walter borg, md brain & clamp studies

8/9/2019 Walter Borg, MD Brain & Clamp Studies

1/15

b;;

Dcajhth{ [~hktzxe

_ifxeh 1> Lxejhz 1& 1332& ^abh{ ;;%;=

Tmh{h ~abh{ azh jh{t vchrhd rctm Lht{ka~h vhz{cil ;,> iz mcbmhz iz Clthzlht H}~fizhz vhz{cil ;,> iz

cbmhz, Rmhl vchrhd rctm itmhz jzir{hz{& {ieh kmazakthz{ iz attzcjxth{ eas lit jh zhldhzhd kizzhk

Cl Jzcho

Tmh {th~~hd ms~ibfskheck kfae~ thkmlcqxh ma{ ~zivcdhd a ~irhzoxf tiif

ti h}aeclh oaktiz{ tmat clofxhlkh mir cldcvcdxaf{ zhkiblcwh ald zh{~ild

ti ms~ibfskheca, Tmh ehtmid ma{ jhhl x{hd ti dhoclh tmh dhohkt{ cl

kixlthzzhbxfatizs mizeilh zh{~il{h cldxkhd js clthl{cvh tzhatehlt io

ts~h C dcajhth{, Tmh ce~iztalkh io tmh jzacl cl kiizdclatclb {xkm

kixlthzzhbxfatizs zh{~il{h{ ald tmh ce~akt io clthl{cvh tzhatehlt il

jzacl ehtajifc{e ald oxlktcil azh dc{kx{{hd,

Tmh Jzacl ald Ms~ibfskheck Kixlthzzhbxfatcil7 Cl{cbmt{ Ozie

Ms~ibfskheck Kfae~ [txdch{

Rafthz ^, Jizb& ED

Eilcka A, Jizb& ED

Rcffcae _, Taejizfalh& ED

Tmh zh{xft{ io tmh Dcajhth{ Kiltzif ald Kie~fckatcil Tzcaf -DKKT# ~xt ti zh{t tmh filb{taldclb dhja

vhz rmhtmhz clthl{cvh cl{xfcl tmhza~s kal dhfas tmh dhvhfi~ehlt io fath eckziva{kxfaz ald lhxzi~at

ie~fckatcil{ io dcajhth{,1 Tmh jhlhoct{ io clthl{cvh cl{xfcl tmhza~s acehd at lhaz%lizeafcwatcil io

fxki{h fhvhf{ cl ts~h C dcajhth{ mavh jhhl h{tajfc{mhd& ald& a{ a zh{xft& tmc{ tmhza~hxtck a~~ziakm ma{

hhl zhkieehldhd a{ tmh tzhatehlt io kmickh oiz ei{t ~atchlt{ rctm ts~h C dcajhth{,: Xloiztxlathfs&

zhqxhlks ald {hvhzcts io ms~ibfskheca c{ eaz`hdfs clkzha{hd js clthl{cvh tzhatehlt zhbcehl{& cl {~o kfi{h ehdckaf {x~hzvc{cil, Tmh DKKT zh~izthd a tmzhhoifd mcbmhz clkcdhlkh io {hvhzh ms~ibfskhe

ld kiea cl tmi{h ~atchlt{ a{{cblhd ti clthl{cochd tmhza~s a{ kie~azhd ti kilvhltcilaffs%tzhathd

iltzif{,1&;

l tmh ~a{t& catzibhlck ms~ibfskheca cl ~atchlt{ rctm dcajhth{ ra{ attzcjxthd ti tmh {i%kaffhd

kilvhltcilaf zc{` oaktiz{&* {xkm a{ h}kh{{cvh iz cla~~zi~zcathfs tcehd cl{xfcl di{h{& {`c~~hd ehaf{ i

lak`{& ald h}kh{{cvh h}hzkc{h, Mirhvhz& alafs{c{ io tmh h~cdhecifibs io ms~ibfskheck h~c{idh{ ma

heil{tzathd tmat tmh{h kilvhltcilaf zc{` oaktiz{ azh zh{~il{cjfh oiz ilfs a eclizcts io ka{h{,; Ct c{ l

tt~7))gixzlaf,dcajhth{,izb)dcajhth{{~hktzxe)32v1>l>1)~b;;,mte -1 io 18#8)4):>>2 ;7:178: E


2/15

b;;

~~zhkcathd tmat dcajhth{ ehffctx{ c{ a dc{ha{h kmazakthzcwhd lit ilfs js aj{ifxth iz zhfatcvh cl{xfcl

hockchlks& jxt af{i js tmh ce~aczehlt io mizeilaf zh{~il{h{ tmat kixlthzakt cl{xfcl%cldxkhd

s~ibfskheca, Tmc{ dc{kivhzs ma{ zhlhrhd clthzh{t cl tmh ~ms{cifibs io kixlthzzhbxfatcil cl bhlhzaf

ld cl tmh zifh io khltzaf lhzvix{ {s{the -KL[# bfxki{h {hl{iz{ cl ~aztckxfaz, Ct ma{ jhhl mi~hd tmat c

h~tm kmazakthzcwatcil io tmh hoohkt{ io dcajhth{ ald ct{ tzhatehlt il kixlthzzhbxfatizs ehkmalc{e{ r

vhltxaffs fhad ti {tzathbch{ iz clthzvhltcil{ tmat rixfd hfceclath tmc{ eagiz ij{takfh ti tmh jhlhoct{ i

lthl{cvh cl{xfcl tmhza~s,

Dhohktcvh Bfxki{h Kixlthzzhbxfatcil

l Ts~h C Dcajhth{

l {xjghkt{ rctmixt dcajhth{& tmh hazfch{t ald ei{t ce~iztalt zh{~il{h ti a oaff cl jfiid bfxki{h fhvhf

mh {x~~zh{{cil io hldibhlix{ cl{xfcl {hkzhtcil, Cl cldcvcdxaf{ rctm dcajhth{ rmi azh tzhathd rctm

}ibhlix{ cl{xfcl& tmhzh c{ li ohhdjak` {x~~zh{{cil io ~fa{ea cl{xfcl fhvhf{& ald cl tmh ~zh{hlkh io

l{xfcl axtialtcjidch{& tmh ms~ibfskheck hoohkt io cl{xfcl eas jh ~zifilbhd ald eas ce~acz zhkivhz

zie ms~ibfskheca,4Cl tmi{h rctmixt dcajhth{& co {x~~zh{{cil io cl{xfcl {hkzhtcil c{ cl{xoockchlt ti

tajcfcwh bfxki{h fhvhf{& bfxkabil ald h~clh~mzclh azh tmh `hs kixlthzzhbxfatizs mizeilh{ tmat

ixlthzakt tmh oaff cl jfiid bfxki{h,8 Mirhvhz& gx{t a{ dcajhth{ dh{tzis{ tmh ajcfcts io tmh ~alkzhatck hff ti {hkzhth cl{xfcl cl zh{~il{h ti ms~hzbfskheca& tmh ajcfcts io tmh a%khff ti {hkzhth bfxkabil cl

h{~il{h ti ms~ibfskheca c{ fi{t cl eals ~atchlt{ rctm h{tajfc{mhd ts~h C dcajhth{,? Js kiltza{t&

fxkabil zh{~il{h{ ti itmhz {hkzhtabibxh{& {xkm a{ aecli akcd{& azh xlaoohkthd iz hvhl clkzha{hd cl

atchlt{ rctm dcajhth{,

l tmh aj{hlkh io a bfxkabil zh{~il{h& h~clh~mzclh jhkieh{ tmh ei{t ce~iztalt mizeilh oiz ~zieitc

fxki{h zhkivhzs, Aktcvatcil io tmh axtilieck lhzvix{ {s{the& clkfxdclb {tcexfatcil io h~clh~mzclh

hkzhtcil& {hzvh{ ti afhzt ~atchlt{ ti oaffclb jfiid bfxki{h fhvhf{ js cldxkclb tmh kfa{{ckaf razlclb

se~tie{ ald {cbl{7 ~ixldclb mhazt& tzheiz{& mxlbhz& ald {rhatclb, Cl cldcvcdxaf{ rctmixt dcajhth{&~clh~mzclh zh{~il{h{ afilh azh {xoockchlt ti ~zieith zhkivhzs ozie ms~ibfskheca& hvhl rmhl

fxkabil {hkzhtcil c{ jfik`hd js abhlt{ {xkm a{ {ieati{tatcl, Xloiztxlathfs& dcajhth{ af{i advhz{hfs

oohkt{ tmc{ fclh io dhohl{h abacl{t ms~ibfskheca, Aftmixbm dhockchlt h~clh~mzclh zh{~il{h{ azh

ieeilfs ij{hzvhd cl filb%{taldclb dcajhth{& tmc{ ce~aczehlt c{ lit {ce~fs a kil{hqxhlkh io abclb

Tmh h~clh~mzclh zh{~il{h ti ms~ibfskheca c{ {cecfaz cl mhaftms hfdhzfs {xjghkt{ ald cl sixlb adxft{

rctmixt dcajhth{,2

t ma{ filb jhhl zhkiblcwhd tmat tmh dhbzhh io dcajhth{ kiltzif {tzilbfs clofxhlkh{ mir ~atchlt{

hkiblcwh ald zh{~ild ti zhdxktcil{ cl ~fa{ea bfxki{h fhvhf{, Cldhhd& cl mc{ Lijhf Fhktxzh dhfcvhzhdtik`mife il [h~thejhz 18& 13:8& Ozhdhzck` B, Jaltclb lithd tmat7

Tmh il{ht io ms~ibfskheck {se~tie{ dh~hld{ lit ilfs il tmh h}thlt& jxt af{i il tmh za~cdcts& io oaf

l jfiid {xbaz, Tmh fhvhf at rmckm {se~tie{ ikkxz c{ {fcbmtfs mcbmhz cl tmh dcajhtck rctm eaz`hd

s~hzbfskheca tmal cl a ~atchlt rmi{h jfiid {xbaz c{ lizeaf, Rmhl tmh jfiid {xbaz c{ {xddhlfs

hdxkhd ozie a mcbm fhvhf& ~zheilctizs {se~tie{ eas ikkxz rctm a jfiid {xbaz jhtrhhl tmh lizeaf

hvhf{ io >,1>>( ald >,>=>(& rmcfh tmh eizh eaz`hd {se~tie{ io ~zi{tzatcil& ~hz{~czatcil& ald

lkiizdclatcil dhvhfi~ jhtrhhl >,>=>( ald >,>4:(, A{ a ~atchlt jhkieh{ akkx{tiehd ti a lizeaf

tt~7))gixzlaf,dcajhth{,izb)dcajhth{{~hktzxe)32v1>l>1)~b;;,mte -: io 18#8)4):>>2 ;7:178: E


3/15

b;;

fiid {xbaz& tmh tmzh{mifd io tmh{h zhaktcil{ jhkieh{ firhz, Ilh ~atchlt rmi oizehzfs mad ~zheilct

se~tie{ io ms~ibfskheca at >,>3?( lir ma{ li zhaktcil at >,>2?(& jxt {se~tie{ kieehlkh

htrhhl tmc{ fhvhf ald >,>?:(,*

Rctm tmh advhlt io tmh cl{xfcl ~xe~ ald exftc~fh clghktcil tmhza~s cl tmh fath 132>{ ald hazfs =>{& ct

hkaeh a~~azhlt tmat hvhl firhz ~fa{ea bfxki{h fhvhf{ rhzh zhqxczhd ti cldxkh ms~ibfskheck

se~tie{ cl rhff%kiltziffhd& clthl{cvhfs%tzhathd ~atchlt{ rctm ts~h C dcajhth{& {xbbh{tclb tmat tmh

mzh{mifd oiz zhfha{h io h~clh~mzclh mad jhhl firhzhd ti {xjlizeaf vafxh{,

Ms~ibfskheck Kfae~ Thkmlcqxh

Ilh io tmh eagiz ij{takfh{ cl {txdsclb kixlthzzhbxfatizs mizeilh zh{~il{h{ ti ms~ibfskheca ra{ tm

ak` io ehtmid{ tmat rixfd affir clvh{tcbatiz{ ti ~zidxkh a kiltziffhd ald zh~zidxkcjfh ms~ibfskhe

tcexfx{ cl vcvi, Clthz~zhtatcil io tmh {txdch{ cl rmckm ms~ibfskheca ra{ cldxkhd js fazbh jifx{

lghktcil{ iz kiltclxix{ clox{cil{ io cl{xfcl ra{ dcoockxft jhkax{h io tmh vazcatcil{ cl tmh zath ald tmh

eablctxdh io tmh bfxki{h dhkfclh jhtrhhl {xjghkt{ ald cl tmh {aeh {xjghkt{ {txdchd xldhz dcoohzhlt

ildctcil{, Ti ivhzkieh tmh{h ij{takfh{& tmh bfxki{h kfae~ ra{ eidcochd ti ~zivcdh a {taldazdcwhd

s~ibfskheck {tcexfx{ cl rmckm tmh zath ald eablctxdh io bfxki{h oaff rhzh xldhz tmh kiltzif io tmhlvh{tcbatiz, Rctm tmc{ thkmlcqxh& {xjghkt{ azh {txdchd cl tmh oa{tclb {tath& ald {h~azath cltzavhlix{

atmhthz{ azh cl{hzthd oiz clox{cil io h}ibhlix{ bfxki{h ald cl{xfcl ald oiz ijtaclclb {hqxhltcaf jfii

ae~fh{, Bhlhzaffs& a oc}hd zath io cl{xfcl c{ adeclc{thzhd cl a di{h {xoockchlt ti ijtacl tmh dh{czhd

hbzhh io ms~ibfskheca& ald h}ibhlix{ bfxki{h c{ clox{hd at a vazcajfh zath ti kiltzif tmh zath ald

hbzhh io oaff io ~fa{ea bfxki{h, Tmh zath io bfxki{h clox{cil c{ adgx{thd hvhzs 8 eclxth{ ja{hd il

fa{ea bfxki{h eha{xzhehlt{ eadh at tmh jhd{cdh& ald tmh ~fa{ea bfxki{h fhvhf c{ affirhd ti oaff cl

lh iz eizh {th~{ ivhz {hvhzaf eclxth{ iz {hvhzaf mixz{,

Tmh ms~ibfskheck kfae~ thkmlcqxh ra{ clctcaffs x{hd cl ixz fajizatizs ti th{t tmh ms~itmh{c{& ~zi~i{s Jaltclb ajivh& tmat tmh zath io bfxki{h dhkfclh clofxhlkh{ kixlthzzhbxfatizs mizeilh zh{~il{h{ ti

s~ibfskheca cl lizeaf {xjghkt{ ald kilvhltcilaffs tzhathd {xjghkt{ rctm dcajhth{,= Cl ilh bzix~ io

}~hzcehlt{& ~fa{ea bfxki{h ra{ zhdxkhd bzadxaffs ozie a~~zi}ceathfs 3> ti 8> eb)df -4,4 ti :,= e

l 1> eb)df ->,8 eE# {th~{ ivhz : mixz{, Cl tmh itmhz h}~hzcehlt& hxbfskheca ra{ eacltaclhd oiz :

ixz{ ald tmhl ~fa{ea bfxki{h ra{ akxthfs firhzhd cl ilh {th~ ozie 3> ti 8> eb)df ivhz 1>18

eclxth{, Dh{~cth tmh eaz`hd dcoohzhlkh{ cl tmh zath at rmckm ~fa{ea bfxki{h dhkfclhd& li {cblcockalt

coohzhlkh{ rhzh dhthkthd cl tmh eablctxdh io tmh hfhvatcil{ io als io tmh kixlthzzhbxfatizs mizeilh

l hctmhz mhaftms vifxlthhz{ iz kilvhltcilaffs%tzhathd {xjghkt{ rctm dcajhth{,= Mirhvhz& tmh ~fa{ea

fxki{h fhvhf tmat tzcbbhzhd tmh zhfha{h io h~clh~mzclh -dhthzeclhd ozie tmh {txds rmhl ~fa{ea bfxkira{ zhdxkhd {firfs# vazchd rcdhfs jhtrhhl {xjghkt{ -zalbh7 4=24 eb)df& iz ;,>4,1 eE#, Tmh{h

j{hzvatcil{ {xbbh{thd tmat cldcvcdxaf vazcatcil{ cl tmh bfxki{h tmzh{mifd{ oiz h~clh~mzclh zhfha{h ec

iltzcjxth ti dcoohzhlkh{ cl tmh ~fa{ea bfxki{h fhvhf{ a{{ikcathd rctm ms~ibfskheck {se~tie{& a{

Jaltclb mad af{i cldckathd,

l tri {xj{hqxhlt {h~azath {txdch{& {clbfh%{th~ ald exftc~fh%{th~ ms~ibfskheck kfae~{ rhzh x{hd ti

}aeclh ~zi{~hktcvhfs tmh hoohkt{ io {tzckt bfskheck kiltzif il h~clh~mzclh zh{~il{h{ ti

s~ibfskheca,3&1> Cl tmh{h {txdch{& tmh eablctxdh io tmh h~clh~mzclh zh{~il{h ti cdhltckaf zhdxktcil{

tt~7))gixzlaf,dcajhth{,izb)dcajhth{{~hktzxe)32v1>l>1)~b;;,mte -; io 18#8)4):>>2 ;7:178: E


4/15

b;;

fa{ea bfxki{h ra{ zhdxkhd js 8>?>( cl tmh ~atchlt{ rctm ts~h C dcajhth{ aothz akmchvclb lhaz%lize

fski{sfathd mheibfijcl vafxh{ rctm kiltclxix{ {xjkxtalhix{ cl{xfcl clox{cil& zhakmclb fhvhf{ tmat

rhzh {cblcockaltfs jhfir tmi{h cl mhaftms kiltzif{, H~clh~mzclh zhfha{h ra{ ce~aczhd aothz clthl{cvh

mhza~s czzh{~hktcvh io rmhtmhz bfxki{h ra{ firhzhd za~cdfs cl ilh {th~ ozie 3> ti 8> eb)df3 iz

zadxaffs cl {hvhzaf {th~{ ivhz 4 mixz{,1> Cldhhd& cl tmh fatthz {txds& ce~aczhd h~clh~mzclh zhfha{h ra

mirl ti jh dxh ti a dirlrazd {mcot cl tmh bfxki{h fhvhf& rmckm tzcbbhzhd tmh zhfha{h io

~clh~mzclh,1>Dhfashd zhfha{h io itmhz kixlthzzhbxfatizs mizeilh{ -kiztc{if& bzirtm mizeilh& ald

izh~clh~mzclh# ra{ af{i ij{hzvhd rctm clthl{cvh cl{xfcl tzhatehlt& ald dhohktcvh bfxkabil zh{~il{hrhzh lit zh{tizhd, A{ ecbmt jh h}~hkthd ozie tmh{h zh{xft{& a bzhathz ms~ibfskheck {tcexfx{ ra{

hqxczhd ti hfckct {cbl{ ald {se~tie{ io ms~ibfskheca rmhl ~atchlt{ rhzh {tzcktfs kiltziffhd,1>

Jhkax{h dhohkt{ cl h~clh~mzclh zhfha{h dhvhfi~hd aothz ilfs :? eiltm{ io clthl{cvh tmhza~s cl mhaftm

ixlb ~atchlt{ rctm dcajhth{ rmi dcd lit mavh kfclckaf axtilieck lhxzi~atms& ct ra{ fc`hfs tmat tmh

e~aczehlt ra{ dxh ti akkfceatcwatcil ti firhz aejchlt bfxki{h kilkhltzatcil{ dxzclb clthl{cvh

ealabhehlt zatmhz tmal jhclb kax{hd js {ieh itmhz kiloixldclb vazcajfh, A {cecfaz dhohkt cl

ixlthzzhbxfatizs mizeilh zhfha{h ra{ {xj{hqxhltfs ij{hzvhd cl kmzilckaffs ms~ibfskheck cl{xfclie

atchlt{ ald cl riehl rctm dcajhth{ rmi rhzh abbzh{{cvhfs tzhathd dxzclb ~zhblalks,11%1:

Oxztmhz kfae~ {txdch{ mavh dheil{tzathd tmat a lxejhz io itmhz oaktiz{ jh{cdh{ tmh dhbzhh io ehtaji

iltzif io dcajhth{ clofxhlkh tmh bfxki{h tmzh{mifd oiz kixlthzzhbxfatizs mizeilh zh{~il{h{ -Tajfh

#,1; Ct c{ ~aztckxfazfs lithriztms tmat adifh{khlt{ rctm ald rctmixt dcajhth{ mavh hazfs ald h}abbhza

~clh~mzclh zh{~il{h{ kie~azhd ti tmi{h cl adxft{,14 Lhvhz%tmh%fh{{& cl tmh DKKT&; jhclb al adifh{k

ra{ tmh ilfs itmhz cldh~hldhlt zc{` oaktiz oiz tmh dhvhfi~ehlt io {hvhzh ms~ibfskheca jh{cdh{ fir

MjA1k fhvhf, Tmh fazbh di{h{ io cl{xfcl tmat azh ts~ckaffs zhqxczhd cl adifh{khlt ~atchlt{ ald

zzhbxfazctch{ cl dcht ald h}hzkc{h xldixjthdfs kiltzcjxthd ti tmh bzhathz ozhqxhlks io {hvhzh

s~ibfskheca cl tmc{ bzix~ cl tmh DKKT& hvhl tmixbm hlmalkhd kixlthzzhbxfatizs zh{~il{h{ {mixfdavh ~zithkthd adifh{khlt{ ozie ms~ibfskheca,

Tajfh 1, Oaktiz{ Clofxhlkclb

Il{ht ald Eablctxdh io

H~clh~mzclh Zhfha{h Dxzclb

Ms~ibfskheca



5/15

b;;

Hazfs iz h}abbhzathd

îiz dcajhth{ kiltzif

Kmcfdzhl ald adifh{khlt{

Eafh [h}

Kaoohclh

Dhfashd iz zhdxkhd

[tzckt dcajhth{ kiltzif rctm

zhkxzzhlt ms~ibfskheca

^zifilbhd dc{ha{h dxzatcil

Oheafh {h}

Mcbm%di{h cl{xfcl clox{cil

Li hoohkt

Cl{xfcl {~hkch{ -mxeal iz

~iz`#

Zath io bfxki{h oaff

Arazhlh{{ io [se~tie{

Zhfathd ti Ms~ibfskheca

Thl iz ocothhl shaz{ abi& ms~ibfskheck {se~tie{ rhzh jziadfs dcvcdhd clti hazfs *adzhlhzbck* razlse~tie{ ald fathz lhxzibfski~hlck {se~tie{& co ~fa{ea bfxki{h fhvhf{ kiltclxhd ti oaff, Js

iejclclb tmh {th~~hd ms~ibfskheck kfae~ rctm eizh kazhoxf {kizclb io ms~ibfskheca%zhfathd

se~tie{& lhr cl{cbmt{ mavh jhhl ijtaclhd zhbazdclb tmh mizeilaf ald ~ms{cifibckaf kmalbh{

h{~il{cjfh oiz {se~tie arazhlh{{ cl {xjghkt{ rctm ald rctmixt dcajhth{, Cl {xjghkt{ rctmixt dcajhth

kmraztw ald kiffhabxh{18 {mirhd tmat tmh bfskheck tmzh{mifd oiz al clkzha{h cl {se~tie {kizh{ ra

; : eb)df -:,3 >,1 eE#& {cblcockaltfs firhz tmal tmh bfxki{h tmzh{mifd oiz clkzha{h{ cl ~fa{ea

~clh~mzclh fhvhf{ -?= : eb)df& iz ;,= >,1 eE#, Cl kiltza{t& cl adxft{ rctm ~iizfs%kiltziffhd ts~h

cajhth{& tmh bfskheck tmzh{mifd oiz {se~tie{ io ms~ibfskheca -22 ? eb)df& iz 4,; >,; eE# ra{

cbmhz tmal tmat oiz zhfha{h io h~clh~mzclh&1? {xbbh{tclb tmat adxft{ rctm ~iizfs%kiltziffhd dcajhth{ azjfh ti ~hzkhcvh fir jfiid bfxki{h fhvhf{ jhoizh tmh adzhlhzbck zh{~il{h c{ tzcbbhzhd,

Tirfhz ald a{{ikcath{12 qxaltcochd ms~ibfskheca%zhfathd {se~tie {kizh{ cl sixlb adxft vifxlthhz{

rctmixt dcajhth{ xldhz oixz kildctcil{7 1# kfae~hd hxbfskheca& :# kfae~hd ms~ibfskheca& ;# kfae~h

s~ibfskheca rctm kiejclhd a% ald %adzhlhzbck jfikàdh& c,h,& {cexftalhix{ adeclc{tzatcil io

mhltifaeclh ald ~zi~zalifif& ald 4# kfae~hd ms~ibfskheca rctm ~alaxtilieck adzhlhzbck ald

mifclhzbck jfikàdh rctm ~mhltifaeclh& ~zi~zalifif& ald atzi~clh, [xjghkt{ zh{~il{h ti tmh qxh{tci



6/15

b;;

o ivhzaff arazhlh{{ io ms~ibfskheca -c,h,& jfiid bfxki{h fir# dcd lit kmalbh dxzclb hxbfskheca jxt

cd clkzha{h dxzclb ms~ibfskheca, [se~tie {kizh{ tmat dhkfclhd {cblcockaltfs dxzclb adzhlhzbck

fik`adh clkfxdhd {ma`s)tzhexfix{& mhazt ~ixldclb& ald lhzvix{)al}cix{& rmhzha{ {se~tie{ io jhcl

rhats& mxlbzs& ald tclbfclb dcd lit kmalbh, Tmc{ cldckathd tmat tmhs rhzh kmifclhzbck,

Lhxzibfski~hlck {se~tie{& c,h,& tmi{h ~zidxkhd js ms~ibfskheca jxt lit zhdxkhd js ~alaxtilieck

fik`adh& clkfxdhd ohhfclb raze iz rha`& dcoockxfts tmcl`clb)kilox{hd& ald tczhd)dzir{s, Tmh axtmiz

ilkfxdhd tmat kmifclhzbck ehkmalc{e{ ehdcath al ce~iztalt ald ~zhvcix{fs xlkmazakthzcwhd

ie~ilhlt io tmh {se~tie{ io ms~ibfskheca ald arazhlh{{ io ms~ibfskheca,

@hzz ald a{{ikcath{ x{hd tmh kfae~ thkmlcqxh cl a dcoohzhlt ras ti h}aeclh cldcvcdxaf kie~ilhlt{ i

mh ms~ibfskheca%zhfathd {se~tie kie~fh},1= Tmhs kie~azhd {se~tie {kizh{ cl 1> mhaftms

ifxlthhz{ dxzclb a ms~ibfskheck kfae~ rctm {se~tie {kizh{ cl vifxlthhz{ dxzclb a hxbfskheck kfa

iejclhd rctm h}ibhlix{ clox{cil io h~clh~mzclh& lizh~clh~mzclh& kiztc{if& bfxkabil& ald bzirtm

izeilh ti ececk tmh ~fa{ea mizeilh ~ziocfh ij{hzvhd dxzclb tmh ms~ibfskheck kfae~, Aftmixbm tm

izeilh clox{cil kax{hd adzhlhzbck {se~tie{ ti clkzha{h& a{ tmhs dcd dxzclb tmh ms~ibfskheck kfae

xlbhz& {rhatclb& ald *ohhfclb fir* dcd lit clkzha{h, Tmc{ {xbbh{thd tmat tmh{h {se~tie{ azh {~hkcock

s~ibfskheca ~hz {h ald azh lit tmh mizeilaf aktcil io h~clh~mzclh,

txdch{ h}aeclclb kmalbh{ cl kczkxfatclb mizeilh kilkhltzatcil{ dxzclb ms~ibfskheca mavh

e~ma{cwhd tmh ce~iztalkh io adzhliehdxffazs zatmhz tmal khltzaf {se~atmhtck {tcexfatcil& {clkh

lkzhehlt{ cl ~fa{ea h~clh~mzclh dxzclb ms~ibfskheca bzhatfs h}khhd tmi{h io lizh~clh~mzclh, A vh

coohzhlt ~cktxzh hehzbh{& mirhvhz& rmhl kmalbh{ cl fikaf kilkhltzatcil{ io h~clh~mzclh ald

izh~clh~mzclh cl ~hzc~mhzaf tc{{xh{ azh eha{xzhd, Eabb{ ald kiffhabxh{ zhkhltfs akkie~fc{mhd tmc{

iejclclb tmh {th~~hd ms~ibfskheck kfae~ rctm eckzidcafs{c{ thkmlcqxh{ ti h{tceath kmalbh{ cl

athkmifaeclh fhvhf{ cl adc~i{h ald ex{kfh h}tzakhffxfaz ofxcd dxzclb ja{hfclh& ms~hzcl{xfclheck

xbfskheca& ald ms~ibfskheck kildctcil{,13 A{ h}~hkthd& ~fa{ea kathkmifaeclh{ -xlkmalbhd dxzclbxbfskheca# zi{h dxzclb ms~ibfskheca& rctm ~fa{ea h~clh~mzclh fhvhf{ clkzha{clb ajixt ocvhoifd ei

mal ~fa{ea lizh~clh~mzclh fhvhf{, Cl kiltza{t& at tmh fikaf tc{{xh fhvhf& tmh ms~ibfskheca%cldxkhd

lkzhehlt{ cl ex{kfh dcafs{ath lizh~clh~mzclh ald h~clh~mzclh rhzh lhazfs cdhltckaf& {xbbh{tclb fika

hlhzatcil io lizh~clh~mzclh, Tmx{& khltzaf {se~atmhtck aktcvatcil& a{ ealcoh{thd js fikaf

izh~clh~mzclh zhfha{h ozie tmh {se~atmhtck lhzvh hldclb{& eas ~fas a eizh ce~iztalt zifh cl

s~ibfskheck kixlthzzhbxfatcil tmal ~zhvcix{fs tmixbmt,

Tmh Jzacl ald Dhohktcvh Kixlthzzhbxfatcil

Tmh ms~ibfskheck kfae~ thkmlcqxh ma{ af{i jhhl x{hd ti {mir tmat dhfashd ald zhdxkhdixlthzzhbxfatizs mizeilh zh{~il{h{ ti ms~ibfskheca cldxkhd js clthl{cvh tzhatehlt eas jh dxh ti

atzibhlck ms~ibfskheca ~hz {h, Cl mhaftms {xjghkt{ ald cl ts~h C dcajhth{ ~atchlt{& a jzcho ~hzcid io

eidhzath althkhdhlt ms~ibfskheca zhdxkh{ mizeilaf zh{~il{h{ ald {se~tie{ io ms~ibfskheca dxz

}~hzcehltaffs cldxkhd ms~ibfskheca il tmh oiffirclb das,:> Tmc{ {hqxhlkh io hvhlt{ ma{ jhhl kaffh

atzibhlck ms~ibfskheca%a{{ikcathd axtilieck oacfxzh&:1 ald eizh zhkhlt hvcdhlkh ce~fckath{ ada~tc

fthzatcil{ cl jzacl bfxki{h tzal{~izt iz ehtajifc{e a{ ct{ ~atmi~ms{cifibckaf ja{c{,

clkh tmh jzacl c{ afei{t h}kfx{cvhfs dh~hldhlt il kczkxfatclb bfxki{h oiz ct{ hlhzbs lhhd{&::~zioixl

tt~7))gixzlaf,dcajhth{,izb)dcajhth{{~hktzxe)32v1>l>1)~b;;,mte -? io 18#8)4):>>2 ;7:178: E


7/15

b;;

s~ibfskheca eas kax{h kiea& ~hzealhlt jzacl daeabh&:;%:? iz hvhl dhatm,:2%:= Ct c{ lit {xz~zc{clb

mhzhoizh& tmat tmh jzacl rixfd ~fas al ce~iztalt zifh cl ms~ibfskheca dhthktcil ald kixlthzzhbxfatci

l izdhz ti ~zithkt ct{hfo,:3%;1 Oiz h}ae~fh& alceaf {txdch{ mavh {mirl tmat eaclthlalkh io lizeaf

hzhjzaf bfxki{h fhvhf{ js clox{cil io bfxki{h clti tmh kazitcd ald vhzthjzaf azthzch{ dxzclb {s{theck

s~ibfskheca eaz`hdfs zhdxkh{ tmh kixlthzzhbxfatizs mizeilh zh{~il{h{ ij{hzvhd rmhl KL[& a{ r

{ {s{theck& bfxki{h kilkhltzatcil{ rhzh zhdxkhd,;: Mhlkh& ct ma{ jhhl ms~itmh{cwhd tmat tmh firhz

fxki{h tmzh{mifd oiz kixlthzzhbxfatizs mizeilh zhfha{h kax{hd js zhkxzzhlt ms~ibfskheca cl ts~h C

cajhth{ c{ dxh ti a zhkc~zikaf clkzha{h cl bfxki{h tzal{~izt akzi{{ tmh jfiid%jzacl jazzchz, Cl lil%cajhtck zat{& zhkxzzhlt ms~ibfskheca clkzha{h{ tmh hoockchlks io bfxki{h h}tzaktcil js tmh jzacl;;%;8

f{i c{ ajfh ti cldxkh dhohkt{ cl kixlthzzhbxfatizs mizeilh zh{~il{h{ ti ms~ibfskheca tmat azh

ie~azajfh ti tmi{h cl clthl{cvhfs%tzhathd ~atchlt{ rctm dcajhth{,;?

Jisfh ald a{{ikcath{ x{hd tmh ms~ibfskheck bfxki{h kfae~ cl kiejclatcil rctm eha{xzhehlt{ io

hzhjzaf jfiid ofir ald jzacl azthzcivhlix{ dcoohzhlkh{ ti h}aeclh tmh{h c{{xh{ cl mxeal {xjghkt{, Cl

ifxlthhz{ rctmixt dcajhth{& tmhs dheil{tzathd tmat zhkxzzhlt cl{xfcl%cldxkhd ms~ibfskheca oiz eizh

mal 8? mixz{ fhad{ ti ada~tatcil{ tmat affir eaclthlalkh io lizeaf jzacl bfxki{h x~ta`h ald cldxkh

hohkt{ cl kixlthzzhbxfatizs zh{~il{h{ dxzclb ecfd ms~ibfskheca, ;2X{clb tmh {aeh thkmlcqxh{& tmhsxj{hqxhltfs {mirhd tmat ~atchlt{ rctm ts~h C dcajhth{ rmi mavh lhazfs lizeaf bfski{sfathd

heibfijcl vafxh{ eacltacl lizeaf bfxki{h x~ta`h cl tmh jzacl dxzclb ms~ibfskheca, Cl txzl& {xkm

zh{hzvatcil io lizeaf khzhjzaf ehtajifc{e eas zhdxkh kixlthzzhbxfatizs mizeilh zh{~il{h{ ald

ax{h xlarazhlh{{ io ms~ibfskheca,;=

t {mixfd af{i jh lithd tmat tzal{~izt ald ehtajifc{e io bfxki{h eas lit jh tmh ilfs jzacl {xj{tzath

oohkthd js dcajhth{, [txdch{ tmat mavh kiejclhd kfae~{ rctm eckzidcafs{c{ thkmlcqxh{ mavh zh~izthd

tzc`clbfs mcbm kilkhltzatcil{ io faktath;3 cl jzacl h}tzakhffxfaz ofxcd dxzclb ms~ibfskheca,

H~c{idh{ io {hvhzh ms~ibfskheca cl kmcfdzhl azh iothl oiffirhd js zhvhz{cjfh xlcfathzaf lhxzifibckaf

hockct{, Ct ma{ jhhl ~zi~i{hd tmat ms~ibfskheca ~hz {h eas zh{xft cl tmh dc{txzjalkh io tmh khzhjzaf

fiid ofir {xoockchlt ti zh{xft cl tzal{chlt oikaf c{kmheca, Ti addzh{{ tmc{ c{{xh& Gazgixz ald kiffhabxh

lvh{tcbathd tmh hoohkt io ecfd ms~ibfskheca il zhbcilaf khzhjzaf jfiid ofir ald khzhjziva{kxfaz

h{c{talkh cl zcbmt%maldhd kmcfdzhl rctm ts~h C dcajhth{& x{clb tmh cltzavhlix{ }hlil%1;; kfhazalkh

ehtmid,4>Tmh{h zh{xft{ {mirhd tmat khzhjzaf bzas eatthz jfiid ofir ra{ {cblcockaltfs mcbmhz cl tmh

cbmt mhec{~mhzh kie~azhd ti tmh fhot dxzclb ms~ibfskheca jxt lit at ja{hfclh hxbfskheca, [xkm

{seehtzckaf khzhjzaf jfiid ofir kmalbh{ eas h}~facl tmh ozhqxhlt fathzafcts io lhxzifibckaf dhockct{

othz {hvhzh ms~ibfskheca,

Zifh io tmh _hltziehdcaf Ms~itmafaex{

Tmh ce~iztalkh io tmh KL[ cl ms~ibfskheck dhthktcil ald kixlthzzhbxfatcil ma{ bhlhzathd clthzh{t c

hthzeclclb tmh ~zhkc{h fikatcil io {xkm bfxki{h {hl{iz{ cl tmh jzacl, Rmcfh vazcix{ lxkfhc mavh jhhl

e~fckathd& data ozie alceaf {txdch{ {xbbh{t tmat kixlthzzhbxfatizs zh{~il{h{ dxzclb ms~ibfskheca a

ktcvathd& at fha{t cl ~azt& vca tmh ms~itmafaex{,41%4; Ct ma{ jhhl ozhqxhltfs {xbbh{thd tmat tmh

hltziehdcaf ms~itmafaex{ -_EM#&:3 `lirl a{ a zhbxfatiz io oiid clta`h -*{atchts khlthz*#&44%48



8/15

b;;

iltacl{ bfxki{hl{ctcvh tc{{xh{ tmat kixfd ehdcath tmh zh{~il{h{ ti ms~ibfskheca,4?%42

Tmc{ ms~itmh{c{ ra{ ja{hd ~zceazcfs il tmh ij{hzvatcil{ tmat clghktcil{ io :%dhi}s%bfxki{h clti tmh

mczd vhltzckfh kax{hd ms~hzbfskheca,48 Clctcaffs& tmh _EM ra{ kil{cdhzhd a {se~atmhtck khlthz&

iltziffclb eaclfs kathkmifaeclh {hkzhtcil cl zh{~il{h ti ms~ibfskheca,41&4= Bfxkabil zh{~il{h{ r

mixbmt ti jh tzcbbhzhd js cltzac{fht zatmhz tmal KL[ ehkmalc{e{,43&8> Ct ma{ jhhl dheil{tzathd&

irhvhz& tmat hfhktzck {tcexfatcil io tmh _EM kax{hd al clkzha{h cl ~fa{ea bfxkabil fhvhf{,:3&81&8:

Aftmixbm tmh{h {txdch{ dcd lit dczhktfs addzh{{ tmh zifh io tmh _EM dxzclb ms~ibfskheca tmhs

xbbh{thd tmat tmh _EM kixfd {hzvh a{ a `hs khlthz oiz tmh aktcvatcil io ms~ibfskheck

ixlthzzhbxfatcil,

Ixz {txdch{ mavh oxztmhz h{tajfc{mhd tmh _EM a{ a dieclalt khlthz oiz {hl{clb io bfxki~hlca, Cl zat{

ikaf fh{cilclb io tmh _EM ajifc{mh{ mizeilaf zh{~il{h ti {s{theck ms~ibfskheca,8; Eizhivhz&

zidxktcil io fikaf lhxzibfski~hlca js ~hzox{cil io :%dhi}s%bfxki{h dczhktfs clti tmh _EM io ara`

at{ tzcbbhz{ tmh zhfha{h io kixlthzzhbxfatizs mizeilh{ cl tmh aj{hlkh io {s{theck ms~ibfskheca,84

Kilvhz{hfs& mizeilaf zh{~il{h{ ti {s{theck ms~ibfskheca kixfd jh {x~~zh{{hd js eacltaclclb lize

fxki{h kilkhltzatcil{ cl tmh _EM js bfxki{h clox{cil{ vca {thzhita}ckaffs ~fakhd eckzidcafs{c{

zijh{,88 [hfhktcvh ~zhvhltcil io ms~ibfskheca cl tmh _EM& jxt lit cl tmh zheacldhz io tmh KL[ iz

f{hrmhzh& jfik`hd kathkmifaeclh ald bfxkabil zh{~il{h{& tmx{ ~zivcdclb {tzilb hvcdhlkh oiz tmh{h

s~itmafaeck bfxkizhkh~tiz{, [clkh ~zhfceclazs zh{xft{ cldckath tmat kixlthzzhbxfatizs mizeilh

h{~il{h{ ti {s{theck ms~ibfskheca kal af{i jh jfik`hd js clox{cil io faktath clti tmh _EM& tmh _E

eas akt a{ a oxhf {hl{iz zatmhz tmal jhclb ilfs a bfxki{h {hl{iz,8?

Jzacl Oxlktcil ald

Zhkxzzhlt Ms~ibfskheca

Tmh ms~ibfskheck kfae~ ma{ af{i ~hzectthd clvh{tcbatiz{ ti h}aeclh rmhtmhz clthl{cvh cl{xfcl tmhza~

lofxhlkh{ tmh ajcfcts io tmh jzacl ti oxlktcil cl tmh oakh io ecfd ti eidhzath ms~ibfskheca, Tmc{ c{ i

azaeixlt kfclckaf ce~iztalkh {clkh ada~tcvh clkzha{h{ cl jzacl bfxki{h tzal{~izt cldxkhd js zhkxzzhl

ecfd ms~ibfskheca kixfd zh{xft cl a oavizajfh dirl%{mcotclb io tmh bfxki{h fhvhf at rmckm jzacl

xlktcil jhkieh{ ce~aczhd,

Tmc{ c{{xh c{ kiltzivhz{caf& {clkh ct ma{ jhhl zh~izthd tmat clthl{cvhfs%tzhathd ts~h C dcajhth{ ~atchlt{ a

eizh& zatmhz tmal fh{{& vxflhzajfh ti lhxzibfski~hlca tmal ~iizfs kiltziffhd kixlthz~azt{& rmhl

ilvhltcilaf hfhktzihlkh~mafibza~mck -HHB# zhkizdclb{ azh x{hd a{ al hld~iclt,82 Itmhz {txdch{ x{cl

hxzi~{skmifibckaf th{t{ ti a{{h{{ kiblctcvh ~hzoizealkh dxzclb ms~ibfskheca cl ts~h C dcajhth{

atchlt{ mavh oixld li kmalbh8=&83 iz a firhzclb io tmh ~fa{ea bfxki{h fhvhf zhqxczhd ti ~zivi`h

iblctcvh ds{oxlktcil cl ~atchlt{ tzhathd clthl{cvhfs,?>%?: Ct {mixfd jh he~ma{cwhd tmat tmh vazcix{ th{

o kiblctcvh oxlktcil x{hd cl tmh{h {txdch{ azh fc`hfs ti a{{h{{ dcoohzhlt jzacl zhbcil{& rmckm eas mav

coohzhlt bfxki{h zhqxczhehlt{,

l a zhkhlt {txds ozie ixz fajizatizs& jzacl oxlktcil ra{ a{{h{{hd hfhktzi~ms{cifibckaffs js eha{xzcl

iztckaf axdctizs hvi`hd ~ithltcaf{, Tmh ^;>> ravhoize& xlfc`h tmh HHB& rmckm eha{xzh{ tmh

tt~7))gixzlaf,dcajhth{,izb)dcajhth{{~hktzxe)32v1>l>1)~b;;,mte -= io 18#8)4):>>2 ;7:178: E


9/15

b;;

~iltalhix{ hfhktzckaf ixt~xt io tmh jzacl& c{ bhlhzathd js tmh aktcvh kiblctcvh ~zikh{{clb io {tcexfx{

loizeatcil, Ct c{ zhohzzhd ti a{ tmh ^;>> ~ithltcaf jhkax{h tmh ~ha` ae~fctxdh lizeaffs ikkxz{ ajixt

>> ecffc{hkild{ aothz tmh {hl{izs {tcexfx{, Ct zhqxczh{ tmh aktcvh ~aztckc~atcil io tmh {xjghkt ald

lvifvh{ mcbmhz jzacl khlthz{& ~aztckxfazfs tmh mc~~ikae~x{ ald tmh ~azamc~~ikae~af bszx{,?;

Rh mavh kie~azhd ^;>> zh{~il{h{ ti ms~ibfskheca cl clthl{cvhfs%tzhathd vhz{x{ kilvhltcilaffs%

zhathd ts~h C dcajhth{ ~atchlt{ ald mhaftms {xjghkt{ dxzclb {th~~hd ms~ibfskheca, A{ h}~hkthd& bfxki

hvhf{ tzcbbhzclb mizeilaf zh{~il{h{ ald ~hzkh~tcil io ms~ibfskheck {se~tie{ rhzh {cblcockaltfsirhz cl clthl{cvhfs%tzhathd ~atchlt{ a{ kie~azhd ti tmhcz ~iizfs%kiltziffhd kixlthz~azt{& ald mizeil

h{~il{h{ rhzh {x~~zh{{hd a{ kie~azhd ti mhaftms kiltzif{, Rh af{i oixld tmat a bzhathz zhdxktcil cl

fa{ea bfxki{h ra{ zhqxczhd ti afthz ^;>> ~ithltcaf{ cl tmh clthl{cvhfs%tzhathd ~atchlt{ a{ kie~azhd t

itm tmh kilvhltcilaffs%tzhathd ~atchlt{ rctm dcajhth{ ald tmh lildcajhtck bzix~, Ixz data azh

il{c{thlt rctm tmi{h io al hazfchz zh~izt js Wchbfhz ald a{{ikcath{?4 tmat af{i xtcfcwhd tmh ^;>> ti

eilctiz kmalbh{ cl kiblctcvh oxlktcil dxzclb ms~ibfskheca cl ts~h C dcajhth{ ~atchlt{, Jitm {txdch{

xbbh{t tmat clthl{cvhfs%tzhathd ~atchlt{ azh fh{{ vxflhzajfh ti kiztckaf ds{oxlktcil dxzclb ecfd ti

eidhzath ms~ibfskheca,

o rhff%kiltziffhd& clthl{cvhfs%tzhathd ~atchlt{ azh fh{{ vxflhzajfh ti kiztckaf ds{oxlktcil dxzclb ecfd

eidhzath ms~ibfskheca tmal azh ~iizfs%kiltziffhd& kilvhltcilaffs%tzhathd ~atchlt{& rms ra{ tmh

zhqxhlks io {hvhzh ms~ibfskheca clkfxdclb {hcwxzh ald kiea {i exkm mcbmhz cl tmh clthl{cvh

zhatehlt bzix~ cl tmh DKKT91 Cl rhff%kiltziffhd ~atchlt{ rctm ts~h C dcajhth{& ct c{ fc`hfs tmat tmh {a

eifhkxfaz ehkmalc{e{ tmat fhad ti hlmalkhd kiztckaf oxlktcilclb cl tmh oakh io oaffclb ~fa{ea bfxki{

hvhf{ af{i fhad ti dhfashd aktcvatcil io tmh bfxki~hlck {hl{clb khlthz{ cl tmh _EM, Rmhl tmh fatthz

oohkt ~zhdieclath{ dxzclb kfclckaf ealabhehlt& ~fa{ea bfxki{h oaff{ ti fhvhf{ jhfir tmi{h tmat kal j

ie~hl{athd oiz js kmalbh{ cl kiztckaf ehtajifc{e,

xeeazs

lkzha{hd ozhqxhlks io ms~ibfskheca ma{ hehzbhd a{ a {hzcix{ {cdh hoohkt io clthl{cvh cl{xfcl tmhza~s

cehd at ~zhvhltcil io fath dcajhtck kie~fckatcil{, ^atchlt{ rctm dcajhth{ azh eizh vxflhzajfh ti fir

fiid bfxki{h fhvhf{ lit ilfs jhkax{h tmhs azh xlajfh ti {slkmzilcwh cl{xfcl dhfcvhzs lizeaffs rctm

ehaf clbh{tcil ald aktcvcts& jxt af{i jhkax{h tmhs mavh dhohktcvh kixlthzzhbxfatizs zh{~il{h{ ti ~zith

mhe abacl{t ms~ibfskheca,

Zhkhltfs tmh zifh io KL[ cl aktcvatcil ald kiizdclatcil io tmh kixlthzzhbxfatizs zh{~il{h{ ti

s~ibfskheca ma{ zhkhcvhd {xj{taltcaf atthltcil, Eals {~hkcock thkmlcqxh{ mavh jhhl dhvhfi~hd ti

lvh{tcbath tmh cltzckath zhfatcil{mc~{ jhtrhhl tmh jzacl ald bfxki{h miehi{ta{c{, Aeilb tmhe& tmh

xbfskheck%ms~ibfskheck kfae~ ma{ jhhl ~zivhl ti jh al hoohktcvh tiif cl kfazcosclb tmh zifh io tmh

KL[ cl bfxki{h kixlthzzhbxfatcil& a{ rhff a{ cl clvh{tcbatclb tmh ce~akt io ms~ibfskheca il jzacl

xlktcil, Ct a~~haz{ tmat clthl{cvh tzhatehlt io ts~h C dcajhth{ fhad{ ti ada~tcvh kmalbh{ tmat hlmalkh

xj{tzath avacfajcfcts oiz kiblctcvh oxlktcil& jxt xloiztxlathfs tmc{ fhad{ ti dhfashd aktcvatcil io jzacl



10/15

b;;

hlthz{ tmat clctcath kixlthzzhbxfatizs mizeilh zh{~il{h{, Rmcfh ixz xldhz{taldclb io tmh{h c{{xh{ ma

dvalkhd kil{cdhzajfs& {tzathbch{ ti ~zhvhlt tmh dhvhfi~ehlt io ms~ibfskheca cl cl{xfcl%tzhathd

atchlt{ zheacl hfx{cvh,

Zhohzhlkh{

Tmh DKKT Zh{hazkm Bzix~7 Tmh hoohkt io clthl{cvh tzhatehlt io dcajhth{ il tmh dhvhfi~ehlt ald

zibzh{{cil io filb thze%kie~fckatcil{ cl cl{xfcl%dh~hldhlt dcajhth{ ehffctx{,L Hlbf G Ehd;:3732

?& 133;,

Aehzckal Dcajhth{ A{{ikcatcil7 i{ctcil {tathehlt7 Ce~fckatcil{ io tmh Dcajhth{ Kiltzif ald

Kie~fckatcil Tzcaf, Kfclckaf Dcajhth{ 11731%3?& 133;,

Tmh DKKT Zh{hazkm Bzix~7 H~cdhecifibs io {hvhzh ms~ibfskheca cl tmh Dcajhth{ Kiltzif ald

Kie~fckatcil Tzcaf,Ae G Ehd3>748>%83& 1331,

Jiffc B& DhOhi ^& Kie~ablxkkc ^& Kazthkmclc EB& Albhfhttc B& [althx{cali O& Jzxlhttc ^& Bhzckm G

Ajlizeaf bfxki{h kixlthzzhbxfatcil cl cl{xfcl%dh~hldhlt dcajhth{ ehffctx{7 clthzaktcil io altc%cl{xfc

ltcjidch{ ald ce~aczhd bfxkabil ald h~clh~mzclh {hkzhtcil,Dcajhth{ ;:71;4%41& 13=;,

Zcwwa ZA& Kzshz ^H& Bhzckm GH7 Zifh io bfxkabil& kathkmifaeclh{ ald bzirtm mizeilh cl mxeal

fxki{h kixlthzzhbxfatcil7 hoohkt{ io {ieati{tatcl ald kiejclhd af~ma% ald jhta%jfik`adh il ~fa{ea

fxki{h zhkivhzs ald bfxki{h ofx} zath{ aothz cl{xfcl%cldxkhd ms~ibfskheca,G Kfcl Clvh{t?47?:%21&323,

Bhzckm G& Falbfic{ E& Liakki K& @azae G& Oiz{mae ^7 Fak` io bfxkabil zh{~il{h ti ms~ibfskheca

cajhth{7 hvcdhlkh oiz al cltzcl{ck ~alkzhatck af~ma%khff dhohkt, [kchlkh 1=:7121%2;& 132;,

Ehlhcffs B[& Ecla`hz @F& Sixlb GJ& Gald{jhzb F& Zirh GR7 Kixlthzzhbxfatizs zh{~il{h{ ti cl{xf

ldxkhd bfxki{h zhdxktcil cl tmh hfdhzfs,G Kfcl Hldikzclif Ehtaj ?1712=%=:& 13=8,

Aechf [A& [ceil{il DK& Taejizfalh R_& DhOzilwi ZA& [mhzrcl Z[7 Tmh zath io bfxki{h oaff dihit aoohkt tmh kixlthzzhbxfatizs mizeilh zh{~il{h{ ti ms~ibfskheca cl lizeaf ald dcajhtck eal,

Dcajhth{ ;?781=%::& 13=2,

[ceil{il DK& Taejizfalh R_& DhOzilwi ZA& [mhzrcl Z[7 Clthl{cvh cl{xfcl tmhza~s zhdxkh{

ixlthzzhbxfatizs mizeilh zh{~il{h{ ti ms~ibfskheca cl ~atchlt{ rctm ts~h C dcajhth{,All Clthzl E

>;71=4%3>& 13=8,

tt~7))gixzlaf,dcajhth{,izb)dcajhth{{~hktzxe)32v1>l>1)~b;;,mte -1> io 18#8)4):>>2 ;7:178: E


11/15

b;;

>Aechf [A& [mhzrcl Z[& [ceil{il DK& Taejizfal R_7 Hoohkt io clthl{cvh cl{xfcl tmhza~s il

fskheck tmzh{mifd{ oiz kixlthzzhbxfatizs mizeilh zhfha{h,Dcajhth{ ;273>1%3>2& 13=2,

1Davc{ EZ& [maeiil M7 Dhockchlt kixlthzzhbxfatizs mizeilh zh{~il{h{ dxzclb ms~ibfskheca cl a

atchlt rctm cl{xfcliea,G Kfcl Hldikz Ehtaj 2:72==%3:& 1331,

:Dcaeild E^& Zhhkh HA& Ka~zci [& Gilh{ TR& Aechf [& DhBhllazi L& Bcff A& Addaji E& [mhzrc

Z[7 Ce~aczehlt io kixlthzzhbxfatizs mizeilh zh{~il{h{ ti ms~ibfskheca cl ~zhblalt riehl rctm

DDE,Ae G Ij{tht Bslhkif 1??72>%22& 133:,

;Taejizfalh R_& Aechf [A7 Ms~ibfskheca cl tmh tzhathd dcajhtck ~atchlt7 a zc{` io clthl{cvh cl{xfc

mhza~s,Hldikzclif Ehtaj Kfcl Liztm Ae :17;1;%:2& 133:,

4Gilh{ TR& Jixfrazh [D& @zahehz DT& Ka~zci [& [mhzrcl Z[& Taejizfalh R_7 Cldh~hldhlt hoohk

o sixtm ald ~iiz dcajhth{ kiltzif il zh{~il{h{ ti ms~ibfskheca cl kmcfdzhl,Dcajhth{ 4>7;8=%?;& 13

8[kmraztw L[& Kfxtthz RH& [mam [D& Kzshz ^H7 Bfskheck tmzh{mifd{ oiz aktcvatcil io bfxki{h

ixlthzzhbxfatizs {s{the{ azh mcbmhz tmal tmh tmzh{mifd oiz {se~tie{,G Kfcl Clvh{t237222%=1& 13=2

?Jisfh ^G& [kmraztw L[& [mam [D& Kfxtthz RH& Kzshz ^H7 ^fa{ea bfxki{h kilkhltzatcil{ at tmh il{

o ms~ibfskheck {se~tie{ cl ~atchlt{ rctm ~iizfs kiltziffhd dcajhth{ ald cl lil dcajhtck{,L Hlbf G

Ehd;1=714=2%3:& 13==,

2Tirfhz DA& Mavfcl KH& Kzaot [& Kzshz ^H7 Ehkmalc{e io arazhlh{{ io ms~ibfskheca7 ~hzkh~tcil

hxzibhlck -~zhdieclaltfs kmifclhzbck# zatmhz tmal lhxzibfski~hlck {se~tie{,Dcajhth{ 4:71231%3=33;,

=@hzz D& Dcaeild E^& Taejizfalh R_& @hzz [& [mhzrcl Z[7 Clofxhlkh io kixlthzzhbxfatizs

izeilh{& cldh~hldhltfs io ms~ibfskheca& il kiblctcvh oxlktcil& razlclb {se~tie{ ald bfxki{h

clhtck{, Kfcl [kc =87132%:>:& 133;,

3Eabb{ DB& Gakij ZG& Zcoh O& Ka~zci [& Taejizfalh R_& [mhzrcl Z[7 Kixlthzzhbxfatcil cl

hzc~mhzaf tc{{xh{7 hoohkt io {s{theck ms~ibfskheca il fhvhf{ io {xj{tzath{ ald kathkmifaeclh{ cl mxe

`hfhtaf ex{kfh ald adc~i{h tc{{xh,Dcajhth{, Cl ~zh{{

>Dabibi%Gak` [H& Kzshz ^H7 Ms~ibfskheca a{{ikcathd axtilieck oacfxzh cl cl{xfcl%dh~hldhlt

cajhth{ ehffctx{7 zhkhlt althkhdhlt ms~ibfskheca zhdxkh{ axtilieck zh{~il{h{ ti {se~tie{ io& ald

hohl{h abacl{t {xj{hqxhlt ms~ibfskheca,G Kfcl Clvh{t317=13%:=& 133;,

1Kzshz ^H7 Jaltclb Fhktxzh7 Ms~ibfskheca7 tmh fcectclb oaktiz cl tmh ealabhehlt io CDDE,Dcajh

;71;2=%=3& 1334,



12/15

b;;

:EkKaff AF7 Hoohkt{ io bfxki{h dh~zcvatcil il bfxki{h ehtajifc{e cl tmh khltzaf lhzvix{ {s{the, Cl

Ms~ibfskheca ald Dcajhth{, Ozchz JE& Oc{mhz JE& Hd{, Fildil& Hdrazd Azlifd& 133;& ~, 8?%21,

;@afcei M& If{{il S7 Hoohkt{ io {hvhzh ms~ibfskheca il tmh mxeal jzacl7 lhxzi~atmifibckaf ka{h

h~izt{,Akta Lhxzif [kald?:7;48%8?& 13=>,

4Abazdm K%D& @afcei M& If{{il S& [ch{gi J@7 Ms~ibfskheck jzacl clgxzs, C, Ehtajifck ald fcbmteckzi{ki~ck ocldclb{ cl zat khzhjzaf kizth} dxzclb ~zioixld cl{xfcl%cldxkhd ms~ibfskheca ald cl tmh

hkivhzs ~hzcid oiffirclb bfxki{h adeclc{tzatcil,Akta Lhxzi~atmif -Jhzfcl# 8>7;1%41& 13=>,

8Axhz ZL& If{{il S& [ch{gi J@7 Ms~ibfskheck jzacl clgxzs cl tmh zat7 kizzhfatcil io dhl{cts io jzac

aeabh rctm tmh HHB c{ihfhktzck tceh7 a qxaltctatcvh {txds,Dcajhth{ ;;71>3>%3=& 13=4,

?Abazdm K%D& Zi{hl C& Zsdclb H7 ^hz{c{thlt vhbhtatcvh {tath rctm mcbm khzhjzaf jfiid ofir oiffircl

zioixld ms~ibfskheca,All Lhxzif 1474=:%=?& 13=;,

2âw%Bxhvaza AT& M{x T%M& Rmcth ^7 Gxvhlcfh dcajhth{ ehffctx{ aothz oizts shaz{,Dcajhth{ :47883%?

328,

=Dhk`hzt T& îxf{hl GH& Faz{hl E7 Tmh ~zibli{c{ io CDDE ald tmh ce~iztalkh io {x~hzvc{cil,Akta

Ehd [kald-[x~~f,# ?:474=%8;& 1323

3Jcbbhz{ DR& Eshz{ [Z& Lhaf D& [tcl{il Z& Kii~hz LJ& Ga{~al GJ& Rcffcae{ ^H& Kmhzzclbtil AD

Ozcwwhf ZT7 Zifh io jzacl cl kixlthzzhbxfatcil io cl{xfcl%cldxkhd ms~ibfskheca cl dib{,Dcajhth{ ;2?& 13=3,

>Riid{ [K& îzth D Gz,7 Lhxzaf kiltzif io tmh hldikzclh ~alkzha{, ^ms{cif Zhv 84783?%?13& 1324,

1Jfiie [Z& Hdrazd{ A_& _axbmal LG7 Tmh zifh io tmh axtilieck cllhzvatcil cl tmh kiltzif io

fxkabil zhfha{h dxzclb ms~ibfskheca cl tmh kafo,G ^ms{cif -Fild# :;?7?11%:;& 1324,

:Ozcwwhf ZT& Gilh{ HE& Davc{ [L& Jcbbhz{ DR& Eshz{ [Z& Killiffs KK& Lhaf DR& Ga{~al GJ&

Kmhzzclbtil AD7 Kixlthzzhbxfatcil dxzclb ms~ibfskheca c{ dczhkthd js rcdh{~zhad jzacl zhbcil{,Dcajhth{ 4:71:8;%?1& 133;,

;EkKaff AF& Oc}eal FJ& Ofheclb L& Tizlmhce @& Kmck` R& Zxdhzeal LJ7 Kmzilck ms~ibfskhec

lkzha{h{ jzacl bfxki{h tzal{~izt,Ae G ^ms{cif :817H44:%42& 13=?,

4^hffcbzcli DA& [hbcf FG& Afjzhkmt ZO7 Jzacl bfxki{h xtcfcwatcil ald tzal{~izt ald kiztckaf oxlktcil

mzilck v{, akxth ms~ibfskheca,Ae G ^ms{cif :837H2:3%;8& 133>,

tt~7))gixzlaf,dcajhth{,izb)dcajhth{{~hktzxe)32v1>l>1)~b;;,mte -1: io 18#8)4):>>2 ;7:178: E


13/15

b;;

8EkKaff AF& Ecffclbtil RZ& Rxzteal ZG7 Ehtajifck oxhf ald aecli akcd tzal{~izt clti tmh jzacl cl

}~hzcehltaf dcajhth{ ehffctx{, ^zik Latf Akad [kc X[A 23784>?%1>& 13=:,

?^irhff AE& [mhzrcl Z[& [mxfeal BC7 Ce~aczhd mizeilaf zh{~il{h{ ti ms~ibfskheca cl

~iltalhix{fs dcajhtck ald zhkxzzhltfs ms~ibfskheck zat{,G Kml Clvh{t3:7:??2%24& 133;,

2

Jisfh ^G& Labs ZG& I"Killiz AE& @he~hz{ [O& Shi ZA& Qxaff{ K7 Ada~tatcil cl jzacl bfxki{h~ta`h oiffirclb zhkxzzhlt ms~ibfskheca, ^zik Latf Akad [kc X[A 3173;8:%8?&1334,

=Jisfh ^G& @he~hz{ [O& I"Killiz AE& Labs ZG7 Jzacl bfxki{h x~ta`h ald xlarazhlh{{ io

s~ibfskheca cl ~atchlt{ rctm CDDE,L Hlbf G Ehd;;;712:?%;1& 1338,

3Raffakh HA& Eabb{ DB& [~hlkhz D& Gakij Z, Zcoh O, Dxzclb EG7 Mcbm faktath kilkhltzatcil{ cl

xeal HKO7 al afthzlatcvh oxhf dxzclb ms~ibfskheca9Dcajhth{ 44-[x~~f, 1#78?:& 1338,

>Gazgixz CT& Zsal KE& Jhk`hz DG7 Zhbcilaf khzhjzaf jfiid ofir dxzclb ms~ibfskheca cl kmcfdzhl rDDE,Dcajhtifibca ;=71>3>%38&1338,

1Mce{riztm ZF7 Ms~itmafaeck kiltzif io adzhlafclh {hkzhtcil cl zh{~il{h ti cl{xoockchlt bfxki{h,G

^ms{cif -Fild# :>?7411%12&132>,

:Lccgcea A& @allal M& Saea{mcta M7 Lhxzaf kiltzif io jfiid bfxki{h miehi{ta{c{7 hoohkt io

eckziclghktcil io bfxki{h clti ms~itmafaeck lxkfhc il hoohzhlt aktcvcts io ~alkzhatck jzalkm io vabx{

hzvh cl tmh zat,Jzacl Zh{ Jxff :>7=11%18& 13==,

;[mecwx L& Iiexza S& Livcl D& Bzcgava K_& Kii~hz ^M7 Oxlktcilaf kizzhfatcil jhtrhhl fathzaf

s~itmafaeck bfxki{h%{hl{ctcvh lhxzil{ ald mh~atck ~iztaf bfxki{h%{hl{ctcvh xlct{ cl zat,Jzacl Zh{

?8743%84&13=;,

4Mhtmhzclbtil AR& Zal{il [R7 Tmh {~iltalhix{ aktcvcts ald oiid clta`h io zat{ rctm ms~itmafaec

h{cil{,Ae G ^ms{cif 1;?7?>3%12& 134:,

8Iiexza S, @cexza @& Iisaea M, Eahi T& C`c E& @xlcsi{mc L7 Zhkc~zikaf aktcvctch{ iohltziehdcaf ald fathzaf ms~itmafaeck azha{ io kat{, [kchlkh 14;74=4%=8& 13?4,

?Jhlwi KA7 Tmh ms~itmafaex{ ald jfiid bfxki{h zhbxfatcil,Fcoh [kc ;:7:8>3%18&13=;,

2[waji I, [waji AG7 [txdch{ il tmh latxzh ald eidh io aktcil io tmh cl{xfcl%{hl{ctcvh bfxkizhkh~tiz

mh khltzaf lhzvix{ {s{the,Dcajhth{ :47;:=%;?& 1328,

tt~7))gixzlaf,dcajhth{,izb)dcajhth{{~hktzxe)32v1>l>1)~b;;,mte -1; io 18#8)4):>>2 ;7:178: E


14/15

b;;

=Jazzc{ ZR& Clbzae RZ7 Tmh hoohkt io h}~hzcehltaf ms~itmafaeck fh{cil{ x~il jfiid {xbaz,Ae G

^ms{cif 1147888%?1& 13;?,

3âfehz G, Mhlzs D& Jhl{il G, Giml{il D& Hl{clk` G7 Bfxkabil zh{~il{h ti ms~ibfskheca cl

se~atmhktiecwhd eal,G Kfcl Clvh{t8278::%:8&1 32?,

>âfehz G, Rhzlhz ^, Miffaldhz ^, Hl{clk` G7 Hvafxatcil io tmh kiltzif io bfxkabil {hkzhtcil js tmh

aza{se~atmhtck lhzvix{ {s{the cl eal,Ehtajifc{e :=7843%8:& 1323,

1Ozimeal FA& Jhzlazdc{ FF7 Hoohkt io ms~itmafaeck {tcexfatcil il ~fa{ea bfxki{h& cl{xfcl& ald

fxkabil fhvhf{,Ae G ^ms{cif ::17183?%1?>;& 1321,

:Mavhf ^G& _hctm ZK& Dxllclb JH& Tajiz{`s BH7 Zifh oiz axtilieck lhzvix{ {s{the ti clkzha{h

alkzhatck bfxkabil {hkzhtcil dxzclb eaz`ht cl{xfcl cldxkhd ms~ibfskheca cl dib{,Dcajhth{ 4>711>

4& 1331,

;Jizb R^& Dxzclb EG& [mhzrcl Z[& Jizb EA& Jzclh{ EF& [mxfeal Bf7 _hltziehdcaf ms~itmafaec

h{cil{ cl zat{ {x~~zh{{ kixlthzzhbxfatizs zh{~il{h{ ti ms~ibfskheca,GKfcl Clvh{t3;71?22=:& 1334,

4Jizb R^& [mhzrcl Z[& Dxzclb EG& Jizb EA& [mxfeal Bf7 Fikaf vhltziehdcaf ms~itmafaex{

fxki~hlca tzcbbhz{ kixlthzzhbxfatizs mizeilh zhfha{h,Dcajhth{ 4471=>%=4&1338,

8Jizb EA& [mhzrcl Z[& Dxzclb EG& Jizb R^& [mxfeal Bf7 Fikaf vhltziehdcaf ms~itmafaex{

fxki{h ~hzox{cil jfik`{ kixlthzzhbxfatcil dxzclb {s{theck ms~ibfskheca,Dcajhth{ 44 -[x~~f, 1#7:&

338,

?Jizb EA& [mhzrcl Z[& Jizb R^& Taejizfalh R_& [mxfeal Bf7 Faktath ~hzox{hd fikaffs clti tmh

hltziehdcaf ms~itmafaex{ {x~~zh{{h{ kixlthzzhbxfatcil dxzclb {s{theck ms~ibfskheca,Dcajhth{ 4

[x~~f, :#7138& 133?,

2Aechf [A& îttclbhz ZK& Kxllam DK& Azkmcjafd MZ& ^zciz Ô& Bafh HAE Hoohkt io althkhdhlt

fxki{h kiltzif il khzhjzaf oxlktcil dxzclb ms~ibfskheca,Dcajhth{ Kazh 1471>3%1=&1331,

=Rcdie J& [ceil{il D7 Bfskheck kiltzif ald lhxzi~{skmifibck oxlktcil dxzclb ms~ibfskheca cl

atchlt{ rctm cl{xfcl dh~hldhlt dcajhth{ ehffctx{,All Clthzl Ehd11:73>4%1:&133>,

3Eazal A& Kzal{til 1& Fiea{ G& Eakdilafd 1& Aechf [A7 ^zithktcil js faktath io khzhjzaf oxlktcil

xzclb ms~ibfskheca,Falkht;4;71?%:>& 1334,

>Mhzifd @K& îfil{`s @[& Kimhl ZE& f,hvs G& Dixbfa{ O7 _azcajfh dhthzcizatcil cl kiztckaf oxlktci

xzclb cl{xfcl cldxkhd ms~ibfskheca,Dcajhth{ ;47?22%=8& 13=8,



15/15

b;;

1Kfaz`h RF& Bildhz%Ozhdhzck` FA& Zckmazd{ OH Kzshz ^H7 Exftcoaktizcaf izcbcl io ms~ibfskheca

larazhlh{{ cl CDDE7 a{{ikcatcil rctm dhohktcvh bfxki{h kixlthzzhbxfatcil ald jhtthz bfskheck

iltzif,Dcajhth{ 4>7?=>%=8& 1331,

:Oalhffc KB& H~coali F& Zaejittc AE& âe~alhffc [& Dc _clkhlwi A& Eidazhffc O& Fh~izh E&

Allcjafh J& Kciohtta E& Jittclc ^& îzkhfattc O& [kciltc F& [althx{cali O& Jzxlhttc ^& Jiffc B7

Ehtckxfix{ ~zhvhltcil io ms~ibfskheca lizeafcwh{ tmh bfskheck tmzh{mifd{ ald eablctxdh io ei{t ihxzihldikzclh zh{~il{h{ ti& {se~tie{ io& ald kiblctcvh oxlktcil dxzclb ms~ibfskheca cl clthl{cvhf

zhathd ~atchlt{ rctm {mizt thze CDDE,Dcajhth{ 4:71?=;%=3& 133;,

;Riid KK& EkKaztms B& [qxczh{ L@& _axbmal B& Riid{ DF& EkKaffxe RK7 Alatieckaf ald

ms{cifibckaf {xj{tzath{ io hvhlt%zhfathd ~ithltcaf{,All LS Akad [kc 4:87?=1 %2:1&13=4,

4Wchbfhz D& Mxjclbhz A& Exmfhl M& Bzch{ OA7 Hoohkt io ~zhvcix{ bfskheck kiltzif il tmh il{ht ald

eablctxdh io kiblctcvh ds{oxlktcil dxzclb ms~ibfskheca cl ts~h 1 -cl{xfcl%dh~hldhlt# dcajhtck

atchlt{,Dcajhtifibca ;87=:=%;4& 133:,

Rafthz ^, Jizb& ED& ald Eilcka A, Jizb& ED& azh ~i{t%diktizaf ohffir{ cl tmh Dh~aztehlt io Clthzl

Ehdckclh& ald Rcffcae _, Taejizfalh& ED& c{ a ~zioh{{iz io ~hdcatzck{ ald dczhktiz io tmh Kmcfdzhl"

Kfclckaf Zh{hazkm Khlthz at tmh Safh Xlcvhz{cts [kmiif io Ehdckclh& cl Lhr Mavhl& Kill,

Zhtxzl Ti Aehzckal Dcajhth{ A{{ikcatcil Mieh âbh

Ki~szcbmt 1332 Aehzckal Dcajhth{ A{{ikcatcil

Fa{t x~dathd7 ;)11)32

Oiz Thkmlckaf C{{xh{ kiltaktrhjea{thzNdcajhth{,izb
http://www.diabetes.org/mailto:%[email protected]%22mailto:%[email protected]%22http://www.diabetes.org/http://www.diabetes.org/

walter borg, md brain & clamp studies

Documents