Photosynthesis: in plant/plant-like cells – in the organelle chloroplast

• Pigment: chlorophyll absorbs light to make food

REACTANTS PRODUCTS

NO DIRECT ENERGY MADE!!

• Gas Released: oxygen • Food: glucose (sugars

made)• Stored: as starch in the

vacuole or in parts of plants (roots, stems)

• Reason: Will be later used in Cellular Respiration or eaten by animals

3 Factors that Affect Photosynthesis

1- Temperature 2-Amount of carbon dioxide

3-Amount of sunlight

Ticket out the door sketch in warm ups

• Sketch the following example and fill in the boxes.

QuizDiffusion energy (ATP) mitochondriaOsmosis cell membrane shrinkSwell stay the same ActiveSugar oxygen carbon dioxide

1. ___________ is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration. 2. Anything coming into or leaving a cell must pass through the ______________.

3. ___________ is the movement of WATER from a high to low concentration. 4. Passive cell transport is when things move in our out of the cell with the

concentration gradient and does not require ___________. 5. ___________ cell transport is when things move from low to high AGAINST the

concentration gradient and this requires energy.6. A cell contains MORE salt than its environment. Salt CANNOT pass through the

membrane. The cell will __________. 7. What will happen to the cells of a freshwater fish if it is placed into salty

seawater?8. The goal of photosynthesis is for plants to make ___________.9. Water, sunlight and ________________ are needed for photosynthesis to occur. 10. The gas RELEASED as a waste PRODUCT of photosynthesis is ___________.

2009-2010

ATP

What is energy in biology?

Whoa! HOT stuff!

Adenosine TriPhosphate

Warm-Up March 12

Respiration

• Write the chemical equation for cellular respiration.• The site of respiration in eukaryotic cells is the _____________,

which contains folded membranes for increased surface area.• Cells need energy for ________ transport, and other processes

such as ____________.• Two types of cellular respiration are:

– _________ if oxygen is available – _________ if NO oxygen is available

• A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second!!!

How are they connected?

glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energydioxide

C6H12O6 O2 CO2 H2O ATP+ + +

Respiration

Photosynthesis

CO2 H2O C6H12O6 O2lightenergy + ++

glucose + oxygencarbondioxide

sunenergy+ water +

H2O

Energy cycle

Photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration

sun

The Great Circleof Life!Mufasa?

glucosesugars

O2CO2

plants

animals, plants

ATP

H2O

Another view…

Photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration

sun

organicmoleculesfood

O2CO2

producers, autotrophs

consumers, heterotrophs

synthesis

capturelight energy

digestion

releasechemical energy ATP

wastewastewaste

CO2 + H2O + heatfuel(carbohydrates)

O2

“Burn fuels” to make energycombustionmaking heat energy by burning fuels in one step

ATP

ATP + CO2 + H2O (+ heat)

aerobic respirationmaking ATP energy (& some heat) by burning fuels in many small steps

food(carbohydrates)

O2

Energy needs of life• Animals are energy consumers

– What do we need energy for?• synthesis (building for growth)• reproduction• active transport• movement• temperature control (making heat)

What do we need to make energy?• The “Furnace” for making energy

– mitochondria • Fuel

– food: carbohydrates, fats• Helpers

– oxygen– enzymes

• Product– ATP

• Waste products– carbon dioxide

• then used by plants– water

O2

food

ATP

Make ATP!Make ATP!All I do all day…And no oneeven notices!

enzymes

CO2 H2O

The poetic perspective• All of the solid material of every plant

was built out of thin air• All of the solid material of every animal was

built from plant material

Then all the cats, dogs, mice, people & elephants…are really strands of air woven together by sunlight!

sunair

Ticket Out the Door

• 1. Where does cellular respiration take place in eukaryotic cells?

• 2. What is the most important product made at the end of respiration?

• 3. How is anaerobic respiration different from aerobic respiration?

• 4. How are photosynthesis and respiration related?

Ticket out the door• Sketch the following cells and explain the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration.

• 1. What are the needs of the plant for survival? • 2. What are the needs of the snail for survival?• 3. In what ways does the snail need the plant for survival? • 4. Does the plant need the snail for survival? Why or why

not? • 5. If you had to choose one as more important, which would

you pick and why?• 6. Describe how photosynthesis and respiration work together

to provide the needs of all organisms.• 7.Give at least TWO REASONS why photosynthesis and

respiration are often described as being the “opposite” of each other.

• a.• b.

Factor Affecting Respiration

Height of Bag (mm)

None – Control Group

High (Hot) Temperature

Low (Cold) Temperature

Acidic (Low) pH

Basic (High) pH

Different Food Source (Starch not Sugar)No Food Source

DataEffect of Various Factors on Yeast

Respiration

Big Unit Review

• Choose two vocabulary words that were not part of your assigned vocab and draw a picture for them.

• Choose three words and write a sentence with them.

• Create two questions of your own and answer ONE of them.

• Create a news headline and paragraph about a major topic from this unit.

1st Period• Record your day 2 data in your data table• Acid present – YELLOW• Base present – PINK• Neutral- ORANGE

• If CO2 decreases, solution will turn pink.• If CO2 increases, solution will turn yellow

• Use your data to complete the analysis questions! Due tomorrow!