walkability: fact or myth
DESCRIPTION
Walkability: Fact or Myth. Does walkability make for a sustainable community? Lane Kendig, Founder Kendig Keast Collaborative. Walkability Values. Walkability is good planning. Separating pedestrians from automobiles makes walking more desirable and safer. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Walkability:Fact or MythDoes walkability make for a sustainable community?
Lane Kendig, FounderKendig Keast Collaborative
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Walkability Values
• Walkability is good planning.• Separating pedestrians from
automobiles makes walking more desirable and safer.
• Planning for pedestrian connectivity is needed.
• Walking is good for health.• Highly promoted as a sustainability
strategy.
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Does Walkability = Sustainable?“Walkability reduces automobile trips and thus makes more sustainable community.”
•For this to be true the following must be true:• There must be a significant modal split
change.• Total automobile mileage significantly
reduced.
•Questionable.
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Evaluate Whether Trips Walkable?
• Home based trips.• Work.• Shopping.• Socializing• Recreation.• Kids’ activities.
• How long are these trips?
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Walking Facts
• Speed: 3.1 mph.• Distance: ¼ to ½ mile.• Time: 5 to 10 minutes.• Average walking
commute: 11.9 minutes.
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Commuting Trips
Percent by Mode and Travel Time
ModePercent of Commutes
TravelTime
Car 76.1 28.8
Car Pool 10.0 24.2
Transit 5.0 47.8
Bicycle 0.6 -
Walk 2.9 11.9Source: Commuting in United States 2009National Average
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Shopping Trips
• Scale determines walkability.• Neighborhood - Walkable• Drug store, convenience and smaller.• ¼ to ½ mile spacing 1,500 – 4,000 people.
• Community - Automobile• Supermarket and hardware anchors• 2-3 miles spacing7,000 – 13,750 people.
• Regional - Automobile• Regional centers, category killers, building
supply.• 5-10 mile spacing 50,000+ people
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Socializing Trips
• How many of these are walkable?• Visiting neighbors.• Church.• Social organizations.• Meeting friends.• Eating out.
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Recreation Trips
• How many of these are walkable?• Walking for exercise.• Picnicking.• Movies.• Theater• Trail bikes, skiing, camping, boating.• Museums.• Sporting events.
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Trips for Children
• Which are walkable?• Day Care.• Schools – percent of children walking
declining.• After school events• Soccer, baseball, swimming, football,
hockey.• Dance, gymnastics, ice skating.• Scouts
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Walking Trips
• Work – few walkable except in highest intensity cities.
• Shopping – only neighborhood stores.
• Social – only neighborhood based.• Recreation – most are auto trips.• Children – most are auto trips that
require parent to make two stops.
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Sustainable StrategiesWalkability is the Low
HangingEasy.
Little impact.
Too few trips.Short distances.
Over hyped.
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Case Studies
• A review of New Urbanist communities.• Build-to lines.
• Residential in walking distance?• Market Area for retail?• How is parking handled?• True urban character?
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Urban
• Buildings enclose space D/H.
• Spaces are streets and plazas.
• Space is architectural
Enclosed Space
Distance across space
Height of Enclosure
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D/H = 0.25
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D/H = 0.5
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D/H = 1.0
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D/H = 3.0 to 4.0
D/H = 4.0+
D/H = 3.0
D/H = 3.0+
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D/H = 7.0 to 10.0
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New Urbanist Center
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Most Parking to Rear
VIEW FROM OFFICE BUILDINGS
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View from Townhouses
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Aerial Perrysburg – Source Map Quest ImageryAerial Perrysburg – Source Map Quest Imagery
Parking Dominates
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Looks like a great streetscape!
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Until one sees parking lots to rear. Auto-urban
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Auto-urban new urbanist shopping center with at grade parking fields.
Aurora, Colorado.
Category killer retail
Parking fields.
Pretend urban street.
Parking fields.
Big box retailers.
Out parcels.
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Mashpee Commons
Regional Center, 3.5 miles to town. Surface Parking. Auto Urban. Example from Sustainable Development Projects, APA Press.
Nearest residential
1,700 ft.
walkable commercial
surrounding parking
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Woodfield Mall, Schaumburg
Not too different from last 3 examples lots of surface parking.
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EFFICIENCIES
INTENSITYFLOOR AREA RATIO
Auto-Urban Urban
Stories Surface Parking Structured Parking
Parking Stories
1 0.503 0.619 2
2 0.673 0.897 2
4 0.809 1.493 3
8 0.900 2.571 5
20 0.965 5.073 10
40 0.989 7.508 15
All examples based on offices with 3.3 parking spaces per thousand square feet.
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Sustainability Requires Picking
the High Hanging Fruit
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Picking the High Hanging Fruit
• Structured parking mandated.• Higher density uses less land.• Eliminate auto-urban strip
commercial, down zone and no new.• Build new transit.• Plan nodes of regional scale on
transit.
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True Urban
• Structured parking to provide:• Floor area ratios well above 1.0.• Enclosure of space.• More building sites.
• Mixed Use.• Vertical mixed use with residential.• Horizontal mixed use with high density
residential next to retail/office.
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Structured parking. + High density urban residential.
Structured Parking
Residential
High density residential
Santana Row, San Jose, CA
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Lake Oswego, OR
New Urban
Old Auto-Urban
High Density Housing
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Two story urban of traditional downtown.
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Street Face
Adjacent Housing
Structured Parking Entrance
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Mizner Park
Mixed use:
Commercial.Office.Multi-Family.Town Houses.
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Mizner Park, Boca Raton, FL
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Town House
Street Face
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Ground Floor Commercial
• “Build and they will come” is not valid planning.
• Beware of competition.• Existing businesses unlikely to
relocate.• Do market study to determine need.• Mandating ground floor commercial is
a mistake. What happens if it does nor rent?
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Struggling town center, no supermarket anchor.
Salt Lake, UT
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Pretty, but substantial vacancies.
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Still auto-urban as it relies on surface parking.
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Bossier City, La.
Surface Parking dominant land cover
Build in highway commercial corridor, no nearby residential.
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Eliminate Strip Commercial
• Too many communities zoned strip commercial.
• Older cities did it on streets with trolley or bus service.
• Suburbs on all arterials.• The pattern is not sustainable.• Create nodes instead.
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Strip Commercial Zoning, Milwaukee
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Strip Commercial
Node surrounded by high density residential
Eliminate Strips Build Nodes
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Do Not Fear Height
• Tall building can be integrated into old communities.
• Allows town centers to grow and provide mixed use.
• Height is a design issue and can be handled.
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Tall Building from Historic Area
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Maximum FAR on Average Height
The tall buildings must be off-set with lower buildings.
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Modes of Transportation
• Walking – 1,320 ft. radius.• Bicycle – Community scale but safety
and weather concerns.• Bus Transit – Flexible but moderate
speed.• Rail Transit – Higher speed but limited
routes, serves regions.• Car Pool – Flexible but requires active
co- ordination. • Car – Total flexibility.
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Commuting Trips
Percent by Mode and Travel Time
ModePercent of Commutes
TravelTime
Car 76.1 28.8
Car Pool 10.0 24.2
Transit 5.0 47.8
Bicycle 0.6 -
Walk 2.9 11.9Source: Commuting in United States 2009
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Transit
• For the region, this is the mode that can increase sustainability.
• The national average is low – 5%.• New York, Chicago, San Francisco
have much larger rates.• Portland invested and created
increased share.• Planned nodes of shopping,
employment.
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Lake Forest, IL
Town Square
Transit Station
Parking
Built as rail suburb.
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Lake Forest Town Square
View to Marshall Fields
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Enhanced Transit
• Parking requirements based on national average.• 86% commute by car • 5% by transit.
• Change mode mix.• 10% transit -81% car.• 15% transit -76% car.• 20% transit- 71% car.• 25% transit-66% car.
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Impact on Parking
Transit Car Parking Spaces Per 1,000 sf.
Mode Percent retail office
5% 81% 5 3.3
10% 76% 4.7 3.115% 71% 4.4 2.920% 66% 4.0 2.725% 61% 3.7 2.5
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EFFICIENCIES
Office buildings with various parking ratios due to transit ridership.
INTENSITYFLOOR AREA RATIO
Design Parking Spaces per 1,000 sf.
Stories
Parking Stories
3.3 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.5
1 2 0.619 0.633 0.648 0.663 0.679
2 2 0.897 0.927 0.958 0.992 1.028
4 3 1.493 1.548 1.606 1.670 1.738
8 5 2.571 2.668 2.773 2.886 3.009
20 10 5.073 5.262 5.466 5.686 5.924
40 15 7.508 7.784 8.081 8.402 8.749
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Nodes
• Central place or CBD employment and shopping.
• Regional nodes or edge cities.• 2 million square feet retail.• 6 million square feet employment primarily
office.
• Sub-regional centers are often single use and need to be planned for both.
• Nodes and surrounding area 1 mile radius.
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Radial Rail Lines
. ...
... ..
....
.
Designed to send workers to CBD
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Radial Rail Lines
...
...
...
... .
.
Limited service area, originally the centers of suburbs. Now serve small populations.
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Circumferential Rail Lines?
..
.
...
...
.. ..
.
Provides for more service area and replaces roads for circumferential travel.
E.J. & E.!
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Planning
• Needs to be long term.• Nodes and rail lines determined in
advance.• Roads coordinated with these.• Rail service available from start of
nodes.• Rail service at start of development.
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Nodes
Regional
Sub-regional
Circumferential
Circumferential or radial
RadialTransit Lines
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High Speed Rail
Heavy Rail
Growth Areas
Urban Areas
Urban Cores
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High Hanging Fruit Strategy
• Plan regional, and sub-regional nodes at transit stops.
• The surrounding area within ½ mile should be higher density residential.
• Invest in transit.• Mandate structured parking.• Eliminate strip commercial on roads
in favor of nodes.
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Results
• Increased use of transit.• Use 33% to 25% of the land auto-
urban consumes.• Walking and biking gains share of
total trips.• Shorter trip lengths.• Less energy for trips.• Less miles of roads.
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Questions
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EFFICIENCIES
INTENSITYFLOOR AREA RATIO
Auto-Urban Urban
Stories Surface Parking Structured Parking
Parking Stories
1 0.409 0.575 2
2 0.514 0.808 2
4 0.590 1.329 3
8 0.636 2.280 5
20 0.668 4.506 10
40 0.680 6.680 15
All examples based on four parking spaces per thousand square feet.
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Jackson, Wyoming
Classic town center with high FAR
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Surface Parking
On Street Parking
Peripheral parking makes town center work.