warm up 1. what color absorbs all colors of the visible light spectrum? 2. what color reflects all...
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Warm Up1. What color absorbs ALL colors of the visible
light spectrum?
2. What color reflects ALL colors of the visible light spectrum?
3. Where does light travel fastest?
4. Where does light travel slowest?
5. We see different colors because objects reflect different _______________ of light.
a) Amplitudes b) Wavelengthsc) Speeds
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Series and Parallel Circuits
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is the measure of how difficult it is for charges to flow through a materialunit:
is the amount of charge that passes by a point in a secondunit:
-the difference in electrical potential energy between 2 places in a circuit; it is the energy that pushes charges through a circuit unit:
resistance
Ohm (Ω)
current
Ampere, amp, Avoltage
volt, V
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Objectives• Name the three essential parts of a
circuit.
• Compare series circuits with parallel circuits.
• Explain how fuses and circuit breakers protect your home against short circuits and circuit overloads.
Compare motors and generators
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Electric Circuits
• An electric circuit is a complete, closed path through which electric charges flow.
• All circuits have three basic parts:• Energy source• Wires• Load
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• Energy source examples:• Battery• Generator• power plant (coal, nuclear, gas)• hydroelectric plant
• Loads change electrical energy to other forms of energy
• Examples: lightbulb, television, toaster
• Wires are made from conductive materials (i.e., copper)
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A switch is used to open and close a circuit. When the switch is open, electrical
current CANNOT flow
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Brain Pop: Electric Circuits
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CircuitsCan either be series or
parallel or a combination of the two.
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SeriesCurrent only takes one path for electrons
Current flows through every part of the circuit
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Lights in a Series
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SeriesIf you add a resistor (like another light):Total resistance goes UP since all the current has must go through each resistor.
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Adding Resistors to Series:Current in the circuit will go DOWN (lights will dim)
If you remove a light bulb or one burns out—all go out!
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Resistance in SeriesAdd up all resistors to get total resistance Total resistance will go up because all of the current must go through each resistor.
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Calculating Resistance Example:
If the resistances of loads R1, R2, and R3 are 10Ω, 20Ω & 30Ω respectively, what is the total resistance in the circuit?
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Current in Series
Current is the same at all points
Use Ohm’s Law to find current using resistance and voltage
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Calculating Current Example:If the resistances of loads R1, R2, and R3 are 10Ω, 20Ω & 30Ω respectively, and the voltage source is 6 V, what is the current through the circuit?
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Voltage in Series
Voltage is reduced by each resistance – voltage drop
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Calculating Voltage Example Using the current
that you calculated in the previous problem, what is the voltage difference (drop) across each resistor?
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Sample Problem #1 Draw a series circuit with two 1.5 V
batteries, 3 resistors, and a current of 0.5 A.
1. What is the total voltage of the circuit?
2. What is the resistance of each resistor?
3. What is the voltage drop across each resistor? Label it on your circuit.
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Parallel CircuitsHave at least one point where current divides
More than one path for current to flow
Paths are also known as branches
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Lights in Parallel
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Parallel:If you add a resistor:
Total resistance goes down
Total current goes up when you add another path
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Removing a Light BulbIf you remove a light bulb or one burns out, the others stay on because the circuit is still closed.
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Current in Parallel Current flows into a branching point, the same total current must flow out again
Current depends on resistance in each branch
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Calculating Total Resistance in a Parallel Circuit
Kirchoff’s Law of Currents states that the sum of the currents in must equal the sum of the currents out.
The formula for calculating total Resistance, RT:
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Current in ParallelCalculate current in each branch based on resistance in each branch by using Ohm’s Law
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Calculating Current Example: If the resistances of
loads R1, R2, and R3 are 10Ω, 20Ω & 30Ω respectively, what is the total resistance in the circuit?
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Voltage in Parallel
Voltage is the same across each branch – because each branch is on the same wire
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Calculating Voltage Example: If the voltage
source is 6 V, what is the voltage difference (drop) across each resistor?
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Practice problem #2
Draw a parallel circuit with a 6 ohm & a 18 ohm resistor (one on each branch) and a 12 V battery.
1. What is the voltage through each resistor?
2. What is the current flowing through each branch?
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Toll Road—Circuit Analogy
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Toll Booth ExplanationAdding toll booths in series
increases resistance and slows the current flow.
Adding toll booths in parallel lowers resistance and increases the current flow.
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Batteries in Series and Parallel:
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In series—The voltage is increased.
In parallel—No change in voltage; these batteries will last longer!
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One More FINAL Thing:
Two Types of Current:DC—Direct Current—produced by solar cells and chemical cells (batteries)
Current only flows in one direction.
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2nd type of current:AC—Alternating CurrentCurrent flows back and forth (alternates)
Found in homesGenerators produce AC current
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Too many loads or too much voltage can be dangerous fuse -thin strip of metal that melts
and opens circuit
circuit breaker – sometimes a piece of metal that bends, thus opening the circuit
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Generator – converts mechanical to electrical energy
Motor – converts electrical to mechanical energy
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When Andre plugs his stereo into the same outlet as the television and lamp, all three won’t work. What is the most likely hypothesis for what happened?
A The circuit was overloaded, and the circuit breaker opened.
B The circuit was complete, and the circuit breaker closed.
C Only the stereo operates on alternating current.
D The stereo’s electrical cord was faulty.
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Suki can have all five appliances in her kitchen on at the same time, or she can have each appliance on one at a time. How are the appliances in Suki’s kitchen wired?
A in a single loop
B in a direct current circuit
C in a parallel circuit
D in a series circuit