BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINAAFTER DAYTON AGREEMENT

War in Bosnia and Herzegovina was between April 1992 and December 1995. Bosnian Serb forces attacked the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina in order to secure Serbian territory.

In 1995, NATO intervened during the 1995 Operation Deliberate Force against the positions of the Army of Republika Srpska.

The international community pressured Milosevix, Tudjman and Izetbegovic to the negotiation table.The war was came to an end after the signing of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina on 14 December 1995.

War in Bosnia and Dayton Process

Nato, Osce, UN and its agencies have been engaged in the mission of transforming society into a economically and politically viable state. Briefly for keeping peace.

IFOR: The NATO-led Implementation Force (IFOR) was deployed in December 1995 to implement the military aspects of the Dayton Peace Agreement.

SFOR: SFOR helped to maintain a secure environment and facilitate the country’s reconstruction in the wake of the 1992-1995 war.

EUFOR: The mission of the EU’s Operation Althea has been to ensure continued compliance with the 1995 Dayton peace agreement and contribute to a secure environment and Bosnia’s efforts towards European integration.

OHR: The Office of the High Representative (OHR) is the chief civilian peace implementation agency in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

International Organizations in Bosnia

The Peace Agreement established Bosnia-Herzegovina as a state comprising two Entities, each with a high degree of autonomy: the Republika Srpska (RS) and the Federation (FBiH).

The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina covers 51% of Bosnia and Herzegovina's total area, while Republika Srpska covers 49%.

The Brčko District in the north of the country was created in 2000 out of land from both entities. It officially belongs to both, but is governed by neither, and functions under a decentralized system of local government.

Political Structure of BiH under the Dayton Regime

By Dayton, Republika Srpska is recognize as a radically autonomous political unit. (RS)

The other constitutive entity of the state is Bosniac and Croat alliances which is called as Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. (FBiH)

The Federation was decentralized and divided into ten cantons.

There is Inter-Entity Boundary Line (IEBL) between RS and the rest of the country.

Republika Srpska and Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Another level of Bosnia and Herzegovina's political subdivision is manifested in cantons.

The last level of political division in Bosnia and Herzegovina is the municipalities.

As a result of the Dayton Accords, the civilian peace implementation is supervised by the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina selected by the Peace Implementation Council.

There are three constitutions: the constitution of the common state of Bosnia&Herzegovina, and the constitutions of its Entities.(RS and FBiH)

The legislative organ of state consists of a bicameral Parliamentary Assembly.

Constitutional Structure & Contents

Articles give some important rights to the citizens.

• 1.4 guarantees ‘freedom of movement’.• 2.5 grants ‘all refugees and displaced persons have the

right to returm their homes of origin’.• 1.7 stipulates that there shall be a citizenship of Bosnia&

Herzegovina and a citizenship of each Entity.• 3.2 says that the Entities shall have the right to establish

special parallel relationships with neighbouring states.

All of these contents have results in social life,especially return of refugees was the important process.

In this respect,the issue of return of refugees has the most important part. Some refugees from majority areas have returned home or opted for a new place to live.

Another important thing is also reintegration of refugees.

Many refugees do not want to return in short term. Because many of them find themselves homeless in their return.

The most notable war criminals remain at large, sheltered by nationalists in Republika Srpska and to date by the Serbian government.

Promotion of Human Rights

Under the leadership of World Bank a program of economic reconstruction was drawn up.

Unemployement still can be seen as a problem.

The konvertibilna marka (convertible mark or BAM)- the national currency introduced in 1998.

Banking reform accelerated in 2001 as all the Communist-era payments bureaus were shut down; foreign banks, primarily from Western Europe control most of the banking sector.

Economic Reconstruction

Republican government with a collective presidency and a republican legislature, with two-thirds (28) of the legislative seats allocated to representatives of the Muslim-Croat entity.

14 September 1996

Alija Izetbegovic, a Muslim candidate, won the highest number of votes in the collective presidential race followed by Mr. Momcilo Krajisnik (Bosnian Serb) and Mr. Kresimir Zubak (Bosnian Croat).

Elections and Effects

12-13 September 1998

Elections were held for all the seats in the House of Representatives.

Despite the Dayton accords and subsequent Western efforts to reintegrate Bosnia, voting results revealed that the country was still largely divided along ethnic lines.

11 November 2000Eighteen political parties ran for the 42 seats in the lower

house of the State Parliament, the House of Representatives.

Final results showed that Serbs and Croats had stood by their nationalist parties, while Muslims had dispersed their vote between nationalist, centrist and leftist parties.

5 October 2002

The three largest nationalist parties, the SDA, the SDS, and the HDZ, were confirmed as the clear winners.

The new joint Presidency was formed by Sulejman Tihic (SDA), Mirko Sarovic (SDS) and Dragan Covic (HDZ). The three of them were sworn in in Sarajevo on 28 October 2002

1 October 2006

Proposed amendments to the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina were the main issue in the run-up to the 2006 elections.

The three nationalist parties gained fewer seats than in 2002.

Nebojsa Radmanovic of the Party of Independent Social Democrats (Serb SNSD) , Haris Silajdic (Bosniak SBiH) and Zelijko Komsic (Croat SDP) won the tripartite presidential elections. They were subsequently inaugurated on 6 November 2006.

The citizens of Bosnia are united in wanting EU accession and its benefits.Ethnically based political parties still can thwart the state and prevent Bosnia from entering the EU.

Bosnia and Herzegovina is a potential candidate country for EU accession following the Thessaloniki European Council of June 2003

A recent report by the Venice Commission outlines the reforms necessary to prepare the state for the accession process.

EU Process

All of these aspects generally showed that there is no expected integration between the ethnicities in the BiH.

With the process of EU accession, there were made constitutional changes,however the source of changes comes from external factors

Although the Ohr and the Constitutional court act against disintegration, there is still not mutual trust between the people. Because the nationalist parties still in charge.

The top two indicted Bosnian Serb war criminals - Radovan Karadzic and Ratko Mladic-enjoying an almost mythic heroic status among their fellow Serbs.

Evaluation of the Dayton Agreement