wahabism mithyayum yatharthyavum

hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

hlm_nkw

anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

[ Malayalam – aebmfw – مليالم ]

إسالميــة ال وهابيــةX¿mdm¡nbXv:

tUm. \mkznÀ A_vZpÂ Icow AÂ- AJvÂ

ااص عبدالكر�م العقل /أد: إعداد أستاذ العقيدة والمذاهب المعاصرة

سعود اإلسالمية بجامعة اإلمام محمد بن ]p\-cm-Jym\w:

apl-½Zv kzem-ln,-Xr- -̧\¨n

مد اليح :رمجة

Daawa books P.B. No: 1981, Vyttila, Kochi, Ph: 0091-484-2301275

Email: [email protected]

WebEdition by: م٢٠١١ -هـ ١٤٣٢


{]km-[-I-¡p-dn¸vþ -

A´m-cmjv{S \ne-hm-c-̄ nÂ ae-bmf ]p

kvX-I-§Ä ]pd-̄ n-d-¡p-Ibpw {]k-à-amb hn

hn[ `mjm-{K-Ù-§Ä ae-bm-f-̄ n-te¡v samgn-

amäw \S¯n {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw A´m-cm

jv{S kaq-l-̄ n\v ]cn-Nbs¸Sp-t¯ ae-bm

f IrXn-IÄ aäp `mj-I-fn-te¡v ]cn-̀m-j-s¸-Sp

¯n {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-I-sb¶ e

£y-t¯msS XpS¡w Ipdn¨ "ZAvhm _pIvkv'

{it²-bhpw hyXn-cn-à-hp-amb ]pkvX-I-§Ä

]pd-̄ n-d-¡n-s¡mv CXn-\Iw Xs¶ ]pkvXI

{]km-[\ cwK¯v Ønc-{]-XnjvT t\Sn-¡-gn

ªn-«p-v, حلد هللا

hnip² JpÀ-B\pw Xncp-kp-¶-̄ p-am-Ip

¶ Ckvem-ansâ ASn-Øm\ {]am-W-§-sf, A

lvep-kp-¶¯n hÂ Pam-A-̄ nsâ coXnimkv

{X-̄ nÂ {KÙ-c-N\ \S-̄ n-bn-«pÅ ]Þn-X³

am-cpsS ]pkvX-I-§-fmWv {][m-\-ambpw ZAvh

_pIvkv ]pd-̄ n-d-¡p-¶-Xv.{KÙ-IÀ¯m-¡-fpsS

kz´-amb A`n-{]m-b-§-fn-te¡v £Wn-¡p-I-b


Ã, {]am-W-_-²-ambn Imcy-§sf hne-bn-cp-̄ p-

Ibpw a\-Ên-em-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-Xn-te¡v \

bn-¡p-I-bmWv C¯cw {KÙ-§Ä ]pd-̄ n-d¡p-

t¼mÄ "ZAvh _pIvkv' Dt±-in-¡p-¶-Xv.

apkvenw temI¯v On{Z-Xbpw Ipg-̧-§-fp

ap-m-¡n-bXv hlm-_n-I-fm-sW¶v i{Xp-¡Ä

{]Ncn-̧ n-¡m-dp-v. `oI-c-hm-Z-̄ n-sâbpw Xo{h

hm-Z-̄ n-sâbpw t]cnepw C¶v hlm-_nkw {Iq

in-¡-s¸-Sm-dp-v.F´mWv hlm-_nkw? B t]

cn-epÅ Hcp {Kq¸v Fs¶-¦nepwNcn-{X-̄ nÂ \n

e-\n-¶n-«ptm? hlm-_n-I-sf¶v Btcm-]n-¡-

s¸-Sp-¶-h-cpsS Bi-bm-ZÀi-§fpw Alvep kp

¶¯n hÂ Pam-A-̄ nsâ BZÀi-§fpw X½n

Â s]mcp-̄ -s¸-Sm¯ hÃ taL-e-I-fp-aptm?

`oI-c-hm-Zw, Xo{h-hmZw XpS-§n-b-h-bp-ambn h

lm-_n-I-sf¶v hnfn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-hÀ¡v hÃ _Ô-

hp-aptm? Hcp kw£n]vX ]T-\w.

\mYm. . . . \o CsXmcp {]Xn-̂ -emÀl-am

b {]hÀ¯-\-ambn kzoI-cn-t¡-Wta (Bao³)

amt\-PÀþ


hnj-b-hn-hcw

A[ymbw þ 1

Ckvemlo {]Øm\w (13)

1. \PvZnsâ ØnXn (17)

2. Ckvemlo {]Øm-\hpw H¶mw kuZo-̀-c-W-IqShpw(18)

3. \ma-I-cWw (19)

4. sk]vXw-_À 11þDw hlm_n {]Øm-\hpw (20)

5. hntZ-in-I-fpsS ZyjvSn-bnÂ (21)

6. e£y-§Ä (23)

A[ymbw þ 2

ke^o amÀ¤w (25)

1. Cuam³Im-cy-§Ä (26)

2. AÃm-lp-hnsâ hnti-j-W-§Ä (27)

3. JpÀ-B-\ns\-¡p-dn¨v ke-̂ nsâ ho£Ww (28)

4. hn[n-hn-izmkw (28)

5. ac-Wm-\-́ c PohnXw (29)

6. luZn-epÅ hnizmkw (29)

7. \½psS \_n-bpsS ip]mÀi (30)

8. kzÀ¤ \c-I§fn-epÅ hnizmkw (30)

9. A´na-{]-hm-N-I-\nse hnizmkw (30)

10. klm-_-̄ n-s\-¡p-dn-̈ pÅ hnizmkw (31)

11. Idm-a¯pw Huen-bm-¡fpw (32)

12. apkvenwIsf Im^n-dm-¡p-¶Xp kw_-Ôn¨v (32)

13. PnlmZpw \a-kvIm-chpw (32)

14. Cuam-\n-s\-¡p-dn¨v (32)


]p¯³ hmZntbm? (36)

A[ymbw þ 3

Ckvem-lo -{]-Øm\wþ]WvUn-X-·m-cpsS ho£-W¯nÂ 37

1. dioZv dnZm (38)

2. AÃmam iuIm\n (41)

3. A_vZp-dlvam³ P_ÀXn (43)

4. alvaqZv ipIvcn Beqkn (46)

5. AÂ DkvXmZv ap\oÀ AP-em\n: D-Yvam\o Ime-s¯ A\o-Xn(48)

6. AlvaZv A_vZpÂK-̂ qÀ A¯mÀ (49)

7. DkvXmZv ^pBZv lwk(F-́ mWv ke^o amÀKw?)(51)

8. ssiJv A_q-klvd (52)

9. ssJdp-±o³ kÀIeo: \-thm-°m\ {]Øm-\-§-fpsS

{]`-h-tI-{µw (53)

10. Aºmkv alvaqZv AJmZv (54)

11. Xncp-̄ -s¸-tS [mc-W-IÄ (l-k-\p_v\p Bep BC-Zv) (55)

12. {]Øm-\hpw a¡-bnse ico^v Kmen-_nsâ D]-Pm-]

-§fpw (alvaqZv ^lvao ]mj) (57)

13. Ckve-m-anI¯\n-a-bn-te-¡pÅ {]t_m-[\w

(tUm: Xzmlm lpssk³) (58)

14. kp¶o {]t_m-[\ {]Øm\w (tUm. A_vZp

-dlow A_vZpdlvam³ A_vZp-d-low) (62)

15. \qX\ hmZ-§-fn-Ãm¯ {]t_m-[-\-coXn

(ap-l-½Zv PemÂ IivIv) (62)

16. kuZo þ CuPn-]vjy³ ssk\y-§ÄþHcp Xmc-Xayw (AÂ

P_ÀXo) (64)


A[ymbw þ 4

GI-ssZ-hXzw (66)

1. ]WvUn-Xm-̀n-{]m-b-§Ä

a) l¼-en-IÄ (69)

b) l\-̂ n-IÄ (71)

c) im^n-C-IÄ (72)

d) amen-In-IÄ (73)

2. A]-hmZ {]N-c-W-§-fpsS s]mÅ-̄ -c-§Ä(82)

3. i^m-A¯v \ntj-[n-Itfm? (89)

4. apkvenw-Isf Im^n-dm-¡ntbm? (95)

5. ssiJv apl-½Zv _v\p A_vZpÂ hlm-_nsâ ho£Ww (97)

6. inÀ¡nsâ Kuchw (98)

7. Btcm-]-W-§Ä : Ncn-{X-Im-csâ ZrjvSn-bnÂ (102)

A[ymbw þ 5

Nne A\p-_Ô hnj-b-§Ä (107)

(i) Xe-ap-W-U\w sN¿Â (109)

(ii) apssk-en-a-bpsS \m«p-Im-cm-sW¶v (110)

(iii) A©mw aZvl-_p-Im-cm-sW¶v (113)

(iv) Jnem-̂ -̄ n-s\-Xn-cm-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶pw (115)

(v) {]Øm\w: Aapkvenw ]WvUn-X-·m-cpsS ho£-W-̄ nÂ (119)

A[ymbw þ 6

1. kznävkÀemâv k©mcn _ÀIvlmÀ«v (120)


A[ymbw þ 7

Ckvemlo {]Øm-\-̄ nsâ t\«-§Ä (131)

{]Øm\ t\«-§sf \ap¡v C§s\ kwt£-]n-¡mw (133)

1. Bcm-[\ AÃm-lp-hn-\v am-{X-am-¡pI (133)

2. kp¶-̄ nsâ hym]-\hpw _nZvA-̄ nsâ XnckvIm-chpw (134)

3. ke^n amÀKw apdpsI ]nSn-¡p-¶p (134)

4. aX-̄ nsâ t{kmX-Êns\ a\-Ên-em-¡ns¡m-Sp-¡p-I(135)

5. sXfnhv Is-̄ p¶ coXnsb ip²o-I-cn¨p (135)

6. Adnhv {]N-cn-̧ n-¡p-I, AÚX AI-äp-I (135)

7. B[p-\nI sshÚm-\nIþ\thm-°m-\-̄ nÂ ]¦m-fn-bm-hp-I(136)

8. aX-Nn-Ó-§Ä DbÀ¯n-̧ n-Sn-¡p-I (136)

9. Ckvem-anI cmjv{Shpw kaq-lhpw bYmÀYyambn (136)

10. aX-Iob Iq«m-bvabpw `c-W-Iq-Ss¯ A\p-k-cn-¡epw (137)

11. kam[m\w Dd¸p hcp¯n (137)

12. a\-Ên\pw _p²n¡pw hntam-N\w (138)

13. ssZhnI \nb-aw-sImv hn[n-IÂ]n-¡pI (138)

14. {]am-W-§Ä P\-§Ä¡p kaÀ¸n-¡Â (138)

15. Pmlneo NnÓ-§-fpsS Xnc-kvImcw (139)

Xo{h-hm-Zm-tcm-]-Ww (139)

A[ymbw þ 8

temI Ckvemlo Ne-\-§-fn-te¡p sc-̄ n-t\m«w (141)

ba-\nÂ (142)

C´y-bnÂ (144)

tIc-f-̄ nÂ (148)

kndn-b-bnepw Cdm-Jnepw (148)


kpUm-\n-epw D¯-cm-{^n-¡-bnepw (150)

A[ymbw þ 9

Ckvemlo {]Øm-\hpw {_o«njv Nmc-hr-̄ nbpw (152)

bqtdm-]y³ km{am-PyXzw apkvenw cmPy-§-fnÂ (154)

Ckvem-ln-{]-Øm-\-̄ nsâ cp i{Xp-¡Ä (157)

hlm_n {]Øm\hpw {_n«o-jp-Imcpw (158)

Atd_y km{am-Py-Xz¯n¶v Iogvs]-«n-Ã (159)

{_n«o-jp-Im-cpsS A]-hm-Z-{]-N-c-W-§Ä (161)

hlm_n \ma-I-c-W-̄ n\p ]n¶nÂ (161)

C´y³ hlm-_n-I-tfmSv {_n«o-jp-Im-cpsS {IqcX (162)

{_n-«o-jp-Im-cpsS A\p-tam-Z-\-k-tµ-iw (163)

"kuZn-bnÂ CS-s]-SW'sa¶v (167)

apkvenw lnPmkv tIm¬{^³kv 1926 (168)

A[ymbw þ 10

{]Øm-\s¯ hne-bn-cp-̄ nb ]WvUnX t{iWn (171)

(A) Ad_n ]WvUn-X-·mcpw Nn´-I-·mcpw (172)

(B) Aapkvenw Fgp-̄ p-ImÀ (174)


apJ-¡p-dn¸v

CsXmcp kzX{´ IrXn-b-Ã, F¶mÂ Hcp k¼qÀ®

hnhÀ-̄ -\-hp-aÃ. Hcp Ah-ew-_-IrXn. kDuZn Fgp-̄ p-Im-c-

\mb tUm. \mknÀ A_vZpÂIcow AJvÂ cNn¨ (h-lm-_n-

k-aÃ þCkvem-ao-I-c-Ww) F¶ Ad_n {KÙ-̄ nsâ Bi

bm-\p-hm-Z-am-bmWv "hlm-_n-kw: anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw'

F¶ IrXn. \m\q-dnÂ A[nIw t]Pp-I-fpÅ aqe IrXn-bnse ]e

A²ym-b-§fpw Bi-b-]-c-ambpw Ah-ew-_n-̈ n-«n-sÃ¶p am

{X-aÃ AXn-en-Ãm¯ hnjbw Iq«n-t¨À¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn

¡p¶p. ]¯mw A²ym-b-amb Ckvemlo {]Øm-\hpw {_n

«ojv Nmc-hr-̄ nbpw C§s\ Iq«n-t¨À¯-Xm-Wv.aqe-Ir-Xnbp

sS _rlXv cq]hpw IqSmsX ]e hnj-b-§fpw ae-bm-f-¡-c-

bnÂ NÀ¨m-hnj-b-a-sÃ-¶-Xp-amWv Hgn-hm-¡m-\pÅ t{]c-W. 18þmw \qäm-nÂ Atd-_y-bnÂ apl-½Zv _v\p A_vZn

Â h-lm-_nsâ XymK-\nÀ`-c-amb ]cn-{i-a-§-fn-eqsS JpÀ-B-

\n-te-¡pw kp¶-̄ n-te¡pw Xncn¨p t]mhpI F¶ ktµ-i-

hp-ambn cwK-̄ p-h¶ Ckvemlo {]Øm\w H«-t\Iw sXän-

²m-c-W-IÄ-¡p hnt[-b-am-bn-«p-v. hntijn¨pw tIc-f-¡-c-

bnÂ. AXp -t]mse tZio-bm-Sn-Øm-\-̄ nepw temI-X-e-̄ n

epw Hcp-]mSv Btcm-]-W-§Ä¡p ic-hy-ambn.Ct¸mgpw Øn

Xn hyXy-kvX-a-Ã. kaqlw ap§n-¡n-S-¶n-cp¶ AÚ-Xm-Ô-Im-c-̄ nsâ

Bgw Adn-bm-̄ -h-tcm,Adn-bm³ {ian-¡m-̄ -htcm Bb ]p

tcm-lnX aX-¡m-cmWnhnsS {]Øm-\-̄ n-s\-Xn-cn-epÅ Ip{]-

Nm-c-W§Ä¡p ]n¶nÂ. ]mc-¼cy bmYm-Øn-Xn-IXzw \ne


\n¶mÂ am{Xta X§-fpsS DZ-c-]q-cW am[y-ahpw \ne-\nÂ

¡pI-bp-Åp-sh¶v IrXy-ambn a\-Ên-em-¡nb ChÀ, kI-e-

am\ AÔhn-izm-k-§-sfbpw A\m-Nm-c-§-sfbpw amtdmSW

¨pXmcm«v ]mSn-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-¶p. Ch-cnÂ NneÀ C¶v `uXn

I hnZym-̀ym-k-̄ nsâ Ip¸mbw Xp¶n-s¨-¦nepw, Ah-cpsS

B´-cnI hkv{X-§-fpsS \qep-I-f-{Xbpw s\bvXn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv,

inÀ¡³ hniz-mk-§Ä sImm-Wv. ]pd-ta¡p ]ptcm-K-a-\-

¡mÀ. AItam inÀ¡p _nZv-A-̄ p-I-fpsS sshXm-fn-I-cpw. _nZCu I£n-I-fmb C¡q-«À Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sp-¶-Xm-I

s« X§Ä kp¶¯v Pam-A-s¯-¶pw. J_-dp-IÄ¡p aosX

sI«nSw ]Wn-Xpw, Pmd-§Ä XoÀ¯pw, aJv_-d-IÄ DÕ-h-̧-

d-¼p-Ifm¡n \njn²w Xn¶pw Xoän¨pw ChÀ XSn¨p sImgp-

¡p-¶p. AÃmlp AÃm-̄ -h-tcmSv CkvXn-Kmk \S-̄ m³ Jp

À-B³ ZpÀhym-Jym\w sN¿p-¶p. _nZv-A-̄ p-Isf shÅ ]q

in kp¶-̄ m-sW¶p hcp-̄ p-¶p. Ch-cpsS ZpjvsN-bvXn-I

sf hnaÀin-¡p-¶-hsc Ckvem-ansâ i{Xp-¡-fm¡n Nn{Xo-I

cn-¡p-¶p.hnh-c-an-Ãm¯ ]mhw P\-§sf Ckvemlo {]Øm-

\¯nsâ i{Xp--¡-fm¡n amäm³ cm¸-IÂ A[zm-\n-¡p-¶p.

bmYm-Øn-Xn-I-cpsS \ne-]m-Sm-Wn-Xv. Ch-cpsS {]Nm-c-th-e-bmWv Gsd AÛp-X-I-cw. `n¶n

¸nsâ hn¯p-]m-InbhÀ, aXw sh«n-ap-dn-¡p-¶-hÀ, {]hm-N-I

s\ kvt\ln-¡m-̄ -hÀ, Huen-bm-¡sf Ipä-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶-hÀ,

apkvenw-Isf Im^n-dm-¡p-¶-hÀ, {_n«\p Nmc-̧Wn \S-̄ n-b-

hÀ.......... C§s\ \op-t]m-Ip¶p. {]Øm-\-̄ nsâ hàm

¡Äs¡XnscbpÅ Ah-cpsS hnaÀi\mkv{X-§Ä. C¡m-c-W-§-fmÂ Xs¶ Ckvemlo {]Øm\w ]n¶n

« ]mX-IÄ GsXm-s¡, AXv {]Xn-\n-[m\w sN¿p¶ BZÀi-


§Ä, AXns\ sXän-²-cn-¡-s¸« coXn, AXnsâ Imc-W-§Ä,

i{Xp-¡-fpsS D]-Pm-]-§Ä, temIm-Sn-Øm-\-̄ nÂ {]Øm-\-

¯nsâ {]Nm-chpw hfÀ¨-bpw, Ckvem-anI \thm-°m\ kw

cw`§Ä¡p {]Øm-\-̄ n-t\m-SpÅ IS-̧m-Sp-IÄ XpS-§nb

hnj-b-§Ä ssIImcyw sN¿p¶ Hcp {_lZv {KÙ¯nsâ

A`mhw ChnsS \¶mbn {]I-S-am-Wv. Cu kml-N-cy-amWv Cu sIm¨p-Ir-Xn-bpsS cN\¡p

{]tNm-Z-\-am-b-Xv. CXnÂ hÃ XI-cm-dp-Ifpw {i²-bnÂ s]Sp-

¶-hÀ kvt\l-_p²ym Nqn-¡m-Wn-¡p-sa¶ D¯-a- t_m

[yt¯msS¯s¶ Cu eLp-kw-cw`w hmb-\-¡mÀ¡p kaÀ

¸n-¡-s«. CXnsâ ]Wn-̧p-c-bnÂ klmbn¨ C.-sI.-Fw. ]¶q-

cn-t\mSpw aäp D]-tZ-i-§Ä \ÂInb F³.-hn.-k-I-cn¿ aue

hn, Fw.Fw. AIv_À XpS§n FÃm-h-tcmSpw At§-b-äs¯

IrX-ÚX ChnsS tcJ-s¸-Sp-̄ p-I-bm-Wv. ]s¯m¼-Xv, Ccp-]Xv \qäm-p-I-fnÂ At\Iw \thm-

°m\ {]Øm-\-§Ä Ckvem-anI temI¯v DS-se-Sp-̄ n-«p-

v. apkvenw-IÄ¡pm-bn-cp¶ cmjv{Sob ta[m-hn-Xz-̄ -IÀ

¨bpsS k¶n-Kv[- L-«-̄ nÂ, kaq-l-̄ n\v AÂ]-sa-¦nepw

Poh-hmbp \ÂIm³ Cu {]Øm-\-§Ä¡p km[n-̈ n-«p-s

¶ kXyw Hcp Ncn-{Xm-t\zj-I\p \ntj-[n-¡pI h¿. AÄ

Po-cn-b-bnse k\qk {]Øm\w, kpUm-\nse alvZn {]Øm-

\w, CuPn-]vXnÂ apl-½Zv A_vZp-þ-d-ioZv cnZm-bpsS {]Øm

\w, A³km-dp-Êp-¶, Alvse lZoYv {]Øm\§Ä F¶n

§s\ At\Iw {]Øm-\-§Ä temIm-Sn-Øm-\-̄ nÂ {]Xy-

£-s¸«p. AXnsâsbÃmw \mcmbthcmbn {]hÀ¯n-̈Xv hm

kvX-h-̄ nÂ ssiJv apl-½Zv _v\p A_vZpÂh-lm-_nsâ

t\Xr-Xz-̄ nÂ cwK¯ph¶ Ckvemlo {]Øm-\-am-bn-cp-¶p.


AXp-sImpXs¶ hÀ¯-am-\-Ime Ckvemlo Ne-\-§fpw

AXnsâ {]bm-Whpw AXnsâ ap³Ime Ncn-{Xhpw kap-Zm-

b-̄ nsâ ]ptcmKXnbnepw BZÀi]camb sFIys¸Sen

epw XmÂ]-cy-apÅ GsXm-cmÄ¡pw hfsc hne-s¸-«-Xm-Ip¶p.


A²ymbw 1

Ckvemlo {]Øm\w

kaqlw hnizm-k-]-c-ambpw IÀ½-]-c-ambpw hgn sXäp-

t¼mÄ ]WvUnX [À½w \nÀh-ln-¡p¶ Bcpw sXäp²cn-̧ n-

¡-s¸-Sm-\n-S-bp-v. AXmWv Ncn-{X-]m-Tw. Ckvemw A\p-im-

kn-¡p¶ kwkvI-cWw ià-ambn \S-̄ p¶ A¯-c-¡msc

]p¯³hmZn-I-sf¶v hnfn-¡-s¸-«p F¶mWv Ncn-{Xw.kwkvI

-cW {]hÀ¯\w P\-§-fnÂ kzm[o\apm-¡p-t¼mÄ AXn

jvSs¸Sm¯ Øm]nX Xmev]-cy-¡m-cmWv Ckz-emlv \nÀÆ

ln-¡p¶hsc ]p¯³hm-Zn-I-sf¶pw aX hncp-²-sc¶pw hna

Àin-¡p-I.hlm_o {]Øm\w F¶p hnti-jn-̧ n-¡-s¸« kw

kvIcW {]Øm-\hpw Cu sXäp[mc-W-¡n-Sbm-bn-«p-v. bYmÀ° Alvep-Êp-¶-bpsS Bibw {]N-cn-̧ n¨ a

lm-\mbn-cp¶p apl-½Zv _v\p A_v-ZnÂ hlm_v(). At±

lw {]t_m-[\w sNbvXXv {]hm-N-Im-[ym-]-\-§-fm-bn-cp-¶n

«pw AXv hlm_o {]Øm\w F¶mWv hnfn-¡-s¸-«-Xv. F.Un. 18-þmw \qäm-nÂ (lnPvd 12-þmw \q ämv) Atd-

_y³ D]-̀p-J-WvU-̄ nÂ Xfn-cn« Hcp alm {]Øm-\-am-Wn

Xv. k¨cn-X-cmb ap³Kman-I-fpsS ]mXbnÂ Dd¨p \nÂ¡m³

{]Xn-Úm-_-²-amb CXv ]n¶oSv aäp cmPy-§-fn-te¡pw {I

am-\p-K-X-ambn temI-̄ nsâ \m\m-̀m-K-t¯¡pw kwkvI-c

W-̄ nsâ {]Imi hoNn-IÄ ]c-̄ n- sImp apt¶m«p \o

§n. A¡m-es¯ `cWm[nImcn-bmb apl-½Zv _v\p kDuZv

(a-cWw lnPvd 1179) CXn\v kÀÆ ]n´p-W-Ifpw kl-I-c-W

hpw \ÂIn.


Cu BZÀi {]Øm-\s¯ Npän]än At\Iw sXämb

[mc-W-IÄ DS-se-Sp-̄ n-«p-v. AXn-t¸mgpw \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶p.

tkmhn-bäp bqWn-bsâ ]X-\m-\-́ cw GI {[phtemIw F

¶ k¦Â¸w cq]-s¸-«-t¸mgpw Ata-cn-¡-bnse temI- hym-]m

c tI{µw B{I-an-¡-s¸-«- ti-jhpw Cu kwL-S\ IqSp-XÂ

sXäp²cn-¡-s¸-SpIbmbncp¶p. Fs´m-s¡-bmWv B sXäp²mc-W-IÄ? Ah-bpsS

t{kmX-kp-IÄ FhnsS? Ah F{X-am{Xw kXykÔamWv

XpS-§nb hnj-b-§sf A[n-Icn¨pÅ At\z-jWhpw NÀ¨

bpw Cu kµÀ`-̄ nÂ hfsc kwK-X-am-Wv. Cu Zni-bnepÅ

Hcp eLp kwc-̀-amWv Cu IrXn. Akq-bm-ep-¡fpw i{Xp-¡fpw IpX-{´-im-en-Ifpw ]

WvUn-X-sc Ipdn¨v \nc-́ cw sXän-²m-cW {]N-cn¸n¡pt¼mÄ

{]Øm-\-s¯ Ipdn¨v AÂ¸-am{X Úm\-apÅhÀ AXnÂ

AI-s¸-Sp-¶p. C{X ià-amb {]N-cWthe-IÄ asämcp {]Øm-\-

¯nsâ Ncn-{X-̄ nepw Øm\w ]nSn¨n-cn-¡m³ hgn-bn-Ã. ]

s£ FÃm {]Xn-k-Ôn-I-sfbpw AXnPohn¨v AXn¶pw ssP

{Xbm{X XpSÀ¶p sImn-cn-¡p-¶p. hÀ¯-am-\-Ime Ckvem-anI {]t_m-[\ cwK¯v Alv

ep-Êp-¶-bpsS amÀ¤-̄ nÂ {]amW \n_-²ambn Dd¨p \nÂ

¡p¶hÀ Bcv, {]t_m[-\-̄ nsâ hnip² tfml FSp-̄

Wnªp X§fpw AtX ]mf-b-̄ nÂ Xs¶sb¶p Ih-e-I

Ä tXmdpw ]mSp-¶-hÀ Bcv F¶v Nn´n-¡p¶hÀ¡p kpX

cmw hyà-am-t¡-Xv Ime-̄ nsâ Bh-iy-ambn XoÀ¶n-cn-

¡p-¶p.


A©mw -a-Zvl-_Ã:

NneÀ hmZn-̈Xv Hcp A©mw aZvl-_mWv hlm_n {]

Øm-\-sa¶m-bn-cp¶p. CXv icn-bÃ. Ckvem-ansâ kpµchZ

\w \qX-\m-Nm-c-§fmÂ (_n-Zv-A-̄ p-IÄ) aen-\-s¸«v AÚ-

X-bpsS AÔ-Im-c-̄ nÂ kaqlw \«w Xncn-ª-t¸mÄ apkv

enw kaq-l-̄ n\v e`n¨ c£mamÀ¤-am-bn-cp¶p hlm_n {]

Øm-\w. ""apkvenw-IÄ X§-fpsS aX-̄ nsâ auen-I-X-bn-te

¡p Xncn¨p t]mI-Ww.hnip² JpÀB\pw \_n-N-cy-bp-amWv

Ah-cpsS aqe-{]-amW-§Ä; Ah am{Xw apdpsI ]nSn-¡Ww.

AXn\p hncp-²-ambn kaq-l-̄ nÂ ImWp¶ ]p¯³ BNm-

c-§sf ImX-§Ä¡-Ite¡v hen-s¨-dn-b-Ww.'' CXm-bn-cp¶p

{]Øm-\-̄ nsâ Blzm\w. AXp \S-̧ n-em-¡m-\pÅ IÀ½

]cn-]mSn-I-fm-bn-cp¶p e£y-an-«-Xv. ]p¯-\m-Nm-c-¡mÀ Cu kml-N-cy-̄ nÂ IÅ {]N-c

W§Ä Agn¨p hnSpI kzm`m-hn-I-am-bn-cp-¶p. AXmWv tem

Iw I-Xv.Alvep-kp-¶- {]Xn-\n-[m\wsN¿p¶ Cu {]Øm

\-̄ n\v hlm_n {]Øm-\w F¶v t]cn-«-Xv _nZvC-I-fmWv. Cu {]t_m-[\ ]mXbv¡p amÀ¤{`wi-̄ nsâ te_

sem«n-¡m\pw AXns\ Xa-kvI-cn-¡m\pw Is-̄ nb Iui-

e-am-bn-cp¶p AXv. hkvXpXm ]c-am-tbm, ho£-W-]-c-amtbm Cu \ma-I-c

Ww {]Øm-\-̄ nsâ hàm-¡Ä kzoI-cn-¡p-¶n-Ã. F´p

sIms-¶mÂ alm-\mb {]hm-NIXncp-ta-\n-()bpsS amÀ

¤w kI-e-am\ aWvU-e-§-fnepw Ah-ew-_n-¡-W-sa¶p Icp-


Xp¶ Hcp BZÀi-̄ nsâ hàm-¡sf hyànI-fpsS t]cn

t\mSp _Ô-s¸-Sp¯n Npcp¡ns¡«m-\pÅ {iaw bpàn¡p

\nc-¡m-̄ -Xm-W-tÃm. {]hm-N-I³() ]Tn-̧ n-¡m¯ Hcp aX

Imcyhpw sImp- h-¶n-«n-Ãm¯ Hcp ]cn-jvIÀ¯mhns\ A

t±-l-̄ nsâ {]t_m[\ hnj-b-t¯mSp tNÀ¯n {]Øm\

\maw Na-bv¡p-¶Xv \oXn-b-Ã. A`n-Ú-·mcpw, _p²n-a-Xn-I

fpw {]iv\-§sf hne-bn-cp-̄ p-¶-Xv kXy-̄ nsâ Af-hp-tIm-

ep-]-tbm-Kn-̈m-Wv. kwip² ke^n amXrIbnepÅ Hcp {]Øm-\-sa¶

\nebv¡v kq£va ]cn-tim-[-\-bnÂ Cu cwK-̄ v aq¶p-Xcw

kao-]\w ImWmw.

(1) ASn-Øm\anÃm¯ \pW {]N-cWw (11) kXyhpw Ak-Xyhpw Iq«n IeÀ¯n {]Øm-\-̄ n

sâ icn-bmb XmÂ]-cy-§Ä shfn¨¯p hcp-̄ m-Xn-cn¡m

\pÅ {ia-§Ä. (111) {]Øm-\-̄ n-\n-Ãm¯ Nne hm-Z-§Ä AXn-sâ- ta

Â sI«n-sh-¡Â. XuloZo BZÀihpw hnizmk kwkvI-c-Whpw apJ-

ap-{Z-bmbn cwK-̄ p-h¶ {]Øm-\w, FXn-cm-fn-I-fp-ambn H¶m-

a-Xmbn hnizm-k-̄ nsâ t]cn-epÅ kwLÀj-̄ n-em-bn-cn

¶p. ]n¶oSv kwLÀj -ta-Je cmjv{Sob cwKt¯¡pw aäpw

hfcp-¶Xmbn ImWmw. AÚ-X-tbm-SpÅ t]mcm-«hpw a{´-hm-Z-̄ n\pw amc-

W-̄ n\psaXn-cn-epÅ kao-]-\hpw, AÔhnizm-k-̄ nsâ

sNfn-¡p-gn-bnÂ \n¶p kaq-ls¯ tamNn-̧ n-¡m-³ apg¡nb


Iml-f- [z\n-Ifpw ]utcm-ln-Xy-̄ nsâ IcWt¯ä {]l-c

am-bn-cp-¶p. AhÀ \pW {]Nm-c-W-§Ä \S-̄ n-bn-sÃ-¦nte

AÛp-X-ap-Åq.kuZn Atd-_y³ N{I-hm-f-̄ nÂ DZbw sIm

Cu hn¹-h-þhn-tam-N\ apt¶-ä-̄ n\p kam-\-ambn GsXm

cp {]Øm-\-̄ n-\mWv, C{X Baqem{Kw apkvenw kaq-l

s¯ ]cn-hÀ¯n-̧ n-¡m-\m-bXv? DZb -tI-{µ-̄ nÂ am{X-aÃ

temI-̄ nsâ ap¡p-aq-e-I-fnÂ.`c-W-Iq-S-̄ nsâ klmbw In

«n-tb-S¯pw AÃm-̄ n-S-§-fnepw ià-cmb FXn-cmfn hrµ-

¯n-\n-S-bnepw AP-¿-ambn \ne-sIm-Åm³ AXn\p km[n-̈ p.

Ct¸mgpw AXv XpSÀ¶p sImn-cn-¡p-¶p. BZÀi Kcn-a-bnÂ apt¶m«p \o§p¶ Cu {]Øm-\

s¯ AI¯pw ]pd-̄ p-apÅ ]WvUn-X³amÀ, _p²n-Po-hn-I

Ä, kmaq-lnI Nn´-I-·mÀ FÃmw thpthmfw \nco-£n-̈ n-

«pv. ]e- k-µÀ`-§-fnÂ, `n¶ Zni-I-fn-eqsS hne-bn-cp-̄ n

bn-«p-v.

\PvZnsâ ØnXn:-

Atd_y³ D]-̀q-J-WvU-̄ nsâ GI-tZiw a[y-̀m-K

¯p ØnXn sN¿p¶ \PvZn-b³ P\X {]hm-NI Xncp-ta-\n

()bpsS Ime¯v Xs¶ Ckvemw BtÇ-jn-¡p-I-bp-m-bn.

Xncp-ta-\n-()bpsS Ime¯v Ckvem-an-te¡p h¶ \PvZnse

cmPm-hm-bn-cp¶p kpam-a¯v _v\p DkmÂ. {]hm-NI Xncp-ta-\n-()bpsS hntbm-K-th-f-bnÂ ]te-

S¯pw Ipg-̧-§-fp-mb Iq«-̄ nÂ \PvZnepw Ipg-̧-§-fp

m-bn. apssk-en-a-bpsS IÅ{]hm-N-IXzhmZw AXn\v B

¡w Iq«n. F¶mÂ A_q-_-¡À() \S-̄ nb ssk\nI \S-


]-Sn-tbmsS \PvZpw kam-[m-\-̄ n-te¡p Xncn¨p h¶p. ]n¶o

Sp Da-hn-þ-Aºmko Ime-L-«-§-fnÂ FSp¯p ]d-tb {]

tXy-I-X-I-sfm¶pw \PvZnÂ ImWp-¶n-Ã., CS-¡m-e¯v inCu

I£n-I-fnÂ s]« JÀa-Xzn-IÄ AhnsS Ah-cpsS ioCu Nn

´m-KXn-IÄ {]N-cn-̧ n¨p F¶Xv hnkvacn-¡p-¶n-Ã. ]n¶oSv XpÀ¡n Ime-L-«-̄ nÂ \PvZn\p taÂ AhÀ

th{X {i² tI{µo-I-cn-̈ n-cp-¶nÃ. ImcWw lnPm-kv, ba

³, Al-km(-_-lvssd³) F¶n-hn-S-§-fn-emWv XpÀ¡n-IÄ X

§-fpsS B[n-]Xyw Dd-̧ n-¡m³ {ian-̈-Xv.

Ckvemln {]Øm-\hpw

H¶mw kDuZo `c-W-Iq-S-hpw

F.-Un. 18-þmw \qäm-nÂ, apl-½Zv_v³ A_vZpÂ h

lm_v XpS-§nh¨ Cu kwkvI-cW {]Øm-\-̄ n\v `c-Wm[n-

Im-cn-bmb apl-½Zv_v\p kDuZv (a-cWw {InkvXm_v[w 1765)--

sâ t{]mÕm-l\w In«n F¶p t\cs¯ kqNn-̧ n¨phtÃm? tijw Ckvem-ansâ t]cnÂ {]Xy-£-s¸« hnizmk

hyXn-N-e-\w, IÀ½ hyXn-bm\w, AÔ-Im-cw, AÚ-X, aX-

Nq-j-W-§Ä Chbvs¡XncnÂ ià-ambn Bª-Sn¡m³ C

Xn\p Ign-ªp. A_vZpÄ dlvam³ dpssh-in-Znsâ hm¡p-I-fnÂ ]d

ªmÂ ""ke^n amÀ¤-amb hlm_n {]Øm\w Hcp \qX\

aXtam ]pXnb Nn´m[mctbm AÃ. A§-s\-bmWv FXn-cm

fn-I-fnÂ NnecpsS Btcm-]-Ww-þ-C-kvem-ansâ X\n-a-bmÀ¶

amXr-I-bn-te¡p Xncn-̈ p-t]m-Im³ Blzm\w \S-̄ nb \njv


If¦ ]cn-{i-a-§-fm-bn-cp¶p AXv.Ckvem-anI \nb-a-§sf A

Xnsâ kzNvO-amb Dd-hn-S-̄ nÂ \n¶v kzoI-cn-¡m³ {]

Øm\w Bh-iy-s¸-«p. aX hnizm-k-̄ n-\p-taÂ tNt¡-dnb

_lpssZhXzw, _nZv-A-̄ p-IÄ, amÀ¤-{`w-i-§Ä FÃm-än-t\

bpw ip²o-I-cn-¡m³ bXv\n-̈ p. A§s\ X\n-a-bmÀ¶ aX

t¯bpw hnizm-k- amÀ¤-t¯-bpw,hncq-]-am-¡nb kIeImcy-

§-sfbpw AXv hn]m-S\w sNbvXp.'' hnizmk ip²o-I-c-Ww, {]hm-NINcy-bpsS ]p\-cp-

Öo-h-\w, aX-̄ nÂ IS¶p IqSnb ]p¯-\m-Nm-c-§Ä ]ngp-

sX-dn-bpI XpS-§n-b-h-bs{X CXnsâ e£y-§Ä.

\maIcWw:--

Ckvem-ln-{]-t_m-[-\w, XuloZn {]t_m-[-\w, ke^o

{]t_m-[-\w, Alvep-Êp-¶-¡mÀ, F¶o {]tbm-K-§fmWv,

ssiJnsâ A\p-bmbn-IÄ CjvS-s¸-Sp¶Xv. F¶mÂ, XÂ]

c I£n-I-fpsS \ma-I-c-W-amb hlm-_n-kw,hlm-_n-{]-Øm-

\w, hlm-_n-IÄ Chsb AhÀ XnckvIcn¡p¶p. F¶mÂ Ncn-{X-Im-c-·m-cpw, Nn´-I-·m-cpw, Fgp-̄ p-Im

cpw hmÀ¯m -am-[y-a-§-fpw,hlm_n {]Øm-\-sa¶ \maw- {]

tbm-Kn-¡p-t¼mÄ ke^n {]Øm-\-̄ nsâ {]hÀ¯-Icpw X

§sf Xncn-̈-dn-bm³thn AXv AwKo-I-cn-¡p¶psh¶p am

{Xw. JpÀB\pw {]hm-NINcybpw apdpsI ]nSn-¡p-¶, GI-

ssZh kn²m-́ hpw aX-im-k-\-Ifpw IyXy-ambn kzoI-cn-¡p

¶, inÀ¡p-þ-_nZvA¯p-Isf Is¿m-gn-¡m³ ]cn-{i-an-¡p-¶

hsc "hlm-_n-IÄ' F¶m-Wn-hÀ hnti-jn-̧ n-¡p-¶-sX-¦nÂ

B hnti-jWw AhÀ¡p kzoImcyamWv; A{X-am{Xw. ""{]

hm-N-Is\ kvt\ln-¡p-¶-XmWv aX-{`-jvsS¦nÂ Pn¶pw a\p-


jycpw k½-Xn-¡s« Rm³ dm^nZnbmsW¶v'' ]dbmdpÅXv

t]mse. inbm-¡f-Ãm-̄ -hsc kp¶n-IÄ F¶p hnti-jn-̧ n

¡p-¶- t]m-se-bmWv aävNneÀ hlm-_n-I-sf¶p {]tbm-Kn-¡p-

¶-Xv. AlvepÂ lZo-kv, A³km-dp-kp¶ Ch-scms¡ Cu

hn`mK-̄ nÂ s]Spw. GXm-bn-cp-¶mepw ChÀ _nZv-A-̄ p-I

Ä sN¿m-̄ -h-cm-sW¶p hyàw. Nne hmÀ¯m-am-[y-a-§Ä AÂ¸w hnim-emÀ°¯n

epw Cu ]Zw {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv ImWmw. AXm-bXv {]amW

§Ä {]Imcw Pohn-¡p¶ GsXmcp apkvenapw AhcpsS ho

£W {]Imcw "hlm-_m-bmWv'. asäm-cÀY-̄ nÂ "aX-au-en

I -hm-Zn-bm-Wv. ]mÝm-Xy-cm-Is« Xo{h-X-bp-tSbpw AXn-hm-Z-̄ n-sâbpw

]cymbambn "hlm_n'sb¶ ]Zw Zpcp]--tbmKw sN¿p¶p.

k]vXw-_Àþ11þDw hlm-_n-Ifpw

Cu ASp¯ k]vXw-_À-þ11 se \yqtbmÀ¡p kvt^m

S\-̄ n\ptijw ØnXn-K-Xn-IÄ IqSpXÂ cq£ambn. Ccp]

Xmw \qäm-nÂ hf-sc-b-[nIw Zpcp-]-tbmKw sN¿-s¸« Cu

]Zw IqSp-XÂ XmdSn¡s¸«p. sXäp²mc-W-IÄ¡p iàn-Iq

Sn. ke^n BZÀi¯nsâ i{Xp-Ifpw kuZn Atd-_y-bpsS

FXn-cm-fn-I-fpw-þ-A-XnÂ apkvenw-§fpw Aap-kvenw-I-fp-ap-v-þ

-k-µÀ`w NqjWw sN¿m³ XpS-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. hkvXp-IÄ

hf-s¨m-Sn-¡p-¶p. {]Øm-\-̄ nsâ hàm-¡-sfbpw A\p-bm-bn-I-sfbpw

AXnÂ \ne-sIm-Åp¶ cmjv{S-s¯bpw tXtPm-h[w sN¿m


\pÅ {ia-§Ä hym]IamWv. Cu {]Øm\w {]Xn-\n-[m\w

sN¿p¶ BZÀi-§-sf-s´¶v ChÀ¡v a\-Ên-em-hm-ªnt«m

AsÃ-¦nÂ i{XpXtbm BWv CXn\p Imc-Ww. P\-§Ä GXpt]cp hnfn-̈mepw GXv hnti-jWw Nm

À¯n-bmepw icn kwip² {]hm-NI Ncy-sb {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-

¡p¶ {]Øm-\-amWn-Xv. {]hm-N-I³() ]Tn-̧ n-¡p-Ibpw k

lm-_¯pw ap³Km-an-Ifpw {Kln-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-sXt´m

Ah-bmWv CXnsâ AP-.

hntZ-in-I-fpsS ZrjvSn-bnÂ

Cu {]kYm-\-̄ nsâ e£y-s¯bpw amÀKs¯bpw

kw_-Ôn¨v kuZn-I-f-Ãm¯ Nne ]WvUn-X-cpsS A`n-{]mbw

{i²n-¡mw. lm^nZv hl_ Fgp-Xp-¶p. ""sU³amÀ¡p-Im-c-\mb

\o_À hmZn-̈-Xp- t]mse apl-½Zv _n³ A_vZpÂ hlm_v

{]hm-N-I-s\m-¶p-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.F¶mÂ At±lw kap-Zmb ]

cn-jvIÀ¯m-hmWv. kXy-a-X-̄ n-te¡p Xncn¨p t]mIm³ P\-

§-tfmSp Blzm\w sNbvXp. At±-l-̄ n\p am{Xw {]tXy-I

amb A[ym-]-\-§-sfm-¶p-an-Ã; {]tXyI A`n-{]m-b-§-fp-anÃ.

\PvZnÂ AhÀ ]peÀ¯n-t¸m-cp¶ IÀ½-]-c-amb Imcy-§Ä

Camw Alv-aZv _n\p l¼-en-tâ-Xm-Wv.F¶mÂ hnizmk Im

cy-§-fnÂ AhÀ ]n³]-äp-¶Xv ke-lp-Êzm-en-ln-s\-bm-Wv.'' asämcp Ncn-{X-]-WvUn-X-\mb tUmIvSÀ ap\oÀ APvem

\n Fgp-Xp-¶p. ""Cu {]Øm-\-̄ nsâ khn-ti-j-X-sb-s´¶v

]ecpw tNmZn-̈ n-«pv. D¯-c-§Ä hyXy-kvXw. NneÀ AXv

shdpw aX {]Øm-\-sa¶v, Ckvem-ansâ X\n-a-bn-te¡p aS-


§m-\pÅ Blzm-\-am-sW¶v AXn-\mÂ inÀ¡p -_nZvA¯p-

Isf \J-in-Jm´w FXnÀ¡p¶ {]Øm-\-am-sW¶v A`n-{]m-

b-s¸-«p.'' aäp NneÀ cmjv{Sob {]Øm-\-am-bn-cp-s¶¶pw Hcp kz

X{´ Ad_n `c-W-Iq-S-̄ nsâ kwØm-]-\-am-bn-cp¶p þ \Pv

Zn-s\bpw aäp Ad_p {]tZ-i-§-tfbpw Hmt«m-a³ `c-W-Iq-S-

¯nÂ \n¶p- thÀs]-Sp-̄ p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p e£y-sa¶pw ]d

bp¶p. thsd NneÀ aXhpw tZio-b-Xbpw tNÀ¶ Hcp Nn´m

[mc-sb¶pw CXv cn\p thnbpw {ian-̈ p-sh¶pw ke^n

N«-¡q-«nÂ `cWw Øm]n-¡-em-bn-cp¶p e£y-sa¶pw A`n-

{]m-b-s¸-«p. ""{]Øm-\-̄ nsâ ssNX\yw kphy-à-a-sÃ¶v {^©p

Hmdn-bâ enÌv slân-tem-kvIns\-t¸m-ep-Å-hÀ ]d-bp-t¼mÄ

s{]m«-Ìâv {]Øm-\-s¯-t¸mse Hcp ip²oIcW {]Øm\

sa¶v thsd Iq«À. ""CsXÃmw Xs¶ {]Øm\s¯ AXnsâ `mKn-Im-i-b-

§-fn-eqsS hne-bn-cp-̄ m-\pÅ {ia-§tfm, AX-sÃ-¦nÂ i

{Xp-¡-fpsS `mK¯p \n¶p hne-bn-cp-̄ m-\pÅ {ia-§tfm

BWv. ""kuZo `c-W-IqSw {]kn-²o-I-cn-̈ n-«pÅ ""\PvZn-b³

{]iv\-§-fp-sSbpw teJ-\-§-ep-sSbpw kam-lmcw'' F¶ Ir

Xn-bnÂ \n¶p hyà-am-Ip-¶Xv C_v\p ssXan¿()bpsS

""knbmk iÀ-C¿'', ""lnkv_'' XpS-§nb IrXn-Ifpw injy

\mb C_v\pÂ J¿nw()sâ ""knbmk lpIvan¿'' F¶o {K


Ù§-fp-am-bn-cp¶p {]Øm-\-̄ nsâ ZmÀi-\n-Im-Sn¯d F

¶mWv. ""AXp-sImp Xs¶ \ap¡p ]d-bm-\p-Å-Xv, (A-Pvem

\n) apl-½Zv _n³ A_vZpÂ hlm-_nsâ {]Øm-\-̄ nsâ

e£yw Ckvemw AXnsâ {]mZpÀ`m-h-̄ n-te¡p aS-§pI F

¶Xmbn-cp-¶p. F¦nÂ ]ns¶ {]Øm-\-s¯-̧-än-bpÅ hni

I-e-\-§Ä¡p Øm\-an-Ãm-Xm-Ip-¶p. ""AXp-sImpt±in-¡p-¶Xv {]hm-N-I-Xn-cp-ta-\n-()bp

sS Ime¯v aZo-\-bnÂ {]Xy-£-amb B Ckvemw. ]ns¶

\mep Jeo^amcpsS Ime-L-«-̄ n-epw.''

Ckvemlo {]Øm-\-¯nsâ e£y-§Ä

\PvZnÂ {]Øm-\-̄ nsâ Zo]-inJ sXfn-ª-Xp- ap-X

Â P\ Pohn-X-̄ nsâ \m\m-a-WvU-e-§-fnepw AXnsâ {]

Imiw {]k-cn-̈ p- sIm-t-bn-cp-¶p. aX-cw-K¯v {i²-bq-¶n-b-

Xp- t]mse `uXn-I-Po-hn-X-cw-K¯pw kaq-l-̄ nsâ aäp taJ-

e-I-fnepsaÃmw AXv hn¹hapm¡n. AXn-\mÂ Xs¶ {]

Øm\ e£y-§sf \ap¡v Xmsg ]dbpw hn[w kwt£]n

¡mw. 1. Xulo-Znsâ ]peÀ¨ Ckvemansâ auenIamb B

ZÀiw; \o¡p t]m¡n-Ãm¯ BZÀiw. {]hm-N-I-·mcpw Ah-

cpsS {]Xn-tbm-Kn-Ifpw thdn«p\n¶ BZÀiw. \n§Ä AÃm

lp-hn\v C_m-Z¯v sN¿p-I, ZpÀaqÀ¯n-Isf shSnbp-I. (\

lvÂ : 36) aXw AÃm-lp-hn\p am{Xw AÀ¸n-¡p-I. Ahsâ

\ma-§-sf, hnti-j-W-§sf BZ-cn-¡p-I. _lp-ssZ-h-Xz-̄ n


sâ amÀ¤-§Ä XS-bpI, XuloZv Øm]n-¡pI CXm-bn-cp¶p

H¶m-as¯ AP-. 2. A\m-Nm-c-§fpsS hàm-¡fpw X¶n-jvS¡m-cpw, A

SnØm\ {]am-W-§-fmb hnip-²-JpÀ-B\ns\bpw {]hm-N-I-

N-cy-sbbpw AKWy tImSn-bnÂ XÅn-bn-cp-¶p. apkvenwI-fp

sS Pohn-X-̄ nÂ Ahsb bYm-Øm-\-§-fn-te¡p Xncn¨p

sImp- h-cnIsb¶ `mcn¨ ZuXy-am-bn-cp¶p {]Øm-\-̄ n

\p-m-bn-cp¶ asämcp D¯-c-hm-Zn-Xzw. 3. kp¶-̄ nsâ hym]-\hpw _nZv-A-̄ nsâ DOm-S-\

hpw:þ P\-̄ n\v A\y-am-bn-¡-gn-ªn-cp¶ ]e {]hm-NI Po

hnX k{¼-Zm-b-§-sfbpw kaq-l-̄ nÂ ]p\:Øm]n-¡p-I. X

ÂØm-\¯v IpSn-tb-dn-bn-«pÅ ]p¯-\m-Nm-c-§sf \nÀaq-e

\w sN¿pI asämcp e£y-am-bn-cp¶p. 4. s]mXp-hmb aX-IÂ]-\-IÄ inc-Êm -h-ln¡pI:þ\

·-bn-te-¡pÅ £Whpw Xn·-bnÂ \n¶pw BfpIsf Xncn-

¨p- hn-Sepw kaq-l¯nsâ s]mXp-\-·¡v AXym-h-iy-am-Wv.

\n§Ä \· IÂ]n-¡p¶p, Xn· hntcm-[n-¡p-¶p.AÃm-lp-hn

Â hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. (B-ep-Cw-dm³;110) CXv aX-]-c-amb Hcp D

¯-c-hm-Zn-̄ -ambn Gsä-Sp¯v kaq-ls¯ KpW-tZm-jn-¡p-I. 5. ssZhnI\nbaw kzoI-cn-¡pI : apÉnwI-fnÂ Ipsd

Bfp-IÄ ssZhn-I-\n-b-a-§sf XrW-hÂK-Wn¨p Pohn¡p

¶p. hnh-c -tZm-jn-Ifpw X¶n-jvS-¡mcpw ]p¯³hm-Z-̄ nsâ

{]tW-Xm-¡-fp-sam-s¡. \m«p-\-S¸pw Pmlneo {]am-W-§fpw

kzoI-cn-¡p-¶p. tPmÕy-scbpw C{µ-Pm-e-¡m-scbpw hniz-kn-

¡p-¶p. ""Fsâ DZvt_m-[-\-̄ nÂ \n¶p Xncnªp If-bp-¶-

h\v CSp-§nb Pohn-X-ap-v.(Xzml : 124) F¶p AÃmlp Xm


¡oXp \ÂInb ØnXn-bn-te¡p kaqlw t]mIpt¼mÄ A

hsc Xncn-̈ p-sImp hcp-¶Xv {]Øm\w AXnsâ e£y-§-

fn-sem-¶mbn kzoIcn¨p. 6. hnÚm\ hym]-\hpw AÚm-X-tbmSpÅ t]mcm-«

hpw, A[-Øn-Xn-bnÂ \n¶p tamN\w, sFIy-̄ nsâ ]p\-

Øm]-\hpw `n¶n-̧ nsâ Zqco-I-c-Ww. \nÀ`-bXzw Dd-̧m-¡Â

F¶n-h-sbÃmw {]Øm-\-̄ nsâ AP--bnÂ s]«-Xm-bn-cp

¶p.

A²ymbw 2

ke^o amÀ¤w

Cuam³ Imcy-§-fntem Ckvemw Imcy-§-fntem Ah

bpsS \n_-Ô-\-I-fn-tem, ]qÀÆkvIcn-I-fmb AlvepÊp-¶-

bnse alma\o-jn-IÄ hniz-kn-̈-Xn\p hn]-co-X-amb hÃ hn

izm-k-§-fpw, apl-½Zv_v\p A_vZpÂ hlm-_nsâ {]t_m-[

\ kc-Wn-¡p-m-bn-cp-¶pthm?

CÃ F-¦nÂ At±-l-̄ nsâ {]t_m-[I kcWn ke-

^n-I-fpsS XpSÀ¨-bmbpw AlvepÊp¶-̄ nsâ ]Ùm-hp-am-

Ip-¶p.

AÃmlp ]d-bp¶p: ‘X\n¡p k·mÀ¤w hyà-ambn¡

gnª tijhpw Bsc-¦nepw ssZh Zq-X-\p-ambn FXnÀ¯p

\nÂ¡p-Ibpw kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-fpsSXÃm¯ amÀ¤w ]n´p-S-

cp-Ibpw sN¿p¶ ]£w AhÀ Xncnª hgn¡v \mw Ah

s\ Xncn¨p hnSp-¶-Xpw,\c-I-̄ n-en«v \mw Ahs\ Icn-¡p¶

-Xp-am-Ip-¶p. AsX{X tami-amb ]cy-h-km-\w.’(\nkm-Av: 114)


Cu ASn-Øm-\-̄ nÂ ke^n {]t_m-[I {]Øm-\

s¯ hne-bn-cp-̄ n-bmÂ ImWmw : JpÀB\pw {]hm-N-I-N-cy-

bpw BWv Ah-cpsS {]am-W-§Ä. kzlm-_-̄ v, Xm_n-D-I

Ä, Ah-cpsS Xm_n-D-IÄ, ]ns¶ \mep Cam-ap-amÀ, XpSÀ¶p

h¶ lZokvþIÀa imkv{X-]--WvUn-X-·mÀ ChÀ aXs¯ F

§s\ {Kln-¡p-Ibpw {]mhÀ¯n-I-am-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXpthm

AtX coXn-bnÂ Xs¶-bmWv Camw apl-½Zv_v\p A_vZpÂ

hlm_pw aXs¯ kao-]n-̈ n-«p-Åq.

AÃm-lp-hnsâ \ma-§Ä, hnti-j-W-§Ä,hn[nhnizm

k-§Ä, {]hm-N-I-Xn-cp-ta-\n()tbmSpw IpSpw-_-t¯m-Sp-apÅ

IS-a-IÄ,A´y-\mfnse ip]mÀi, kzlm-_n-IÄ, `c-Ww, Hu

en-bm-¡Ä,-þ-k-̈-cn-XÀ-þ-C-X-c- hn-izm-kn-IÄ Chtcm-SpÅ k

ao-]\w, [Àa-k-acw XpS-§nb apJy-hn-j-b-§-fn-seÃmw FÃm

-hcpw Hcp t]mse tbmPn-¡p-¶p-sh¶v kpXcmw hyà-am-Wv.

F¶mÂ apI-fnÂ ]cm-aÀin¨ Imcy-§-fnÂ ]e-Xnepw

{]Øm-\s¯¡pdn¨p hym]-I-amb sXän-²m-c-W-IÄ {]N-cn-

¸n-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. Ah kXy-amtWm F¶v ]cn-tim-[n-t¡-

Xp kXym-t\z-jn-bmb GsXm-cm-fp-sSbpw Npa-X-e-bm-bn-

¯o-cp-¶p.

ChnsS Nne kp{]-[m\ hnj-b-§-fnÂ Camw apl-½Zv

C_v\p A_vZnÂ hlm-_nsâ hm¡pIÄ Xs¶ D²-cn-¡mw.

Xs¶-¡p-dn¨pw Xsâ hnizm-k-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw P\-§Ä

¡pmbn-«pÅ sXän-²m-c-W-IÄ Xncp-̄ n-s¡mp Camw J

ko-ap-ImÀ¡p FgpXn. (a) Cuam³ Im-cy-§Ä:


]c-a-Im-cp-Wn-I\pw Icp-Wm-a-b-\p-amb AÃm-lp-hnsâ

\ma-̄ nÂ. Rm³ AÃm-lp-hn-s\bpw Ft¶m-sSm-̧-apÅ ae

¡p-I-sfbpw km£n- \nÀ¯ns¡mp ]d-bs«; AXp-t]mse

\n§-sfbpw km£n-I-fm¡n ]d-b-s«, hnP-b-̄ nsâ I£n

bmb AlvepÊp¶ hniz-kn-̈-sXt´m AXmWv Rm\pw hn

izkn-¡p-¶Xv. AXm-bXv AÃm-lp-hnepw Ahsâ ae-¡p-I-fn

epw Ahsâ thZ-§-fnepw Ahsâ ZqX-cnepw ]p\cp°m\

Zn\¯nepw hn[n-bnepw þAXv \·-bm-Is« Xn·-bm-Is«þRm

³ hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. (b) AÃm-lp-hnsâ hnti-j-W-§Ä:

AÃm-lp-hn-epÅ hnizm-k--̄ nÂ s]«-XmWv Ah³ A

hsâ {KÙ-̄ nÂ, {]hm-NI Xncp-ta-\n-()bpsS \mhn-eqsS

Ahs\ \ap¡p hnti-jn-̧ n¨p X¶-Xp- t]mse hniz-kn-¡p

I. AXnÂ GXn-s\-sb-¦nepw XÅn-¡-f-bmt\m ZpÀhymJym

\n-¡mt\m ]än-Ã. Ah\p Xpey-am-b-Xp- t]mepÅ bmsXm-¶p-

an-sÃ¶pw Ah³ \¶mbn tIÄ¡p-¶-h\pw \¶mbn ImWp-

¶-h\pamsW¶pw Rm³ hniz-kn-¡p-¶p.Ah³ Ahs\ hn

tijn-̧ n-̈-sXm¶pw Rm³ \ntj-[n-¡p-¶n-Ã. Hcp hm¡n-s\

bpw AXnsâ Øm\¯p \n¶p sXän-¡p-¶p-an-Ã.Ahsâ \m

a-§-fnsem Bb-̄ p-I-fnsem ZpÀhym-Jym\w \S-̄ p-¶p-an-Ã.

Ah³ 'C¶' cq]-̄ n-em-sW¶v Rm³ ]d-bp-¶nÃ.Xsâ kr

jvSn-I-fpsS hnti-j-W-§-tfmSv Ahsâ hnti-j-Ws¯ Rm

³ DZm-l-cW-am-¡n-̧-d-bp-¶p-an-Ã. F´p-sIm-s-¶mÂ Ah-

t\mSv t]cnÂ Xpey-X-bp-Å-h-t\m, Ah-s\-t¸m-ep-Å-ht\m,

Ah\v kam-\-am-bp-Å-hs\m CÃ. Xsâ krjvSn-I-tfmSv Xpe

\w sN¿m³ ]mSn-Ã.


AÃmlp Xs¶-¡p-dn¨pw aäp-Å-Xn--s\-¡p-dn¨pw Gähpw

\¶mbn Adn-bp-¶-h-\m-Wv. Ahsâ hN\w Gähpw kXyw;

AXn-hn-injvSw.F¶mÂ IÂ]-\-IÄ [n¡-cn¨psImv Ah

\p DZm-l-c-W-§fpw aqÀ¯-Xbpw IÂ]n¨p NneÀ; aäp Nne

À Ahsâ KpW-K-W-§sf \ntj-[n¡p-Ibpw ZpÀhym-Jym-\n-

¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ch-cpsS sNbvXn-I-fnÂ \ns¶Ãmw AÃm

lp Ahs\ kzbw ]cn-ip-²-s¸-Sp-̄ n. Ah³ ]d-bp¶p.

""{]Xm-]-̄ nsâ \mY-\mb \nsâ c£n-Xmhv AhÀ N

a¨p ]d-bp-¶-XnÂ \ns¶Ãmw F{X ]cn-ip-²³! ZqX-·mÀ¡p

kam-[m\w! temI-c-£n-Xm-hmb AÃm-lp-hn\v kvXpXn)''(kzm-

v̂^m¯v 180, -182) (c) JpÀ-B-\ns\-¡p-dn¨v ke-̂ nsâ ho£Ww:

Rm³ hniz-kn-¡p¶p; JpÀ-B³ AÃm-lp-hnsâ hN-

\-am-Ip-¶p. Cd-¡-s¸« hN-\w. AXv krjvSn-b-Ã. AXv Ah-

\nÂ \n¶p Bcw-̀n-̈ p. Ah-\n-te¡p aS§pw. hmkvX-h-am

bpw Ah³ AXv kwkm-cn-̈ p. Xsâ Zmk\pw ZqX\pw taÂ

Ah-X-cn-̧ n-̈ p. Xsâ ktµ-i-̄ nÂ hniz-kvXX ]peÀ¯n-b,

Xsâ-bpw, Xsâ Zmk-·m-cpsSbpw CS-bn-epÅ ZqX-\mb, \

½psS {]hm-N-I-\mb apl-½Zv()-bpsS taÂ Ah-X-cn-̧ n-̈ p. (d) hn[n-hn-izmkw :

""Rm³ hniz-kn-¡p¶p : AÃmlp Dt±-in-¡p-¶Xp {]

hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-h-\m-sW-¶v. Ahsâ Dt±iyw IqSmsX H¶pw

Dm-hp-¶n-Ã. H¶pw Ahsâ Dt±-iys¯ adnIS¡p-I-bn-Ã.

Ahsâ \nÀ®-b-̄ nÂ \n¶v]pd¯p t]mIp¶ H¶pwXs¶

Cu temI-̄ n-Ã. Ahsâ \nb-{´Ww IqSmsX H¶pw kw`-


hn-¡p-¶n-Ã. kp\n-Ýn-X-amb hn[n-bnÂ \n¶v BÀ¡pw ISp-

InS amdm³ km[y-a-Ã. hn[n-bpsS ^e-I-̄ nÂ tcJ-s¸-«-Xn-

\¸pdw BÀ¡pw H¶pw sN¿m³ Ign-bn-Ã.'' (e) ac-Wm-\-́ c PohnXw :

ac-Wm-\-́ cw kw`-hn-¡psa¶p {]hm-N-I³() Adn-

bn¨ FÃm Imcy-§-fnepw Rm³ hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. J_vdnse

in£-bnepw kpJ-̄ nepw, Bßm-hns\ ico-c-̄ n-te¡v aS

¡-s¸-Sp-sa¶pw, P\-§Ä temIc£n-Xm-hnsâ ap¼nÂ, hnh-

kv{X-cmbn \á]m-Z-cmbn, tNem-IÀaw sN¿-s¸-Sm-̄ -h-cmbn

lmP-cm-Ip-sa¶pw Rm³ hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. kqcy³ Ah-tcmSv

ASp¯v \nÂ¡pw Xpem-kp-IÄ Øm]n-¡pw. krjvSn-I-fpsS

{]hÀ¯-\-§Ä Xq¡n t\m¡pw.tcJ-IÄ \nhÀ¯-s¸Spw, a

\p-jyÀ Xsâ CSXp I¿ntem heXp I¿ntem AtXäp hm

§pw. ""At¸mÄ BcpsS Xq¡-§Ä L\-ap-Å-Xm-tbm, Ah

À Xs¶-bmWv hnP-bn-IÄ. BcpsS Xq¡-§Ä eLp-hm-bn-

t¸mtbm Ah-cmWv Bß-\jvSw ]än-b-hÀ.\c-I-̄ nÂ \nXy

-hm-kn-IÄ. (ap-Avan\q³ : 102,103) (f) luZn-epÅ hnizmkw :

""A´y-Zn-\-̄ nÂ alvi-dnÂ \½psS {]hm-N-I()sâ

luZn-s\-¡p-dn¨v Rm³ hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. ]men-t\-¡mÄ sh

×bpÅXmWv AXnse ]m\o-bw. tX\n-t\-¡mÄ am[p-cy-ap

Å-Xpw. \£{Xw IWs¡ ]m\]m{X§fp-XnÂ. HcmÄ H

cp {]mhiyw AXnÂ \n¶pw ]m\w sNbvXmÂ ]ns¶ Abm

Ä¡p Zml-ap-m-In-Ã. "kzndm¯nepw Rm³ hniz-kn-¡p-¶p.

P\-§Ä Ah-cpsS IÀ½-̄ nsâ tXmX-\p-k-cn¨v AXn-eqsS

k©-cn-¡p-sa-¶pw.''


(g) \½psS \_n-bpsS ip]mÀi :

""{]hm-NI Xncp-ta\n()--bpsS ip]mÀibnepw Rm³

hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. At±-l-am-Wv BZyw ip]mÀi sN¿p-I-sb

¶pw At±-l-̄ nsâ ip]mÀ-ibm-Wv BZyw kzoI-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-

I-sb¶pw. _nZCu I£n-Ifpw amÀ¤{`wi-̄ nÂ AI-s¸-«-h-

cp-a-ÃmsX CXv \ntj-[n-¡p-I-bn-Ã. ]s£ AXn\p AÃmlp

hyà-am-¡n-bXp {]Imcw A\p-hm-Z-hpw Xr]vXnbpw thWw.

Ah³ Xr]vXns¸-«-hÀ¡-ÃmsX AhÀ ip-]mÀi sN¿p-I-bn

Ã.(A¼n-bm-Av : 28) ""Xsâ A\p-aXn IqSmsX Xsâ ASp-¡

Â ip]mÀi ]d-bp-¶-h³ Bcpv? '' (_-Jd : 225)

""BIm-i-§-fnÂ F{X ae-¡p-I-fm-Wp-ÅXv! Ah-cpsS

ip]mÀi bmsXmcp {]tbm-P-\hpw sN¿p-I-bnÃ.AÃmlp A

h-\pt±-in-¡p-Ibpw,Xr]vXn-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p¶hÀ¡p(ip-]m

Ài-bv¡p) A\p-aXn \ÂIn-b-Xnsâ tij-a-ÃmsX''(\Pvav :26) (h) kzÀ¤ \c-I§fn-epÅ hnizmkw:

""kzÀ¤hpw \c-Ihpw krjvSn-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p-sh¶p

Rm³ hniz-kn-¡p¶p; AXn¶pw \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶p. Ah \in-

¡p-¶-X-Ã. Jnbm-a¯p \mfnÂ hnizm-kn-IÄ X§-fpsS Zrjv

SnIÄ sImp-Xs¶ X§-fpsS c£n-Xm-hns\ ImWp-¶-Xm

Wv. ]uÀWan Zn\-̄ nÂ N{µ-s\ GXp {]Imcw AhÀ Im

Wp¶pthm AXp-t]m-se. Ahs\ ImWp-¶-XnÂ \n¶pw H

¶pw AhÀ¡p XS-Ê-ap-m-In-Ã.'' (i) A´na-{]-hm-N-I-\nse hnizmkw:

\½psS {]hm-N-I-\mb apl-½Zv() {]hm-N-I-cnepw Zq

X·m-cn-ep-apÅ Ah-km-\s¯ hyàn-bm-sW¶v Rm³ hniz-


kn-¡p-¶p. At±-l-̄ nsâ ZuXy-̄ nÂ hniz-kn-¡msX, A

hn-Sps¯ {]hm-N-IXzw AwKo-I-cn-¡msX Hcm-fpsS Cuam³

icn-bm-hp-I-bn-Ã. (j) klm-_-̄ n-s\-¡p-dn-̈ pÅ hnizmkw:

""Cu kap-Zm-b-̄ nse Gähpw DZvIr-jvS³ A_q-_-

¡dpw() ]ns¶ Da-dpÂ ^mdq-Jpw() ]ns¶ DYvam\pw()-,

XpSÀ¶p Aen()bpw BIp-¶p. kt´m-j-hmÀ¯ Adn-bn

¡-s¸« ]¯p-t]-cmWv Ah-tcm-S-Sp¯v hcp-¶-Xv. ]ns¶ _Zv

dnÂ ]s¦-Sp-̄ -hÀ, ]ns¶ ac-̈ p-h-«nÂ sh¨v {]hm-N-I-t\mSv

DS-¼Sn sNbvX-hÀ. ]ns¶ aäp klm-_n-IÄ. {]hm-N-I()

sâ injy-·msc Rm³ kvt\ln-¡p-¶p. Ah-cpsS \·-IÄ

]d-bp¶p AhÀ¡p thn AÃm-lp-hnsâ Xr]vXn-bp-m-I

s«' F¶p {]mÀ°n-¡p¶p. AhÀ¡p thn ]m]-tam-N\w

tXSp-¶p, Ahcnse Xn·-IÄ -]cm-aÀin¡m-Xn-cn-¡p¶p. Ah

À¡n-S-bn-ep-mb {]iv\-§-fnÂ Rm³ au\w Ah-ew-_n-¡p-

¶p. Ah-cpsS al-Xz-̄ nÂ hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. AÃm-lp-hnsâ

hN-\-̄ nsâ km[q-I-c-W-am-bn. ""Ah-cpsS tijw h¶-hÀ

¡pw, AhÀ ]dbpw : "R§-fpsS \mYm, R§Ä¡pw kXy-

hn-izm-k-t¯msS R§Ä¡pap¼p Ign-ªp- t]m-bn-«pÅ R

§-fpsS ktlm-Z-c-§Ä¡pw \o s]mdp¯v Xtc-W-ta. kXy-

hn-izmkw kzoI-cn-̈-h-tcmSv R§-fpsS a\-Êp-I-fnÂ \o Hcp

hntZz-jhpw Dm-¡-cp-tX. R§-fpsS c£n-Xm-th, \o Gsd

Zb-bp-Å-h\pw Icp-Wm-\n-[n-bp-am-Ip-¶p.(livdv : 10) hnip-²

cpw kXy-hnizmknI-fpsS amXm-¡-fp-amb {]hm-NI ]Xv\n-am

À¡p thnbpw Rm³ "XÀZn-b¯v' sNmÃp-¶p.''


(k) Idm-a¯pw Huen-bm-¡fpw :

Huen-bm-¡-·mÀ¡p Idm-a-̄ p-I-fp-s¶pw AhÀ¡p

Nne shfn-]m-Sp-I-fp-m-Ip-sa¶pw Rm³ AwKo-I-cn-¡p-¶p.

F¶mÂ AhÀ AÃm-lp-hnsâ A[n-Im-c-̄ nÂ \ns¶m¶pw

Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sp-̄ p-I-bnÃ. AÃm-lp-hn\p am{Xw km[n-¡p¶

Imcy-§Ä Ah-tcmSv tNmZn-¡m-hp-¶-Xp-a-Ã. (l) apkvenwIsf Im^n-dm-¡p-¶Xp kw_-Ôn¨v:

apkvenwI-fnÂ C¶-bmÄ kzÀ¤-¡m-c-s\t¶m C¶-bm

Ä \c-I-¡m-c-s\t¶m Rm³ km£y-s¸-Sp-̄ p-Ibn-Ã; A-Ãm-

lp-hnsâ {]hm-N-I³() km£y-s¸-Sp-̄ n-b-hÀ¡-Ãm-sX. ]

s£ kÂIÀa-Im-cnbm-bmÂ kzÀ¤w e`n-¡p-sa¶ {]Xo-£

bpw, ZpjvIÀ½n¡p in£ In«p-sa¶pw Rm³ `b-s¸-Sp-¶p.

Hcp ]m]w ImcWw Hcp apkvenan-s\bpw Rm³ Im^n-dm-¡p-

I-bn-Ã.Ah³ CkvemanIhr¯-̄ n\p ]pd-̄ m-sW¶pw Rm

³ Icp-Xp-¶n-Ã.'' (m) PnlmZpw \a-kvIm-chpw:

`c-Wm-[n-Imcn \Ãh\m-bmepw ZpjvS-\m-bmepw Abm-

tfm-sSm-¶n¨v Pnlm-ZnÂ ]¦p-tN-c-W-sa¶pw A¯-c-¡m-tcm-

sSm-̧-apÅ Pam-A¯p \a-kvImcw A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-sW¶pw

Rm³ Icp-Xp-¶p. Cu kap-Zm-b-̄ nse Ah-km-\-s¯-bmÄ

ZÖm-en-t\mSv bp²w sN¿p¶ Imew htc¡pw, [Àa-k-acw

\ne- \nÂ¡p-sa¶pw Hcp B{I-an¡pw AX-sÃ-¦nÂ Hcp \o

Xn-am\pw AXns\ CÃm-sX-bm-¡m³ ]än-sÃ¶pw Rm³ Icp-

Xp-¶p. (n) Cuam-\n-s\-¡p-dn¨v:


hnizmkw bmYmÀ°y-am-Ip-¶-Xv, a\-ÊnÂ Dd¨p hniz-

kn¨v, \mhp-sImv AXv D¨-cn¨p IÀaw sImp sXfn-bn

¡p-t¼m-gm-Wv.]pWy-§Ä ImcWw hnizmkw hÀ²n-¡pw.]m

]-§Ä aptJ\ AXn\p tem]hpw kw`-hn-¡pw.hnizm-k-̄ n

\v Fgp-]-Xn-e-[nIw imJ-I-fp-v. AXnÂ Gähpw DbÀ¶p

\nÂ¡p-¶Xv(...) AÃm-lp-h-ÃmsX aämcpw Bcm-[-\-¡Àl-\n-

sÃ-¶Xpw Gähpw Xmsg ]Sn-bn-ep-ÅXv hgn-bnse D]-{Z-h-I-c-

amb hkvXp-¡Ä \o¡w sN¿p-¶-Xp-a-s{X. kÂImcyw sN

¿m³ IÂ]n-¡p-¶Xpw No¯ Imcyw sN¿-cp-sX¶v ]d-bp-¶

Xpw A\n-hm-cy-ambn Rm³ Icp-Xp-¶p.AXmWv hnip² apl-

½Zo ico-A¯v Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.

kw£n-]vX-ambn¸d-ªmÂ CXmWv hnizm-k -Im-cy-§

Ä. Nn-́ m _Ôp-c-ambn Rm³ AXv s]dp¡n FSp-̄ -Xm-Wv.

F´mWv Rm³ ]d-bp-¶-sX¶v \n§Ä a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-Xn\v.

\mw ]d-bp¶ Imcy-§-fnÂ \mw AÃm-lp-hnsâ taÂ `c-ta

Â¸n-¡p-¶p.'' Btcm-]-W-§-fpsS \nP-ØnXn ssiJv AhÀIÄ Xs¶ \

ap¡p hni-Z-am-¡n-̄ -cp¶p :

""kpsse-am³_v\p kpssl-ansâ teJ\w \n§Ä¡p

e`n-̈ n-«p-s¶v Rm³ Adn-bm\nS-bm-bn. \n§-fpsS Iq«-̄ n

Â Adn-hpÅ NneÀt]mepw AXv kzoI-cn-¡m\pw icn-sb¶p

hniz-kn-¡m\pw Xp\n-bp-¶p. Hcn-¡epw Nn´bnÂ DZn-̈ n-«n

Ãm-̄ , Rm³ ]d-ªn-«n-Ãm¯ Ipsd \pW-IÄ AbmÄ F

sâ taÂ Btcm-]n-̈ n-cn-¡-bm-Wv. AsX-{X-sb¶v AÃm-lp-hn-

¶-dn-bmw.

AXnÂs]-«-XmWv (A-bmÄ ]d-bp-¶-Xv) "Rm³ \mep


aZvl-_p-I-sfbpw CÃmbva sN¿p¶p', "Adp-\qdv sImÃ-ambn

P\-̄ n\v H¶pw Adn-bn-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p'. "Rm³ CPvXn-lm-Znsâ

AhIm-in-bm-sW¶v hmZn-¡p-¶p.' "F\n¡v XJv-eoZv Bhiy

an-Ã. kZvhr¯sc sImv Xh-ÊpÂ \S¯p-¶-hsc Rm³

Im^n-dm-¡p-¶p, "Rm³ _qkzn-cnsb Im^n-dm-¡p-¶p, \_n

()bpsS Jpº s]mfn-¡m³ F\n¡p Ign-bp-sa-¦nÂ Rm³

AXv s]mfn¡pw IA-_-bpsS kzÀ® aokm_v FSp¯p am

äm³ F\n¡p Ign-ªmÂ AsX-Sp¯p AXn\p ]Icw acw

sImpÅ ]m¯n shbv¡pw. "{]hm-N-I-Xn-cp-ta\n()bpsS

J_vdv kµÀi\w \ntcm-[n-¡p-¶p. aäp J_À kµÀi-\hpw

hne-¡p-¶p, AÃmlp AÃm-̄ -h-sc-s¡mp kXyw sN¿p

¶hs\ Im^n-dm-¡p-¶p, C_v\pÂ ^mcn-Zn-s\bpw C_v\p

Ad-_n-sbbpw Im^n-dm-¡p-¶p.............''

""Cu hnj-b-§sf Ipdn¨v F\n¡p ]d-bm-\p-ÅXv C

XmWv : AÃm-lpth \o ]cn-ip-²³. AXn-̀-b-¦c Btcm-]-W-

§Ä ! ap¼pÅhÀ alm-\mb {]hm-NI Xncp-ta-\n()sb A

t±lw Cukm()sb No¯ ]d-bp¶psh¶v, k¨-cn-Xsc No

¯ ]d-bp-¶psh¶p A[n-t£-]n-¡p-Ibp-m-bn. IÅw ]d-

bp-¶-XnÂ Ah-cpw C¶s¯ Bfp-Ifpw Hcp t]mse-bm-Wv.

AÃmlp ]d-bp¶p : ""hnizm-k-an-Ãm-̄ -hÀ \pW sI«n-̈-a¨p

]dbpw''(\lvÂ: 50) A-hÀ ]d-bp-I-bp-m-b-tÃm, \_n Xncp

ta\n(), ae-¡p-Ifpw Cukm- \-_n()bpw Dsskdpw \c-I

¯n-em-sW¶p hmZn-¡p¶p ! At¸m-g-tÃ AÃmlp C§s\

hN\w Cd-¡n-bXv. ""XoÀ¨-bmbpw \½psS ]¡Â \n¶v ap

t¼ \· e`n-̈-h-cmtcm AhÀ AXnÂ(\-c-I-̄ nÂ) \n¶v A

Iän \nÀ¯-s¸-Sp-¶-h-cm-Ip-¶p.'' (A-¼n-bm-Av: 101)


XpSÀ¶p Xsâ bYmÀ° hmZ-§sf hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶

Xpw ImWpI :

""F¶mÂ aäp Nnehnj-b-§Ä Dv. Rm³ ]d-bp-¶

XmWv: ""em Ceml CÃ-Ãmlv'' –F¶-Xnsâ XmÂ]cyw {Kln-

¡p-¶-Xp- hsc Hcm-fpsS Ckvemw ]qÀW-am-hp-I-bn-Ã. Fs¶

kao-]n¡p-¶-bmÄ¡p AXnsâ XmÂ]cyw Rm³ hni-Zo-I-cn

¨p sImSp-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw. t\À¨-bm-¡p¶ Hcp hyàn, A

Ãmlp AÃm-̄ -h-cpsS ]pWyw B{K--ln¨p t\À¨-bm-¡n-bm

Â AbmÄ Im^n-dm-Ip-sa¶pw Rm³ ]d-bpw.AÃmlp AÃm-

¯-hÀ¡p thn _en \S-̄ p-¶Xv kXy-\n-tj-[-amWv. B

_en-arKw ldm-ap-am-Wv.

Cu hnj-b-§Ä hmkvX-hhpw Rm\Xv hyà-am-¡p-I

bpw sNbvXn-«p-v. AXp ]d-bm³ AÃm-lp-hnsâ hN-\-§

fpw Ahsâ {]hm-N-I()sâ hN-\-§fpw sXfn-hp-I-fmbn

F\n-¡pv. Ahsc ]n³]-änb ]WvUn-X-·m-cpsS hN\-§

fpwþ\mev Cam-ap-Isf t]mep-Å-h-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-§Ä. kµ

À`hpw kuI-cyhpw e`n-̈mÂ Rm³ AXv hni-Z-am-¡mw.

\n§Ä AÃm-lp-hnsâ Hcp hN\w {i²n-¡p-I.""kXy-

hn-izm-kn-I-tf, Hcp A[Àa-Imcn hÃ hmÀ¯bpwsImp \n

§-fpsS ASp-¡Â h¶mÂ \n§-f-Xn-s\-̧än hyà-ambn A

t\z-jn-̈-dn-b-Ww.Adn-bmsX GsX-¦nepw Hcp P\-X¡p \n§

Ä B]¯p hcp-̄ p-Ibpw F¶n«v B sNbvX-Xnsâ t]cnÂ

\n§Ä tJZ-¡m-cm-bn-̄ o-cp-Ibpw sN¿m-Xn-cn-¡m³ thn.''

(lpPp-dm¯v : 6)

* D²-c-Wn-IÄ A±p-äp-Ê-\n¿ 1: 37Â -\n¶v


]p¯³ hmZntbm?

F´mWv CXnÂ \ns¶Ãmw \ap¡v hyà-am-Ip-¶Xv?

apl-½Zv _n³ A_vZpÂ hlm-_nsâ {]t_m-[-\-amÀ

¤w ke^n amÀ¤w Xs¶-bm-bn-cp¶p. BZy-Ime lZokv ]

WvUn-X-·mÀ, IÀa-imkv{X hnim-c-Z-·mÀ, ]WvUn-X-cpsS G

tIm-]n-̈ pÅ A`n-{]m-b-§Ä (C-Pvam-Av) Ch A\p-k-cn-̈mWv

At±lw Xsâ {]t_m-[\]mX sI«n-̧-Sp-̄ -Xv. AÃmsX X

¶n-jvS-¡m-cpsS {]amW \n_-²-a-Ãm¯ hmZ-§tfm \m«p-\-S-

¸p-Itfm t\m¡nbm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. CsX-§s\ ke-̂ o-amÀ¤-̄ n

\pw hn]-co-X-am-Ipw.

Camw C_v\p A_vZnÂ hlm_v Xs¶ hniZo-I-cWw

Xcp¶p : ""Ft¶mSv hntbm-Pn¡p-¶-hs\ H¶p-InÂ AÃm-lp-

hnsâ {KÙ¯n-te¡p £Wn-¡p-¶p,AX-sÃ-¦nÂ {]hm-NI

Xncp-ta-\n()bpsS Ncy-bn-te¡p £Wn-¡p-¶p. AXp-a-sÃ-¦n

Â ]WvUn-X-·m-cpsS GI-I-WvT-amb A`n-{]m-b-§-fn-te¡v

£Wn¡p¶p. AXn\v AbmÄ hnk-½-Xn-¡p-¶p-sh-¦nÂ Rm

³ Abmsf "ap_m-le'¡p £Wn-¡pw.C_v\p Aºmkv()

Nne(A-\-́ -cm-h-Imin) ^dm-C-Znsâ hnj-b§-fnÂ A§s\

bmWsÃm sNbvX-Xv. ssI DbÀ¯p¶ hnj-b-̄ nÂ kp^v

bm()\pw Hukm-Cu() sNbvXXp -{]-Im-cw, Ah-c-Ãm¯ a

äp hnh-c-apÅ ]WvUn-Xcpw sNbvX-Xp-t]m-se.''

sXfn-hp-IÄ ]n³]-äp-¶-XnÂ Camansâ coXn-sb-́ m-bn

cp-¶p-sh¶v Xsâ ]p{X-·m-cmb lpssk³, A_vZpÃ F¶n-

h-tcmSv P\w Bcm-bp-I-bp-m-bn. AhÀ C§s\ adp-]Sn \

ÂIp¶p :


""ssiJnsâ BJoZ F´mtWm AXv Xs¶-bmWv R

§fp-sSbpw hnizm-k-Im-cy-§Ä.AXv R§fpw aX-ambn kzo

Icn-¡p-¶p. Cu kap-Zm-b-̄ nse ap³Km-an-I-fp-sSbpw Cam-ap-

am-cp-sSbpw A`n-{]m-b-§Ä Xs¶ þkzlm-_-̄ nÂ s]«, Xm

_n-D-I-fnÂ s]«-h-cp-sS A`n-{]m-b-§Ä.

Hcp Imcy-̄ n-\pÅ {]amWw AÃm-lp-hnsâ {KÙ

¯n-eptm F¶v Bcm-bp-I. Ds¦nÂ AXv kzoI-cn-¡p-I.

{]hm-N-I-N-cysb kzoI-cn-¡p-I. ]WvUn-X-·m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-

§Ä AXp-ambn H¯p t\m¡p-I. Ah-bnÂ AÃmlphnsâ

{KÙhp-ambpw {]hm-N-I-N-cy-bp-ambpw tbmPn-¡p-¶Xp \mw

kzoI-cn-¡pw. AXv sImv ^Xzvh \ÂIpw. AXn-t\mSv tbm

Pn¡m-̄ Xv AXnsâ hàm-hn-te¡p Xs¶ aS-¡p-Ibpw sN

¿pwþ'' Ah-ew-_-Ir-Xn-IÄ GXv?

JpÀ-B-\n\v hymJym\w \ÂIp-t¼mgpw lZo-Yn\v hni-

Zo-I-cWw \Â-Ip-t¼mgpw Camw C_v\p A_vZnÂ hlm_pw

injy·mcpw GXv IrXn-IfmWv Ah-ew-_n-̈ ncp¶sX¶v Cam

ansâ ]p{X³ A_vZp-Ã _v³ apl-½Zv hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv

ImWp-I.

""AÃm-lp-hnsâ {KÙw a\-Ên-em-¡m³ P\-§Ä D]-

tbm-Kn¨p sImn-cn-¡p¶ {]mam-WnI X^vko-dp-IÄ R§

Ä Ah-ew-_n-¡p-¶p.AXnÂ Gähpw {][m-\-am-bXv Camw C

_v\p Pco-cn-sâ-Xm-Wv, AXnsâ kw£n-]vX-am-b, im^nCu

Bb C_v\p IYo-dn-sâbpw AXp-t]mse _K-ho, ss_Zm-

hn, Jmkn³, Pem-sse\n XpS-§n-b-h-bpw. lZokv hymJym-\-

¯n\pw AXv {Kln-¡m\pw hn{ipX ]WvUn-XÀ AXn\v Fgp-


Xnb hymJym-\-§-fpw Ah-ew-_n-¡p-¶p. AkvJ-em-\n, Jkv

Xz-Ãm\n, XpS-§n-b-hÀ _pJmcn¡v \ÂInb hni-Zo-I-c-W-§

Ä, apkvenan\v Camw \h-ho-bpsS hymJym-\w, PmanDÊKodn

\v a\m-hn-bp-sSXv C§-s\.''

C{Xbpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-̈-XnÂ \n¶v AlvepÊp-¶-̄ n-sâ

bpw ke^n amÀ¤-̄ n-sâbpw bYmÀ° Ah-Im-inIÄ B

sc¶pw AÃm-̄ -hÀ Bsc¶pw Ffp-̧-̄ nÂ {Kln-¡m\m

Ipw. ]s£ ]ecpw sN¿p-¶Xv Rm³ Cu Cam-ansâ A\p-

bm-bn-bm-sW¶p hmZn-¡p-Ibpw At±-l-̄ nsâ {KÙw hm

bn-¡pItbm AXn-epff aX-]-c-amb XXz-§Ä DÄs¡m-Åp-

Itbm sN¿m¯ AhØbmWv \ap¡v ImWm³ Ign-bp-¶

Xv; Fs´mcp hntcm[m`mkw!

A²ymbw 5

ke n̂ {]Øm\w

]WvUn-X-·m-cpsS ho£-W-̄ nÂ

Hcp `mK¯v {]Øm-\-̄ n\pw AXnsâ hàm¡Ä

¡ps-a-Xn-cnÂ sImSnb i{XpX hfÀ¯p¶-hÀ.adp-̀m-K¯v \n

jv]-£-ambn {]Øm-\s¯ t\m¡n- \n-co-£n-̈-hÀ.\njv]-£-

cnÂ Xs¶ {]Øm-\-̄ nsâ BZÀiw kzoI-cn-̈-hcpw kzoI-

cn-¡msX amdn \n¶-hcp-ap-v.A¡q-«-̄ nÂ Ad-_n-Ifpw A

\d-_n-I-fp-apv. apkvenwIfpw AÃm-̄ -h-cp-ap-v.

Cu A[ym-b-̄ nÂ {]kn-²-cmb Nne-cpsS \nco-£-W-

§Ä tcJ-s¸-Sp--̄ -s«. 1. apl-½Zv dioZv dnZm

""knbm-\-̄ pÂ C³km³'' F¶ IrXn-s¡-gp-Xnb A


hXm-cn-I-bnÂ At±lw Fgp-Xp¶p :

""hlm-_n-Isf kw_-Ôn-̈ pÅ hmÀ¯-IÄ \t¶ sN

dp-̧¯nÂ Xs¶ R§Ä tI«n-cp¶p. ]s£ Zlvemsâbpw

kl-bm-{Xn-I-cp-sSbpw IrXn-I-fnÂ \n¶m-sW¶v am{Xw, R

§-fpsS ]nXm-¡-·mÀ, ssiJ-·mÀ FÃmw AXv kXysa¶p

Icp-Xn. kzm`m-hnIw R§fpw AXv kXy-am-sW¶v Icp-Xn. D

Yvam\o `c-W-IqSw Ckvemansâ ImhÂ¡m-cm-sW¶pw R

§Ä \n\-̈ n-cp-¶p. AXp-sIm-mWv hlm-_n-I-tfmSv AhÀ

bp²w sNbvX-Xpw. Ah-cpsS apÅv HSn-̈-Xp-sa-¶pambncp¶p

R§fpsS [mcW. CuPn-]vXnÂ F¯n-b-t¸mÄ am{X-amWv

Cu hn`m-K-̄ nsâ bmYmÀYy-sa-s´¶v Rm³ a\-Ên-em-¡p-

¶-Xv.P_ÀXn-bpsS Ncn-{X-{K-Ùhpw AÂ-þ-C-kvXnJvkm F¶

Ncn-{Xhpw Rm³ hmbn-¡m-\n-S-bmbn. At¸mÄ F\n¡p a\

Ên-embn: Ch-cm-bn-cp¶p bYmÀ° Ckvemansâ hàm-¡-

sf-¶v. AÃmsX Ch-tcmSv ]S-bv¡n-d-§nb XpÀ¡n-I-fm-bn-cp

¶n-sÃ-¶v. ]n¶oSv B \m«p-Im-sc-gp-Xn-bXpw Ah-sc-¡p-dn¨v

bqtdm-]y-·mÀ Fgp-Xn-b-Xp-sams¡ hmbn-¡m-³ Ignªp. A

XnÂ \ns¶Ãmw F\n¡p e`n-̈ bmYmÀYyw ChÀ Ckveman

sâ ]p\-cp-Öo-h-\-̄ n\v bXv\n-¡p-¶-h-cmsW¶m-Wv. Ckv

emw AXnsâ BhnÀ`m--h-̄ nÂ F§-s\-bm-bn-cpt¶m B

ØnXn-bn-te¡v AXns\ ]cn-hÀ¯n-̧ n-¡p-I. AXn\v alXzw

XncnsI In«pw. AXnsâ HmPÊpw kwkvIr-Xnbpw Xncn¨p h

cpw. Ad-_n-IÄ Jnem-̂ -̄ ns\ Xncn¨p ]nSnt¨¡ptam F¶

`b-amWv DYvam-\n-Isf {]tNm-Zn-̧ n-̈-Xv. CkvemanI Jnem-̂

¯v AXnsâ ]qÀÆØnXn-bn-te¡p aS-§ptam F¶ `bhpw.

ss_dq-Xnse ap^vXn ssiJv A_vZpÂ _mknXv BÂ^m-

Jqcn Xsâ CkvemanI Ncn-{X-s¯-¡pdn-̈ Hcp IrXn-bnÂ ap


l-½Zv _v\p A_vZpÂ hlm-_nsâ {]t_m-[-\s¯ hfsc

at\m-l-c-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn-̈ n-«p-v. {]hm-N-I-·mÀ {]t_m-[\w

\S-̄ n-bXp Xs¶-bmWv At±-lhpw \nÀÆ-ln-̈Xv F¶pw.A

hÀ aX-hn-j-b-§-fnÂ ISp¯ A`n-{]m-b-ap-Å-h-cmWv F¶pw

At±lw ]d-bp-¶p. kpÂ¯m³ A_vZpÂ lao-Znsâ Ime

¯v F§s\CXp-am{Xw Ahsc ]pI-gv¯n-̧-d-bm³ Ign-ªp-

sh-¶-Xn-s\-̧än F\n¡v AÛpXw tXm¶n-bn-«p-v. Ah-cnÂ

BZy-X-e-ap-d-bpsS amÀ¤-ZÀi-\hpw ]n¶o-SpÅ Nne-cpsS Dd

¨ \ne-]mSpw R§-fpsS ssiJv, apl-½Zv A_vZp ]cm-aÀin-

¨n-cp-¶p. AXn-Ãm-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ Ah-cpsS ]cn-jvI-cWw al-

¯-chpw ]c-a-{]Nm-c-I-hp-am-bn-cp-t¶-s\. A_vZpÂ Akokv

ss^kÂþA-Ãmlp At±-l-̄ n\v iàn ]I-cs«þ cp sIm

Ãw ap¼p Ah-cnÂ Xo{hX ]peÀ¯p-¶-hsc hmfpsImp

Xs¶ acymZ ]Tn-̧ n-¡p-I-bp-m-bn.\·-bpsS aps¶m-cp-¡-sa

¶ \ne-bv¡v.

]n¶o-SmWv Rm³ ssiJnsâ IrXn-IÄ, At±-l-̄ n

sâ eLp-te-L-IÄ, ^Xm-h-I-Ä, a¡fp-sS-bpw ]u{X-·mcp-

sSbpw IrXn-IÄ, aäp \PvZnse ]WvUnXcpsS IrXn-IÄ F

Ãmw hmbn¡p¶Xv. AhsbÃmw \thm°m\ ImeL«¯nÂ

FgpXs¸«Xmbncp¶p.Ahsc¡pdn¨pmb FÃm Bt£]

§Ä¡pw hnaÀi\§Ä¡pw AhÀ IrXyambn adp]Sn ]d

ªncn¡p¶p. Ahsc¡pdn¨pÅ \pW{]NmcW§Ä¡v A

hÀ Xs¶ \ÂInb adp]Sn. hnaÀi\§Ä¡v AhÀ {]am

W bpIvXambn sImSp¯ adp]SnIÄ FÃmw {]kn²oIcn

¡s¸«n«pv.A§s\ Ahsc¡pdn¨v D¶bn¡s¸« hnaÀi

\§fpsS s]mÅ¯c§Ä Bbnc¡W¡n\mfpIÄ¡v t_m

[ys¸SpIbpmbn.”


2. AÃmam iuIm\n :

At±lw Aaodns\ ]cmaÀin¨v FgpXp¶p.

“\PvZnse `cWm[nImcn iIvXn {]m]n¨p hcp¶p.a¡

bnse `cWm[nImcnIsf (ico^v Kmen_v) {]Xntcm[n¡m³

Ignbm¯ hn[w AÂlkm, J¯o^v, ZhmknÀ {]hniyI

Ä, lnPmknsâ ]e `mK§fpw \PvZnse `cWm[nImcn¡p

IogS§nsb¶v R§Ä¡v a\Ênembn. At±l¯nsâ Iogn

epÅhÀ IrXyambn \akvImchpw,t\m¼pw kIm¯pw \nÀ

Æln¡p¶pv.kndnb¡mcmb [mcmfw t]À tamlnt¨m t]

Snt¨m At±ls¯ AwKoIcn¡p¶pv.Ckvemans\¡pdn¨v

H¶padnbmXncp¶ AhÀ Ct¸mÄ aX¯nsâ \nÀºÔIm

cy§Ä IrXyambn A\pjvTn¡m³ XpS§nbncn¡p¶p. t\c

s¯ AhÀ ilmZ¯v D¨cn¡p¶XnÂ Ihnsªm¶pw {]

hÀ¯n¨ncp¶nÃ.AÚXbpsS ]cymbambncp¶p AhÀ.A

ÀYi¦¡nSanÃm¯ \ne¡v Ahsc¡pdn¨v \mw IrXyambn

Adnªncp¶p. B ØnXnbnÂ \n¶pw AhÀ amdn, (\PvZn

se Aaodns\ ss_A¯v sNbvX tijw) \akvImcw AXn

sâ IrXy kab¯v A\pjvTn¡p¶p. aäp CkvemanI kvXw

`§sf `wKnbmbn ]cn]men¡p¶p.A§s\ FÃmhcpw \Pv

Znse Aaodn\v ss_A¯v sN¿Ww, AXv A\nhmcyamsW

¶mWv C¶v AhcpsS ho£Ww. \PvZnIsf¡pdn¨v ]eXpw tIÄ¡p¶p.AsXms¡ F

{X am{Xw icnbmsW¶v AÃmlphn¶dnbmw. AhÀ¡v J

hmcnPpIfpsS hmZapmbncn¶psh¶p NneÀ {]Ncn¸n¡p

¶p.AXv icn-bm-sW¶v Rm³ Icp-Xp-¶n-Ã.ImcWw \PvZnse

`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bpw At±-l-̄ nsâ A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw apl-½-Zv

_n³ A_vZpÂ hlm-_nsâ injy-·m-cmWv. At±lw l¼


en aZvl-_nse ]nÂ¡me ]WvUn-X-cmb C_v\p-ssX-an-¿, C

_v\pÂJ¿nw apX-em-b-h-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-§-f-\p-k-cn¨mWv

{]hÀ-̄ n-̈Xv. ac-W-s¸«hcnÂ hnizmkw AÀ¸n-¡p-¶-h-tcm

Sv AhÀ ImÀ¡iyw ]peÀ¯n-bn-cp-¶p. \PvZnse Ct¸m-g

s¯ AaoÀ Nne ]WvUn-X-·mÀ¡p \ÂInb adp-]Sn {KÙw

Rm³ ImWm³ CS-bm-bn. Xsâ hnizm-ks¯¡pdn¨pÅ {]

Xn-]mZyw AXn-ep-m-bn-cp-¶p.At±-l-̄ nsâ adp-]Sn JpÀ-B-

\n\pw kp¶-̄ n\pw tbmPn-¡p-¶-Xmbpw kXy-k-Ô-amb hn

izmkw sh¨p ]peÀ¯p-¶-Xmbpw F\n¡v t_m[y-s¸-«p. A

Ãm-lp-hmWv FÃmw Adn-bp-¶-h³. lnPvd(1215) hÀjs¯ kw`-h-§sf B[m-c-am¡n

iuIm\n Fgp-Xp¶p : Cu hÀj-̄ nÂ t\cs¯ ]dª \

PvZnse AaoÀ \½psS Kpcp-hn\pþA-Ãmlp At±-l-̄ n\p Zo

ÀLmbpÊp \ÂIs« þcp hmfy-̄ n-epÅ Hcp IrXn Ab

¨p- sIm-Sp-¡p-I-bp-m-bn. AXnÂ H¶v apl-½Zv _v\p A_v

ZpÂ h-lm-_ns\ ]cm-aÀin¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. ip²-amb Xu

lo-Zn-te¡p At±lw \S-̄ nb £Ww, hninjym J_À ]q

P-I-cnÂ Ip-h-cp¶ Imcy-§fpw inÀ¡n-t\m-SpÅ t]mcm-«

hpwþC-Xm-bn-cp¶p DÅ-S-¡w. FÃmw JpÀ-B-\nÂ \n¶pw {]

hmN-I -h-N-\-§-fnÂ \n¶p-apÅ sXfn-hp- k-lnXw {]Xn-]m-

Zn-̈ n-cp-¶p. asämcp hmfyw D¯-c-hm-Zn-Xz-̄ nÂ hogvN hcp

¯p¶ k³-B, kA-Z, F¶n-hn-S-§-fnse ]WvUn-X-·m-cpsS

hmZ-K-Xn-I-fp-am-bn-cp-¶p.FÃmw hnizm-k-Im-cy-§Ä. A§s\

BZyw Ah-cpsS hmZ-§fpw ]ns¶ AXn-\pÅ JWvU-\-§

fp-ap-v. FÃmw kkq-£-ahpw kpNn-́ n-X-hp-amb adp-]-Sn-I

Ä. Ah FgpXnbXv JpÀ-B-\nepw lZo-knepw Ah-Km-l-ap

Å hyàn-bm-sW-¶-XnÂ kwi-b-an-Ã. ImcWw Hmtcm hmZ-


§Ä¡pw Dcp-f-¡p-t¸cn IWs¡ iàn-bpàw adp-]Sn \Â

Ip-¶p. B ]WvUn-X-cpsS hmZ-§Ä Hmtcm¶pw \new-]-cn-im-

Ip-¶p. A§s\ AhÀ¡p am{X-aÃ k³-B-C-sebpw kA-Z-

bn-sebpw apgp-h³ P\§Ä¡pw A]-am-\-amIpw hn[w Ah-

cpsS hmZw s]mfn-bp¶p. ImcWw D¯-c-hm-Zn¯w \nÀÆ-ln-

¡m-̄ -hcpw ]£-]mX kao-]\w ]peÀ¯p¶-h-cp-am-W-hÀ. apI-fnÂ kqNn-̧ n¨ Cu cp IrXn-IÄs¡m¸w F

sâ Kpcp-hn\v Hcp I¯pw \PvZnse AaoÀ sImSp-̄ -b-̈ n-cp

¶p. At±lw AsXÃmw F\n¡p X¶ncp-¶p. At±-l-̄ n\p

thn Rm³ I¯n\p adp-]-Snbpw X¿m-dm-¡n-s¡m-Sp-̄ p. \

PvZn-I-tfmSv XÀ¡n-¡m³ t]mb-hÀ hnh-c-anÃm¯-h-cm-bn-cp-

¶psh-¶p Ah-cpsS hm¡p-I-fnÂ \n¶v hyI-X-am-bn-cp-¶p.

Ah-sbÃmw C¶pw Fsâ {KÙ-ti-J-c-̄ n-ep-v.'' 3. A_vZp-dlvam³ P_ÀXn

lnPvd 1221þmw sImÃs¯ kw`-h-§Ä hnhcn¨p sIm

v Fgp-Xp¶p: ico^v Kmen_v hlm_n-I-tfmSv kÔn-s¡m

-cp-§p-I-bm-sW¶v hmÀ¯ e`n¨p sImn-cp¶ Imew. a¡-

¡mÀ¡p klmb lkvXw Ipd-ªp- h-¶p. k½À±w Gdp-I

bpw. Hcp CÀZ_v (Cu-Pn-]vjy³ Af-hv) Acnbv¡v Aªqdv

dnbmÂ tKmX¼v AtX Xq¡-̄ n\p ap¶q-än-̧¯v dnbmÂ C

§s\ tX\n\pw s\¿n\pw FÃm-än-\pw. a¡-bpsS `c-Wm-[n-

Imcn ico-̂ n\v Ah-tcmSv kÔn sN¿p-I-b-ÃmsX asämcp

t]mwhgnbpw Dm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. AhÀ¡p Iog-S-§m³ k½-Xn-

¨p. IAv_bpsS DÅnÂ sh¨v ss_A¯v sNbvXp. Ah-cp

sS BZÀiw kzoI-cn-¡m-sa¶pw Gäp.

\njn² Imcy§Ä \S-am-Sp-¶Xpw AXv ]ckyam¡p-

¶Xpw XS-bm-sa-t¶-äp. k^m-þ-aÀÆ-bv¡n-S-bnse kAvbv th


fbnÂ shäne apdp¡v I¨-h-S-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p. AXv \ntcm-[n-

¡m-\pw. \a-kvImcw kwL-Sn-X-am-bn«v A\p-jvTn-¡p-I, kIm

¯v \ÂIp-I, ]«v \ntcm-[n-¡p-I, `mcn¨ \nIp-Xn-IÄ ]n³h-

en-¡pI XpS-§n-b-Xn-s\Ãmw k½-Xn-̈ p.

Ahn-sS-bp-Å-hÀ ]e-Xnepw ]cn[n ewLn-̈ n-cp-¶p. H

cp ho«nÂ HcmÄ ac-W-s¸-«mÂ AhnsS CS\n-e-¡mÀ hcpw.

At©m ]t¯m {Kma- ap-Jy-·mÀ B ho«nÂ sN¶p C{X Xp

I thW-sa¶v Bh-iy-s¸-Spw. AXv sImSp-¡m³ X¿m-dm-bn

sÃ-¦nÂ B a¿n¯v Ipfn-̧ n-¡mt\m adhp sN¿mt\m _

Ôp-¡sf A\p-h-Zn-¡p-am-bn-cp¶n-Ã. AhÀ ]d-bp¶ XpI

sImSp-̄ mÂ A\p-hmZw sImSp-¡pw.

I¨-h-S- cw-K¯pw CXp-t]mse A\m-h-iyamb ]o-V\

apd-Ifpw B{I-a-§fpw \S-am-Sn-bn-cp-¶p.hm§p-¶-h\pw hnÂ

¡p¶-h\pw NqjWw sN¿-s¸-«n-cp-¶p.

P\-§-fpsS kz¯pw hoSp-Ifpw hsc sImÅ sNbvXn-

cp-¶p. HcmÄ Xsâ ho«nÂ Ccn-¡p-¶p. H¶padn-bmsX s]m

Sp-¶s\ Abm-fpsS ho«n-te¡p NneÀ Ibdn hcpw "Cu hoSv

H¶v Hgn-hm¡n Xc-Ww, ChnSp¶v DSs\ s]mbv s¡m-ÅWw'

F¶v BÚm-]n-¡pw. \½psS k¿n-Zn\v (X-§Ä¡v) Cu ho

Sv Bh-iy-ap-v. Nnet¸mÄ B hoSpw kz¯p-h-l-Ifpw A

¸msS DSa Hgn-tb-n-hcpw. Nnet¸mÄ Ipd¨v hne In«n-tb-

¡mw. AsÃ-¦nÂ A[n-Ihpw In«n-tb¡mw.

CsXÃmw XoÀ¯pw Hgn-hm-¡m-sa¶v a¡-bnse ico

v̂, Aao-À kDu-Zn-t\mSv IcmÀ sNbvXp. AÃm-lp-hnsâ IÂ

]-\-IÄ ]n³]-än-s¡mÅm-sa¶pw kzO-amb Xulo-Z-\p-k-cn

¨p Pohn-¡m-sa¶pw {]hm-N-I-Ncy ]n´p-S-cm-sa-¶pw,\mep J


eo-̂ -amÀ, klm-_n-IÄ, Xm_n-D-IÄ Ch-cpsS coXn Ah-ew-

_n-¡m-sa¶pw Gäp.

Pohn-¡p-¶-hcpw ac-W-s¸-«-h-cp-amb krjvSn-I-tfmSv,

{]bm-k-th-f-I-fnÂ AhÀ klmbw tXSnbncp¶p. J_-dp-I

Ä ]Sp-̄ p-bÀ¯n. AXn-t·Â hncn-Ifpw tXmc-W-§fpw Nm

À¯n. AXnsâ D½-d-̧-Sn-IÄ hsc Npw_n-̈ p. AXn\p Npäpw

Xhm v̂ sN¿pw,hn\bw {]I-Sn-̧ n-¡pw, hnfn¨p {]mÀ°n-¡pw.

t\À¨bpw ImWn-¡bpw AÀ¸n-¡pw.BtLm-j]qc-§Ä kw

L-Sn-̧ n¡pw, enwK-hy-Xym-k-an-ÃmsX FÃm-hcpw H¯p-tN-cpw.

A§s\ ZnhyXz¯nepÅ Xulo-ZnÂ krjvSn-Isf ]¦ptN

À¯p. {]hm-N-I³() sImp-h¶ aXw ad-bv¡-s¸-«p. AXv

AhÀ ad¶pIf-ªn-cp-¶p.CXm-bn-cp¶p P\-§-fpsS ØnXn.

CsXÃmw XS-bm-sa¶v At±lw AaoÀ kDuZn-t\mSv

Icm-dnÂ GÀs¸-«p.J_vdp-I-fpsS taÂ ]Wn-Xp-bÀ¯nb sI

«n-S-§fpw Jpº-Ifpw Pmd-§fpw s]mfn¨p If-bm-sa¶pw k

½-Xn-¡p-I-bp-m-bn.

Ahn-sS-bp-m-bn-cp¶ ]WvUn-X-·m-cp-ambn kwhmZw

\S-̄ n-b-Xn\p tij-amWv A{]-Imcw sNbvX-Xv. JWvUnXam

b sXfn-hp-IÄ AhÀ¡p t_m[y-amb tijw. JpÀ-B-\nÂ

\n¶pw kp¶-̄ n-Â \n¶papÅ sXfn-hp-IÄ.

a¡-þ-a-Zo\ ]mXbpw, a¡-þ-Pn± XzmC^v ]mXbpw \nÀ

`b-am--bn. hne-IÄ Xmtgm«v h¶p. `£y-h-kvXp-¡Ä kpe-̀w,

Bh-iy--km-[-\-§fpw, s\¿v, tX³, tKmX¼v FÃmw th

{X. -Hs¡ Ccp ld-ap-I-fn-te¡pw Ing-¡³ Zn¡p-I-fnÂ \n

¶pw {]h-ln-¡m-³ XpS-§n.\mep dnbmen\v Hcp CÀZºv tKm

X¼v In«n-̄ p-S-§n.


ico v̂ Kmen^v Xs¶bmbm-bn-cp¶p `cW-̄ nÂ, I¨-

h-S-¡m-cnÂ \n¶pw Icw ]ncn¡pw. AXnÂ tNmZyw sN¿-s¸-

Sp-t¼mÄ ]dbpw : Rm³ aphlv-ln-Zp-I-fnÂ \n¶pw Icw ]n

cn-¡p-¶n-Ã. ChÀ aph-lvln-Zp-I-f-Ã.

4. alvaqZv ipIvco AÂ Beqkn

""kwt£-]n¨p ]d-ªmÂ hnizm-k-Im-cy-§-fnÂ Ah-

cpsS aZvl_v AlvepÊp-¶-bp-sS-Xm-Wv. Ah-cpsS amÀ¤w ap

³Km-an-I-fpsS amÀ¤hpw. AXmWv IqSp-XÂ kpc-£n-Xw, i

à-hpw. AXm-bXv AÃm-lp-hnsâ hnti-j-W-§Ä ]cm-aÀin

¨ JpÀ-B-\nI kqà-§-sfbpw {]hm-N-I-h-N-\-§-sfbpw A

hÀ AXnsâ {]Xy-£-̄ nÂ Xs¶ kzoI-cn-¡p-¶p. AXnsâ

XmÂ]cyw AÃmlphn-te¡p hnSp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. (C-kvXn-

hm-Av) AÃm-lp-hnsâ knwlm-k-\m-tcm-l-Ws¯ ]cm-aÀin

¨v Camw amenIv()A\p-hÀ¯n-̈-Xp- t]m-se. \· Xn·-I-sf

Ãmw AÃm-lp-hnsâ Dt±-iy -{]-Im-c-am-bn-cn-¡p-sa¶pw AhÀ

hnizkn-¡p-¶p.

""F¶mÂ Ah-sc-¡p-dn¨v [mcmfw Btcm-]-W§Ä {]

N-cn-¡-s¸-«n-«pv : JpÀ-B³ btYjvSw hymJym-\n-¡p¶hÀ,

lZo-knÂ \n¶v AhÀ¡p tbmPn-̈Xp kzoI-cn-¡p-¶-hÀ,

hymJym\{KÙ-§-tfm,ssiJn-s\tbm Ah-ew-_n-¡m-̄ -hÀ.

{]hm-N-I-Xn-cp-ta-\n()sb CI-gv¯p-¶-hÀ.At±-l-̄ n

\p ip]mÀi-bn-sÃ¶pw At±-l¯nsâ J_dnSw kµÀin¡p

¶Xv kp¶-̄ sÃ¶pw hmZn-¡p-¶-hÀ. ]WvUn-Xm-̀n-{]m-b-§

sf am\n-¡m-̄ -hÀ.aZvl_o ]WvUn-X-cpsS {KÙ-§Ä AXn

Â icnbpw sXäpw CSIeÀ¶Xn\mÂ \in-̧ n-̈-hÀ, AhÀ ap


P-Ên-ap-I-fmWv (A-Ãm-lp-hn\v aqÀ¯ cq]-ap-s¶v hmZn-¡p

¶hÀ).

Ahkm\s¯ 600 sImÃ-tijw h¶-hscsbms¡ Im

^n-dm-¡p-¶-hÀ Ah-cpsS hmZ-KXnIÄ kzoI-cn-̈-h-scm-gnsI.

t\cs¯ apivcn-¡m-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶p k½Xn-¡m¯ ]

£w A¯-c-¡m-tcmSv ss_A¯v sN¿m³ Iq«m-¡m-̄ -hÀ.

amXm-]n-Xm-¡Ä inÀ¡n-em-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v AwKo-I-cn-¡p-¶-h

À. \_n Xncp-ta-\n-()bpsS t]cnÂ kzem¯v sNmÃp-¶Xv \n

jn-²-am-¡p-¶-hÀ. id-CÂ A\p-hm-Z-apÅ J_À kµÀi\w

\ncp-]m-[nIw XS-bp-¶-hÀ. \_n IpSpw-_-̄ n\p {]tXyI ]Z

hn IÂ¸n-¡m-̄ -hÀ.Ah-cpsS hmZw AwKo-I-cn-¡p-¶-h-cnÂ

\n¶ÃmsX hnhm-l-_Ôw \S-̄ m-̄ -hÀ.

""CXp-t]m-epÅ At\Iw Btcm-]-W-§Ä AhÀs¡-

Xn-cnÂ D¶-bn-¡-s¸-«n-«p-v.AsXÃmw Ah-cpsS taepÅ B

tcm-]-Whpw If-hp-am-Wv. Ah-cpsS i{Xp-¡-fmb _nZv-A¯p

hmZn-I-fpsS shdpw Ah-]m-Z-{]-N-c-Ww. Ah-cpsS kwkm-c

hpw {]hÀ¯-\-§fpw {KÙ-§fpw {]kvXpX Btcm-]-W-§

f{Xbpw XÅn-¡-f-bp-¶p. A-̄ cw Btcm-]W§Ä D¶-bn

¡p- ¶-hÀ \pWbmWv ]d-bp¶Xv! A]-hmZamWv {]N-cn-̧ n

¡p-¶Xv.Ah-cpsS ØnXnKXn-IÄ ]Tn-¡p-Ibpw Ah-tcm-sSm

¸w Ah-cpsS kZ-Êp-I-fnÂ k¶nln-X-cm-hp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-

hÀ¡v AsXÃmwaX¯nsâ i{Xp-¡Ä AhÀs¡-Xn-cnÂ sI

«n-̈-a-̈-Xm-sW¶p t_m[y-s¸-Spw..........

""Rm³ ]-d-ªp-h-¶-Xnsâ XmÂ]-cy-an-Xs{X. BcpsS

taem-bn-cp-¶mepw AhÀ¡n-Ãm¯ hmZ-§Ä Btcm-]n-¡-cp

Xv. A¯-c-¡msc t_m[hÂ¡-cn-¡-Ww.AXv aX-{]-hÀ¯-\-


¯n\p XSÊw krjvSn-¡pw. Ad-_n- P-\-X-sb-̄ s¶ sXän²

-cn-¡m³ CS-bm-¡pw. Im]-Sy-̄ nsâ AS-bmf-amb hntZzjw

Ad-_n-I-fnÂ krjvSn-¡pw.

aXs¯ Ifn-X-am-i-bmbn ImWp¶, DZ-c-]q-c-W-¡m-c

amb X¶n-jvS-¡m-cpsS krjvSn-I-fm-W-h. Ah-cp-ambn ImX

§Ä¡-Ise \nÂ¡p¶ bYmÀY aXs¯ AhÀ X§-fpsS

hmIvþ-IÀa-§Ä hgn \ntj-[n-¡p-¶p. Ckveman\p A]-am\w

hcp-̄ p¶ ZÖm-ep-I-fm-W-hÀ. AsÃ-¦nÂ hnizm-kn-I-fpsS

e£Ww Ah-cnÂ ImtW--X-tÃ. AhÀ hm¡p-IÄ {i²n

¨p tIÄ¡p-Ibpw AXnÂ \ÃXv ]n³]äp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-h

cm-WtÃm'', (Beq-knbpsS \PvZn-sâ Ncn{Xw F¶ IrXn-bn

Â \n¶v). 5. AÂ DkvXmZv ap\oÂ AÂ- A-P-em\n:

""hlm_n {]Øm-\s¯¸än C¶pw CXn\p ap¼pw A

t\Iw IrXn-IÄ Fgp-X-s¸-«n-«pv.AXnÂ hnaÀi-\-ap-v. {]

iw-k-bp-v. DYvam-\o Ime-L-«-̄ nse an¡ Fgp¯pw A\o-

Xnbpw A{I-ahpw \nd-ªXmbn--cp-¶p. ]n¶oSv B IrXn-I-sf-

¸än P\-̄ n\v kwibw tXm¶m³ XpS-§n.A¯cw IrXn- I-

fpmhm-\n-S-bmb sshb-ànI t{]c-W-Ifpw cmjv{Sob km

lN-cy-§fpw AhÀ hne-bn-cp-̄ m³ Bcw-̀n-̈ p.

]n¶oSv h¶ \njv]-£-cmb Fgp-̄ p-ImÀ hlm_n

{]Øm-\-̄ n\p AÀl-amb Øm\hpw BZ-chpw \ÂIp-I

bpmbn.AhÀ {]Øm\-̄ nsâ kl-bm-{Xn-Itcm A\p-bm-

bn-Itfm Abn-cp-¶n-sÃ-¦nepw {]Øm-\-̄ nsâ hàm-¡tfm

Sv Bib `n¶-X-IÄ \ne-\nÀ¯ns¡mp Xs¶. B Fgp

¯p-ImÀ AhÀ¡p AÀl-Xs¸« al-Xzhpw {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw


hI-sh¨p sImSp-̄ p.F¶mÂ Ah-cpsS Iq«-̄ nÂ \n¶p h

¶ Nne Xo{hX ]peÀ¯p-¶-hsc AhÀ `b-s¸-Sm-Xn-cp-¶n-«p

an-Ã. kXyw X§-fnÂ am{Xw \n£n-]vX-am-sW¶p [cn¨hcm-

bn-cp¶p B hn`m-Kw.'' 6. AlvaZv A_vZpÂ K^qÀ A¯zmÀ :

""ssiJv apl-½Zv_v\p A_vZpÂ hlm_v aX ]cn-jv

IÀ¯mhpw cmjv{Sob t\Xmhpw kmaq-lnI \thm-°m-b-I

\p-am-bn-cp-¶p. Hcp ]cnjvIÀ¯m-hn\v kaq-l-̄ nÂ \nt¶m

cmjv{So-b-̄ nÂ \nt¶m cmjv{S-̄ nÂ\nt¶m Xosc Hgnªp

\nÂ¡m³ ]än-Ã. Pohn-X-̄ nsâ \m\m-a-WvU-e-§-fn-epapÅ

]cn-jvI-c-W-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v Nn´n-t¡nhcpw. AbmÄ kmaq

ly-Po-hn-X-̄ nsâ AIhpw ]pdhpw \¶m-t¡--Xp-v.AIw

\¶m-¡p-I-sb-¶mÂ hnizm-km-ZÀi-§sf \¶m-¡p-I-bm-Wv.

Cu Zni-bn-eq-¶nb Hcp aX-]-cn-jv¡À¯m-hm-bn-cp¶p

Camw AhÀIÄ. `cW Imcy-§-fnÂ {Im´ ZÀin. Ckveman-

sebpw ]pd-̄ pÅXpamb `c-W-hy-h-Ø-Isf At±lw ]Tn-

¨p. {]hm-NIXncp-ta\n() ASn-̄ d ]mInb icn-bmb Ckv

emanI `c-W-s¯-¡p-dn¨p ]Tn-̈ p. ]n¶oSv Jpem^mDdmin-Zp-

IÄ t]mjn-̧ n¨p sImp h¶-Xp-amb hyh-Ø. XpSÀ¶p a

lm-\mb Da-dp_v\p A_vZnÂ Akokv()-hpw.JpÀ-B\nsâ

bpw kp¶-̄ n-sâbpw kkq-£va ]T\w CXc A\nkveman

I hyh-Ø-Isf hne-bn-cp-̄ m³ D]-I-cn-̈ p. AXnÂ \n¶v,

Xsâ Ime-̄ n\v CW-§p-¶, Xm³ _oPm-hm]w \ÂInb `

cW -Iq-Ss¯ {]hm-N-I-sâbpw Jpem-̂ m-¡-fp-sSbpw coXn-

bnepÅ CkvemanI `c-W-am-¡m³ bXv\n-̈ p.


ssiJpw apl-½Zv _v\p kDuZpw ]qÀ® tbmPn-̧ n

embncp¶p cp t]cp-sSbpw ho£m-KXn H¶v. ssiJv X

sâ Adnhpw A`n-{]m-b-§fpw aptJ\ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cnsb k

lm-bn-¡pw. `cW Imcy-§-fnÂ CkvemanI \nÀt±-i-§Ä D

WÀ¯pw. `c-Wm-[n-Im-cnbmIs« ssiJp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nn-

¡msX H¶pw {]hÀ¯n-¡p-I-bnÃ. aäp cmjv{S-km-c-Yn-I-tfm

Spw JmZn-am-tcmSpw t\Xm-¡-tfmSpw Fgp-̄ p-I-̄ p-IÄ \S-

¯p-I, AXn-\mbn ZqXsc Ab-¡p-I, PnlmZv CsXÃmw ssi

Jnsâ tPmen-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

kI-e-am\ C_m-Z-̄ p-Ifpw AÃm-lp-hn-te¡p am{Xw

kaÀ¸n-¡p-I, \· IÂ]n-¡p-I, Xn· hntcm-[n-¡pI Cu {Xn

tIm-Wm-i-b-̄ n-eqsS, At±lw Xsâ `c-W-IqSw Øm]n-̈ p.

AXnsâ ASn-̄ d `{Z-am-¡n. bYmÀY hnizm-k¯nte¡v

£Wn-̈ p.

Cu ASn-̄ -d-IÄ apdpsI ]nSn-¡m³ Xs¶-bm-bn-cp-¶

tÃm {]hm-N-I-cpsS {]t_m-[-\hpw. CkvemanI kaql¯n

sâ krjvSnbpw Cu ASn¯dbnÂ Xs¶bmbncp¶p. hnizm-

k-̄ n\v XIÀ¨tbm A]-I-Stam kw`-hn-¡m-\nS h¶mÂ H

cp bYmÀ° apkvenw, hnizm-k-̄ n-t\Â¡p¶ {]Xn-k-Ôn

sb XS-bm³ _m[y-Ø-\m-hp-¶p.

Xsâ kaq-l¯nse hnizm-k]camb ]mfn¨IÄ I

t¸mÄ. AXv kwkvIcn-¡m³ Xp\n-bpIbmWv ssiJv sN

bvXXv. amÀ¤-{`w-i-̄ nsâbpw _nZv-A-̄ n-sâbpw Bfp-I-fp

sS ap¶nÂ Ah-{I-amb hnizmkw A]-I-Sm-h-Ø-bnemsW

¶v At±lw a\-Ên-em-¡n. AXp-sImv CkvemanI ssien-

bnÂþkp-]-tZiw sImpw bpàn-Zo£ sImpwþA-Xns\

kwc-£n-¡m-\n-d-§n._nZv-A-̄ p-Isf ]meq«n hfÀ¯p¶ `c-


Wm-[n-Im-cn-IÄ¡pw ]WvUn-X-·mÀ¡pw s]mXp- P-\-̄ n\pw

CsX-§s\ kln-¡m-\mIpw? A§s\ Ct§m«v bp²-̄ n\v

h¶-h-tcmSv Bbp-[-sa-Sp¯v t]mcm-Sm³ At±lw \nÀ_-Ôn-

X-\m-bn.

]cn-jvIÀ¯m-hmb apl-½Zv _v³ A_vZnÂ hlm-_n

\v kp-hyàamb hnPbw \ÂIn AÃmlp A\p-{K-ln-̈ p. i

cn-bmb ASn-̄ -d-bnÂ CkvemanI cmjv{Sw \ne-hnÂ h¶p.

B cmjv{S-̄ nsâ kwc-£W D¯-c-hm-Zn-Xz-apÅ t\Xm-hm

bn At±-lw.

At±lw ZÀ-C-¿-bnembncp¶p; ]n¶oSv \PvZnepw. A

Xnsâ `u-XnI kmcYn apl-½Zv _n³ kDuZpw At±l¯n

sâ {]-t_m-[\ {]hÀ¯\§sf kÀÆm-ß\m klm-bn-¡m-

sa-t¶äp.

A§s\ ssiJpw C_v\p kDuZpw H¯ptNÀ¶p B

i-b-X-e-̄ n-ep-m-bn-cp¶ Hcp kaql krjvSn bmYmÀYy- X

e¯n-te¡p sImp -h¶p. bYmÀ°¯nepÅ Hcp Ckvem

anI kaq-lw. Hcp CkvemanI cmjv{Sw.'' 7. DkvXmZv ^pBZv lwk

Ignª \qäm-nÂ \PvZp-Imsc hlm-_n-I-sf¶v sX

ämbn \ma-I-cWw sN¿-s¸-Sp-I-bp-m-bn. AhÀ Hcp ]pXnb

aZvl-_nsâ hàm-¡-fmsW¶pw {]Nm-c-the \S-¶p. F¶m

Â C¶v P\-§Ä¡p \nP-ØnXn hyà-am-bn-«p-v. \PvZn-I

Ä ke-̂ n-I-fm-Wv. Camw AlaZv _v\p l¼-en-s\-bmWv IÀ

a imkv{X hnj-b-§-fnÂ AhÀ ]n´p-S-cp-¶-Xv. t]mb \qäm-

nÂ ssiJv \S-̄ nb {]t_m-[\w Ckvemln {]t_m-[-\-

am-bn-cp-¶p. icn-bmb Ckveman-te¡p Xncn¨p t]mI-W-sa


¶m-bn-cp¶p AXnsâ DuSpw ]mhpw. ]p¯-\m-Nm-c-§-sfbpw,

A_-²-P-Sneamb hnizm-k-§-sfbpw, _lp-ssZhXz¯nsâ

NnÓ-§-sfbpw Xqs¯-dn-bm³ AXv Blzm\w sNbvXp.

AhÀ ]pXnb aZvl-_nsâ hàm-¡-fmsW¶v {]N-cn-

¸n-¡-s¸-«p. cmjv{-Sob LS-I-§-fm-bn-cp¶p B {]Nm-c-W-̄ n

sâ ]n¶nÂ. P\-§sf AXnÂ \n¶pw Xncn¨p hnSm³ th

nbpw. AhÀ CkvemanI hr¯-̄ n\p ]pd-̄ m-sW¶pw

hcp-̄ m³ thn-bmbncp¶p Cu {]hN\§Ä. bYmÀ°

¯nÂ AhÀ kp¶o apkvenwI-fm-bn-cp-¶p.GI ssZh-hn-izm

-kn-IÄ. hnizm-k¯nÂ ke-̂ o-amÀ¤w A\p-[m-h\w sNbvX

hÀ. If¦-§fnÃm¯ FIhnizm-k-nIÄ. 8. ssiJv A_q klvd

Kth-jW]Sp-¡-fmb Cam-ap-am-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-§Ä

hnip-²- hÂ¡-cn-̈ psImv _p²n-a-c-hn-̈ p-t]mb Hcp Imew.

k¨-cn-X-cmb Bfp-Isf AhÀ Pohn-̈ n-cn-¡p-t¼mgpw ac-Wm-

\-́ -chpw hnip-²-hÂ¡-cn-̈ p, Ah-cpsS J_vdp-I-fn-te¡p

XoÀ°-bm-{X-IÄ t]mIpw.AXn\pNpäpw {]Z-£nWw sN¿pw.-

I-A-_m-e-b-̄ nÂ {]Z-£nWw sh¡p-¶-Xp-t]m-se.A§s\

Hcp hn`mKw CXn-s\-Xnsc kacw sN¿m³ Cd-§n-̄ n-cn-̈ p.

Xn³aItfmSv AhÀ IÀ¡iamb \ne-]mSp kzoI-cn-̈ p. C_v

\p ssX-an-¿-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-§-fm-bn-cp¶p AhÀ ]n³]-än-bn-

cp-¶-Xv. A§s\ bpKm-́ -c-§-fmbn ad-ªp -In-S-¶n-cp¶ A

t±l-̄ nsâ Bi-b-§Ä¡p AhÀ ]p\cpPvPo-h\w \ÂIn.

aX-̄ nÂ CÃm¯ ]p¯-\m-Nm-c-§Ä Ipan-ªp -Iq-Sn,

aXm-tLm-j-§-fnepw `uXnIIÀ a-§-fnÂ t]mepw Ah kzm

[o-\n-̈ p. hyàn ]qPbpw A\p-{Klw tXSepw, ivaim\ kµ


Ài\w \S¯n ]pWyw t\Sepw FÃmw AXnsâ DO-Øm-bn-

bnÂ F¯n-b-t¸mÄ Atd-_y³ aW-em-c-Wy-̄ nÂ hlm_n

{]Øm\w Dcphw sImp.

C_v\p ssXan-¿-bpsS amÀ¤w ]p\-cp-Öo-hn-̧ n¨p sIm

v AhÀ CXn-s\-sbÃmw FXnÀ¯p h¶p. 9. ssJdp-±o³ kÀIeo

At±lw Xsâ hnÚm\ tImi-amb "AÂ AAvem

anÂ' Fgp-Xp¶p : ""apl-½Zv _v\p A_vZpÂ hlm_v AÂ X-aoao AÂ

\PvZn : (1730AD/1143AH) Pko-d-̄ pÂ Ad-_nse B[p-\n

I Ckvemlo \thm-°m-\-̄ nsâ \mb-I³. At±-l-̄ nsâ

{]t_m-[-\-amWv CkvemanI temI-̄ p-S-\ofw B[p-\nI \

hPm-K-c-W-̄ nsâ BZn-In-c-W-§Ä Pzen-̧ n-̈-Xv. C´y-bnepw

CuPn-]vXnepw Cdm-Jnepw kndn-b-bnepw aän-S-§-fnepw AXn

sâ kzm[o-\-a-\p-̀-h-s¸-«p.A§s\ _mKvZm-ZnÂ Beqkn A

ÂI_odpw A^vKm-\n-Øm-\nÂ Pam-ep-±o³ A^vKm-\nbpw

CuPn-]vXnÂ apl-½Zv A_vZphpw kndn-b-bnÂ Pam-ep-±o³

Jmkn-anbpw Xp\o-jy-bnÂ ssJdp-±o³ Xq\n-knbpw t`m¸m-en

Â(C-́ y) kn±oJv lk³ Jm\pw IÂ¡-̄ -bnÂ AaoÀ A

enbpw cwK¯v h¶p.AXp-t]mse aäp ]e {]kn-²-cpw.Pko-

dbnÂ At±-ls¯ ]n´p-W¨ Xulo-Znsâ hàm-¡Ä ""A

Ãmlp-hns\ A\p-k-cn-¡p¶ ktlm-Z-c-§Ä'' (C-Jvhm\p a

³ AXzm AÃm-lp) F¶-dn-b-s¸-«p. Ah-cpsS FXn-cm-fn-IÄ

"hlm-_n-IÄ' F¶p Ahsc hnfn-̈ p. ]Sn-ªm-d³ Fgp-̄ p-

ImÀ¡p Cu t]À kp]-cn-Nn-X-am-hp-Ibpw AXv Ah-cpsS hn

Úm\ tImi-§-fnÂ Øm\w ]nSn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. NneÀ


Ckvemanse Hcp]pXnb ""hn`mKw''F¶p Cu {]Øm\s¯

sXän-²-cn-̈ p. Ch-cpsS FXn-cm-fn-IÄ {]N-cn-̧ n-̈Xv kXy-sa

¶-mWhÀ Icp-Xn-b-Xv. Hmt«m-am³ XpÀ¡n-I-fmb `c-Wm-[n-Im-

cn-Ifpw Ah-cpsS knÂ_-Ôn-I-fp-am-bn-cp-¶p {][m\ambpw

B {]Nm-c-W-̄ n\p ]n¶nÂ.(1)

10. Aºmkv alaqZv AÂ AJzmZv(2)

""CuPn-]vXnÂ 19þmw \qäm-nsâ {]mcw-̀-̄ n-emWv \

thm-°m-\-̄ n\p XpS¡w Ipdn-¡p-¶-Xv. Atd-_y³ D]-Zzo-]n

Â, CXv Adp-]Xv sImÃw apt¼ Bcw-̀n-̈ p. ssiJv apl-½Zv

_v\p A_vZnÂ hlm-_n-te¡p tNÀ¯n-̧-d-bp¶ hlm-_n--

{]-Øm-\-sa¶ t]cnÂ. GI-tZiw CtX Ime¯v Xs¶ ba

\nÂ ""ss\epÂ AhvXzmÀ'' F¶ IrXn-bpsS IÀ¯m-hmb

iuIm-\nbpw {]t_m[\w XpS-§n-bn-cp-¶p. cp-t]cpw Htc

{]t_m-[-\-̄ nsâ ]mX-bn-em-bn-cp-¶p. aX-̄ nsâ auen-I-X

bnte¡p Xncn¨p t]mIm\pw ]p¯-\m-Nm-c-§sf \nÀ±m-£n

Wyw XÅn-¡-f-bm\pw AhÀ Blzm\w \S-̄ n.AXnÂ iu

Im\n-bpsS {]t_m-[\w lZokvþIÀa {KÙ ]T-\-§-fnÂ ]

cnan-X-s¸«p t]mbn. F¶mÂ AtX kabw ssiJv apl-½Zv

_n³ A_vZpÂhlm-_nsâ {]Øm\w {ihW ]pS-§-fnÂ

amsämen krjvSn-̈ p- sIm-n-cp-¶p. AXn\p Imc-W-§Ä ]e-

XmWv;lnPm-knepm-bn-cp-¶,Pmd-§fpw J_dn-t·-epÅ sI

«n-S-§fpw AhÀ s]mfn-̈ p- \o-¡n-bXpw Hmt«m-am³ `c-W-Iq-S-

t¯mSv Gäp-ap-«nbXp-ambncp¶p AXnÂ {][m\w..XpÀ¡nsb

`mKn-s¨-Sp-¡m³ bqtdm-]yÀ {ian¡p¶ kµÀ`-am-bn-cp¶p A

Xv.djy-tbmSv kJyw sNbvX-tijapÅ C¯cw Htc-äp-ap-«Â,

(1) A_vZp-d-Òm³ P_ÀXo (1754þ1822) CuPn-]vjy³ Ncn-{X-Im-c³. s\t¸m-fn-bsâ CuPn]vXv B{I-a-Whpw aäp hÀ¯-am\ Ime-kw-̀-h-§fnepw ]T\w \S¯nb.


CuPn-]vXnse Aen-t_Iv BÂ I_o-dnsâ knwlm-k-\-̄ n

sâ ]X-\-̄ n-emWv Iem-in-̈-Xv.

Atd-_y³ D]-Zzo-]nÂ apl-½Zv _n³ A_vZnÂ hlm-

_nsâ {]t_m-[\w ]mgm-bn-Ã. CkvemanI temI-̄ nsâ Hc

äw apXÂ atä Aäw hsc AXp amsäm-en-sIm-p. C´y-bn

epw Cdm-Jnepw kpUm-\nepw aäp hnZqc tZi-§fnepw At±-

l-̄ nsâ A[ym-]-\-§Ä, lÖm-Pn-IÄ hgnbpw aäp kµÀ

i-IÀ aptJ-\bpw {]Nmcw t\Sn. A§s\ apkvenwI-fpsS ]

cm-Pb ImcWw hmkvX-h-̄ nÂ Ah-cpsS aX-a-sÃ¶pw aX

im-k-\-IÄ AhÀ Is¿m-gn-̈-Xm-sW¶pw AhÀ¡p t_m[y-

s¸-«p. ]p¯-\m-Nm-c-§sf Is¿mgn¨p X\n-a-bnepw k¯-bn

epw ]qÀÆn-I-cpsS aX-̄ n-te¡p Xncn¨p t]mbmÂ hn\-jvS-

amb iànbpw {]Xm-]hpw hos-Sp-¡m-\m-hp-sa¶pw AhÀ

Xncn-̈-dn-ªp. 11. lk\p _v\p Bep-þ-B-CZv

A_vZpÂ Akokv _v\p kDuZpw aäp {]Øm-\-̄ n

se ]WvUn-X-·m-scbpw Bt£-]n¨p sImv a¡-bnse ico-

^p-am-cnÂ s]« lpssk³ _n\p Ben Fgp-Xnb I¯n\v

Bep BCZv C{]-Imcw adp-]Sn FgpXn :

""Xm¦-fpsS I¯nÂ C_v\p kDuZns\ sXäp²cn¨p

sImv ]eXpw Fgp-Xn-¡p; "At±lw Hcp AAvdm_n-bm-

Wv.' sh«p-In-fn-Isf Xn¶p¶ Nne ImS-·m-cmWv Abm-fpsS

A\p-bmbn-IÄ. ZpÂJp-ssh-kn-d-bp-sS k´m-\-§fnÂ s]-«

h³.Abm-fpsS \mSv Ipg-̧-̄ nsâ tI{µ-am-Wv. At±-l-t¯m-

sSm-̧-apÅ ]WvUn-X-·mÀ Abmsf A\p-k-cn-¡m-̄ -hsc

Im^n-dm-¡p¶ ISpw ]nSp-̄ -¡mcpw.ss_A¯v sN¿m-̄ -h-


cpsS càhpw kz¯pw Nn´m-sa¶v hmZ-apv AhÀ¡v. aäp

Åhsc ]pOn-¡p-¶-hÀ, IÅ-hm-Zn-bmb apssk-en-a-bpsS k

´m-\§-fnÂ s]«-bm-fmWv C_v\p kDu-Zv. Abm-fpsS IqsS

_\q-l-\o^, _\q Xanw F¶o tKm{X-§fpw.C¯cw At\

Iw Btcm-]-W-§Ä Xm¦-fpsS I¯nÂ ImWp-¶p. hmkvX

hw t\sc adn-̈m-Wv. At±-l-t¯m-sSm-̧-apÅXv Jlv¯m³

tKm{X-¡m-cmWv. {]Xn-tcm[ tijnbpw bp²-ho-cyhpw kÂ

kz-̀m-hhpw AhÀ¡p-v. aX-hn-izm-khpapv. AXns\ Ah

À kwc-£n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

""\PvZnse ]WvUn-X-·m-cpsS ØnXn ]d-bs«, AhÀ

Ako-dnÂ h¶n-cp¶ Imew apXte R§Ä¡p Ah-cp-ambn

_Ô-ap-v. R§-fpsS ]nXm-hn\pw ]nXr-hy\pw Ah-cp-ambn

_Ô-ap-v. R§Ä sNdnb Ip«n-I-fm-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ Ah-cp

sS ¢mÊp-I-fnÂ Ccn-¡m-dp-m-bn-cp-¶p. AhÀ DÂIr-jvS-cm

sW¶mWv R§-fpsS A\p-̀-hw.AÃm-lp-hnsâ Imcy-̄ nÂ

AhÀ¡p Hcp \o¡p-t]m-¡p-an-Ã.ZpjvS-X-bpsS em©\ Ah-

cnÂ In-«n-Ã. A_vZpÂ Akokv cmPmhv Xs¶ DYvam-\n-I

Äs¡-Xn-cnÂ Cw¥o-jp-Im-cp-ambn kÔn-bn-teÀs]-«Xmbn A

hÀ Adn-ªmÂ B IcmÀ AhÀ XS-bp-Ibpw At±-ls¯

Im^n-dm-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw.(2)

At±-l-̄ nsâ \mSv ]nim-Nnsâ tI{µ-am-sW¶pw Xm

¦Ä Btcm-]n-¡p-¶p. P\-§sf s¡mmWv \mSv hne-bn-cp

¯p-I. R§Ä¡p Ah-cnÂ \· am{Xta ZÀin-¡m³ Ign-

ªn-«pÅp. apkvenwI-sf-̧än ZpÀhn-Nmcw sh¨p ]peÀ¯m-Xn-

cn-¡p-I-bmWv \½psS _m[y-X. Ah-cpsS sXäp-IÄ ]c-ky

(2) A¶v a¡- ico^v Kmen_v `cn-¡p-¶p. Hmtcm Zn¡n\pw Hmtcm {]mtZ-inI `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-Wp-m-bn-cp-¶-Xv.


am¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pI; {]tXy-In¨pw ]WvUn-X-·msc

¡pdn-̈ v.'' 12. alvaqZv ^lvao ]mj

ià-amb t]mcm-«-§fpw \nc-́ c kwL-«-\-§fpw I

gnªp hÀj-§Ä ]n¶n-«-t¸mÄ an¡ Ad_v cmPy-§fpw h

lm_n {]Øm-\-̄ nÂ BZÀi-§Ä AwKo-I-cn-̈ p. AYhm

Ckvemanse Ckvemlo BZÀiw. \PvZnÂ \h-cm-jv{Sob t\

XrXzw \ne-hnÂ h¶p.AXn\pap¼v At\Iw tKm{X-§-fmbn-

¯n-cn-ªpw,]c-kv]c _Ô-an-Ãm¯ sNdp P\-X-I-fmbn¡gn

ªpw X½nÂ t]mcnepw kwLÀj-̄ nepambn-cp¶ AhÀ G

I -cm-jv{Sob t\XrXz-̄ n\p IognÂ h¶ptNÀ¶p. B cmjv

{S kmc-Yn-bpsS I¿nÂ aX-þ-̀u-XnI t\Xr-Xzw.,]qÀÆ-Ime J

eo^-am-cpsS Ime¯p-m-bn-cp¶ hn[w h¶p tNÀ¶p.Atd

_y³ D]-Zzo-]nÂ Ipsd bp²-§fpw kwL-«-\-§fpambn h

lm-_n-IÄ \o§n-b-t¸mgpw AbÂ]¡ cmjv{S-§sfþ_-KvZm-

Zv, lnPm-kv-þ-Hcp \nebv¡pw ieyw sN¿p-I-bp-m-bn-Ã. ln

Pm-knse bm{Xm-kw-L-§Ä Ah-cpsS `q{]-tZ-i-§Ä Xmn

bmsXmcphn[ AXn-{I-a-̄ n\pw hnt[-b-am-ImsX IS¶p t]m

bn-cp-¶p.a¡-bnse ico-̂ mb (k-¿nZv IpSpw-_w) ico^v kp

dq-dp-ambn AhÀ¡p kulmÀ± _Ô-am-Wp-m-bn-cp-¶-Xv.1781þ

Â IAv_bnÂ Xzhm^v sN¿m\pw lÖv \nÀÆ-ln-¡m-\p-ap

Å A\p-a-Xnbpw At±-l-̄ nÂ \n¶p AhÀ¡p In«n. AXv

AhcpsS iàn hÀ²n-̧ n-¡p-hm³ D]-I-cn-̈ p. ]ns¶ a¡-bn

se ico-̂ mb ico^v Kmen_v A[n-Im-c--̄ -se-̄ n-b-t¸mÄ

Ah-cpsS tijn hÀ[-\-bnÂ Akqb ]q At±lw hlm

_n `c-W-Iq-S-t¯mSv bp²w {]Jym-]n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.


""A§s\ ico^v Kmen_v Xsâ KqV -D-]-Pm-]-§sf

XpÀ¡n `c-W-Iq-S-hp-ambn ]¦n-«p. hlm-_n-I-fpsS iàn £

bn-̧ n-¡p-hm³ ]cym-]vX-amb GsXmcp amÀ¤hpw ]mgm-¡msX,

AXn\p thn am{Xw XpÀ¡n `c-W-IqSw Pko-d-bnÂ {]th-

in-¡m³ X{´-§-fm-hn-jv¡-cn-̈ p.AXn-\pthn AhÀ(h-lm-

_n-IÄ) ssZh-\n-tj[n-I-fpw amÀ¤-{`w-i-cp-am-sW¶v hmZn-̈ p(!).

XpÀ¡n lÖm-Pn-am-tcmSv AhÀ hfsc tami-ambn s]cp-am-

dp-¶p-sh¶v \pW-{]-Nm-cWw \S-̄ n.'' 13. tUmIvSÀ Xmlm lpssk³

Atd-_y³ D]-Zzo-]nse kmwkvIm-cnI _u²nI Pohn-

Xs¯¡pdn¨v Kth-jWw \S¯p¶-hÀ¡v 18þmw \qäm-nÂ

AhnsS Dcphw sIm ià-amb Hcp {]Øm-\s¯ Ah-K-

Wn-¡m-\m-In-Ã.B[p-\nI temI-̄ nsâ Ing¡pw ]Snªmdp-

apÅhcpsS {i² Xncn¨, AXn -{]-[m\ t\«-§Ä kw`m-h\

sNbvX B {]Øm\w. AXnsâ iàn CSbv¡v AÂ]w a

§n-sb-¦nepw C¡m-e¯v hopw iàn {]m]n-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p.

Atd-_y-bnÂ am{X-aÃ AXnsâ kzm[o\w.bqtdm-]y³ kaq-

l-t¯mSpw AXv _Ôw ]peÀ¯n-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-¶p. \PvZn

se ssiJp-am-cnÂ s]« apl-½Zv _v\p A_vZpÂ hlm-_n

sâ hlm_n {]Øm-\-am-W-Xv.

hnÚm-\hpw IÀa-im-kv{Xhpw \oXn-\ym-bhpw kt½

fn¨ Hcp IpSpw-_-̄ n-emWv At±-l-̄ nsâ P\-\w. ]nXm-hn

Â \n¶p hnZy A`y-kn-̈ p.- A-\-́ cw Cdm-Jn-te¡p \o§n

_k-d-bnse ]WvUnX t{ijvT-cnÂ \n¶p ]Tn-̈ p. Htc ka

bw ]pXp-abpw ]g-abpapÅ Xsâ Bi-b-§Ä Ahn-sS \n

¶v At±lw {]I-Sn-̧ n-̈ p. P\w {Ip²-cmbn At±-ls¯ _

k-d-bnÂ \n¶p ]pd-̄ m-¡n. A§s\ kndn-b-bn-te¡p t]m


Im-\m-bn-cp¶p Xsâ B{K-lw. ]s£ Zmcn{Zyw k½-Xn-̈ n-Ã.

A§s\ \PvZn-te¡p Xncn-̈ p, AhnsS ]nXm-hn-t\m-sSm-¶n

¨p Xsâ BZÀi-̄ n-te¡p £Wn¨pw P\-§-tfmSv kwhm-Z-

¯n-teÀs¸«pw Xma--kn-̈ p. At±l¯nsâ {]kn²n Ahn-S

§-fnÂ hym]n¨p h¶p.

C_v\p A_vZpÂ hlm_nsâ Imcy-̄ nÂ P\w c

p tNcn-bm-bn-̧ n-cn-ªp.A\p-Iq-en-Ifpw {]Xn-Iq-en-Ifpw. A

h-km\w Xsâ Poh³ A]-I-S-s¸-Sp-sa¶ \ne-bn-em-bn. tKm

{X\m-b-ItcmSpw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-tfmSpw X\n¡p A`bw \

ÂIp-¶-Xn\pw {]t_m-[\w kzoIcn¡phm\pw At±lw Bh

iys¸«p. A§-s\-bmWv ZÀ-C-¿m-bnse `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn--bpsS

ASp-s¯-̄ p-¶-Xv. Ahn-Sps¯ `c-Wm-[n-Imcn apl-½-Zv _v

\p- k-Du-Zn-t\mSv {]iv\w Ah-X-cn-̧ n-̈ p. At±lw ssiJn\p

A`bw \ÂIp--Ibpw klmbw hmKvZm\w \ÂIp-Ibpw sN

bvXp. A¶p- apXÂ Cu \h-Nn-́ m-[mc HutZym-Kn-I-Nn´m-[m-

c-bm-bn. cmjv{Sob iàn AXn\p ]n³-Xp-W-sIm-Sp-̄ p. Nne-

t¸mÄ arZp-hmb {]t_m-[\ cqt]-Wbpw aäp Nne thf-I-fn

Â bp²wsImpw JUvKw sImpw AXp {]N-cn-̈ p-sIm-n-

cp-¶p.

aXþcmjv{Sob ssItImÀ¡-ep-IÄ hgn Atd-_y³ D

]-Zzo-]nÂ Hcp cmjv{Sob iàn DbÀ¶p- h-¶p. AXp i-àn-

{]m-]n-̈ p. XpÀ¡n-IÄ At§-b-äs¯ `b-̧m-tSmSp-Iq-Sn-bmWv

AXns\ A`n-ho-£n-̈-Xv. AhÀ¡p {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡p-hm-\mIpw

hn[w AhÀ {]Xn-tcm-[n¨p t\m¡n. hnPbw ImWm-Xn-cp-¶

t¸mÄ CuPn-]vXnse Ah-cpsS KhÀWÀ apl-½-Zen AÂ I

_o-dns\ AXn-\mbn Npa-X-e-s¸-Sp-̄ n. Cu \h-cm-jv{Ss¯ D


³aq-e\w sN¿p-¶-Xnepw Ah-cpsS ]qÀÆ ØnXn-bnÂ Iog-S-

§p-¶-Xnepw kwL-«-\-§Ä Iem-in¨p.

B[p-\nI bpK-̄ nÂ Ad-_n-I-fpsS _u²n-I- Po-hn-X-

¯nÂ Cu \h-Nn-́ m-[mc F{X-am{Xw kzm[o-\n-̈ p, F´m-bn-

cp¶p AXnsâ e£yw F¶-dn-bm³ Ffnb Hcp ]cym-tem-N

\ \ap¡v AXym-h-iy-am-Ip-¶p.

Rm³ ]d-bs« : Cu Nn´m-[mc B[p-\nIhpw ]ucm-

Wn-I-hp-am-Wv, Htc ka-b¯v Xs¶.ka-Im-en-Isc kw_-Ôn

¨nSt¯mfw AXp ]pXn-b-Xm-Wv. hmkvX-h-̄ nÂ AXv ]g-b

Xm-Wv._lpssZh-Xz-̄ n-sâbpw ]¦p-tNÀ¡-ensâbpw GXp-

Xcw IeÀ¸nÂ \n¶pw kwip-²hpw Ah-{I-hp-amb CÉm-an-

te¡p AXn-i-à-amb {]t_m-[-\w. {]hm-N-I-Xn-cp-ta\n()

sImp- h-¶Xp amXn-cn-bpff C-kvan-te-¡pff £Ww.If-¦-

te-i-an-ÃmX aXw AÃm-lp-hn-\p- am{Xw kaÀ¸n-¡p-I. P\-§

Ä¡pw ssZh-̄ n\pw CS-bn-epÅ kI-e-am\ a[y-hÀ¯n-I-

fp-sSbpw Xnc-kvI-c-Ww. Ad-_n-IÄ A\-d_n P\--X-bp-ambn

ebn¨p tNÀ¶-Xnsâ ^e-ambpw AÚ-X-bpsS L\m-Ô

Imcw Bh-cWw sNbvX-Xn-\mepw Ahsc Nqgv¶p \n¶ F

ÃmänÂ \n¶p-apÅ ip²o-I-c-Ww. Ad_n Ckvem-ansâ ]p\-

cp-Öo-h-\w. Pohn-X- co-Xn-bnepw hnizm-k-§-fnepw \PvZp-hm-

kn-I-fn-te¡v Acn¨p Ibdn h¶ A\n-kvem-anI (Pm-ln-en-¿-

¯v) {]h-W-X-Isf ssiJv apl-½Zv _v\p A_vZnÂh-lm_v

hnaÀin¨p. AhÀ J_-dp-Isf BZ-cn-̈ n-cp-¶p. acn-̈ p-t]m-b-h

À AÃm-lp-hnsâ ASp¯v ip]mÀi¡mcm-sW¶v [cn-̈ p. I

Ãn\pw ac-̄ n\pw BZ-chp IÂ]n-̈ p.D]-Imc§Ä¡pw D]-{Z-

h-§Ä¡pw Ahbv¡p km[n-¡p-¶p-sa¶v hniz-kn-̈ p.


AhÀ Pmlneo Ad-_n-I-fpsS Pohn-X-k-{¼-Zm-b-̄ n-

te¡v Xncn-̈ p- t]m-bn-cp-¶p. bp² þ kwL-«-\-§-fnÂ AhÀ

hym]rXcmbn. \a-kvImc -t\m-¼mXn IÀa-§Ä hn-kva-cn-̈ p.a

Xw s]mcp-fn-Ãm¯ s]mÅ-bmbn ]cn-W-an-̈ p. _lp-ssZ-hXz

BNm-chpw ]cp-¡³ kz`m-h-¡m-cpamb AAv-dm-_nIsf b

YmÀY apkvenw-I-fm¡n¯oÀ¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. apl-½Zv _v

\p A_vZpÂh-lm_v sNbvXXv; ]Xn-s\m¶p \qämv ap¼v

{]hm-N-I-Xn-cp-ta\n() lnPm-kp-Imsc ]cn-hÀ¯n-̧ n¨ cq]-

¯nÂ.

lnPm-knÂ Ckvem-ansâ BhnÀ`m-h-L-«-̄ nÂ Dm-

bn-cp-¶-Xp- t]m-epÅ kml-N-cy-§Ä Cu Nn´m-[mc cwK

¯p -h-¶-t¸m-gp-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶Xv bmZr-Ýn-I-a-Ã. AXn

\mÂ AXnsâ hàm-¡Ä BZyw arZp-ssi-en-bnÂ {]t_m

[\w \S-̄ n. Ipsd t]À kzoI-cn-̈ p. ]c-ky-am-bn-̄ p-S-§n-b-

tXmsS A]IS-̄ n\p hnt[-b-am-bn-̄ p-S-§n. ]ns¶bmWv

Cu BZÀiw `c-Wm-[n-I-mcnIsfbpw tKm{X-\m-b-I-scbpw A

dn-bn-¡p-¶-Xv. {]hm-NIXncp-ta\n-() tKm-{X-t\-Xm¡sf {]

t_m-[-\w- sNbvX cq]-̄ nÂ. ]ns¶ ZÀ-C-¿-bn-te¡p ]em-b

\w. Ahn-Sp-̄ p-Im-cpsS klmb hmKv-Zm\w; aZo-\-bnÂ \_n

Xncp-ta-\n()¡p In«n-b-Xn-\p -k-am-\-am-bn.

]t£ apl-½Zv _v\p A_vZpÂ hlm_v cmjv{So-b-cw-

K-t¯-¡p Xncn-bmsX AX-{Xbpw C_v\pkDu-Zn\p hn«p-

sImSp-̄ p. At±lw aXhpw hnÚm-\-hp-ambn CS-s]«p Po

hn-¡p-Ibpw.cmjv{So-b-s¯bpw cmjv{So-b-¡m-scbpw Xsâ {]

t_m-[-\-̄ n\p am[ya-am-¡pIbpw sNbvXp. CsXÃmw H¯p-

h-¶-t¸mÄ Xsâ BZÀi-̄ n-te¡p P\§sf hnfn-̈ p. AXn


\v sNhn sImSp¯hsc kzmKXw sNbvXp. sNdp¯p \n¶h-

tcmSv bp²hpw sNbvXp. \PvZp-hm-kn-IÄ At±-l-̄ nsâ {]

t_m[\w kzoI-cnIpIbpw. A\p-k-cn-¡pIbpw sNbvXp. A

Xnsâ amÀK-̄ nÂ AÀ¸-W-̄ n\p X¿m-dm-bn. Ad-_n-IÄ ap

¼v \_n()¡v Iogvs]«p ]em-b\w sNbvX-Xp- t]m-se.

kÀÆm-bp-[ hn`q-jn-X-cmbn Cu {]Øm-\-t¯mSv bp

²w sN¿m³ XpÀ¡n-Ifpw CuPn-]vXp-Imcpw Hcp-s¼-«n-Ãm-bn-

cp-¶p-sh-¦nÂ lnPvd ]{´pw ]Xn-aq¶pw \qäm-nÂ Ad-

_n-I-fpsS Ncn{Xw asäm-¶m-Ip-am-bn-cp-¶p.lnPvd H¶mw \qäm-

nÂ Ad_v P\-X-sb IpS-¡o-gnÂ B¡n-b-Xp-t]mse C

¡me¯pw AXv kw`-hn-t¨s\. 14. tUmIvSÀ A_vZp-dlow A_vZp-d-Òm³ A_vZp-dlow:

ke^n {]Øm\w Hcp-]mSv kwhm-Z-§Ä DWÀ¯n-

hn-«n-«p-v.At\-I-am-fp-IÄ AXns\ ]n´p-W-̈-t¸mÄ aäp Nn

eÀ AXns\ FXnÀ¯p h¶p. bYmÀ°-̄ nÂ CÉmw aX

¯nÂ ]pXn-b-sXm¶pw AXv ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-̄ n-bn-«nÃ. AXv H

cp ke^n kp¶o {]t_m-[\ {]Øm-\-am-bn-cp-¶p. AXnsâ

\mb-I\pw A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw Alvepkp-¶-̄ nsâ BZÀi-

¯nÂ hniz-kn-̈-hcpw, AÃm-lp-hnsâ hnti-jW kw_-Ô-

ambn h¶ JpÀ-B-\nI kqà-̄ n-t\mSpw \_n hN-\-§-tfm

Spw ke-̂ p-Êm-en-lnsâ AtX-]mX kzoI-cn-̈-h-cp-am-bn-cp¶p.

{]Øm-\-̄ nsâ ASn-̄ d ct cm-bn-cp-¶p. hnip-

² -JpÀ-B\pw {]hm-NI PohnX Ncybpw. 15. apl-½Zv PemÂ IivIv.

icn-bmb Ckvem-anI Nn´-tbmSv Ahn-On-¶-amb _


Ôw ]peÀ¯p-¶Xp sImpw hlm_n {]Øm-\-̄ nsâ cm

jv{Sob NnÓ-§Ä Fgpt¶äp \nÂ¡p-¶p.XuloZo hnNn-́ -

\hpw, J_vdnÂ \n¶p A\p-{Klw tXSp-¶Xv hne-¡p-¶Xpw

CÉm-anI Nn´-bpsS `mKw Xs¶-bm-Wv. At\Iw ]WvUn-X

³amÀ, H¶n-e-[nIw cmPy-§-fnÂ `n¶ \qäm-p-I-fnÂ AXn-

te¡v {i²- £-Wn-¡p-Ibpw AXn-s\Xnsc i_vZn-¡p-Ibpw

sNbvXn-«p-v. F¶mÂ ka-Im-en-Itam, ap³ Ign-ªtXm B

b ke^o {]t_m-[\ coXn-I-fnÂ \n¶v Cu {]Øm\w hy

Xn-cn-àX ]peÀ¯p-¶Xv AXnsâ cmjv{Sob AS-bm-f-§Ä

sImm-Wv. ssiJnsâ XuloZo BZÀi-§Ä [mcmfw C

kvem-anI cmPy-§-fnse ]WvUn-X-·mÀ kzoI-cn-¡m³ X¿m-

dm-bn.asämcp `mj-bnÂ ]d-ªmÂ BÀ¡pw AXns\ Xnc-kv

I-cn-¡m³ km[n-¡p-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. F¶mÂ {]Xn-tbm-Kn-IÀ

AXnÂ ""]pXp-Xmbnsbm¶p-anÃ''F¶ kao-]\w kzoI-cn¨p,

AXns\ sXän-²-cn-¡p-Ibpw, AXnsâ _mly-ap-{Z-§-fnÂ {i

²-bq¶n AXn-s\-Xnsc \pW¡Y s\bvXp-sIm-n-cn¡pIbpw

sNbvXp.AtXkabw ]WvUn-X³amcpw IÀ½-im-kv{X hnim

-c-Z-·mcpw F´n\v Hmdn-bâ-en-Ìp-IÄ hsc, bYmÀ° Ckv

eman-t\mSv tbmPn-¡p-¶-XmWv AXnsâ BZÀi-§Ä F¶p

{]Jym-]n-¡p-¶p-m-bn-cp-¶p. ""a¡-bnse km[m-c-W-¡m-c\v Adn-bm¯ Hcp Imcy

hpw a¡-bnÂ C_v\p kDuZv D¨-cn-̈ n-«n-Ã'' F¶v C_v\p-

kuZnsâ hm¡v kXy-k-Ôhpw AtX Ah-kcw A\p-NnX

hp-am-Wv. a¡-bnse ico^v Kmen_v ssiJnsâ i{Xp-hmbn am

dn-bXpw XssYh, ssiJnsâ BZÀi-§-fp-ambn At±lw

tbmPn-¡p-am-bn-cp-¶p. ]s£ At±-l-̄ nsâ knÂ_-Ôn-I


Ä, hlm-_n-IÄ Xm¦-fpsS Itk-c-bmWv em¡m-¡p-¶-Xv F

¶v Adn-bn-̈-t¸mÄ AXv ico-̂ n\v Xm§m-\m-hp-¶-Xmbn-cp-

¶n-Ã. R§Ä Hcp A©mw aZvl-_p-Im-c-Ã, R§Ä ]pXnb

Hcp hmZ-hp-ambn h¶n-«p-an-Ã F¶v ssiJpw At±-l-̄ nsâ

A\pKmanIfpw BhÀ¯n¨p hyà-am-¡n-bn-«p-v. CXv kzm

`m-hn-Ihpw kXy-hp-am-Wv. aZvl-_p-IÄ kzX-{´-amb aX-§-

sfm-¶p-a-Ã, Ah ]WvUn-X³am-cpsS Kth-j-W-§-fm-Wv.Ah

cpw a\p-jyÀ, \½fpw. AXv sImmbncp¶p A©mw aZvl

_v F¶ sXän-²m-c-Wsb Xncp-̄ m-\pÅ {iaw \S¶Xv.(2)

1. DYvam-\p-_v\p kuZv þ_k-d-bnÂ, {]Øm\-̄ nsâ

BZy -Ime i{Xp-hmbn cwK-̄ p -h-¶p.

2. kuZn-Ifpw CÉm-anI ]cn-lmc amÀ¤hpw F¶ Ir

Xn-bnÂ \n¶v AØm-\-̄ m-bn-cp-¶p.

16. A_vZp-d-ln-am³ P_ÀXn (CuPn-]vXy³ Ncn-{X-Im-c³)

lnPvd: 1227mw hÀjw lnPm-knse hlm-_n-Ifpw Cu

Pn-]vXnse apl-½-Z-en-bpsS ssk\yhpw X½n-ep-mb bp²

apJs¯ hmÀ¯ hnh-cn-¡p-¶Xv C-§s\ hmbn-¡mw. ""ssZh `bhpw \·bpw DÅ-h-sc¶v tXm¶p¶ Nne

ap³ \nc ssk\n-IÀ F-t¶mSv ]d-bp-I-bp-mbn: \ap¡v F

§s\ hnPbw e`n-¡m-\mWv! \½psS ssk\yw an¡-hmdpw

aXm-\p--km-cn-I-fÃ. Hcp aXhpanÃm-̄ -hÀ. Hcm-ZÀihpw kzo

I-cn-¡m¯-hÀ. aZyw\nd¨ s]«n-IÄ ssk\y-t¯m-sSm¸w Im

Wm-am-bn-cp-¶p. \½psS AWn-I-fnÂ _m¦v apg-§p-¶p-mbn-

cp-¶n-Ã. \a-kvIm-chpw \S-¡p-¶n-Ã. aX-̄ nsâ NnÓ-§tfm,


FXnÀ tNcn-bn-epÅhcp-sS IÀa-§tfm Ah-cpsS a\-Êp-I-fn

Â DZn-̈ n-«p -t]m-ep-an-Ã. F¶mÂ FXnÀ`m-K-̄ p-Å-hÀ (ku-Zn-IÄ) \a-kvImc

kabw Bk-¶-am-bmÂ _m¦v apg¡pw, AWn-bmbn \nÂ

¡pw. Xmgvabpw `ànbpw {]I-Sn-̧ n-̈ p-sImv Htc Cam-ansâ

IognÂ \akvIcn¡pw. \a-kvImc ka-bhpw bp²hpw Htc

ka-b-̄ m-bmepw apA-±n³ _m¦v hnfn¡p¶p At¸mÄ Ah

À "`b-k-a-b¯pÅ \a-kvImcamWv \a-kvI-cn-¡p-I. Hcp hn

`mKw \a-kvIm-c-̄ nÂ \nÂ¡p-¶p. asämcp Iq«À bp² apJ

¯pw. CsXms¡ Iv R§-fpsS `mK-̄ p-Å-hÀ (Cu-Pn]v

jy³ ssk\yw) AÛpX ]c-X-{´-cm-Ip-¶p. C¯-c-sam-cp Im

gvN AhÀ ImWp-Itbm, F´n-\p, tIÄ¡p-I- t]mepw sNbv

Xn-«n-Ã. Ah-cpsS tk\m-ap-J¯v \n¶v hnfn-bm-f-ap-b-cp-¶p;

"XmSn shbv¡m¯ Cu apivcn-¡p-I-tfmSv bp²-̄ n-\n-d-§p-

ho³. ChÀ hy`n-Nm-chpw kzhÀ¤-c-Xnbpw A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am

bn ImWp-¶-hÀ. aZy-]m-\n-IÄ, \a-kvImcw Dt]-£n-¡p-¶-h

À, ]eni `pPn-¡p-¶-hÀ, Poh³ \in-̧ n-¡p-¶-hÀ, \njn-²-am-

bXv A\p-h-Z-\o-b-ambn ImWp-¶-hÀ' bp²-̄ nÂ sImÃ-s]«

]e-scbpw tZl ]cn-tim-[\ \S-̄ n-b-XnÂ \n¶p tNem IÀ

½w sN¿m-̄ -hcpw Iq«-̄ n-ep-m-bn-cp¶psh-¶-hÀ¡v a\

Ên-em-bn. AhÀ (ap-l-½-Z-en-bpsS tk\) _Zvd-bnÂ F¯n

AhnsS ssJ^nepw aäpw B[n-]-Xyw Øm]n-̈-t¸mÄ Ahn

sS IXv hninjvS a\p-jy--sc-bm-bn-cp-¶p. hnÚm-\-ap-Å-h

À, \·bnÂ \nc-XÀ. F¶n«pw ssk\yw Ahsc sImÅ sN

bvXp.Ah-cpsS kv{XoI-sfbpw Ip«n-Isfbpw {KÙ-§-sfbpw

]nSn-s¨-Sp-̄ p; Ahsc AhÀ¡v thsXÃmw sNbvXp. hne

¡p hnÂ¡p-Ibpw ChÀ \ntj-[n-Ifpw Jhm-cn-Pn-I-fp-amsW


¶p ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. _Zvdv \nhm-kn-I-fnÂ s]« Hcm-fp

sS A\p-̀hw, tIÄ¡pI! sk\y-̄ nÂ s]« HcmÄ Xsâ

`mcysb C¶s¯ cm{Xn F\n¡p \ÂI-W-sa¶pw \msf \n

\¡p Xncn¨p \ÂIm-sa¶pw Bh-iy-s¸-«-s{X.''(3)

ke^n {]Øm-\-̄ nsâ i{Xp-¡Ä H«-t\Iw kwi-b

§fpw sXän-²m-c-W-Ifpw,{]Ncn¸n¡pIbpw AXnsâ hàm-

¡Ä Hcn-¡epw AwKo-I-cn-¡m¯ Zpcm-tcm-]-W-§Ä D¶-bn-

¡p-I-bpap-msb¶v hmb-\-¡mÀ CXn-\Iw Xs¶ a\-Ên-em-

¡n-bn-«p-m-Ipw. AXvsImv {]Øm\w {]Xn-\n-[m\w sN

¿p¶ {][m\ BZÀi-§Ä Fs´¶v hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv

Cu A[ym-b-̄ nÂ.

A²ymbw 5

XuloZv AYhm GI-ssZh hnizmkw {]Øm-\-̄ nsâbpw AXnsâ FXn--cm-fn-I-fpsSbpw a

t²y Dm-bn-cp¶ apJy {]iv\w CXm-bn-cp-¶p. Xulo-Zvþin

À¡v, kp¶-̄ vþ_nZv-A-̄ v, k·mÀ¤wþZpÀamÀ¤w, kXywþA

kXyw alm-·m-cmb {]hm-N-I·mcpw Ah-cpsS FXn-cm-fn-I

fpw CtX Imcy-̄ n-em-bn-cp-¶tÃm kwhm-Z-§Ä \S-̄ n-b

Xpw. AÃmlp ]d-bp¶p: ""\n§Ä AÃm-lp-hns\ Bcm-[n-¡p-ho³, XzmKq-̄ n

s\ shSn-bp-hn³, F¶ ktµ-i-hp-am-bn-«mWv FÃm kap-Zm-b

§fn-te¡pw \mw {]hm-N-I-·msc \ntbm-Kn-̈Xv'' (\lvÂ:36) ""\n§Ä AÃm-lp-hns\ Bcm-[n-¡p-ho³þ Ah-\-Ãm

sX \n§Ä¡p asämcp Bcm-[y-\p-anÃ''. (lqZv: 50)

(3) P_ÀXn-bpsS Ncn{X {KÙ-̄ nÂ \n¶v 3/341,342


""\n§Ä AÃm-lp-hns\ Bcm-[n-¡p-ho³, Ah-\nÂ

bmsXm-¶n-s\bpw ]¦p-tNÀ¡p-I-bp-a-cp-Xv.'' (\n-km-Av:36) AsX, C_m-Z¯nsâ {]m[m\yw ssiJv C_v\p A

_vZpÂ hlm_pw B BZÀiw apdpsI ]nSn-̈-hcpw Ah-cp

sS `c-W-Iq-Shpw Dss¨-kvXcw {]Jym-]n-̈ p. ]p¯³ BNm-c-

§Ä, J_-dp-IÄ¡p aosXbpÅ sI«n-S-§Ä, ]pWy-tI-{µ

§Ä, C_m-Z¯v AÃmlp AÃm-̄ -hÀ¡v \ÂIp¶ _lp-

hn[ amÀK-§Ä, knlvdv, AÔ-hn-izmkw hgnbpÅ Nqj-W-

§Ä, Ch-sbÃmw Ipw tI«pw hnizm-kn-IÄ aSp-̄ n-cp-¶p. Cu kml-N-cy-̄ nÂ icn-bmb Ckvem-ansâ ]p\-cp

Öo-h\w Ime-L-«-̄ nsâ Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-¶p. AXn-\mÂ X

Zznj-b-I-ambn Camapw C_v\p kDuZpw aäp ]WvUnX t{i

jvT³amcpw Alvep-kp-¶-bpsS AtX ]mX-bnÂ \n¶v H«pw

hyXn-N-en-¡msX {]iv\-§-fpsS Kuchw P\-k-a£w kaÀ

¸n-̈ p.

1. Camw C_v\p A_vZpÂ hlm_v Xs¶ a¡-bnse i

co v̂ Kmen-_n\pw kaq-l-̄ nsâ ]WvUn-XÀ¡pw F

gp-Xn-bXv C§s\bmbncp¶p. ! ""apl-½Zv _n\p A_vZpÂ hlm-_nÂ \n¶v hnip-²-

l-d-anse ]WvUn-X³am-cpsS Adn-hn-te¡v... A´y {]hm-N-I

sâ aX-̄ n\v AÃmlp Ahsc sImv iàn \ÂIp-am-dm-I-

s«þB {]hm-NIXncp-ta-\n-()bpsS t]cnÂ kZm kam[m\w

hÀjn-¡p-am-dm-Im-s«.'' AÃm-lp-hnsâ c£bpw Icp-Wbpw \n§fnÂ hÀjn-

¡pamdmIs«. Nne {]iv\-§-sfms¡ Dmb Imcyw \n§


fpw aäp-Å-hcpw Adn-ªn-cn-¡pw.AXnsâ Imc-W-an-Xm-Wv; Nn

e kZvhr¯-cpsS J_vdp-IÄ¡v aosX-bp-m-bn-cp¶ FSp-̧p-

IÄ R§-fpsS {]tZ-i¯v \n¶v R§Ä s]mfn¨p \o¡n.

kzmen-lo-§-tfmSv {]mÀ°n-¡p-¶Xv P\-§-tfmSv R§Ä hn

e-¡n. C_m-Z¯v AÃm-lp-thmSv am{Xw kaÀ¸n-¡Wsa¶v

R§Ä IÂ¸n-̈ p. Cu {]iv\w R§Ä P\-a-[y-̄ nÂ Ah-

X-cn-̧ n-̈ p. s]mXp P\¯n\p AXv AXn-̀-b-¦-c-ambn tXm¶n.

Adn-hp-Å-h-sc¶v ]d-bp-¶hÀ Ahsc ]n´p-W-¡p-I-bpw sN

bvXp. tZtl-Osb A\p-k-cn¨pw \n§Ä¡-dn-bm-hp¶ CX-c-

Im-c-W-§-fm-ep-amImw AhÀ A{]-Imcw {]hÀ¯n-̈-Xv. AhÀ R§sf¡pdn¨p {]N-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xv. R§Ä k

Zvhr-̄ sc No¯ hnfn-¡p-¶psh¶pw.R§Ä ]WvUn-X-cpsS

]mXbnÂ AsÃ¶pamWv, Ing¡pw ]Sn-ªm-dpw AhÀ {]N-

cWw Agn¨p hn«p. _p²n-bp-Å-hÀ¡p tI«mÂ eÖ tXm

¶p¶ Imcy-§Ä AhÀ R§-sf¡p-dn¨p ]dªp ]c-̄ p

¶p. AXp-sImp \n§-sf- t]m-ep-Å-hÀ Zpcm-tcm-]-W-̄ nÂ

s]Sm-Xn-cn-¡m\pw Imcy-̄ nsâ \nP-ØnXn {Kln-¡p-¶-Xn

\pw thn F´mWv R§Ä ]d-bp-¶Xv F¶v \n§Ä¡p

hyà-am¡n Xcmw. R§Ä {]hm-NI kcWn A\p-[m-h\w sN¿p-¶h-cm

Wvþ AÃm-lp-hn\p kvXpXnþAÃmsX ]p¯³ hmZn-I-fÃ. C

amw Al-½Zv _v\p l¼-ensâ aZvl-_v A\pkcn¡p¶hcm

Wv, Xm¦Ä¡-dn-bm-a-tÃmþ AÃmlp Xm¦Ä¡p {]Xm]w \Â

I-s«þ A[nI Øe-§-fn-ep-apÅ t\Xm-¡Ä XÀ¡ hnj-b

§fnÂ F´mWv sNt¿--sX¶v {]amW§Ä {]Imcw P\-

§Ä¡p hyà-am-¡n-s¡m-Sp-̄ mÂ AhÀ¡Xv Xm§m³ I

gn-bpI-bn-Ã. ImcWw Ahcpw Ah-cpsS ]nXm-¡-·mcpw hfÀ


¶p h¶Xv AXn\p hncp-²-amb coXn-bn-e-s{X. Xm¦Ä¡v A

dn-bp-a-tÃm, ssiJv A_vZpÂ Akokv _v\p A_vZpÃ Xm¦-

fpsS ASp¡Â hcn-Ibpw AlvaZp _v\p kCu-Znsâ "hnem-

b-̄ ns\¡pdn¨v Xm¦sf sXcy-s¸-Sp-̄ p-Ibpw sN¿p-I-bp-

m-btÃm. R§Ä¡p {]am-W-tbm-Ky-amb l¼en aZvl_n

se IrXn-IÄ AhÀ \ÂIp-Ibpw sNbvX-Xm-Wv. AXp-t]m

se im^nCu aZvl-_nÂ kzoIm-cy-amb Xplv^, \nlmb F

¶n-h-bp-w, CsXÃmw ImW-W-sa¶v ico^v Kmen_v Bh-iy-

s¸-«-t¸mÄ R§Ä AXv AwKo-I-cn-̈ p. A§s\ R§-fpsS

Iq«-̄ nse _p²nbpw Úm\-hp-apÅ Hcp ]WvUn-X-\p-ambn

C¡mcyw a¡-bnse ]WvUn-X ³am-scm-¶n¨v NÀ¨ sN¿m³

k½-Xn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp''.

]WvUn-X³amÀ F´p ]d-bp¶p. FÃm aZvl-_n-epÅ ]WvUn-X³amcpw Xm³ ]d-bp-¶

Xv icn-h-¡p-¶-h-cm-sW¶v hyàam¡n sImv ssiJv C_v

\p A_vZpÂ hlm_v Fgp-Xp-¶p; ""CXnÂ F\n-¡pÅ sXfnhv kIe hn`m-K§fnse

bpw ]WvUn-X³am-sc D²-cn-̈ p-sImp Rm³ ]d-bmw. AI-

I®p sImp AXns\¡pdn¨p Nn´n-¡p-¶-hsc AÃmlp

A\p-{K-ln-¡s«.A¯c¡mÀ \nÀ`bw AÃmlphns\bpw A

hsâ aXs¯bpw Ahsâ {]hm-N-I-s\bpw klm-bn-¡m³

X¿m-dm-hp-I-bpw sN¿s«.

F) l¼-en -a-Zvl-_nÂ

ssiJv XJnbp-±o³() ]d-bp-¶p: Jhm-cnPp-I-fpsS l

Zo-YmWv hnj-bw. {]hm-NIXncp-ta-\n-bpsSbpw Jpe-̂ m-¡-fp-

sSbpw Ime¯v h¼n¨ tXmXnÂ Bcm-[-\-I-fn-Â apgp-Inb


Bfp-IÄ,apkveowI-sf¶p ]d-bp-¶-hÀ, CÉm-anÂ \n¶p sX

¶n- t]m-bn«ps-¦nÂ FÃm-hcpw a\-Ên-em-t¡--Xm-Wv; C

Éman-te¡pw kp¶-̄ n-te¡pw X§sf tNÀ¯p ]d-bp-¶-h

cpw kXy aX-̄ nÂ \n¶p sX¶n t]mIpw. AXp ]e Imc

Ww sImmWv AXnÂs]«XmWv. AXn-hmZw, AÃmlp A

Xns\ Bt£-]n-¡p-¶p.Nne ssiJp-amsc ]än,hninjy ssi

Jv AZn-¿ns\t¸mse, Aen-¿n_v\p A_o-Xzmen_v(), ako

lv()Ch-cn-seÃmw P\w AXncphn«-Xp- t]m-se. {]hm-N-I-sâtbm kZvhr-̄ -sâtbm Imcy-̄ nÂ AXn

cp IS¶p Ah-cnÂ GsX-¦nepw Xc-̄ n-epÅ ZnhyXzw B

tcm-]n-¡p-¶ Hcp hyàn Ah-tcmSv {]mÀ°n-¡p-¶p. "Fsâ

bP-am-\tc, Fs¶ klm-bn-¡-W-ta,Xm¦Ä aXn F\n¡v, A

X-sÃ-¦nÂ Rm³ A§-bpsS Imh-enÂ BWv,' CsXÃmw in

À¡pw hgn-tI-Sp-a-s{X, AXv sN¿p-¶-h-³ ]Ým-X-]n-̈mÂ sh

dpsX hnS-Ww. AsÃ-¦nÂ h[n¨p If-bWw. ImcWw AÃm

lp {]hm-N-Isc \ntbm-Kn-̈Xv Ahs\ am{Xw Bcm-[n-¡m³

thn-bm-Wv. asämcp Bcm-[y-s\bpw Ahsâ IqsS k¦Â

¸n-¡-s]-S-cp-Xv. akolv()s\tbm, ae-¡p-I-sftbm Dssk-dn

s\()tbm, AX-sÃ-¦nÂ kzmen-lp-I-sftbm AÃm-lp-hn\p

]pdsa Cem-lp-Im-fm-¡n-b-hÀ Bcpw Ah-cmWv temIw kr

jvSn-̈-sXt¶m,D]-Po-h\w \ÂIp-¶-sXt¶m hniz-kn-̈ n-cp-¶n-

Ã. AhÀ Ah-tcmSv {]mÀ°n-¡pI am{X-amWv sNbvX-Xv. A

hÀ ]d-ªp;""Ch-À AÃm-lp-hnsâ ]¡Â R§-fpsS ip]m

Ài-¡m-cm-Wv.'' A§-s\-bmWv AÃmlp ZqX³amsc \ntbm

Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. AÃm-lp-hn\p ]pdsa aäm-tcmSpw {]mÀ°n-¡p-¶

Xv \ntcm-[n-̈ p. C_m-Z-̄ nsâ {]mÀ°-\bpw ]mSn-Ã, klm

bm`yÀ°\bpsS {]mÀ°-\bpw ]mSn-Ã.


CJv\m-CÂ At±lw {]kvXm-hn-̈ n-cn-¡p¶p. Xsâbpw

AÃm-lp-hn-sâbpw CS-bnÂ a[yhÀ¯n-Isf kzoI-cn-̈ p. A

htcmSv HcmÄ {]mÀ°n-¡p-¶-XmbmÂ ]¬Un-X³am-cpsS G

tIm-]nX A`n-{]m-b -{]-Imcw AbmÄ \ntj-[n-bmIp-¶-Xm-Wv.

_n) l\^n ]WvUn-X³amÀ ssiJv Jmknw Zpd-dpÂ _nlmdnsâ hymJym-\-̄ nÂ

]d-bp-¶p.\Ã a\p-jy-cpsS J_-dn-\-cnsI sN¶psImv km

[m-c-W-¡m-cnÂ ]ecpw sN¿p-¶ "Fsâ k¿n-tZ, F\n¡p \

jvS-s¸-«Xv \o XncnsI sImp h¶mÂ, AsÃ-¦nÂ Fsâ

tcmKn-bpsS tcmKw t`Z-am-¡n-bmÂ, AsÃ-¦nÂ Fsâ Bh

iyw \nd-thän X¶mÂ \n\¡p A{X kzÀ®w, C{X `£

Ww, C{X s\¿v...... C§s\ t\À¨ t\cp-¶Xv _mXzn-em-sW

¶v ]WvUn-X-·m-scÃmw GtIm-]n¨v A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«-Xm-Wv. ]e

\nebv¡pw AXv _mXzn-em-Wv. H¶m-aXv: AXv krjvSn-IÄ

¡pÅ t\À¨-bm-Ip¶p. AXv A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a-Ã. cm-a-Xv, acn-

¨p- t]mb hyàn¡v A[n-Im-c-̄ nÂ ]¦pv F¶p hnizkn-

¡p-¶Xv Ip v̂dm-Wv., \ntj-[-amWv, At±lw XpS-cp-¶p. C§-

s\-bpÅ kwK-Xn-I-fnÂ P\-§Ä Ipg-̧-̄ nÂ AI-s¸-«n-cn

¡p-¶p. hninjym ssiJv Al-½Zv _Z-hn-bpsS auenZv th

f-bnÂ. Camw _kmkn Xsâ ^Xm-h-bnÂ ]d-bp¶p; "JpÀ-B

³ Fs´t¶m, lemÂ ldm-ap-IÄ Fs´t¶m, Ckvemapw,

Cuam\pw Xs¶tbm Adn-bm¯ km[m-c-W-¡m-tcm-sSm¸w,]

ÅnI-fnÂ sh¨v \½psS C¡m-e¯v kq^n-IfpsS B«w (\r-

¯w)ImWmw. IgpX-bpsS Ic-̈ nÂ t]mse AhÀ i_vZn-¡p-

¶Xpw CsXÃmw ImWp-t¼mÄ At±lw ]d-bp-am-bn-cp¶p:

\nÊwibw C¡q-«À Ah-cpsS aXs¯ Ifnbpw hnt\m-Z-hp-


am¡n amän-sb¶v. (X-Z-h-k-c-̄ nÂ C{X IqSn ]d-bpw): \ym

bm[n-]³amÀ¡v \miw! `c-Wm-[n-IÄ¡p \miw! AhÀ¡p

iànbpm-bn«pw CsXm¶pw amän-sb-Sp-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶n-Ã

tÃm'.

kn) im^n ]WvUn-X³amÀ im^nCu ]WvUn-X³am-cnÂs]«, imanse apl-±n-km

b A_q-ima Xsâ "AÂ _mCYv' F¶ {KÙ-̄ nÂ ]d-bp-

¶p. "ico-A-̄ ns\ Is¿m-gn¨ hnhcanÃm¯ Nne km[m-c

W-¡mcpsS Im«nIq«-ep-IÄ BWv Zcn{Z thjw [-cn¨ Nne

cpw A\p-hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv.Ah-cpsS Zmcn{Zyw Ah-cpsS hnizm

-k¯nÂ Xs¶-bm-Wv. Ah-cpsS ssiJp-am-cnÂ AXn-cp -I-S

¶ hnizmkw {]I-Sn-̧ n¡Ibpw A\y kv{XoI-fnÂ AhÀ N

§m-̄ w ]peÀ¯pIbpw sN¿p¶p. A_q-ima XpS-cp-¶p: "hn{Kl]qP-bpsSbpw \ntj-[

¯n-sâ-bpw, Bcw`w C§s\ Xs¶bmbn-cp-¶tÃm.AsX, C

Æn-[-apÅ {]hÀ¯\§Ä ]nimNv AhÀ¡p `wKn-bm¡n Im

Wn-¡p-¶p.AhÀ Npa-cp-IÄ sI«n-s]m¡pw, XqWp-IÄ ]Wn-

bpw, hnf-¡p-amS-§Ä Dm¡pw; FÃm \mSpIfnepw. B {]

tZ-i¯v GtXm HcmÄ Xsâ Dd-¡-̄ nÂ C¶ Hcp alm-ßm

hns\ Ip-sh¶p ]dbpw B tI{µw a\pjy lrZ-b-§-fn

Â Øm\w ]nSn¡pw.AhnsS tcmKn-IÄ ia\w tXSpw. Ah

cpsS B{Kl k^-eo-I-c-W-̄ n\p kao-]n¡pw.At§m«v t\

À¨ t\À¶p -sImv;, AhnsS Acp-hn-Ifpw ac-§fpw tXm«-

§fpw C§s\ ]eXpw ImWpw. Za-kvIÊnÂ (AXns\ A

Ãmlp Im¯p c£n-¡s«)C¯cw At\Iw Øe-§-fpv..!


At±lw hopw ]dªp: "{]hm-NI Xncp-ta-\n-()

tbmSv NneÀ tNmZn¨p: ""Xm¦Ä R§Ä¡p Bbp-[- _-Ô-\-

acw \nÝ-bn-̈ p- X-cptam? Xncp-ta\n() ]dªp: AÃm-lp-hm

Wv Gähpw hen-b-h³. apl-½-Znsâ Bßmhv BcpsS I¿n-

emtWm Ah\mWv kXyw! Rm³ ]d-bp-¶p: ""AhÀ¡p C

emlp-IÄ DÅ-Xp- t]mse R§Ä¡pw Cem-lns\ Xm¦Ä

\nÝ-bn¨p XcnI.''F¶v aqkm()bpsS P\X At±-l-t¯m

Sv tNmZn¨ AtX tNmZy-amWv \n§fpw tNmZn-¡p-¶-Xv.'' (Xp

Àap-Zn, lZokv \¼À 2181)

Un) amenIn ]WvUn-X³amÀ A_q-_¡À XzÀXqin() Xsâ "]p¯³ BNm-c-§

Ä' F¶ IrXn-bnÂ apI-fnÂ ]cm-aÀin¨ lZokv D²-cn-̈ p-

sIm-s-gp-Xn: "ktlm-Z-c-·m-sc, \n§Ä Btem-Nn-¡pIþA

Ãmlp \n§sf A\p-{K-ln-¡p-am-dm-Is«þ FhnsS Hcp acw

Imepw P\-§Ä AXns\ Dt±-in¨v sNÃp¶p.AXns\ B

Z-cn-¡p-¶p.tcmKia\w B{K-ln-¡p-¶p.A§-\s¯ Hcp acw

\n§Ä ImWp¶p-sh-¦nÂ AXmWv ZmXp A³hm¯v, AXv

\n§Ä apdn-̈ p-I-f-bp-ho³.(4) XpSÀ¶v At±lw CÀ_mZp_v

\p kmcnbbnÂ \n¶v \nth-Z\w sN¿-s¸« kzlo-lmb l

Zokpw D²-cn-̈ p. AXnÂ Xncp-ta\n() {]kvXm-hn-̈ p. ]ns¶

\n§-fnÂ \n¶m-sc¦nepw Pohn-̈ n-cn-¡p¶ ]£w [mcmfw

A`n-{]mb `n¶-X-IÄ \n§Ä¡p ZÀin¡mw. At¸mÄ \n§

Ä Fsâ Ncy apdpsI ]nSn-¡pI,k·mÀKn-I-fmb Jpe^m D

(4) Pmln-eo-Im-e-̄ p-Å-hÀ Bbp-[-§Ä Nne {]tXyI ac-§-fnÂ sh¨mÂ bp²-̄ n

Â hnP-bn-¡p-ta¶v [cn-̈ n-cn-¶p. B ac-amWv Dt±iyw.


dmin-Zp-I-fpsS Ncybpw. AXv \n§Ä amtdmSv tNÀ¯v ]nSn-

¡p-I. ]p¯³ k{¼-Zm-b-§Ä \n§Ä Icp-Xn-bn-cn-¡p-I. F

Ãm ]p¯³ BNm-chpw hgn tISm-Ip-¶p. Camw _pJmcn A_p-±ÀZmC()Â \n¶pw \nth-Z\w

sN¿p-¶p.At±lw ]d-bp¶p:P\-§-sfÃmw \a-kvI-cn-¡p-¶p

v F¶-sXm-gn-̈mÂ apl-½Zv \_n()bpsS Ime¯p In-

cp¶ Imcy-§-fÃ Rm³ C¶p Ip sImn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. C

amw amenIv() aph-Xz-bnepw CXp-t]mse \nth-Z\w sN¿p

¶p. Nne klm-_n-amÀ ]dªp: C¶v P\-§-fnÂ \a-kvIm-c

¯n-\pÅ _m¦v hnfnbÃmsX \_n-bpsS Ime-̄ p-m-bn-cp

¶ Imcy-§Ä (AtX t]mse) Rm³ ImWp-¶n-Ã. CXm \a

kvImcw t]mepw ]mgmbn t]mIp-¶p. XzÀXqin() ]d-ªn-«pv: \n§Ä Nn´n-¡p-ho³. A

¡m-e¯v t]mepw kXyw A{]-Xy-£-am-hp-Ibpw AkXyw

shfn-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp,Jn_vebpsS Imcyw am{Xw \Ã \n

ebnÂ BsW¶p h¶mÂ, \½psS C¡m-es¯ ØnXn F

´m-bn-cn-¡pw.? AÃmlpth \nt¶m-S-ÃmsX aäm-tcmSv klmbw tXSm

³! ssiJv XpS-cp-¶p. {][m\s¸« cp hnjb§fnÂ ]WvUn-X³am-cpsS

\ne-]mSv F´m-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v Hmtcm-cp-̄ cpw a\-Ên-em-¡s«. (H-¶v) {]hm-NI Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS \ntbmK e£yw aXw

AÃm-lp-hn\p am{Xw kaÀ¸n¡m\m-bn-cp-¶p. Ahsâ IqsS

Bscbpw Bcm-[y-\m-¡-cpXv. C_m-Z--̄ nÂ, Znhy-Xz-̄ nÂ, a

e-¡n-s\-tbm, {]hm-I-s\tbm, J_vdn-s\tbm, IÃns\tbm, a


äp-Å-h-sbtbm H¶pw. AÃm-lp-hnÂ ]¦p tNÀ¯p-sImv

kzmen-lp-Isf BZ-cn-¡p¶Xv IrkvXym-\n-I-fpsS k{¼-Zm-b-

amWv. Cukm() AX-dn-bp-¶nÃ. (cv) {]hm-N³()s\ ]n´p-S-cp-¶Xpw ]p¯-\m-Nm-c-

§sf Dt]-£n-¡p-¶Xpw AXy-́ m-t]-jnXamWv. ]s£ _n

Zv-A-̄ p-IÄ P\-k-a£w {]N-cn¨p Ign-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p. AXn-

\mÂ a\-Ên-em-¡pI, s]mXpP\-§Ä¡p hnjbw ]Tn-̧ n-¡m

³ ]WvUn-X³amsc AXym-h-iy-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. AhÀ¡p ap

³Ime ]WvUn-X³am-cpsS hN-\-§Ä ]dªp sImSp-¡

Ww. A§s\, AÃm-lp-hns\, dkq-ens\, Ahsâ aXs¯

klm-bn-¡p-¶-hsc AÃmlp klm-bn¡pw. AbmÄ Hcp B

t£-]-¡m-c-s\bpw `b-¡-cp-Xv. AÃm-lp-hns\ HgnsI. Ah

\mWv Gähpw Adn-bp-¶-h³. {]hm-NI Xncp-ta-\n-bpsSbpw IpSpw-_-̄ n-sâbpw A

\p-Nc³am-cp-sSbpwtaÂ AÃm-lp-hnsâ ImcpWyw Dm-Is«. apkvenw s]mXp-P-\-§Ä¡v Camw AhÀIÄ Fgp-Xn

b I¯nsâ cq]w. apl-½Zv _v\p A_vZpÂ hlm_v Fgp-Xp¶p. Cu F

gp¯p e`n-¡p¶ kÀÆ apkveow-IÄ¡pw;

""\n§fpsS taÂ AÃm-lp-hnsâ im´nbpw kmam-[m-

\hpw A\p-{K-l-§-fpw Dm-I-s«. Fsâ hnizmkw, Fsâ aXw F´m-sW¶v Rm³ \n

§sf Adn-¡p-¶p.AXv Alvep-Êp-¶-̄ nsâbpw Pam-A¯n

sâbpw aZvl_v Xs¶-bm-Wv. apkveow t\Xm-¡-·m-cpsS amÀ

¤-taXm-bn-cpt¶m AXv, \mep Cam-ap-am-c-psSbpw A´y-Zn\w

hscbpÅ Ah-cpsS A\p-N-c-·mcpw kzoI-cn¨ amÀ¤w.


P\-§-tfmSnXm Rm³ hyà-am-¡p-¶p. aXw AÃm-lp-

hn\p am{X-ambn kaÀ¸n-¡Ww. \_n-amtcmtSm, kZvhr-̄ -cn

Â \n¶p ac-W-s¸-«-h-tcmtSm, aäp hÃ-h-tcmSptam {]mÀ°n

¡m³ ]mSn-Ã. _en, t\À¨, `c-taÂ¸n-¡Â kmjvSmwKw \

an¡Â CXpw CXp t]mep-ÅXpsaÃmw AÃm-lp-hn\p am{Xw

Ah-Im-i-s¸-«-XmWv. ]pWy-hm-f-\mb ae-¡n-s\-tbm, \ntbm

Kn-X-\mb Hcp ZqX-s\tbm Bscbpw AÃm-lp-hnÂ ]¦p-tNÀ

¡cp-Xv.{]hm-N-I-cnÂ BZys¯ BÄ apXÂ Ah-km-\s¯

\_n hsc {]t_m-[\w sNbvX Bibw CXm-Wv. kp¶¯v

Pam-A-̄ nsâ BZÀihpw. Rm³ Fsâ \m«nÂ D¯-c-hm-Zn-Xz-apÅ Hcp Øm\w

hln-̈ n-cp-¶p. P\-§Ä Rm³ ]d-bp-¶Xv A\p-k-cn¨p h¶p.

CXv Rm³ ]d-ª-t¸mÄ Nne t\Xm-¡-·mÀ¡v Atcm-N-I-am

bn.AhÀ hfÀ¶ph¶ PohnX coXns¡Xn-cm-bn-cp-¶Xp sIm

-mbncp¶p Cu shdp¸v AXp t]mse Fsâ Iogn-epÅh

tcmSv \a-kvImcw \ne \nÀ¯m\pw, k¡m¯v sImSp-¡m\pw

aäp \nÀ_-Ô- Im-cy-§Ä A\p-jvTn-¡m\pw Rm³ IÂ¸n-̈ p.

]en-isb Ah-tcmSv \ntcm-[n-̈ p. aZy-]m-\hpw aäp \nIr-jvS-

Im-cy-§-sfbpw XSªp. \m«nse {]am-Wn-amÀ¡p CXn-sem

¶pw Fs¶ Bt£-]n-¡mt\m Ipä-s¸-Sp-̄ mt\m \nhr-̄ n

bn-Ãm-Xmbn. ImcWw P\w CXns\ AwKo-I-cn-¡p-¶p. AhÀ

¡p \Ã-Xmbn A\p-̀-h-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbv¶p.At¸mÄ ]ns¶

Ah-cpsS Bt£]w asämcp \nebv-¡mbn; AYhm Rm³ ]

d-bp¶ Xulo-Znsâ hnj-b-̄ nepw, ]mSn-sÃ¶v Rm³ hne-

¡nb inÀ¡nsâ hnj-b-̄ nepw, s]mXp-P-\-§sf AhÀ B

i-b- Ip-g-̧-̄ n-em¡n. CsXms¡ P\-§Äs¡Xn-cm-sW¶p


{]N-cn-̧ n¨p sImp AhÀ {]iv\w cq£-ambn. ]nim-Nnsâ

kI-e-am\ ssk\y-s¯bpw AhÀ Iq«n\p ]nSn-̈ p. ssiJv XpS-cp¶p. \½psS alm-\mb {]hm-N-I³ Cu

kap-Zm-bs¯ ap¶-dn-bn¸v \ÂIn-: ""\n§Ä \n§Ä¡p-ap-¼p-

m-bn-cp¶ kap-Zm-b-§sf NmWn\p NmWmbn ]n³Xp-S-cm

Xn-cn-¡n-Ã. AhÀ DSp-¼nsâ amf-̄ nÂ IS¶mÂ \n§-fpw I

S-¡pw.'' ap¼p-Å-h-cpsS ØnXn F´m-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶p AÃmlp

]d-bp-¶p. ""AhÀ Ah-cpsS ]ptcm-ln-X-·m-scbpw ]WvUn-X-·m

scbpw AÃm-lp-hn\p ]pdsa dºp-I-fm-¡n.''(Xu_:31) amÀ¤

{`wi-̄ nÂ AIs¸«p t]mb NneÀ alm·mcmb Nnesc

t£a-̄ nepw £ma-̄ nepw hnfn¨p {]mÀ°n-¡p-¶p. ssiJv

A_vZpÂ JmZnÀ Poem-\nsb t]mse, Al-½Zv _Z-hnsb

t]mse, AZn-¿p_v\p apkm^n-dn-s\-t¸mse Bcm-[-\-bnepw

\·-bnepw apt¼ \S-¶-hÀ. hnh-c-ap-Å-hÀ alm·mtcmSv {]m

À°n¡p¶hsc hnaÀin-¡p-I-bp-mbn. F¶mÂ acn-̈ p-t]m

b al¯pIÄ AsXÃmw shdp-¡p-¶p. AhÀ F{X \Ã-hÀ! hnh-c-apÅ ]WvUn-X³amÀ ]d-ªp: "CXmWv amc-I-

amb inÀ¡v, hn{Kl ]qP'. ssiJv XpS-cp-¶p: C_vdmlow \_n-()bpsS aXw ]p

Xp-¡m³ apl-½Zv \_n()sb AÃmlp \ntbm-Kn-̈ p. Bcm

[\Ifpw {]mÀ°\IfpsaÃmw AÃm-lp-hnsâ am{Xw Ah-

Im-i-am-sW¶v Ahsc sXcy-s¸Sp¯n- ASp¯ ae-¡n t\m

Hcp \ntbm-KnX {]hm-N-It\m aämÀ¡p-sa-¦ntem AXn-s\m


¶pw Ah-Im-i-an-Ã. AsÃ-¦nÂ ]ns¶ F´m-bn-cp¶p _lp-

ssZ-h-hm-Zn-IÄ hniz-kn-̈ n-cp-¶-Xv.? AÃmlp ]¦p-Im-cn-Ãm¯

{kjvSm-hmsW¶pw krjvSnbpw D]-Po-h\w \ÂIepw Ah

sâ Ah-ImiamsW¶pw.Ah-\mWv Pohn-̧ n-¡p-¶-hs\¶pw,

acn-̧ n-¡p-¶-h\pw, \nb-́ mhpw, Ggm-Im-ihpw Ah-bn-ep-Å

Xpw Ggp `qanbpw AXn-ep-ÅXpw Ahsâ Zmkcpw Ahsâ

B[n-]Xy \nb-{´-W-§-fn-ep-am-Ip-¶p. CXn\p sXfnhp thW-sa-¦nÂ t\m¡pI: {]hm-N-I³

()]Ssh«nb _lp-ssZh hmZn-Isf¸än AÃmlp ]d-bp¶p:

""]d-bpI: BIm-i¯v \n¶pw `qan-bnÂ \n¶pw \n§Ä¡p

Blmcw \ÂIp-¶-Xv BcmWv? AsX-sÃ-¦nÂ tIÄhnbpw

ImgvNbpw A[o-\-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶Xv BcmWv? Poh-\n-Ãm-̄ -h-cn

Â \n¶v Poh-\p-ÅXpw Poh-\p-Å-Xn-Â \n¶v Poh-\n-Ãm¯

Xpw ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-¡p-¶Xpw BcmWv? Imcy-§Ä \nb-{´n¡p

¶Xpw BcmWv? AhÀ ]dbpw: AÃmlp F¶v.At¸mÄ ]d-

bpI: F¶n-«pw \n§Ä ]men-¡m-̄ -sX´p sImv? (bq-\p

kv: 31) CXpw CXp- t]m-epÅ Bb¯pIfpw A¡q-«À AwKo-

I-cn-̈ n-cn¡p¶pv.F¶n«pw AhÀ XuloZv AwKo-I-cn-̈-hcm

bn XoÀ¶n-Ã. AsX {]hm-N-I-·mÀ sImp h¶ Xulo-Zv. AXn-\mÂ \o {Kln-¡p-I. AhÀ \ntj-[n-̈Xv Znhy-Xz--

¯n-epÅ Xulo-Zm-Wv. \½psS Ime-̄ pÅ _lp-ssZ-h-hm-

Zn-IÄ ""hnizmkw'' F¶p hnti-jn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xns\. AhÀ cm

¸-IÂ, `b-̧m-tSm-sSbpw {]Xo-£-tbm-sSbpw AÃm-lp-hns\

hnfn¨p {]mÀ°n¡pw. F¶mÂ X§-fpsS t\«-̄ n-\mbn ae-

¡p-I-tfmSpw AhÀ {]mÀ°n-¡pw.AhÀ AÃm-lp-hn-t\mSv A


Sp¯-hÀ, AhÀ ChÀ¡p thn ip]mÀi sN¿pw. \Ã a

\pjy-scbpw hnfn¨p tXSp-¶p. em¯sb t]msebpÅhsc.

AsÃ-¦nÂ Cukm() t]mepÅ {]hm-N-Isc. \o {Kln-¡p

I: AÃm-lp-hnsâ {]hm-N-I³ Ah-tcmSv bp²w sNbvXp. C

_m-Z¯v AÃm-lp-hn\p am{Xw B¡n amäm\pw, Ah³ ]d

bp¶p. "\nÝ-b-ambpw ]Ån-IÄ AÃmlp-hn\p-Å-Xm-Ip-¶p.

BI-bmÂ \n§Ä AÃm-lp-hnsâ IqsS aäm-scbpw hnfn¨p

{]mÀ°n-¡-cp-Xv’. (Pn¶v: 18) Ah³ hopw ]bp¶p: ""Ah-t\mSv am{XamWv \ym

bamb {]mÀ°-\. Ah\p ]pdsa Btcm-sSÃmw AhÀ {]mÀ

°n-̈ p- sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶pthm Ah-cmcpw AhÀ¡p bmsXmcp

D¯-chpw \ÂIp-¶-X-Ã. shÅw Xsâ hmbnÂ X\nsb h

s¶-̄ m³ thn Xsâ Ccp-ssI-Ifpw AXnsâ t\sc \o«n

ImWn-¡p-¶-hs\ t]mse am{X-am-Ip¶p AhÀ. AXv (sh

Åw) hmbnÂ hs¶-̄ p-I-bn-ÃtÃm kXy-\n-tj-[n-I-fpsS {]m

À°\ \jvS-̄ nÂ Xs¶-bm-Ip-¶p.(d-AZv:14) \o {Kln-¡pI:

{]hm-NIXncp-ta\n() Ah-tcmSv bp²w sNbvXp.aXw k¼q

À®ambn AÃm-lp-hn\p thn Bbn¯ocp-¶-Xn\v. _en-sb

Ãmw Ah-\v, t\À¨-sbÃmw Ah-\v. klm-bm-̀yÀY\sbÃmw

Ah-\v. Bcm-[-\-bpsS FÃm C\hpw Ah-\v. \o {Kln-¡pI:

AhÀ AÃm-lp-hnsâ c£m-IÀXrXzw AwKo-I-cn-̈-Xp- sIm

v apkvenw-I-fmbn¯ocpIbnÃ Ah-cpsS a\-Êp-IÄ ae-¡p-

I-fn-te¡pw, A¼n-bm-¡-fn-te¡pw, Huen-bm¡-fn-te¡pw, Xn

cn-bpIbpw.Ah-cpsS ip]mÀi AhÀ B{K-ln-¡p-Ibpw sN

¿p¶p. AhÀ aptJ\ AÃm-lp-hn-te-¡pÅ kmao-]yhpw A

hÀ sImXn¡p¶p. CXtÃ Ah-cpsS kz¯pw càhpw Nn

´m³ A\p-h-Zn-̧ n¨ Imcyw.


{]hm-N-I-·mÀ £Wn¨ Xulo-sZs´¶v Ct¸mÄ \n\

¡v t_m[yambncn¡pw. C{Xbpw Imcyw \o {Kln-̈mÂ \n\

¡v t_m[y-s¸Spw; At¸mÄ AÃm-lp-hn-te¡pÅ amÀ¤-̄ n

Â ]Xn-bncn¡p¶ i{Xp-¡Ä \n\¡p A\n-hm-cy-amIpw. A

hÀ¡p hmKv ssh`-h-ap-v. Adn-hpv, Ah-cpsS ]¡Â sX

fn-hp-apv! AÃmlp ]d-bp-¶p. AÃm-lp-hnsâ amÀ¤-̄ nÂ\n¶v \n§Ä XSªpw `o

jWn-s¸-Sp-̄ nbpw FÃm amÀ¤-§-fnepw \n§Ä Ccn-¡-cp-Xv.

(A-A-dm v̂:86) AXn-\mÂ \nsâ _m[yXbnXmWv: Cu km¯m³am

tcmSv kacw sN¿Ww.AXn\v D]-bp-à-amb, AÃm-lp-hnsâ

aX-̄ nÂ \n\¡v A`bw tXSm-hp¶ Bbp[w GXm-sW¶v

\o a\knem¡Ww AhcpsS t\Xmhv AÃm-lp-hn-t\mSv ]d-

ªp: \nsâ t\cmb amÀ¤-̄ nÂ Rm³ AhÀ¡p thn C

cn-¡pI Xs¶ sN¿pw. ]ns¶ Rm³ Ah-cpsS CS-Xp-̀m-K

¯pw heXp`mK¯pw ap¶n-eq-sSbpw ]n¶neq-sSbpw Ahsc

kao-]n-̧ n-¡pIXs¶ sN¿pw. Ah-cnÂ an¡-h-scbpw \µn

bp-Å-h-cmbn \o ImWp-I-bnÃ. (AAvdm^v 16-þ17) Xulo-Zn-te¡p £Wn-¡pI., inÀ¡p hntcm-[n-¡pI.

CXn-e-̧p-d-ambn R§sf¸än ]d-bp-¶-sXÃmw hymP-am-Wv. Rm³ AÃm-lp-hnsâ hN-\-§Ä ]mcm-bWw sNbvXp

AXn\p hymJym-Xm-¡Ä \ÂInb hni-Zo-I-c-Whpw \ÂInb

-t¸mÄ Ft¶mSv hntbm-Pn-¡p¶ t\Xm-¡-·m-cpsS hmZw AÛp

Xw P\n-̧ n¡p¶Xm-bn-cp-¶p. Rm³ HmXns¡mSp¯p; AÃm

lp ]d-bp¶p: "AhÀ hnfn¨p {]mÀ°n-̈ p- sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv

Bsc-bmtWm AhÀ Xs¶ X§-fpsS c£n-Xm-hn-¦-te¡v k


ao-]\ amÀ¤w tXSnsImn-cn-¡p-I-bmWv. AsX, Ah-cpsS

Iq«-̄ nÂ AÃm-lp-thmSv Gähpw ASp-̄ -hÀ Xs¶ A{]

Imcw tXSp-¶p. AhÀ Ahsâ ImcpWyw B{K-ln-¡p-Ibpw

Ahsâ in£ `b-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. \nsâ c£n-Xmhn

sâ in£ XoÀ¨-bmbpw `b-s¸-tS--Xm-Ip¶p. (C-{km-Av:57) ""AÃm-lp-hn-te¡p kmao-]y-̄ n-\mbn AhÀ R§sf

ASp-̧ n-¡m-\-ÃmsX R§Ä Ahsc Bcm-[n-¡p-¶nÃ''. ""A

hÀ ]dbpw: ChÀ AÃm-lp-hnsâ Acn-InÂ R§-fpsS ip

]mÀi-¡m-cmWv''. (bq-\pkv: 18) F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ kqà§

Ä HmXn-s¡m-Sp-̄ p.

Ah-cpsS adp-]Sn hfsc hnNn{Xw! JpÀ-B³ sImv \ap¡pw \s½t¸mep-Å-hÀ¡pw {]

hÀ¯n-¡m-\m-hp-tam?AXp-t]mse {]hm-NI hN-\-§Äs¡m

pw ap³Ime ]WvUn-X³am-cpsS hm¡p-IÄsImp-sam

¶pw \ap¡v {]hÀ¯n¡m\mhpIbnÃ.]nÂIm-e-¡mcpsS hm

¡p-Itf \ap¡v A\p-k-cn-¡m³ ]äp-I-bp-Åq.

Fsâ adp-]Sn C{]-Im-c-am-bn-cp-¶p. ]nÂIme l\^n ]WvUn-X-·m-cpsS hN-\-§Äs¡m

p Xs¶ Rm³ Hcp lu^n-¡m-c-t\mSv kwhmZn-¡mw. A

Xp-t]mse amen-¡n-tbmSpw, im^nCu aZvl-_vIm-tcmSpw, l

¼-en-¡m-tcmSpw kwhn-Zn-¡m³ X¿mÀ. AsX Ah-cnse ]nÂ

¡me ]WvUn-X-·m-cnÂ AhÀ Ah-ew-_n-¡p-¶-h-cpsS {KÙ-

§Ä ap¶nÂ sh¨p sImv,AXn-t\mSv AhÀ hntbm-Pn-¡p-

I-bm-Wp-mb-Xv. AXn-\mÂ Hmtcm aZvl-_n-tebpw {]K-Û

sc D²-cn¨p FsâhmZ-§Ä Rm³ Øm]n-̈ p. J_-dp-IfpsS

ap¼nÂ sh¨pw., AXn\v t\À¨bm-¡p-t¶-S¯v sh¨p-saÃmw


Rm³ AhtcmSv kwkmcn¨p AhÀ¡p Imcyw a\-Ên-embn.

AXv bYmÀ°-am-sW-¶-hÀ Xncn-̈-dn-ªp. ]s£ AXnÂ \n

¶v AhÚm ]qÀÆw HmSn AI-ep-I-bm-W-hÀ sNbvX-Xv. Xsâ D¯-c-hm-ZnXzw \nÀÆ-ln-¡p¶hs\, Ah-\n-te

¡p ]Ým-X-]n-¡p-¶-hs\, Ahs\ AwKo-I-cn-¡p-¶-hs\ A

Ãmlp A\p-{K-ln-¡p-am-dm-I-s«.ImcWw ]m]-̄ nÂ \n¶p ]

Ým-̄ -]n-¡p-¶-h³ ]m]w sN¿m-̄ -hs\ t]msebmIp-a

tÃm. AÃmlp \s½bpw \n§-sfbpw k·mÀK¯n-em-¡m³,

Ah\v {]nb-ap-ÅXpw Xr]vXn-bp-ÅXpw {]hÀ¯n-¡p-hm³

Rm³ AÃm-lp-hn-t\mSv {]mÀ°n-¡p-¶p.''(5)

A]-hmZ {]N-c-W-§-fpsS s]mÅ-̄ -c-§Ä:þ

X\n-s¡-Xnsc D¶-bn-¡-s¸« H«-\-h[n Zpcmtcm-]-c-W

§Ä. ]ecpw ]eXpw kXy-am-sW¶v IcpXn-bn-cp-¶p. ssiJv

C_v\p AhvZpÂ hlm_v Xs¶ Xs¶-¡p-dn¨v sXän-²m-cW

AI-äm³ Cdm-Jnse Hcp ]WvUn-\mb C_v\p Êpssh-Zn¡p

Fgp-Xp-¶Xv ImWp-I. ""AÃm-lp-hnsâ \ma-̄ nÂ, Icp-Wm-a-b\pw ]c-a-Im-cp

WnI\pw Bb-h³,

apl-½Zv _v\p A_vZpÂ hlm_v, AÃmlphnsâ Zo

\nÂ ktlm-Z-c-\mb A_vZp-d-lvam³ _v\p apl-½-Zn\v Fgp-

Xp-¶p. AÃm-lp-hnsâ Imcp-Wyhpw kam-[m-\hpw A\p-{K-l

§fpw Xm¦-fnÂ hÀjn--¡p-am-dm-Is«., Xm¦-fpsS Fgp¯v e

`n-̈ p. a\-Ên\v kt´mjw tXm-¶p-¶p. AÃmlp Xm¦sf `

(5) Zpd-dp-Ê-\n¿ 1/64


à-·m-cpsS t\Xm¡-·m-cnÂ DÄs¸-Sp-̄ -s«. {]hm-NI Xncp

ta-\n-()bpsS aX-̄ n-te¡p {]t_m[\w \S-̄ p¶ ]WvUn

X·m-cpsS Iq«-̄ n-ep-am-¡-s«. F\n¡p ]d-bm-\p-ÅXv Rm³

{]hm-N-Is\ ]n³]-äp-¶-h-\m-s¶¶mWv. Rms\mcp \ho\

hmZn-bÃ. kp¶¯v Pam-A-̄ nsâ aZvl_v Xs¶-bmWv F

sâ BZÀihpw aX-hpw. apkvenw-I-fpsS \mb--I-·mscÃmw

AwKo-I-cn-̈ , \mep Cam-ap-amÀ AwKo-I-cn¨, Ah-cpsS ]n³

ap-d-¡mcpw AwKo-I-cn¨ aXhpw BZÀi-hpw. ]s£, Rm³ P\-§-tfmSv hnh-cn¨p sImSp-¡p-¶p.; a

Xw AÃm-lp-hn\v am{Xw B¡-Ww. k¨-cnXtcm, AÃm-̄ -h

cntem s]« Pohn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶-h-tcmtSm, ac-W-a-S-ª-h-tcmtSm

{]mÀ°n-¡m³ ]mSnÃ. AÃm-lp-hn\p am{Xw \ÂIs¸-tS

t\À¨-bm-¡Â, _en-IÀ½-§Ä, `c-taÂ]n¡Â, kpPqZv sN

¿Â CXn-sem¶pw Bscbpw ]¦p tNÀ¡m³ ]mSnÃ. AsX

Ãmw AÃm-lp-hnsâ Ah-Im-i-am-Ip-¶p.Bscbpw AXnÂ Iq

dp-Im-c-\m-¡-cp-Xv. ASp¯ ae-¡n-t\-tbm, ZqX-s\tbm Bsc

bpw. CXmWv {]hm-N-I-·m-cpsS aXw.BZyw apXÂ Ahkm

\w hsc-bp-Å- ssZhZqX·mcpsS BZÀiw.CXp Xs¶-bmWv

kp¶¯v Pam-A-̄ nsâ aX-hpw..... CXp Rm³ P\-§-tfmSv ]d-ª-t¸mÄ P\w BZyw

AXns\ \Ã \nebv¡mWp kao-]n¨Xv. AXp sImv F\n-

s¡-Xn-cnÂ km[m-c-W-¡msc Cf¡n hnSpIbpw IÅ {]Nm-

cW§Ä Agn¨p hnSpIbpw sNbvXp. XmsgImWpw hn[-̄ nepÅ IÅ {]NcW§Ä! _p

²n-am³amÀ eÖn-¡p¶, ]d-bm³ Ad-bv¡p¶ Imcy-§Ä!


"Fsâ A\p-bm-bn-Isf HgnsI asä-Ãm-h-scbpw Rm³ Im^n-

dm-¡p¶p, Ah-tcmSv hnhml _Ôw \S-̄ n-bmÂ AXv A

km-[phmsW¶v ]dbp¶p.CsXms¡ F§s\ Hcp _p²nam

³ AwKo-I-cn¡pw? CXv Hcp apÉow ]d-bptam? C¯cw hm

¡p-I-fp-ambn F\n-s¡mcp _Ô-hp-an-sÃ¶v Rm³ AÃm-lp

hn-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. Rm³ AXnÂ \nc-]-cm-[n-bmWv.t]mIs«,

_p²n-{`aw _m[n-̈-h³ t]mepw CXv ]d-bptam? ZpjvS-e-£y-

ap-Å-hÀ¡v AÃm-lp-hnsâ im]w.

AXp-t]mse AhÀ {]N-cn-̧ n¨p: F\n¡p Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦nÂ \_n Xncpta-\n

()bpsS Jpº Rm³ s]mfn-¡p-am-bn-cp-¶p.' "Zem-C-epÂ ssJdm¯n' sâ Imcy¯nepw AXv Rm³

Icn-̈ p -I-f-bp-sa-¶pÅ hmÀ¯bnepw Nne hi§fpv. A

Xn-s\mcp Imc-W-hp-ap-v. AXm-bXv Fsâ D]-tZiw sNhn-

sIm Fsâ Hcp kplr-̄ n-t\mSv, Ahsâ a\-ÊnÂ AÃm-

lp-hnsâ hN-\-t¯-¡mfpw Øm\-apÅ Hcp hN-\hpw D

mbncn¡cpsX¶pw AXv hmbn-¡p-¶Xv JpÀ-B³ ]mcm-b

Ww sN¿p-¶-Xn-t\-¡mÄ al-̄ -c-a-sÃ¶pw AbmÄ {Kln

¡m³thn Rm³ ]dªpsh¶Xv icnbmWv. AÃmsX A

Xv I¯n-¡-W-sat¶m, \_n-bpsS t]cnÂ kzem¯v sNmÃp-

¶Xv Rm³ hne-¡n-sbt¶m Hs¡-bpÅ Inwh-Z-́ n-IÄ ip

² IÅ-amWv. Zpcm-tcm-]-W-am-Wv. Npcp-¡-̄ nÂ: Xulo-Zn-te-¡pÅ {]t_m-[-\hpw inÀ

¡nsâ \ntcm-[-\hpw Hgn¨v Fs¶¡pdn¨v {]N-cn-̧ n-¡-s¸Sp

¶ Imcy-§sfÃmw CXpt]mse ASn-Øm\ cln-X-§fmWv.

\n§Ä¡p Hcp ]s£ CXv Adn-bm³ Ah-k-cw In«n-bn-«n-bn


Ãmbncn¡mw;F¶mÂ \n§-fpsS kZ-Ên-epÅ ]eÀ¡pw Cu

kXyw Adn-bmw. P\-§Ä¡v {]nb¦-c-\mb, \n§-fpsS \m«p-Im-c-\mb

HcmÄ, P\-§-tfmSv C§s\ ]d-bp-¶p-sh-¶n-cn-¡s«! "P\-§

sf, \n§Ä aXw AÃm-lp-hn\v am{Xw If-¦-an-ÃmsX kaÀ¸n-

¡Ww. J_vdnÂ adhv sN¿-s¸«htcmSv hnfn¨p {]mÀ°n-¡-

cp-Xv.'AbmÄ¡v CXn-t\-¡mÄ henb i{Xp-¡Ä cwK¯p h

cpw. [mcmfw t\Xm-¡fpw A\p-bm-bn-I-fpw AbmÄs¡-Xnsc

Xncnbpw. CXp-t]msebpÅ IÅ {]N-cW§Ä AbmÄs¡

-Xnsc \S-̄ pw. Cu D]-tZiw acn¨p t]mb al-̄ p-Isf C

Sn-̈ p -Xm-gv̄ -em-sW-¶-hÀ hnfn¨p ]d-bpw. P\-§Ä F§

s\ Ah-sc, BZ-cn-¡pIbpw, _lp-am-\n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶p-

sh¶Xv IqSp-XÂ hni-Zo-I-cn-t¡ Imcy-a-Ã-tÃm.(6)

apl½Zv _v\p A_vZpÂ hlm-_pw A_vZpÂ Ako

kv _v\p apl-½Zpw tNÀ¶p ba-\nse Hcp ]WvUn-X\v Ab

¨p sImSp¯ Fgp-̄ nsâ amXrI: apJ-hp-c¡v tijw A_vZpÂ Akokpw apl-½Zpw Zo\nÂ ktlm-Z-c-\m

b Al-½Zv _v\p apl-½-Zn\v Fgp-Xp-¶p. kIe Zpc-́ -§-fn

Â\n¶pw AÃmlp Xm¦sf c£n-¡p-am-dm-I-s«.kÂIÀ½§

Ä sN¿m\pÅ `mKyw \ÂI-s«. FÃm _p²n-ap-«p-Ifpw Ah

³ \o¡n¯c-s«. \· Cc-«n-bm-¡p-Ibpw Xn·-IÄ ambv¨p I

f-bp-Ibpw sN¿-s«.

(6) Zpd-dp-Ê-\n¿ 1/19


AÃm-lp-hnsâ im´nbpw Icp-Wbpw A-\p-{K-l-§

fpw Ah³ \n§Ä¡p hÀjn-¡-s«. \n§-fpsS Fgp¯v R§Ä¡v e`n-̈ p, AXnÂ ]d

ªXp Ip a\w IpfnÀ¶p t]mbn. AXnÂ \n§Ä Bh-

iy-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶Xv {]ImcamWv Cu adp]Sn. \n§Ä hnZq-c

¯m-bn-«p- t]mepwR§Ä F´m-W¶p ]d-bp-¶-sX-¶-dn-bm³

Xm¦Ä XmÂ]cyw ImWn-̈-Xn-Â kt´mjapv. AXvsIm

v hni-Z-ambn Xs¶ \n§-fpsS kwi-b-̄ n\p adp-]Sn X

cmw. sXfn-hp-Ifpw. AÃmlp \n§-sfbpw R§-sfbpw Ah

sâ icn-bmb ]Ùm-hn-em-¡n-̄ -c-s«.

""aX-̄ nÂ FhnsS \nÂ¡p¶p? CXmWv H¶m-as¯ At\z-jWw.CÉmw aX¯nÂ. A

Ãm-lp-hmWv ]d-ª-Xv. ""CÉmw AÃm¯ Hcp aXw Bsc-¦n

epw Xr]vXn-s¸-Sp¶ ]£w AXv Abm-fnÂ \n¶v kzoI-cn-¡

s¸-Sp-¶-X-Ã. AbmÄ ]c-tem-I¯v \jvS-¡m-cn-em-bn-cn¡pw.''

(B-ep-Cw-dm³þ85)

"R§Ä F´v {]t_m-[\w sN¿p¶p? R§Ä GI-ssZ-h-Xz-̄ n-te¡v £Wn-¡p¶p. AÃm

lp Xsâ ZqX-tcmSv ]d-ªphtÃm: "]dbpI: CXmWv Fsâ

amÀ¤w. Rm³ DÄ¡m-gvN-tbmsS AÃmlphnte¡p £Wn

¡p-¶p. Rm\pw Fs¶ ]n³Xp-SÀ¶-hcpw.AÃmlp ]cn-ip-²

³. Rm³ _lp-ssZ-h-hm-Zn-I-fnÂ s]«-h-\-Ã. (bq-kp^v: 108)

""]Ån-I-fnÂ AÃm-lp-hn-¶p-Å-Xm-Ip-¶p. AXn-\mÂ \n§Ä

Ah-t\m-sSm¸w Bscbpw hnfn¨p {]mÀ°n-¡-cpXv''.(Pn¶v:18)

"R§Ä F´v \ntcm-[n-¡p-¶p'?


"Ah-tcmSv AÃm-lp-hnÂ ]¦p-tNÀ¡p-¶Xv hne-¡p

¶p. AXns\ kw_-Ôn¨v AÃmlp ]d-bp¶p. ""XoÀ¨-bm-bpw BÀ AÃm-lp-hnÂ ]¦p-tNÀ¡p-¶p

thm AÃmlpAh\p kzÀ¤w \njn-²-am-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.'' (am

CZ: 72) {]hm-N-I\pw() A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw Hcn-¡epw sN¿m

¯ hnj-b-am-bn-«p- t]mepw At±-l-t¯mSv IÀi\ssien-bn

Â AÃmlp ]d-bp¶p. ""\n\¡pw \n\¡p ap¼pÅhÀ¡pw t_m[\w \ÂI

s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p: \o AÃm-lp-hnÂ ]¦p-tNÀ¯mÂ \nsâ IÀ

½-§Ä \jvS-s¸-Spw. XoÀ¨-bmbpw \o \jvS-¡m-cn-Â s]Sp-I

bpw sN¿pw. F¶mÂ AÃm-lp-hns\ \o Bcm-[n-¡p-I. \µn

bpÅ-h-cnÂ \o DÄs¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-I. (kp-aÀ, 65,66)

alm-·m-cpsS i{Xp-¡tfm? ssiJv C_v\p A_vZpÂ hlm_v kXyw AwKo-I-cn-

¡p¶ FÃm apÉn-wIÄ¡pw \ÂIp¶ D]-tZiw ImWp-I: ""AÃmlp k·mÀ¤-̄ n-em-¡nb a\pjym: Ch-scÃmw

al-̄ p¡sf kvt\ln-¡p-I-bm-sW¶p \o sXän-²-cn-¡-cp-Xv.

AÃ, ChÀ al-̄ p¡fpsS i{Xp-¡-fm-Wv. AÃmlphns\

s¡mp kXyw. \o alm-·msc kvt\ln-¡p-¶p. F´p-sIm

s-¶mÂ HcmÄ Hcp hn`m-Ks¯ kvt\ln-¡p-¶p-s-¦nÂ

AhÀ ]d-ªXp A\p-k-cn-¡Ww. Bsc-¦nepw alm-·msc

{]nbw sh¡p-Ibpw Ahsc A\p-k-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p

sh-¦nÂ AÃm-lp-hnÂ AÃmsX aäm-cnepw AbmÄ hniz-ka

À¸n-¡p-Ibpw `c-taÂ]n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-I-bn-Ã. F¶mÂ A


hsc [n¡-cn-¡p-¶-h³, Ah-tcmSv, {]mÀ°n-¡p-¶p-h³ hmZn-

¡p-¶p "R§Ä Ahsc kvt\ln-¡p¶p'. AhÀ IrkvXym

\n-Isft¸mse-bmWv. AhÀ Cukm()tbmSv {]mÀ°n-¡p

¶p. At±-ls¯ kvt\ln-¡p¶psh¶p IÂ¸n-¡p-¶p. A

t±lw Ah-cnÂ \n¶pw \nc-]-cm-[nbmWv.'' Aen()s\ hnfn¨p {]mÀ°n-¡p-¶-h-cpv. At±lw

Ah-cnÂ \n¶pw \nc-]-cm-[n-bmWv.

XpSÀ¶p ]d-bp-¶p: ""HäImcyw IqSn ]d-ªp-sImv Cu Fgp¯v Ah

km-\n-̧ n¡mw.""AÃm-lp-hnsâ Zmk-·msc \n§Ä Fs¶ A

\p-k-cn-t¡--Xn-Ã. Hä-bvs¡m-äbv¡p Nnń-¡p-Ibpw th.

FÃm hn`m-K-̄ nse ]WvUn-X-tcmSpw tNmZn¨p t\m¡p-I.F

´mWv AÃm-lphpw Ahsâ ZqX\pw ]d-ªn-«p-ÅXv. F\n

¡p \n§-tfmSv D]-tZ-in-¡m-\p-ÅXv CXm-Wv: alm-·msçän

bpÅ hnizmkw hy`n-Nm-c-s¯tbm tamj-W-s¯tbm t]m

sebm-sW¶v \n§Ä sXän²cn-¡-cp-Xv. A§s\ AÃ AXn

sâ ØnXn. AXv hn{Kl]qP-bmWv. BÀ sN¿p-¶pthm A

h³ Im^n-dm-Ipw. AÃm-lp-hnsâ ZqX\v A¯-c-¡m-cp-ambn

Hcp _Ô-hp-an-Ã. AÃm-lp-hnsâ Zmk-·msc, \n§Ä Nnń-¡p-ho³, D

]tZiw kzoI-cn-¡p-ho³. \n§Ä¡p c£-bp-m-hs«.'' CXpw CXp-t]m-epÅ iX-I-W-¡n\p Fgp-̄ p-Ifpw

teJ\-§fpw Ckvemlo {]Øm\-̄ nsâ BZy-Im-e¯p X

s¶-bp-m-bn-cp¶ BZÀi-sa-́ ¶v kpXcmw hyà-am-¡n-̄ -

cp-¶p. kXym-t\z-£-IÀ ]cym-tem-Nn-¡-s«.


i^m-A¯v, Xh-ÊpÂ, X_Àdp¡v \njn-²-am-¡n-b-hÀ ke-̂ n {]Øm-\s¯ Ipdn-̈ pÅ asämcp Btcm-]-W

amWv i^m-A¯v H¶-S¦w \ntj-[n-¡p-¶p,FÃm-Xcw XhÊ

epw XÅn-¡-f-bp¶p F¶p XpS-§n-b-h. CXv ASn-Øm\ hn

j-b-amb Xulo-Znsâ D]-hn-j-b-ambn am{Xta {]Øm\w

ssIImcyw sNbvXn-«p-Åq.AXm-bXv kp¶¯v F´v F¶v P

\-§sf ]Tn-̧ n-̈-t¸mÄ _nZv-A-̄ ns\ \J-in-Jm-́ w FXnÀ

¯p. P\-§Ä IW-¡m-¡p¶ ]p¯³ Xh-Ê-ep-I-sfbpw ]p

¯³ A\p-{K-l-tX-«-§-sfbpw i^m-A-̄ n-epÅ At§b

äw ]ng¨p t]mb ho£W-§-sfbpw FXnÀ¯p. {]Øm-\s¯ sXän-²-cn-̧ n-¡m³ FXn-cm-fn-IÄ {]N-cn-

¸n-̈ p: "{]hm-N-Isâ almßyw CSn¨p Xmgv¯p¶hÀ', km

[m-cW a\p-jy-\mbn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶-hÀ' "al-̄ p-¡sf kv

t\ln¡m-̄ -hÀ'. F¶n§s\.

hmkvX-h-sa v́? Camw apl-½Zv _v\p A_vZpÂ hlm_v AS¡-apÅ

Alvep-Êp-¶-bpsS hàm-¡Ä¡v Cu hnj-b-§-fnÂ Hcp

\ne-]mSp am{X-ta-bpÅq. aX-]-c-amb Imcy§-fnÂ, JpÀ-B

\pw {]hmNINcybpw F´v ]Tn-̧ n-̈ pthm AXv kzoI-cn-¡p

I, AÃm-̄ Xv XÅn-¡-f-bpI.Fs´-¶mÂ \ap¡v btYjvSw

\nbaw \nÀan-¡m-hp¶ taJe-b-Ã CXv. inÀ¡n-te-̄ p¶ Xh-Êp-ep-I-sfbpw i^m-A¯p-Isf

bpw hnaÀin-̈ p- sImv Camw C_v\p A_vZpÂ hlm_v C

_v\p- k-_m-ln\v Fgp-Xp¶ adp-]-Sn C§s\:


"Icp-Wm-a-b\pw ]c-a-Im-cp-Wn-I-\p-amb AÃm-lphnsâ

\ma-̄ nÂ.' Fs¶-¡p-dn¨v Bfp-IÄ ]d-bp-¶-Xnsâ \nP-ØnXn A

dn-bn-¡-W-sa¶v C_v\p-Ê-_mlv Bh-iy-s¸-«-t¸mÄ Fgp-Xp-

¶Xv: temI c£n-Xm-hmb AÃm-lp-hn\p kÀÆ-kvXp-Xnbpw.

"Rm³ \_n Xncp-ta-\n-()bpsS taÂ kzem¯v sNmÃp-¶Xv

\ntcm-[n-¡p¶p',"F\n¡p A[n-Imcw In«n-bmÂ Rm³ \_n-

bpsS Jpº s]m-fn-̈ p-amäpw, "kzmen-lo-§sf tami-am¡n Nn

{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶p,' "Ahsc kvt\ln-¡p-¶Xv hne-¡p¶p' C§

s\bpÅ Hmtcm tI«p-tIÄhnbpw \ncÀY-I-amb Akw-_

Ô-§fmWv, Nne inÀ¡-·mÀ F\n-s¡-Xnsc {]N-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶

XmWnh.]nim-Np-IÄ \pW {]N-cWw \S-̄ p-IbmWv. sXäm

b \ne-bnÂ P\-§-fpsS kz¯v Xn¶p¶ iwkm-\nsâ a¡

Ä, CZvco-knsâ a¡Ä Ch-scm-s¡-bm-W-Xnsâ ]n¶nÂ. A

hÀ¡pthn t\À¨ t\cm\pw Ahsc hnfn¨v klmbw tX

Sm\pw Ah-tcmSv {]mÀ°n-¡p-hm\pw AhÀ Xs¶ P\-§sf

t{]cn-̧ n-¡p-¶p! Ahcpw ]nim-Nnsâ Nne ^Jo-d³amcpw a

äpw ssiJv A_vZpÂ JmZn-dnsâ Bfp-I-fm-sW-¶mWv Ah-

cpsS hmZw. At±-l-am-Is« Ah-cnÂ \ns¶Ãmw \nc-]-cm-[n

bpw.Aen() dm^n-Zn-I-fnÂ GXp{]Imcw \nc]-cm-[n-bmtWm

AXpt]mse. AÃm-lp-hns\bÃmsX aäm-scbpw Bcm-[n-¡-cpXv F

¶v \½psS {]hm-N-IÀ() IÂ¸n¨tX Rm³ Ah-tcmSv I

Â¸n¨n-«p-Åq. A_vZpÂ JmZn-dns\ hnfn¨p {]mÀ°n-¡p¶h

³ aX-̄ nÂ \n¶p ]pd¯p t]mIpw. At±-l-am-Is« Cbm-fn

Â \n¶pw \nc-]-cm-[nbpw. CXp-t]mse kzmen-lpIsf hnfn


¨p tXSp-¶-h³, {]hm-N-Isc hnfn¨p {]mÀ°n-¡p-¶-h³, A

h-tcmSv klmbm-̀yÀ°\ \S-̄ p-¶h³. AX-sÃ-¦nÂ C_m-

Z-̄ nsâ GsX-¦nepw Hcp C\w AÃm-lp-hn-\-ÃmsX AÀ¸n-

¡p-¶-h³.AXv AÃm-lp-hnsâ Ah-Im-i-sa-s{X.krjvSn-Ifp

sStaÂ _m[y-X-bpÅ AÃm-lp-hn\p \ÂtI Ah-Imiw. AÃm-lp-hnsâbpw dkq-en-sâbpw IÂ¸\ Adn-bp-¶-

hÀ CXv AwKo-I-cn-¡pw, a\-Ên-em¡pw. \ntj-[n-¡p-I-bn-Ã. CXns\ \ntj-[n-¡p¶ BÄ cmsemcp kao-]-\

¯nem-Wv. (H-¶v) alm-·m-tcmSv {]mÀ°n-¡p-¶Xpw klmbw tX

Sp-¶Xpw AhÀ¡v t\À¨-IÄ t\cp-¶Xpw \mw ]mh-§-fm-b-

Xp- sIm-pw, Ahsc \ap-¡m-h-iy-ap-Å-Xn-\m-ep-amWv, AÃm-

lphpw dkqepw AXv Ip^vdm-sW¶v ]d-ªn-«p-s-¦nepw C

Xv Hcp kXvIÀ½-am-Wv... CbmÄ AÃm-lphpw dkqepw ]d-ª-Xns\ \ntj-[n-

¡p-¶p. CbmÄ Im^n-dm-Ip-sa¶Xv hfsc hyàw.C¯-c-¡m

-tcmSv kwhmZw \S-t¯--Xn-Ã. (c-v) thsdm-cmÄ AÃm-lp-hnepw ]c-tem-I¯pw hn

iz-kn-¡p-¶p. AÃm-lphpw {]hm-N-I\pw CjvS-s¸-«Xv CjvS-

s¸-Sp¶h\pw,AhÀ shdp-¡p-¶Xv shdp-¡p-¶-h-\pam-Ip¶p.

]s£ AbmÄ¡v Adn-hn-Ã. ]nim-Np-¡Ä Abm-fpsS aXw

hnIr-X-am-¡n-bn-«p-v, AbmÄ Icp-Xp-¶p. alm-ßm-¡-sf-¡p

dn-̈ pÅ hnizmkw kXy-am-Wv.AXv Ip^vdm-sW¶v Adn-bp-am-

bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ AbmÄ AXv sN¿n-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p.C¯-c-¡m-tcm

tS \ap¡v kwkm-cn-¡m-\p-Åq. \mw ]d-bp¶p: Hcp apkvenw

AÃm-lp-hn-sâbpw {]hm-N-Isâbpw IÂ¸\ ]n³]-äWw.A


h-t\mSv tNmZn-¡Ww,AÃmlp JpÀ-B³ Ah-X-cn-̧ n¨p. Ah

³ CjvS-s¸-Sp-¶-sX-s´¶v hni-Zo-I-cn¨p X¶p. Ah³ CjvS

s¸-Sm-̄ Xpw hyà-am-¡n. \½psS aXw hnh-cn¨p X¶p, A

Xp ]qÀ¯n-bm¡n X¶p. AXp A§s\¯s¶ {]hm-N-I-cn

Â t{ijvT-\mb apl-½Zv \_n()bpw, Ahn-Sps¯ A\p-N-c-

·mÀ, {]hm-NI Xncp-ta-\nsb, Ah-cpsS a¡-tf¡mÄ Ah-

cpsS kz¯n-t\-¡mÄ kvt\ln¨n-cp-¶p. AhÀ inÀ¡pw hn

izm-khpw F´m-sW¶v IrXy-ambn Adn-ªn-cp-¶p-h-tÃm. \_n Xncp-ta\n()tbmSv GsX-¦nepw HcmÄ Xncn-ta-\n

bpsS Ime¯v {]mÀ°n-̈ n-cp-¶psh-¦nÂ AsÃ-¦nÂ At±-l-

¯n\v t\À¨-bm¡n-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ, AsÃ-¦nÂ klmbw tXSn-

bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦nÂ, AXpa-sÃ-¦nÂ GsX-¦nepw Hcp kzlm_n

Ahn-Sps¯ ac-W-tijw Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS J_-dn-¶-cnsI sN

¶p At±-l-t¯mSv {]mÀ°n-̈ n-cp-¶p-th-¦nÂ,{]bm-k§Ä D

m-Ip-t¼mÄ icWw tXSn-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦nÂ,\o a\Ên-em¡n

sImÅpI, F¦nÂ Rmt\m Fs¶-t¸mepÅ-htcm ]d-bp-¶

Xv \o tIÄt¡--Xn-Ã, A\p-k-cn-t¡--Xp-an-Ã.

F¶mÂ AXn-\p-]-Icw \o F´mWv ImWp-¶Xv? AsX, {]hm-N-I-·m-cn-tem, alm-ßm-¡-fntem ZnhyXzw IÂ¸n

¨h-cnÂ \n¶pw B {]hm-N-I³ Hgn-hm-bn. \nc-]-cm-[n-bmbn

¡gn-ªp. A¯-c-¡m-tcm-SmWv Ahn-Sp¶v bp²w sNbvX-Xv.

Ahsc XS-hp-Im-cmbn ]nSn-̈-Xv, Ah-cpsS k´m-\-§-sfbpw

Ah-cpsS kz¯p-¡sfbpw A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-¡n.AhÀ \ntj-

[n-I-sf¶p Xd-̧ n¨p ]dªp. \o {Kln-¡pI: Xncpta\n()

kXy-a-ÃmsX IÂ¸n-¡p-I-bp-an-Ã. AXmWv Hmtcm hnizm-kn

bpw ]n³]-tä-Xv.


At±lw XpS-cp-¶p. AÃm-lp-hn\p ]pd-sa-bp-Å-hÀ¡p \ÂIm³ ]mSn-Ãm

¯-Xpw, AÃm-lp-hn\p am{Xw \ÂtI--Xp-amb Imcy-̄ nÂ,

Rm³ Fsâ kz´am-b`n-{]mbw ]d-ªn-«p-s-¦nÂ \o A

Xv XÅn¡f-bp-I. A-sÃ¦nÂ Rm³ hmbn¨ GtXm Hcp Ir

Xnbnep-Å-XvþþAX-\p-k-cn¨v IÀ½w sN¿m³ \nÀ_-Ô-hp-an

Ãþþ\n§-tfmSv ]d-ª-Xm-sW-¦nÂ AXpw XÅn¡f-bmw. A

sÃ-¦nÂ "Fsâ aZvl-_nÂ' A§-s\-bpv F¶mWv Adn-bn

¨-sX-¦nÂ AXpwXÅmw.F¶mÂ Rm³ {]kvXm-hn¨ Imcyw

AÃm-lphpw Ahsâ {]hm-N-I\pw IÂ¸n-̈Xpw FÃm aZvl-

_n-epÅ ]WvUn-XÀ AwKo-I-cn-̈Xpw Bb-Xn-\mÂ, AÃm-lp-

hnepw ]c-tem-I-̄ nepw hniz-kn-¡p¶ Hcp apkvenan\v AXv

Ah-K-Wn-¡m³ F§s\ Ignbpw? Xsâ Ime-¡mÀ¡p th

n-bm-bm-epw \m«pImÀ¡p thn-bm-bmepw AXv F§s\

XÅn-¡-fbpw? Xsâ Ime-̄ pÅ an¡-hcpw AXv AwKo-I-cn-

¡p-¶n-Ã F¶-Xnsâ t]cnÂ AsX§s\ Xnc-kvI-cn¡pw?

{]am-W-§-fnÂ \n¶v \o {Kln-¡p-I. Rm³ ]dªXn-\pÅ

{]am-W-§Ä CXm hmbn-¡p-I: AÃmlp ]-d-bp-¶p. ""\_ntb ]d-bpI: AÃm-lp-hn\p ]pdsa \n§Ä ssZ

h-§-sf¶v hmZn¨p t]m¶-hsc \n§Ä hnfn¨p t\m¡q. \n

§-fnÂ \n¶v D]-{Zhw \o¡p-hmt\m \n§-fpsS ØnXn¡p

amäw hcp-̄ p-hmt\m DÅ Ignhv AhÀ A[o-\-am-¡p-¶nÃ.

AhÀ hnfn¨p {]mÀ°n¨p sImn-cn-¡p-¶Xv Bsc-bmtWm

AhÀ Xs¶ X§-fpsS c£n-Xm-hn-¦-en-te¡v kmao-]y-amÀ¤w

tXSn-sIm-n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv.AsX, AhcpsS Iq«-̄ nÂ AÃm-

lp-thmSv Gähpw ASp-̄ -hÀ Xs¶ Ahsâ ImcpWyw B

{K-ln-¡p-Ibpw Ahsâ in£ `b-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. \n


sâc£n-Xm-hnsâ in£ XoÀ¨-bmbpw `b-s¸-tS--Xm-Ip¶p.

(C-{km-Av: 56þ57) hymJym-Xm-¡Ä ]d-bp¶p: "Nne hn`mKw Bfp-IÄ

Cukm()bnepw Dssk-dnepw ZnhyXzw IÂ¸n-̈ n-cp-¶p. A

t¸mÄ Ahsc AÃmlp t_m[n-̧ n-¡p-¶p, \n§Ä Fsâ Zm

k·m-cm-sW-¶Xp {]Imcw,Ahcpw Fsâ Zmk·mÀ, \n§Ä

Fsâ IcpW tXSpw {]Imcw Ahcpw Fsâ IcpW tXSp-

¶p. \n§Ä Fsâ in£sb t]Sn-¡p-¶p.' CXmWv kqà

¯nsâ DtZy-iy-sa-¶v. ktlm-Z-c-·m-sc, \n§-fpsS c£n-Xm-hnsâ hN-\-§sf¸än \n§Ä Nn

´n-¡p-ho³.Ah\mWtÃm D¶-X\pw A\p-{K-loX-\pw.{]hm-

NI Xncp-ta\n() bp²w sNbvX \ntj-[n-Isf¡pdn¨v AÃm

lp F´mWv ]d-bp-¶-Xv? alm-·m-cn-ep-Å Znhy-Xzm-tcm-]-W

¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\-̄ n-etÃ Ahsc \ntj-[n-I-sf¶p hnti-

jn-̧ n-̈Xv? A§-s\-bm-bn-cp-¶n-sÃ-¦nÂ Ahcpw AÃm-lp-hn

s\ `b-s¸-«n-cp-¶p.Ah-\nÂ {]Xo-£-sh-¡p-Ibpw,lÖv sN

bvXpw, Zm\ [À½w sNbvXpw h¶n-cp-¶-tÃm. AtX kabw a

lm-·m-cnÂ ZnhyXz hnizmkw AhÀ¡p-m-bn-cp-¶p. AhÀ

]dªp:AhÀ R§sf AÃm-lp-hn-¦-te¡v ASp-̧ n¡pw. R

§Ä¡mbn ip]mÀi -sN-¿pw. AÃmlp hyà-am-¡p¶p: ""Ah-¶p- ]p-dsa c£m-[n-Im-cn-Isf kzoI-cn-̈-hÀ (]-d-

bp-¶p) AÃm-lp-hn-¦-te¡p R§ Ä¡v IqSp-XÂ ASp-̧-ap-

m-¡n-̄ -cm³ thn am{X-am-Ip¶p R§Ä Ahsc Bcm-

[n-¡p-¶Xv''. (kapÀ:3)


""AÃm-lp-hn-\p-]p-dsa AhÀ¡p D]-{Z-htam D]-Im-c

tam sN¿m-̄ -Xns\ AhÀ Bcm-[n-̈ p- sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶p. C

hÀ (B-cm-[yÀ) AÃm-lp-hnsâ ASp-¡Â R§Ä¡pÅ ip

]mÀi-¡m-cmWv F¶p ]d-bp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. (bq-\pkv: 18) AÃm-lp-hnsâ Zmk-·mtc, B \ntj-[n-IÄ alm-·m-

cnÂ hniz-kn-̈ p, AhtcmSv {]mÀ°n-̈ p, klmbw tXSn, A

Ãm-lp-hn-te¡p B al-̄ p-¡Ä Ahsc ASp-̧ n-¡p-sa¶

ImcWw ]d-ªp- sImv. CXm-bn-cp¶p Ah-cpsS aX-sa¶v

AÃm-lp-hmWv \s½ Adn-bn-¡p-¶-Xv.]ns¶ CXn-\-̧pdw Hcp

hni-Zo-I-c-W-̄ nsâ Bh-iy-aptm? CXm Cuk_v\p aÀ

bw() {]hm-N-I\m-bn-cp-¶n«p IqSn At±-lt¯mSv {]mÀ°n

¡p¶h³, klmbw A`yÀ°n-¡p-¶-h³, \ntj-[n-bmbn¡

gn-ªp. ]ns¶ ]nim-Np-¡-fnÂ hniz-kn-¡p¶hcpsS Imcyw

]d-bm-\ptm? B Xmgvhm-c-§-fn-epÅ A_q-l-ZoZv, DYvam³ XpS-§n

b izm\-·m-cnÂ ]pWyw IÂ¸n-¡p-¶-hÀ, JÀPnse aäp izm

\-·mÀ, aäp tZi-§fnteXv.......Ch-scÃmw P\-§-fpsS kz¯v

A\ymb-ambn Xn¶p¶p, ssZhamÀK-̄ nÂ \n¶v Ahsc XS

ªp \nÀ¯p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p''.

apkvenwIsf Im^n-dm-¡p-¶-hÀ ke^n {]Øm-\-̄ nsâ hntcm-[n-IÄ {]NWvU-amb

{]Nm-c-the \S-̄ nb Hcp hnj-b-amWv apl-½Zv _v\p A_v

ZpÂ hlm_pw A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw apkvenw-Isf Im^n-dm-¡p-I

bpw Ah-tcmSv bp²w sN¿p-¶Xv A\p-h-Z-\o-b-ambn ImWp-

Ibpw sN¿p¶psh¶Xv. {]Øm-\-hp-ambn AI-se-bp-Å-h


cpw \njv]-£-a-Xn-Ifpw kXyam-sW¶v sXän²cn-̈ hmZ-am

WnXv. CXnÂ F{X-t¯mfw kXy-ap-v F¶v hyà-am-t¡

Xv A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. Xo{h-Xbpw Cu BZÀi {]Øm-\hpw X

½nÂ F{Xam{Xw _Ô-ap-v F¶v, Cam-an-sâbpw A\pN-c

·m-cp-sSbpw hm¡p-I-fn-eqsS Xs¶ \ap¡v a\-Ên-em¡mw.A

Xn\p ap¼v CÆn-j-b-amb Nne hkvXp-¡Ä Adn-tb--Xp-v. 1. apl-½Zv _v\p A_vZpÂ hlm_pw {]Øm\-̄ n

sâ CXc ]WvUn-Xcpw kDuZn `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw Im^n-dm-

¡p-¶-XnÂ Alvep kp-¶¯v kzoI-cn¨ amÀKw kzoI-cn-̈ p-

sh¶XÃmsX Hcp ]pXnb kn²m´w Bhn-j-I-cn-̈ n-«nÃ. 2. kmbp-[-co-Xn-bn-eq-sSbpw AÃm¯ \ne¡pw Zpxi-

àn-IÄ BZÀi-{]-Øm-\-s¯bpw AXnsâ Aa-c-¡m-scbpw

CÃmbva sN¿m³ {ian-̈ p-sIm-n-cp-¶p. DYvam\p _v\p aAv-

adpw aäpw DZm-l-cWw. 3. {]t_m-[-̄ n-teÀs¸« Nnesc i{Xp-¡Ä h[n¨p I

fªp. 4. a¡-bnse ico^v Kmen_v Ckvemlnsâ hàm-¡

sf lÖv sN¿p-¶Xv H¶n-e-[nIwXhW hne-¡n.]ns¶ km

bp[ Pnlm-Zn\v Blzm\w sN¿p-Ibpw sNbvXp. kp¶-̄ n

s\ \ntj-[n-¡p-¶-hcpw _nZv-A-̄ nsâ {]Nm-c-I-cpam-bn-cp

¶p FXn-cm-fn-IÄ. Im^n-dm-bn-t]m-Ip¶ Imcy-§-fnÂ \nc-X

cmhp-Ibpw aJv_-d-Ifpw Pmd-§fpw t\À¨-Ifpw \S¯n aX

hncp² Imcy-§-Ä am{Xw sN¿p-¶-h-cpamb Chcm-WtÃm ap

³ Ime¡mÀ ]ng-̈-h-sc¶v ap{Z Ip¯p-¶-Xv? F¶n«v Ah-cm


Wv PÂ¸n-¡p-¶Xv; Ckvemlo {]hÀ¯IÀ Ahsc Im^n-dm-

¡p¶psh¶v. \ÃXv IÂ¸n-¡p-I, No¯ hntcm-[n-¡p-I F¶ aX-]-c-

amb _m[yXþ JpÀ-B³ BhÀ ¯n¨p \nÀ_-Ô-am-¡nb

_m[yXþ sN¿p-¶-hsc Xo{hX ]peÀ¯p-¶hsc¶v ap{Z-b

Sn¡p-Ibm-Wv, ]p¯³ hmZ-̄ n-eqsS DZ-c-W-]q-cWw \S-̄ p-

¶-hÀ sNbvX-Xv! Zlvemsâ Nne ]cm-aÀi-§Ä am{Xw I

mÂ hmb-\-¡m-c\v AhØ t_m[y-s¸-Spw. AbmÄ Fgp

Xn hn«p: ""AhcpsS Xn·-IÄ hym]-I-ambn,'' ""Ccp-l-d-anse

]WvUn-X-cp-tSbpw hnizmkw XI-cm-dm¡n Ah-cnÂIfhpw

Ak-Xyhpw k¶n-th-in-̧ n-̈ p.'' ""ZpjvS-·m-cmb \nµy-·mÀ''\n

co-iz-c-hm-Zn-I-fpsS Cuam-\mWv Ah-cp-tSXv'' ""ZpjvS³'' Zpjv

S-k-́ m-\-§Ä¡p P·w \ÂIn'', (ap-l-½Zv _v\p A_vZpÂ

hlm-_nsâ)'' ssiJp-amÀ At±-l-̄ nsâ hgn-tISpw hyXn-

bm-\hpw ZoÀL-ho-£Ww sNbvXn-cp-¶p. ""]nXmhv Xs¶bpw

At±-l-̄ nsâ hyXn-bm\w In-cp-¶p.'' ""{]hm-N-IXzw hm

Zn-¡-W-sa¶v DÅn-en-cp-̧p-m-bn-cp-¶p.'', ""h©n-X³'' "Jhm

cn-Pp-IÄ'' ""ZpÂJp-ssh-kn-d-̄ nsâ k´m-\-§Ä'' (Jp-em-k-̄ p

Â Iemwþ F¶ IrXn-bnÂ) CXpw Hcp ]WvUn-X³ Fgp-Xn-

bXv Xs¶!

ssiJv apl-½Zv _v\p A_vZpÂ hlm-_nsâ ho£Ww XIv̂ o-dnsâ Imcy-̄ nÂ Cam-ansâ ho£Ww Xmsg

ImWp¶ ASn-Øm-\-̄ n-ep-Å-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. F) apÉnw-IÄ¡p D]-tZi \nÀt±-i-§Ä [mcm-f-ambn

\ÂIp-I. AhÀ¡p ]c-am-h[n Hgnhp Ign-hpIÄ \ÂIp-I.


_n) ]m]w ImcWw Bscbpw Im^n-dm-¡-cpXv kn) FÃm-hcpw Im^n-dm-sW¶ hmZwAwKo-I-cn-̈ n-«nÃ. Un) Bfp-I-fnÂ ImWp¶ {]Xy£ IÀ½-§f\p-k-cn-

¨mWv Ahsc kw_-Ôn¨p hn[n ]d-bp-I. C) Adn-hn-Ãm-̄ -h\v CXnÂ Hgnhp Ign-hpv. sX

fn-hp-IÄ \nc-̄ n-bnt« BÀ¡pw Ip^vdnsâ \n_-Ô\ _m

[I-am-hq. tNmZyw:

F´p-Im-c-W-̄ mÂ BWv Hcp hn`m-K-t¯mSv bp²w

sN¿p-¶Xv A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-hpI? Ft¸m-gmWv Hcmsf Im^n-

dm-¡pI? ssiJnsâ adp-]Sn:

Ckvem-an\v A©v kvXw`-§-fm-Wp-Å-Xv. H¶m-a-s¯Xv

cv km£y-h-N-\-§Ä, ]ns¶ XpSÀ¶pÅ \mep kvXw`-§-

fpw. HcmÄ C-Xns\ AwKo-I-cn-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ \nÊm-c-am¡n

Dt]-£n-¡p-¶p. At¸mÄ \mw Ah-t\mSv kacw sN¿p-¶p-

sh-¦nÂ AXv Abmsf Im^n-dm-¡-eÃ. \ntj-[-kz-̀m-h-̄ n-e-

ÃmsX Ae-k-X- sImv \a-kvImcw Dt]-£n-¡p-¶-h-sc-̧än

]WvUn-X³amÀ¡p `n¶m-̀n-{]m-b-am-Wp-Å-Xv. AbmÄ Im^n

dmIp-tam, CÃtbm F¶-XnÂ AXn-\mÂ ]WvUn-X-·mÀ G

tIm]n¨p ]-dª hnj-b-̄ nse \½fpw Im^n-dm-¡p-I-bpÅq.

AXmWv cv ilmZ--̄ p-IÄ.]WvUn-XÀ¡p GIm-̀n-{]m-b-ap

ff hnj-bw. AXnÂ Xs¶ AXv ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp¯n a\-Ên-em

b- tijw \n-tj-[n-̈mte HcmÄ Im^n-dm-Ip-I-bp-Åq.

inÀ¡nsâ Kuchw


{]Øm-\-̄ nsâ Bfp-IÄ, Jhm-cn-Pp-IÄ sNbvX {]

Imcw ]m]-Ir-Xy-§Ä sN¿p-¶Xv sImv Im^n-dm-Ip-sa¶v

hmZn-¡p-¶-h-cmWv F¶v {]Xn-tbmKnIÄ {]N-cn-̧ n-̈ p. AXn

\v Cam-ansâ adp-]Sn C§s\ "FXn-cm-fn-IÄ {]N-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶ asämcp hnj-b-apv a

Zy-]m-\w, hy`n-Nmcw XpS-§nb alm- ]m-]-§Ä ImcWw Im

^n-dm-¡p-¶-h-cmWv R§Ä. R§Ä CXnÂ \n¶p Hgn-hm-Ip-

¶p. \nc]-cm-[nXzw AÃm-lp-hn-te¡v R§Ä aS-¡p¶p. ]m

]-§Ä¡p in£ \S-̧m-¡-Ww. ]ns¶bpw AXv ImcWw ]c-

temI-̄ p-sh¨v in£ \ÂIp-¶-tXm, c£-\ÂIp-¶tXm A

Ãm-lp-hnsâ Xocp-am-\-a-\p-k-cn-̈m-Wv. Ahsâ Dt±-iy-{]-Imcw Dt±-in-¡p-¶-h\v s]mdp-̄ p-

sIm-Sp-¡pw. Dt±-in-¡p-¶-h\v in£bpw In«pw. F¶mÂ R§Ä Im^n-dm-¡p¶ Imcyw.AÃmlp-hnÂ

]¦p- tN-À¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. AÃm-lp-hmWv ]d-bp-¶-Xv. "XoÀ¨-bm

bpw AÃmlp Ah-\nÂ ]¦p-tNÀ¡p-¶Xv s]mdp¯p sImSp

¡p-I-bn-Ã. AX-Ãm-̄ Xv Ah³ Dt±-in-¡p-¶-hÀ¡p s]mdp-

¯p- sIm-Sp-¡p-¶p. Bsc-¦nepw AÃm-lp-hnÂ ]¦p-tNÀ¡p-

¶p-sh-¦nÂ Ah³ XoÀ¨-bmbpw Kpcp-X-c-amb HcpIpä-Ir-Xy-

amWv Na-̈ p-m-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.' (\n-km-Av : 48) "XoÀ¨-bmbpw \n\¡pw \nsâ ap¼pÅhÀ¡pw ktµ

iw \ÂI-s¸-«n-«p-ÅXv CX-s{X.AÃm-lp-hn\v \o ]¦m-fnsb

tNÀ¡p¶ ]£w XoÀ¨-bmbpw \nsâ IÀ½w \njv^-e-abn

t¸mIp-Ibpw \o \jvS-¡m-cpsS Iq«-̄ nÂ BIp-Ibpw sN

¿pw. AÃm-lp-hns\ Xs¶ \o Bcm-[n-¡p-Ibpw \o \µn-bp

Åh-cpsS Iq«-̄ nÂ Bbn-cn-¡pIbpwsN¿p-I.'(kp-aÀ:65,66)


"Bsc-¦nepw AÃm-lp-hnÂ ]¦p- tNÀ¡p-¶pthm A

Ãmlp Ah¶v kzÀ¤w \njn-²-am-¡n-bn-cn-¡p¶p Ahsâ k

t¦Xw \c-I-as{X' (amCZ :72) AXp-t]mse aXs¯ Ifn-bm-¡p-¶-hÀ Im^n-dm-Ip-sa

¶v \mw ]d-bp-¶p. X_q¡v bp²-̄ nÂ \_n-tbm-sSm¶n¨v

bp²w sNbvX hyàn-sb-̧än AÃmlp ]cm-aÀin-̈ ntÃ; "]d

bpI:AÃm-lp-hn-t\bpw Ahsâ Bb--̄ p-I-sfbpw Ahsâ

{]hm-N-I-s\-bp-amtWm \n§Ä Xam-i-bm-¡p-¶Xv? \n§Ä

Hgnhv Ignhv ]d-b-cp-Xv. \n§Ä hnizm-k-̄ n-\p-tijw \ntj-

[n-I-fm-bn-cn-¡p¶p (Xu_ 65,66) AXp-t]mse aäp-Nn-e-sc-¡p-dn¨pw ]cm-aÀin-̈ p. "XoÀ¨-

bmbpw R§Ä Ifn-¡p-Ibpw hnt\m-Z-̄ nÂ apgp-Ip-I-bp-am-

bn-cp¶p' "AÃm-lp-hnsâ hN-\-§Ä \ntj-[n-¡-̧-Sp-¶Xpw

]cn-l-kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xpw \n§Ä tI«mÂ A¯-c¡mÀ aäp-h

Ã hÀ¯-am-\-̄ nepw {]th-in-¡p-¶Xp-hsc \n§Ä Ah-

tcm-sSm¸w Ccn-¡-cp-sX¶pw A§s\ C-cn-¡p¶ ]Ivjw \n

§fpw Ah-sc-t¸m-se-̄ s¶ Bbn-cn-¡p-sa¶pw Cu {KÙ-

¯nÂ AÃmlp \n§Ä¡p Ah-X-cn-̧ n¨p X¶n-«p--tÃm. I

]S- hn-izm-kn-I-sfbpw \ntj-[n-I-sfbpw H¶n¨v AÃmlp \

c-I¯nÂ Hcp-an¨p Iq«pI Xs¶ sN¿pw.' (\nkmAv : 140) Cdm-Jnse KhÀWÀ kqsse-am³ ]mjbv¡p Camw

kDuZv _v\p A_vZpÂ Akokv FgpXn I¯v C§s\:þ "\mw ]d-bp¶pþ AÃm-lp-hn\p kvXpXn þJn_ve-bn-te

¡p Xncn-bp¶ Bscbpw ]m]w ImcWw \mw Im^n-dm-¡p-I-

bn-Ã. AÃm-lphpw Ahsâ ZqX\pw hyà-am-¡n-̧-d-ªXpw

kaq-l-̄ nse ]WvUn-XÀ H¶-S¦w AwKo-I-cn-̈-Xp-amb Im


cy-§Ä {]hÀ¯n-¡p-t¼mtg HcmÄ Im^ndm-Iq-sh¶v R§

fpw ]d-bp-¶p. AÃm-lp-hn-\p-Å C_m-Z-̄ nÂ aäp-Å-hsc ]

¦p tNÀ¯mÂ. {]mÀY-\-bnÂ, t\À¨-bnÂ, _en-bnÂ. AXp

-t]mse aX-s¯bpw AXnsâ Bfp-I-sfbpw shdp-¡p-I. A

Xns\ Ifn-bm-¡p-I. XpS-§nb kwK-Xn-I-fnÂ hym]r-X-cm-bm

epw Im^n-dmhpw. F¶mÂ hy`n-Nm-cw, tamj-Ww, aZy-]m\w,

A{Iaw, h[w XpS-§nb ]m]-Ir-Xy-§Ä aqew Hcmsf \mw

Im^n-dm-¡p-I-bn-Ã. AbmÄ AÃm-lp-hnepw ZqX-\nepw hniz-

kn-¡p-¶p-sh-¦nÂ. F¶mÂ AXv A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-sW¶ hn

izm-k-t¯msS HcmÄ sN¿p¶psh-¦nÂ Ahsâ hn[nthsd

bm-Wv. AÃm-̄ -hÀ¡p AÃmlp \nÝ-bn¨ in£ \mw \Â

Ipw.AsÃ-¦nÂ AXnÂ GÀs¸« hyànsb \mw acymZ ]Tn-

¸n-¡pw. XoÀ¨-bmbpw \_nXncp-ta-\n-()bp-sSbpw kzlm-_n-I-

fp-sSbpw Ime¯v h³ ]m]-§fpw sXäp-Ifpw Bfp-IÄ sN

bvXn-«p-v. AhÀ Bcpw A§-s\-bp-Å-hsc Im^n-dm-¡n-bn-

«n-Ã. Alvep-Êp¶¯nsâ hnizm-khpw CXm-bn-cp-¶p. AXp-

sIm-mWv ]m]w-sImp Im^n-dm-bn-̄ o-cp-sa¶v hmZn¨ J

hm-cn-Pp-Isf AhÀ hnaÀ-in-̈Xpw ]m]n-IÄ imiz-X-ambn \

c-I¯n-em-sW¶p hmZn¨ apAv-X-kn-e-¡msc FXnÀ¯Xpw.

]m]nsb Im^nÀ F¶p hnfn-t¡-s¶pw Cuam-\n\pw Ip

v̂dn-\pan-S-bnÂ Hcp Øm\-̄ mWv Abm-sf¶pw AbmÄ hn

izm-kn-b-Ã, \ntj-[n--bp-a-Ã. {]XypX ^mkn-JmWv F¶p hm

Zn¨p AhÀ. A´y-Zn-\-̄ nse Xncp-ta-\n-()bpsS ip]mÀi

bpw AhÀ \ntj-[n-̈ p, \-c-I-̄ nÂ {]thin¨ HcmÄ ]n¶o

Sv ]pd-̄ p -t]m-cp-I-bn-sÃ-¶mbncp¶p Ah-cpsS hmZw.


F¶mÂ \½Ä þ AÃm-lp-hn\v kvXpXnþ Cu cp-hn-

`mK-̄ nÂ \n¶pw Hgn-hmWv. Jhm-cnPpþapA-vX-kn-ebpsS hm

Z-§-sfm¶pw \ap¡n-Ã. {]hm-N-I-Xn-cp-ta-\n()¡p ip]mÀi

bp-s¶v \mw AwKo-I-cn-¡p-¶p. aäp {]hm-NÀ¡pw kzmen

lp-IÄ¡pw ip]mÀi-bpv.F¶mÂ AXv GI-ssZh hnizm-

kn-IÄ¡p- am{Xw In«p-¶XmWv. AXv AÃm-lp-hnsâ A\p-a

Xn- {]-Imcw Bbn-cn-¡pbpw sN¿pw. Ah³ Xr]vXn-s¸-«-hÀ

¡-ÃmsX AhÀ ip]mÀi sN¿p-I-bn-Ã. (A¼n-bmAv : 28) CXp-h-sc-bpÅ A`n-{]m-b-§-fnÂ \n¶v \ap¡v a\-Ên-

em-¡m-\m-bXv Alvep-Êp-¶¡v Im^n-dm-¡p-¶-Xn-epÅ am\-Z-

WvU-§Ä F´mtWm,AXv Xs¶-bmWv apl-½Zv_v\p A_v

ZpÂ hlm-_nâ A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw A\p-hÀ¯n-̈Xv F¶mWv.

Btcm-]-W¡q¼m-c-§Ä : Ncn-{X-Im-csâ ZrjvSn-bnÂ C\n \ap¡v Hcp Ncn-{X-Im-csâ ho£-W¯n-eqsS C-

kvemlo {]Øm-\-̄ n-t\mSv i{Xp-¡Ä kzoI-cn¨ \ne-]mSv

]cn-tim-[n¨p t\m¡mw. CuPn-]vjy³ Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb lm^nZv hl-_- F-gp

Xp-¶p. "Ignª \qäm-nÂ \PvZn þ CuPn-]vXy³ bp²-§-fp

sS ]cn-W-nX-̂ ew F´m-bn-cp-¶p? Fs´Ãmw A`n-{]m-b-́ -c-

§-fm-WXv kuZn-IÄ¡pw XpÀ¡n-IÄ¡pan-S-bnÂ kwPm-X-

am-¡n-b-Xv? CXv ]cn-tim-[n-t¡--Xm-Wv.\PvZn-IÄs¡-Xn-cnÂ

Aä-an-Ãm¯ IÅ-{]-N-cW§Ä Agn-̈ p-hn-S-s¸«p bp²-̄ n³

^e-am-bn, AhÀs¡-Xnsc D¶bn-¡-s¸« an¡ Btcm-]-W

§fpw ASn-Øm-\-c-ln-X-am-bn-cp-¶p. 1. {]hm-N-I-Xn-cp-ta-\n-()tbmSv hntZzjw ]peÀ¯p-¶-


hÀ, At±-l¯nsâ ]Z-hn- Ipd¨v ImWn-¡p-¶-hÀ, aäp {]hm-

N-I-·m-scbpw Huenbm-¡Ä, kmen-lp-IÄ F¶nhscbpw \n

µn-¡p-¶-hÀþC-Xm-bn-cp¶p ssiJv apl-½Zv _v\p A_vZnÂ

hlm-_n-sâbpw A\p-bm-bn-I-fp-sSbpw taÂ NmÀ¯-̧« B

tcm]-W-§-fn-sem-¶v. Camw C_v\p-ssX-an-b-s¡-Xn-cn-epw, At±-l-̄ nsâ in

jy·mÀs¡-Xn-cnepw C-§s\ Btcm]Ww D¶-bn-¡-s¸-«n«p

v. C´y-bnse [mcmfw ]cn-jvIÀ¯m-¡Ä,_p²n-im-en-IÄ

ChÀs¡-Xn-cnepw CtX Btcm-]Ww D¶-bn-¡-s¸-«p. ChÀ

s¡m¶pw \PvZpambn _Ô-ap-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Cu Btcm-]-W-̄ nsâ Dd-hnSw FhnsS \n¶v ? \PvZn-

IÄ Ah-ew-_n¨ Hcp lZokpw AXn¶v A-hÀ \ÂInb {In

bm-ßI hni-Ie-\hp-am-bn-cp¶p Hcp Imc-Ww. aq¶p ]Ån-I-fn-te-¡-ÃmsX ]pWy-bm-{X-IÄ \S-̄ -cp-

Xv. akvPn-ZpÂl-dmw, akvPn-Zp-¶-_-ho, akvPn-ZpÂ AJvkm.

Cu \_n-h-N\w ASn-Øm-\-am¡n AhÀ ]d-ªp. {]hm-N-I-

·m-cp-sSbpw alm-·m-cp-sSbpw J_-dn-S-§-fn-te-¡pÅ XoÀY-

bm-{X-IÄ ]p¯-\m-Nm-c-am-Wv.(_n-Zv-A-̄ v) kzlm_n-Itfm

Xm_nD-Itfm A{]-Imcw sNbvXn«nÃ. {]hm-N-I-Xn-cp-ta\n()

AXn\p \nÀtZin-̈ n-«p-an-Ã. ap³Ime ]WvUn-X-·m-cnÂ At\

I- hn-̀m-K-am-fp-IÄ CtX A`n-{]mbw C_v\p ssX-an-¿¡pw

C_v\p A_vZnÂ hlm-_n\pw ap¼v {]I-Sn-̧ n-̈ n-«p-v. 2. \PvZn-IÄ {]mÀY-\m-th-f-I-fnÂ \_n()bpsS J_v

dn-te¡p Xncn-bp-¶Xv hne-¡n-bn-cp-¶p. Ahn-Sps¯ J_vdn\p

ap-¶nÂ kqPqZv sN¿p-¶-Xpw AhÀ FXnÀ¯p.aäp J_vdpI-

fpsS ap¶nse kpPqZpw AhÀ XSªp. J_vdnÂ \n¶p A


\p-{Klw tXSp-¶Xpw Ahn-Sps¯ a®v ico-c-̄ nÂ XS-hp-¶

Xpw hne-¡n. AXns\ kao-]n¨p klm-b-{]mÀY\ \S-̄ p-¶

Xpw AXn-t\mSv {]mÀYn-¡p-¶Xpw XS-ªp. CXv hfsc {]Nm

c-ap-Å- kw-K-Xn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Xncp-ta-\n-()bpsS J_-dn-¶-cn-In

Â am{X-a-Ã, CuPn-]vXnepw C´y-bnepw _mKvZm-Znepw aäp-ap

Å alm-·mcpsS J_vdn¶-cn-InÂ \ns¶Ãmw A\p-jvTn-¡-s¸-

«n-cp¶ Imcy-§Ä. 3. J_vdp-IÄ¡p-aosX ]Wn-Xp-bÀ¯-s¸« sI«nS§

fpw Jpº-Ifpw s]mfn¨p AhÀ \o¡n. Pmd-§Ä¡pw J_v

dpIÄ¡pw IcpXn sh¡s¸« hJv̂ p-IÄ ZpÀº-e-s¸-Sp-̄ n. 4. _pko-cn-bpsS _pÀZbnse Nne-h-cn-IÄ AXn-cp-I-S-

¶Xpw sXän-²m-cW \nd-ªXpw BIp-¶psh¶v AhÀ ]d

ªp."DZm-l-c-W-̄ n\p krjvSn-I-fnÂ AXyp-̄ -a-cm-b-htc,

Kpcp-X-c-amb hn]-̄ p-IÄ kw`-hn¡pt¼mÄ Xm¦-fn-te-¡-Ãm

sX aäm-cn-te¡pw F\n¡p A`bw tXSm³ CÃ' F¶ ]Zyw.

CXv JpÀ-B-\nsâ hyàamb hN-\-§Ä¡pw kzlo-lmb

lZo-kp-IÄ¡pw hncp-²-am-Wv.CXn-s\-sbÃmw A§-s\-Xs¶

AwK-{]-XywKw kzoI-cn-̈mÂ AbmÄ apivcn¡pw Im^n-dp-am-

Ip-sa¶pw AhÀ hniz-kn-̈ n-cp-¶p. A§s\ {]Xn-tbm-Kn-IÄ sXän-²-cn¨p ChÀ {]hm-N-I-

t\mSv shdp¸v {]I-Sn-̧ n-¡p-¶-h-cm-sW-¶v. XpSÀ¶p AhÀ¡n-

Ãm¯ ]c-ÈXw Btcm-]-W-§Ä AhÀs¡-Xn-cnÂ D¶-bn-̈ p.

\PvZn-IÄ AXnÂ \nc-]-cm-[n-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p. A¡q-«-̄ nse Nn

e Btcm-]-W-§Ä ]d-bmw."\_n-tb-¡mÄ D¯aw hSn-bm-

sW¶v AhÀ hmZn-¡p¶p.'Rm³ hS-¡³ \PvZnÂ \n¶v tI

« Hcp IY ChnsS Ipdn-¡s«; kuZn þXpÀ¡n kwLÀj Im

-e¯v NneÀ XpÀ¡n-IÄ¡p Fgp-Xn-bs{X. kDuZn IpSpw-_-


¯nsâ ]Xm-I-bnÂ ilm-Z¯v hmIyw Bte-J\w sNbvXXv

apl-½Zv F¶ t]cnÂ \n¶v cm-as¯"½'If-ªp-sIm-m-

bn-cp-¶p. AXm-bXv (em Ceml CÃÃmlv, al-Zq³ dkq-ep

Ãm-lv) Bcpw F¶v AÀYw amdn hcpw. CsXms¡ XpÀ¡n-I

Ä X§-fpsS FXn-cmfn-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v Ah-Ú-bp-m-¡m³

thn Ip-]n-Sn¨ D]m-b-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. CsXÃmw \pW-bm-

sW¶v AhÀ¡-dn-bmw. 1925 Â \PvZv þ lnPmkv bp²-L-«-̄ nÂ sk\-KÂ, Sn

Xzm³ F¶n-hn-S-§-fnse NnehninjvS- hy-àn-IÄ a¡-bn-se-

¯n.AhÀ X§fpsS kwkm-c-at[y hnIm-cm-th-i-̄ nÂ Ic-

bp¶p-m-bn-cp-¶p. AXm-bXv AhÀ Ae-Ivkm-vdn-b-bnÂ

sh¨v tI«p-h-s{X. þ \PvZn-I-sf-̈ p-än-̧-än-bpÅ Hcp ]mSv sI«p-

IY-IÄ. AhÀ lnPm-knÂ F¯n-b-t¸mÄ AXnsâ Hcpem

©-\ -t]mepw ChnsS ImWp-¶p-an-Ã. IA_ Hcp IÃm-b-Xp-

sImv hlm-_n-IÄ AXv s]mfn-̈ p- I-f-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p. kXy-̄ nÂ {]hm-N-Is\ kvt\ln-¡p-¶-XnÂ Gähpw

Xmev]cyw ImWn-¡p-¶-h-cmWv \PvZpImÀ. ]s£ AhÀ ]cn-

[n- ew-L\w CjvS-s¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. _nZvA¯nsâ GXv C\-s¯

bpw AhÀ FXnÀ¡pw. AXnsâ ImcWw F´m-bmepw. {]

hm-NIkvt\l-sa-¶-Xnsâ Xmev]cyw {]hm-N-I-N-cy-bpsS A

\p-[m-h-\-am-Wv. F¶mÂ Cu cwK-̄ pÅ \qX-\m-Nm-c-§fpw

ico-A-̄ n-t\m-SpÅ Ah-K-W-\bpw tZtl-Osb A\p-k-cn-

¡p-¶-Xp-saÃmw hÀPy-am-Wv.AXv {]hm-NI kvt\l-a-Ã, Ah-

Úbm-Wv. AÃmlp ]d-bp-¶p. "]d-bp-I;\n§Ä AÃm-lp-hn

s\ kvt\ln-¡p¶p-sh-¦nÂ Fs¶ ]n³]-äp-hn³' (Bep Cw

dm³ :31) thsdbpw Btcm-]-W-§Ä tIÄ¡mw: Ah-scm-gnsI


aäp-Å-h-sc-sbÃmw Im^n-dm-¡p-¶p. \nÊw-ibw CXv FXn-cm

fn-I-fpsS krjvSn-bmWv.Nne ImS³ AAv-dm-_n-I-fnÂ\nt¶m

hnh-c-t¡-Sp-Å-h-cnÂ \nt¶m AXv km[q-I-cn-¡p¶ hÃXpw

kw`-hn-̈ p- t]mbn F¶p k½-Xn-̈mÂ t]mepw AXv FÃm \

PvZn-Ifpw A§-s\-bm-sW¶p ]d-bm-\pÅ \ymb-a-ÃtÃm. F¶mÂ ssiJv apl-½Zv _v\p A_vZnÂ hlm-t_m,

injy-·m-tcm, icn-bmb aXm-\p-kmcn-bmb hyàn-sb, kÂI

Àaw sN¿p¶bmsf \Ã-h-sc¶v hyà-amb a\p-jys\ Im

^n-dm-¡n-bn-«n-Ã. F¶mÂ kXy-{]-t_m-[\w IrXy-ambn e`n

¨, sXfn-hp-IÄ hyà-am-¡-s¸-«,AXv t_m[y-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN

bvX Hcp hyàn Al-¦mcw \Sn¨p inÀ¡nÂ iTn¨p \nÂ

¡p¶p-sh-¦nÂ þAXv Hä-s¸« tIkp-I-fmWvþA§-s\bp-Å-

hsc AhÀ Im^n-dm-¡p-¶p.(7)

Ckvemlo {]Øm-\-s¯bpw AXnsâ hàm-¡-sf

bpw temI-̄ p-S-\ofw Zpcm-tcm-]-W-§-fn-eqsS tXtPm-h[w

sN¿m-sa¶ a\-̧m-b-k-ap--h-cpsS D]-Pm-]-§Ä CuPn-]vXy

³ Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb lm^nZv hl-_-bmWv \ap¡p hnh-cn¨n

cp-¶-Xv. ]s£ AÃm-lp-hnsâ Xocp-am\w adn-̈m-bn-cp-¶p. A

h-cpsS B[n-]Xyw \mÄ¡p-\mÄ iàn-s¸-«p. D]-Pm-]-¡mÀ

]cm-P-b-̄ nsâ Imªn-c-¡mb Xn¶p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

ChÀ Jhm-cn-Pp-I-fmWv Jhm-cn-Pp-Isf kw_-Ôn¨v Adn-bm¯hcpw ke^n

{]Øm-\s¯ AI-se -\n¶p \nco£n-¡p-¶h\p-amb Hcp

hyàn CXp icn-bmImw F¶p Nn´n-¡mw.

(7) Ccp-]-Xmw-\q-äm-nse Atd-_y³ Zzo]v F¶ IrXn-bnÂ \n¶v


A²ymbw 5

A\p-_Ô hnj-b-§Ä

FXn-cm-fnIÄ D¶-bn-¡p¶Xnsâ kXym-hØ ]cn-tim-

[n-¡m³ km[m-c-W-¡m-csâ ap¼n-epÅ EPp-hmb amÀ¤w {]

Øm-\-̄ nsâ ]WvUn-X-·mcpw Cam-ap-amcpw Fgp-Xnb {KÙ-

§fpw I¯p-Ifpw teJ-\-§fpw AhÀ\S-̄ nb kwhm-Z§

fpw ]cn-tim-[n-¡-pIbm-Wv.F¦nÂ BÀ¡pw t_m[yw hcpw J

hm-cn-Pp-Ifpw Ckvemln {]hÀ¯cpw X½nÂ APK Pm´-c-

ap-s-¶v. ImcWw Ckvem-ln-{]-Øm-\-̄ nsâ ASn-Øm-\w

hnip² JpÀB\pw \_n-N-cy-bp-am-Wv. Ah-cpsS amXrI {]

hm-N-I\pw klm-_¯pw \Ã-h-cmb ap³Ime kaq-lhpam

Wv(k-e-̂ p-Êm-enlv)Ah-cpsS e£y-am-Is« Xulo-Zn-sâbpw

A\p-_-Ô- Im-cy-§-fp-sSbpw ]peÀ¨bpw inÀ¡nsâbpw A

Xnsâ amÀ¤-§-fp-sSbpw D·q-e-\-hp-am-Wv. AÃmlp-hn-te¡p

{]t_m-[\w Ah-cpsS ap{Zm-hm-Iy-hpw.

F¶mÂ Jhm-cn-Pp-Itfm? Aeo()bpsS Jnem-̂ -t¯m-Sv Iq-Sn-bmWv Ah-cpsS

cwK -{]-th-iw. At±-l-̄ nsâ Jnem-̂ ¯v AwKo-I-cn-¡msX

apkvenw kaq-l-̄ nsâ s]mXp-[m-c-bnÂ \n¶p ]pd-̄ p- t]m-

b-Xp- sIm-mWv ]pd-̄ p-t]m-b-hÀ F¶v AÀY-apÅ (J-hm-

cn-Pp-IÄ) F¶ \ma-̄ n\p Xs¶ B[m-cw. AhÀ kzlm-_n -t{i-jvS-·m-cmb DYvam³(),Aen()

A_p-aq-k() Awdp-_v\pÂ-Bkv() XzÂl() kpss_À

() CXc kzlm_n-amsc-sbÃmw Ipä-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶-hcpw Alv

epÊp¶¯nsâ kao-]\w AwKo-I-cn-¡m-̄ -h-cp-am-Wv.


h³]m-]n-IÄ Im^n-dm-Ip-sa-¶m-W-h-cpsS hmZw. AXn

sâ t]cnÂ bp²w A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amsW¶pw h³]m]w sNbv

XhÀ acn-̈mÂ \c-I¯n-em-sW¶pw hmZn-¡p-t¼mÄ Alvep-

Êp¶¯v Cu hn-j-b-§-fn-seÃmw Ah-tcmSv hntbm-Pn-¡p

¶p. Ckvemln {]Øm\ hàm-¡fpw hntbmPn-¡p-¶p. aql-½Zv _v\p A_vZpÂh-lm-_nsâ a¡-tfmSpw lw

Zp-_v\p \m-kn-tdmSpw tNmZy-ap-mbn. \n§-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-̄ nÂ XuloZv AwKo-I-cn-̈-hÀ

\c-I-̄ nÂ imiz-X-cmIptam CÃtbm? adp-]Sn "\mw aX-ambn hniz-kn-¡p-¶Xpw \½psS apkvenw k

tlm-Z-c-§Ä¡p \mw ]cn-Nb-s¸-Sp-¶-Xp-amb A`n-{]mbw Xu

lo-Znsâ hàm-¡Ä Bcpw \c-I-̄ nÂ imiz-X-ambn hkn-

¡p-I-bn-sÃ-¶m-Wv.JpÀ-B-\nepw kp¶-̄ nepw ]WvUn-X-tem-

I-̄ nsâ GtIm-]n-Xm-̀n-{]m-b-§-fnepw CXn\v Dt]m-Zv_-e-I-

amb At\Iw sXfn-hp-I-fpv. ssiJv XJvbp-±o³ C_v\p

ssXan¿() ]d-bp¶ hnj-b-am-Wn-Xv.Xncp-ta\n()]d-bp¶p:

"emCeml CÃ-Ãmlv' F¶v D¨-cn-̈-bmÄ \c-I-̄ nÂ\n¶p

tamNn-̧ n-¡-s¸-Spw. [m\y-a-WnbpsS A{X-Xq¡apÅ hnizmk

sa¦nepw Abm-fpsS lrZ-b-̄ n-ep-s-¦nÂ "Hcp ]c-¼-c-bn

Â AWp-̄ q¡w' F¶p-v. (_p-Jmcn lZokv 3340,3361) asämcp hN-\-̄ nÂ a\-ÊnÂ kXy-k-Ô-amb \nebv

¡v D¨-cn-¡p-¶-h³ F¶p-apv. CXmWv Alvep-Êp-¶-bpsS ho£-Ww. klm-_n-Ifpw

Ahsc ]n³Xp-SÀ¶-hcpw ]qÀÆnI Cam-ap-am-cp-a-S-§p¶ Pam-


A-̄ nsâ ho£Ww. Jhm-cn-Pp-Ifpw apAv-Xkn-ep-Ifpw am

{X-amWv Ah-tcmSv hntbm-Pn-¡p-¶-Xv. h³]m]w {]hÀ¯n-̈-

hÀ \c-I-̄ nÂ imiz-X-am-Ip-sa-¶m-W-hÀ ]d-bp-¶-Xv. AhÀ

sXfn-hmbn D¶-bn-¡p¶ hN-\-§sf kw_-Ôn¨v hnkvX-cn

¨p {Kln-t¡-Xp-v. Jhm-cn-Pp-I-fnÂ DÄs¸-Sp¶psh-¦nÂ AhÀ D¶-bn

¡p¶ hmZ-§Ä AwKo-I-cn-¡-W-atÃm.

Xe-ap-WvU\w Xe-ap-WvU\w sN¿Â Ah-cpsS e£-W-amsW¶v J

hmcn-Pp-Isf¡p-dn¨ Hcp lZo-knÂ h¶n-«p-v. Cu hnjb-I-

ambn Hcp tNmZyw AYhm Xe-ap-WvU\w sN¿m-Xn-cp-¶mÂ

apÀX±v(a-X- ]-cn-Xym-Kn) BIptam F¶v ssiJv AhÀI-fpsS

]p{X³ A_vZp-Ã-tbmSv HcmÄ tNmZn-¡p-I-bp-m-bn. R§Ä Xe-ap-WvU\w \nÀ_-Ô-am¡n-bh-cm-sW¶v

hmZn-¡p-¶p-sh-¶Xv FXn-cm-fn-I-fpsS A]-hmZw am{X-am-sW-

¶mWv AXn\v At±lw sImSp¯ adp-]-Sn. Ip^vdv, dn± CXn

s\ms¡ aX-̄ nÂ kphyà am\-Z-WvU-§-fp-s-¶n-cns¡

apJy-hn-j-b-a-Ãm¯ CXv kw_-Ôn¨v A\n-hm-cy-sa¶v R§

Ä F§-s\-bmWv ]d-bp-I. AXv Hcp kp¶-̄ mb Imcy-am-

sW-¶p- t]mepw R§Ä hmZn-̈ n-«nÃ ]ns¶ F§s\ \nÀ

_Ô kwK-Xn-bmhpw ? Camw iu¡m\n Cu Btcm-]-Ws¯ apJhn-e¡v F

Sp-¡p-¶n-Ã. At±lw Fgp-Xp-¶p. ChÀ Jhm-cn-Pp-I-fpsS hnizmkw DÅ-hcm-sW¶v Nn

e-cpsS hmZw i-cn-bm-sW¶v Rm³ Icp-Xp-¶n-Ã. ImcWw \


PvZnse `c-Wm-[n-Im-cnbpw At±-l-̄ nsâ A\p-bm-bn-Ipfpw

apl-½Zv _v\p A_vZnÂ hlm-_nsâ A[ym-]-\-§-fmWv

kzoI-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. {]Øm\ ]WvUn-X-·m-cpsS {KÙ-§Ä ]cn-tim-[n-̈m

Â Cu hmZ-̄ nse Ig-¼n-Ãmbva t_m[y-s¸-Spw.

apssk-en-a-bpsS \m«p-Im-cm-sW¶v {]Xn-tbm-Kn-I-fpsS asämcp {]N-cWamWnXv. ssiJv

A_vZp-d-lvam³ _v\p lk³ CXn-\p- \ÂIp¶ hni-Zo-I-c

Ww t\m¡p-I. "H¶mw \qäm-nÂ apssk-en-a-tbm-sSm¸w \n¶-hsc

AÃmlp ap¨qSpw \in-̧ n-̈ p- I-f-ªp. apssk-en-asb AwKo-

I-cn-¡p¶ HcmÄ t]mepw Ah-ti-jn-¡m¯ hn[-̄ nembn-

cp¶p Cu \miw. A§s\ klm-_n-amcpsS Ime-̄ nsâ A

´y- L-«-am-b-t¸m-tg¡pw AhÀ \mam-h-ti-j-ambn. AXn-\p-

tijhpw apssk-ena IÅ-hm-Zn-bm-sW¶v hniz-kn-¡p-¶-h-c-

ÃmsX A¶m-«nÂ aämcpw Dm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. blq-Zn-IÄ aZo-\-bnÂ Xma-kn-̈ p-sh-¶Xv aZo-\¡v Hcp

tZmjhpw Dm-¡n-bn-«n-Ã. \_n()bpw Xsâ A\p-N-c-·m

cpw AhnsS Pohn-̈ p-h-¶p. Ckvem-ansâ BØm-\-hpw aZo\

Xs¶-bm-bn-cp¶p. a¡-bn-ep-Å-hÀ {]hm-N-Is\ \ntj-[n-̈ p-

sh¶ ImcWw sImv a¡ tami-am-bn-̄ oÀ¶n-Ã. F¶p-am

{X-aÃ a¡-bm-bn-cp¶p {]hm-N-I\v Gähpw {]nb-¦camb cm

Pyw. bama cmPyw AÃm-lp-hns\ [n¡-cn-̈ n-«n-Ã.Ahn-sS-bp

Å NneÀ apssk-en-asb AwKo-I-cn-̈-t¸mÄ B sXäv A¶p

ÅhÀt¡ tZmjw hcp-̄ n-bp-«pÅp. B \ntj-[-̄ nÂ Ip

sd Imew \ne-sIm-n-«p-an-Ã.þAÃm-lp-hn¶p kvXpXnþ AÃm


lp B cmPys¯ B \ntj-[n-I-fnÂ \n¶p ip²o-I-cn-̈ p. c

£-s¸-«-hÀ CÉmw BtÇ-jn-̈ p. B cmPyw Ckvem-ansâ Io

gnÂ h¶p. AhnsS ]Ån-IÄ ]Wn-Xp. \nb-a-§Ä \S-̧ n-em-

bn. kzlm-_¯nsâ Ime¯pw XpSÀ¶pw A¶m-«p-ImÀ A

Ãm-lp-hns\ Bcm-[n¨p h¶p. Ah-cnÂ \n¶v F{Xtbm B

fp-IÄ JmenZv _v\pÂ heo-Zn-t\m-sSm-¶n¨v A\-d-_n-I-tfm-Sp

Å [Àa-k-a-c-̄ nÂ apkvenwI-tfm-sSm¸w ]¦p-sIm-p. A

§s\ B cmPy-̄ n\v aäp-tZ-i-§-sf-¡mÄ alXzw ssIh

¶p. Camw _pJmcn \nth-Z\w sN¿p¶ lZo-knÂ ImWp-¶

Xp {]Im-cw. a¡-bnem-bn-cns¡ \_n() Xsâ kzlm-_-̄ n-

t\mSv {]kvXm-hn-̈ p. "F\n¡v \n§-fpsS ]mem-b-\-Øm\w

kz]v\¯nÂ ImWn-̈ p- X-¶n-cn-¡p-¶p.' Ahn-Sp¶v AXns\

hni-Zo-I-cn-̈ p- sImp ]d-ªp.A§s\ bYvcn_ns\tbm b

am-a-tb-tbm-Ip-dn-̈ pÅ Fsâ `bw\o§n-¡-gn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p.

\_n()bpsS kz]v\w Znhyktµ-i-am-Wv, kXy-amWv. CXv

t]mtc bam-a-bpsS alXzw hyàam-Im³ ? AsX Xncp-ta-\n-

bpsS `bw A{]-Xy-£-am-sb-¦nÂ \·-bpsS AS-bmfw Ahn

sS Zriy-am-Im³ XpS§n F¶v Xmev]-cyw. apkvenw-I-fpsS F{X cmPy-§-fnÂ Ak-Xy- {]-hm-N-I

³amÀ {]Xy-£-s¸«p ? Akvh-ZpÂ A³kn- b-a-\nÂ, eJo

Xp AÂ AkvZn Ham-\nÂ, kPmlv Pko-d-bnÂ Xzsselv P

ko-d-bpsS a[y-̀m-K¯v, anÀkm Kpemw C´y-bnÂ CsXm¶pw

B cmPy-¡m-scÃmw hgn-tI-Sn-em-bn-t¸mbn F¶p hmZn-¡m-\p

Å \nZm-\-a-Ã. AXp t]mse-̄ -s¶-bmWv bama. \PvZnsâ

ØnXnbpw CXpXs¶-bm-Wv. ]nim-Nnsâ tI{µ-̄ nÂ \n¶m

Wv {]Øm-\-̄ nsâ DÛ-h-sa¶mWv FXncmfnIÄ {]N-cn-̧ n

¨ asämcp Btcm]Ww. AXm-bXv Nne lZo-kp-I-fnÂ "\Pv


Zv' Ipg-̧-§Ä s]m«n-̧p-d-s¸-Sp¶ tI{µ-amsW¶ ]cm-amÀiw

h¶n-«p-v. C_v\p Dadn()Â \n¶v \nth-Z\w Xncp-ta\n() ]d-

ªp. AÃm-lpth, \o R§-fpsS "imanÂ' A\p-{Klw sNm

cn-tb-W-sa, R§-fpsS ba-\nÂ A\p-{Klw sNmcn-tb-W-sa.

kzlm-_n-IÄ ]d-ªp.AÃm-lp-hnsâ ZqX-tc, "R§-fpsS \

PvZnepw' Ahn-Sp¶p hopw ]d-ªp. "R§fpsS imanepw

R§-fpsS ba-\nepw \o A\p-{Klw sNmcn-tb-Wta. AhÀ

]d-ªp."R§fpsS \PvZnepw'\nth-Z-I³ C_v\p DaÀ() ]

d-bp¶p.aq¶mw XhW "R§-fpsS \PvZnepw' F¶p ]d-ªp-

sh-¶mWv tXm¶p-¶-Xv. Ahn-Sp¶p XpSÀ¶p "`qan-Ip-ep-¡-§

fpw Ipg-̧-§fpapm-Ip-¶Xpw ]nimNv cwK¯p hcp-¶Xpw

AhnsS \n¶mWv'. (_p-Jmcn : 7094) Cu \PvZv GXm-sW-¶-XnÂ A`n-{]m-bm-́ -c-ap-v. ]e

lZoYv ]WvUn-X-·mcpw A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv Cdm-Jnse \Pv

ZmWv ChnsS ]cm-aÀin-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶-sX-¶m-Wv.am{X-aÃ Nn

e lZo-YpIfnÂ \PvZv F¶ ]Z¯n\p ]Icw "aivcnJv' (Ing

¡p`mKw) F¶m-Wp-Å-Xv. Camw _pJmcn Cu lZoYv D²-cn

¨ A[ym-b-̄ n\v t]cp sImSp-̄ n-cn-¡p-¶Xv Xs¶ Ipg-̧-§

ÄIng¡p \n¶v F¶m-Wv.aZo-\-bpsS Ing-¡mWv CdmJv Øn

Xn sN¿p-¶Xv. ssiJv A_vZpÂe¯o^v Cu lZo-YnÂ ]d-ªXv b

am-a-bnse \PvZÃ F¶v Øm]n-̈ p-sImp CXn\p adp-]Sn

sImSp-¡p-¶pv. Cdm-Jn-em-Is« lZo-knÂ ]cm-aÀin-¡-s¸«

]e Ipg-̧-§fpw Xe-s]m-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.Jhm-cn-Pp-I-fpsS

]S-̧p-d-̧m-Sv,lpssk³()sâ h[w, C_v\pÂ AivA-Ynsâ


Iem-]w, apJvXm-dnsâ Iem]w C§s\ ]e-Xpw.ssiJv A_v

ZpÂ e-̄ o v̂ D¶-bn-¡p¶ apJy-amb Hcp \ymb-ap-v. AY

hm AÃm-lpthm {]hm-N-It\m GsX-¦nepw apkven-ans\

tbm aäp-Å-h-sctbm Xsâ \mSv, tZiw Ch-bpsS t]cnÂ Ip

äs¸-Sp-̄ n-bp-«ptm? CbmÄ ^mcn-kn, k³Pn, ankvco þ^

tdmh-bpsS \m«p-Im-c³, Ip^vdnsâ Xd-hm-«p-Im-c³ F¶n-§

s\? CIvcna() klm-_n-I-fnÂ {]ap-J³.At±-l-̄ nsâ ]n

Xm-hm-Is« Cu kap-Zm-b-̄ nse ^tdm-h-bpw. C´y³ ]WvUn-X-\mb klvkp-hm-\n-bpsS hm¡p-I-fn

Â "lZo-knse GsX-¦nepw Hcp ]Zw ]nSn-̈ p- sImp aivcn-

JnÂ (In-g-¡v) P\n¡p-¶-h-scÃmw tami-¡m-cm-Ip-sa¶ hm

Zw \ncÀY-I-am-Wv. "ag-̄ p-Ån-IÄ hcp¶Xp {]-Imcw Ipg-̧

§Ä \n§-fpsS hoSp-I-fn-eqsS shfn-s¸Spw.' \_n() aZo-\-

bnse Ip¶n³ {]tZ-is¯ t\m¡n- ]-d-ªp. Ahn-S-̄ p-ImÀ

tami-am-sW¶v C-Xnsâ ASn-Øm-\-̄ nÂ Bcpw hmZn-¡p-I-

bn-Ã-tÃm. lZokv ]WvUn-X-·m-cmb J¯zm-_n, C_v\p lPÀ

XpS-§n-b-h-cpsS \nco-£Ww AÂ_m\n D²-cn-̈ p-sImv hy

à-am-¡p-¶Xv Ipg-̧-§-fpsS tI{µw Cdm-Jm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶m-

Wv.Npcp¡¯nÂ CuhmZw Ig-¼n-Ãm-̄ m-Xm-sW¶p hyàw.

A©mw aZvl-_p-Im-cm-Wv AYhm ]p¯³ hmZn-IÄ Ckvemlo {]Øm-\-̄ nsâ FXn-cm-fn-IÄ AhÀ¡p-

NmÀ¯nb asämcp Zpjvt]-cv. AYhm Alvep-Êp¶ AwKo-I-

cn-¡p¶ \mep a-Zvl-_nsâbpw A¸p-d-amWv Ch-sc¶p {]N

cn-̧ n-̈ p- sImv C-hscCI-gv̄ n- Im-Wn-¡p-I-bm-Wn-Xnsâ ]n

¶nse e£yw.A§s\ Ahsc ]p¯³ hmZn-I-fm-¡m-a-sÃm.


tIc-f-¡-c-bnÂ Cu hnti-j-W-amWv FXn-cm-fn-IÄ \

ÂIn-b-Xv. hmkvX-h-̄ nÂ Ckvem-anÂ CÃm¯ ]p¯³ B

Nm-c§Ä (_nZvA¯p-IÄ) am{Xw PohnX ssien-bmbn kzo

I-cn-̈-h-cmWv CXv ]d-bp-¶Xv F¶ hkvXpX lmtkym-±o-]-I-

am-Wv. hnh-c-t¡-Sp-Å-hÀ am{Xta CXp {]N-cn-̧ n-¡p-I-bp-Åq.

ssiJv apl-½Zv _v³ A_vZpÂ hlm_pw Xsâ A\p-bm-

bn-Ifpw X§Ä Camw AlvaZv _v\p l¼ensâ Nn´-bmWv

IÀa-cw-K¯v kzoI-cn-¡p-¶Xv F¶p \nc-h[n kµÀ`-§-fnÂ

hyà-am-¡p-¶pv. AXp-t]mse aäp-aq¶p aZvl-_p-I-sfbpw

AhÀ BZ-cn-¡p-¶p-sh-¶pw. hnizm-k-Im-cy-§-fn-em-Is« Cu

\mep Nn´m-[m-c-I-sfbpw kzoI-cn-¡p-¶pv Xm\pw.ImcWw

\_n()bpw kzlm-_¯pw Xm_n-DIfpw ke^p-Ifpw \S

¶ AtX]mX-bn-eq-sS-bmWv \mep- Camapamcpw \S-¶-Xv.CtX

]mX-bn-emWv Xms\¶v {]Jym-]n-¡p¶ ssiJv apl-½Zv _v

\p A_vZnÂ hlm-_ns\ ]ns¶F§-s\-bmWv ]p¯³ hm

Zn-sb-t¶m A©mw {]am-W-¡m-c-s\t¶m hnti-jn-̧ n¡pI? AXvsImp Xm³ \mev aZvl-_p-Ifpw ZpÀ_-e-s¸-Sp

¯p¶p F¶FXn-cm-fn-I-fpsS ]cm-aÀi-̄ n\v At±lw sIm

Sp¯ adp-]Sn "AÃmlpth,\o ]cn-ip-²³ AXn-̀-b-¦c-amb

Hcp Btcm-]Ww' F¶ hN-\-am-bn-cp-¶p."Alvep-Êp-¶¯n

hÂ PamA:bpsS aZvl_v Xs¶-bmWv \mep Cam-am-cpsS

bpw Ah-cpsS A\p-bm-bn-I-fp-sSbpw amÀ¤w. A´y-\mÄ h

scbpw A§-s\bm-bn-cn¡pw' apkvenw P\-km-am-\y-̄ n\p

At±lw Fgp-Xnb I¯n-em-Wn-¡mcyw hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. AXp-sIm-p-Xs¶ Cu hmZ-̄ n\v henb \ne-\nÂ]n-

sÃ¶v CXp {]N-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶-hÀ¡pw Adn-bmw. AhÀ a\-Ên-


sem¶pw ]pdsa asäm¶pw A\p-hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p-sh¶p am{Xw.

Jnem-̂ -̄ n-s\-Xn-cm-bn-cp-¶p lnPvd aq¶mw \qäm-p-ap-XÂ At\Iw {]mtZ-inI `c-

W-Iq-S-§Ä \PvZo {]tZ-i-§-fnÂ `cWw \S-̄ n-bp-«p-v. A

ºm-kn-¿m Jn-em-̂ -̄ n-sâbpw ]n¶oSv DYvam\n¿m Jnem-̂ -

¯nsâbpw t\cn-«pÅ `c-W-̄ nÂ s]SmsX B {]tZiw kz

X-{´-ambn \ne-sIm-n-cp-¶p-sh¶v Ncn{X-̄ nÂ \n¶v a\-Ên-

em-¡mw. GI-tZiw lnPvd 251 Â sskZo-in-bm-¡-fpsS `c-W

hpwþ _\pÂ D-ssJ-ZÀ `c-W-Iq-Sw. þ \ne-hnÂ h¶p. \qäm-p-IÄ ]n¶n-«p. DYvam\o XpÀ¡n-I-fpsS B[n-]-

Xy-Im-e¯v Ah-cpsS A[n-Im-c-ko-a-bnÂ \n¶-I¶p {]mtZ-

inI `c-W-Iq-S-§-fmWv Cu {]tZ-i¯v B[n-]Xyw Dd-̧ n-̈ n-

cp-¶Xv Alvkm, lnPmkv F¶n-hn-S-§-fnÂ XpÀ¡n-IÄ¡p

shdpw \ma-am{X kzm[o-\-ta Dm-bn-cp-¶pÅq. AÂ Alv

km-bnÂ _\p-Jm-enZv _dmIv Fs¶mcp `c-WIqSpw_w ]n

¶oSv iàn-{]m-]n-̈ p. ssiJv apl-½Zv_v\p A_vZpÂhlm_v Xsâ {]t_m-

[\w Bcw-̀n-¡p-¶Xv lnPvd.12þmw \qäm-nÂ BWv. AXm-b

Xv F.-Un.18þmw \qäm-nÂ. A¶v \PvZn\v AÂ-A-lvkm-bn

se {]mtZ-inI `c-W-IÀ¯m-hn-t\m-SpÅ \ma-am-{X-hn-t[-b-Xz

ta Dm-bn-cp-¶p-Åq. AXp-Xs¶ Hmtcm \m«n-sebpw Imcy-§Ä AhÀ Xo

cp-am-\n-¡p¶ AhØtb Dm-bn-cp-¶p-Åq.\nb-ahpw bp²

hpw kam-[m-\-§fpw A[n-Im-c-hp-sa-Ãmw. XpÀ¡n-̀-c-W-IqSw X§-fpsS {]tZ-i-§sf ]e `c-W-


{]-hn-iy-I-fmbn hn`-Pn-̈-t¸mÄ \PvZnsâ Imcyw AhÀ Ah

K-Wn-¡pIbmWv sNbvX-Xv. Cu kml-N-cy-̄ nÂ F§-s\-bmWv ssiJv C_v\p

A_vZpÂ hlm_v XpÀ¡n`c-W-Iq-S¯n\v FXnsc Xncn-ªp-

sh¶pw shÃp-hn-fns¨¶pw hmZn-¡pI? \PvZns\ BØm\-

am¡n ssiJnsâ BZÀi-̀-c-W-IqSw ià-ns¸-«-t¸mÄ D]-Pm-

]-I-·mÀ sXmSp-̄ p-hn« sImÅm¯ A¼mbncp¶p AXpsa

¶XmWv kXyw. inÀ¡p _nZvA¯p-IÄ XpÀ¡n-I-fpsS Iogn-epÅ ]

te-S-§-fnepw Zriy-ambncp¶psh¶pw AhÀ AXnsâ hn]m-

S-\-̄ n-\mbn {ian-¡p¶-Xn-\p-]-Icw AXns\ ]meq«n t]mjn-

¸n¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶Xv F´p-am{Xw tJZ-I-c-aÃ ! AXn

sâ Gähpw \Ã DZm-l-cWw D-Yvam\o Jeo-̂ -bmb keo-an

sâ I¯m-Wv. Xncp-ta-\n-()bpsS duZ-¡cns-I-bmWv Cu F

gp¯p- I-s-Sp-̄ -Xv.AXnÂ At±lw "Xm¦-fpsS sIm¨p Zm

k-\mb keow. {]hmN-I-tc, _p²n-ap-«p-IÄ R§sf ]nSn-Iq-

Sn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. IjvS¸m-Sp-IÄ ASp-s¯-̄ n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Ah

XSp-¡m³ R§Ä¡m-hp-¶n-Ã.]c-a-Im-cp-WnIsâ Zmk·msc

Ipcn-insâ Zmk-·mÀ Iog-S-¡n-s¡m-n-cn-¡p¶p. AXv sIm

p Cu kµÀ`-̄ nÂ Xm¦-tfmSv R§-fnXm klmbw tNm

Zn-¡p-¶p. Ahsc R§Ä¡p-thn XIÀ¯p Xcn-̧-W-am

¡n-̄ -tc-Wta.' CXp-t]m-se-bpÅ hnizm-k-§Ä Xs¶-btÃ apkvenw-

I-fp-sSbpw Ckvem-anI temI-̄ nsâbpw XIÀ¨bv¡p ]n

¶nÂ. F¶n«pw ssiJv C_v\p A_vZpÂ hlmt_m A\p-


bm-bn-Itfm Jnem-̂ -̄ ns\ [n¡-cn-̈ p-sIm-sm¶pw {]hÀ

¯n-̈ nÃ. AhÀ¡p Hcp cmjv{S-̄ nÂ B[n-]Xyw e`n-̈-t¸m

gpw A§s\ sNbvXn-«n-Ã. ]s£ AÂ þAlvkm, lnPmkv,

\Pvdm³ XpS-§nb AbÂ]¡ `c-W-Iq-S§Ä \nc-́ cw

ssk\nI kwL-«-\-̄ n-eqsS \PvZns\ XIÀ¡p-sa¶ Øn

Xn h¶-t¸m-gmWv ssk\nIambn {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡m³ Xp\n-bp-

¶-Xv. ]e- X-c-̄ n-epÅ i{Xp-Xm-\-S-]-Sn-IÄ¡p-]p-dsa BZÀ

i -kzm-X-{´y-̄ nsâ `mK-amb lÖn-\p-t]m-Ip-¶-Xn-\p- t]m

epw \PvZnse lmPn-amÀ¡p D]-tcm-[-taÀs¸-Sp-̄ n. lnPvd 1218 Â kDuZv _v\p A_vZnÂ Akokv bp²w

IqSmsX kÔn-amÀK-̄ n-eqsS A¶s¯ a¡-bnse Aao-dm

b ico-̂ p-am-cnÂ s]«A_vZpÂ apCu\nsâ A\p-hm-Z-t¯m

sS a¡-bnÂ {]th-in-̈ p. Ahn-Sp-̄ p-ImÀ¡v A`bw \ÂIn.

i{XpXm \ne-]m-Sp-Im-c-\mb i-co^v Kmen_v Pn±-bnÂ A`

bw tXSn-bn-cp-¶p. XpSÀ¶p AaoÀ kpÂ¯m³ keo-ans\

AwKo-I-cn-̈ p- sImv Fgp-̄ p-Ip-̄ p-IÄ \S-̄ p-Ibpw kp

Â¯m³ AXn-\v A-\p-h-Zn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AtX- k-abw

kpÂ¯m-t\mSv Hcp A`yÀ°-\bpw \S-̄ n. Za-kvI-Ên-se

bpw, ssItdm-bn-sebpw KhÀWÀamsc sNbpw a±-f-hp-am

bn C\n- ap-XÂ Ct§m«v Ab-¡-cp-sX¶pw AsXm¶pw aX-

hp-ambn _Ô-ap-Å-X-sÃ¶pw Bbn-cp¶p AXv. AaoÀ kDu-Znsâ Ime-tijw A[n-Im-c-̄ nÂ h¶

A_vZpÃ _n³ kDuZpw DYvam\n Jeo-̂ sb AwKo-I-cn-̈ p-

I-̄ -b-¡p-I-bp-mbn. ]s£ A`bw tXSn HmSn-t¸mb ico

v̂ Kmen_v Pn±-bnÂ \n¶v D]--Pm-]-§Ä¡p B¡w Iq«n. J

eo^-bp-ambpÅ _Ôw hj-fm-¡m³ Ccph-cp-sSbpw CS-bn

Â Ifn-̈ p. aäp- ]e Imc-W-§fpw IqSn H¯ptNÀ¶-t¸mÄ


CuPn-]vXnse `c-Wm-[n-Imcn apl-½-Zn-eqsS ]p{X³ C{_m

low ]mj-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-̄ nÂ hlm-_n-I-fp-ambn kwL-«-\-

¯n\v Hcp-s¼«p. A§s\ CuPn]vXn kuZn kwL-«-\w, H

¶mw kuZn `c-W IqSs¯ {]Xy-£-̄ nÂ \new ]cn-im-¡n.

]s£ BZÀiwam\h a\-Êp-I-fnÂ \n¶p ambv¨p-I-f-bm-\m

-hp-tam, `uXnI `c-W-Iq-S-§Ä¡v? kDu-Zn-I-fpsS a\Êns\ Xmtem-en¨ BZÀi-{]-Øm

\w GXm\pw Bp-IÄ ]n¶nSpw apt¼ hopw DbnÀs¯-

gp-t¶äp; Hcp ^o\nIvkv ]£n-sb-t¸m-se. ]ns¶ cmw kuZn `c-Ws¯ ap¼-t¯-Xn-t\-¡mÄ

ià-amb ssk\nI apt¶-ä-̄ n-eqsS apl-½-ZenbpsS Incm

X ssk\yw hI-h-cp¯n. ]s£ AÃm-lp-hnsâ \nÝbw asäm-¶m-bn-cp-¶p.\mSp-

hn«p Hfn-t¨m-Sn-t¸mb kDuZn AaoÀ IpSpw-_-̄ nse A_v

ZpÂ Akokv F¶ bphm-hnsâ ssIIfmÂ aq¶mw kuZn

`c-W-̄ n\v ine-bn-«p. AXv Ct¸mgpw \ne-\n-ev¡p¶p.aq¶mw

kDuZn IpSpw-_-̄ nsâ DbnÀs¯-gp-t¶Â]v, hÀ¯-am-\-Im

e Ckvem-anI temI¯v Ckvem-ansâ þhnin-jy- Xu-lo-Zn

sâþ biÊv DbÀ¯n-̧ n-Sn-¡p-hm³ thnbpÅ, AÃmlp-hn

sâ AP-¿-amb Xocp-am-\-atÃ.CXp-hsc i{Xp-Xm- a-t\m-̀mhw

sh¨p ]peÀ¯n-b-hÀ At¸mtgbv¡p an{X-§-fmbn amdpI

tbm kzbw A[: ]Xn-¡p-Itbm sNbvXn-cp-¶p. apl-½Zv_v\p A_v-ZpÂ hlm_pw A\pbm-bn-Ifpw D

Yvam\o Jnem-̂ n-̄ n-s\-Xn-cm-bn-cp¶pthm? CXm-WtÃm \½p

sS At\z-j-W- hn-jbw. Hcp Kth-j-I³ ]d-bp-¶Xv ImWp

I. "apl-½Zv_v\p A_vZnÂ hlm-_nsâ teJ-\-§-fn-sem


¶pw Jnem-̂ n-̄ n-s\-Xn-cmb i{XpXm kao-]\w ImWp-¶n-sÃ

¶vþ ZoÀL-]-cn-tim-[-\-bv¡p- tijwþ kam-[m-\-t¯mSp IqSn-

¯s¶ \ap¡p ]d-bm³ Ign-bpw.Hcp Kth-j-I\v kqN-\-I-f-

ÃmsX asämcp Xpcp¼pw Cu hnj-b-̄ nÂ e`n-¡m-\n-S-bn-Ã.

AsXm-cn-¡epw ssiJn\v Jnem-̂ -̄ nt\mSv hntbm-Pn-¡p¶

i{XpXm \ne-]m-Sns\ km[qIcn-¡p-¶-Xp-a-Ã. Cam-ansâ Pohn-X-Im-es¯ ØnXn-bm-WXv.]n¶oSv A

t±-l-̄ nsâ hntbm-Km-\-́ cw h¶ `cW t\XrXzw CtX \n

e-]mSp Xs¶ kzoIcn-¡p-I-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv.F¶mÂ lnPm-kn

se Aao-dp-am-cpsS kmbp[ k¶m-l-§fpw, lÖv \ntcm-[-\

hpw XpÀ¡n-I-fp-ambn \S-̄ nb KqVm-tem-N\-Ifpw, t¾Ovam

b IpX-{´-§fpw ØnXn-K-Xn-IÄ amän-a-dn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

ke^n {]Øm\w Aapkvenw ]WvUn-X-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-̄ nÂ k©m-cn-Ifpw Kth-j-Icpw Hmdn-bâenkväpI-fp-amb

]ecpw ke^n {]Øm-\s¯ AIse \n¶pw ASp¯p \n

¶pw a\-Ên-em-¡m³ {ian¨n«p-v. Ah-cnÂ A[nIhpw apkv

enwI-fm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. _nZv-A-̄ nsâ ]nWn-bm-fp-IÄ {]N-cn-̧ n-

¡p-¶-Xp- t]msebmbn-cp¶pthm Ah-cpsS ho£-W-sa¶v H

cp kXym-t\z-j-I\v a\-Ên-em-¡m³ XoÀ¨-bmbpw Cu A`n-

{]m-b-§Ä klm-bn-¡pw.


A²ymbw 6

1. kznävkÀemâv k©mcn _ÀIvlmÀ«v. apl-½Zv_v\p A_vZpÂ hlm-_nsâ A`n-{]m-b-§Ä

Hcp \ho-\-aX-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.t]cn-Â apkvenw-Ifpw F¶mÂ C

kvem-an-s\-¡p-dn¨v AÚmX-cp-amb _Z-hn-I-fnÂ {]Np-c -{]

Nmcw t\Sn-bn-cp¶ Xn·-I-sf D·q-e\wsN¿p-Ibpw icnbmb

hnizmkw AhÀ¡n-S-bnÂ {]N-cn-̧ n--¡p-I-bp-am-bn-cp¶p AXn

sâ ImXÂ.\nÀ_-Ô- Im-cy-§Ä t]mepw AhÀ Pohn-X-̄ n

Â A\p-jvTn-̈ n-cp-¶p-an-Ã. an¡]cn-jv¡À¯m-¡-fp-sSbpw K

Xn At±-l-̄ n-\pap-m-bn. i{Xp-¡tfm an{X-§tfm IrXy-am

bn At±-ls¯ th-hn[w ]Tn-̈ n-Ã. XpÀ¡n-I-fpsS hnizm

k hyXn-bm-\s¯bpw {]hmNIs\ AhÀ hnip²hÂ¡-cn-

¨-Xns\bpw hnaÀin-̈ p-sImp cwK-{]-thiw sNbvX-t¸mÄ

At±-l-̄ nsâ I£n Hcp ]pXnb A`n-{]m-bhp-ambn {]Xy-

£-s¸-«-Xm-sW¶v FXn-cm-fn-IÄ {]N-cn-̧ n-̈ p. XpÀ¡n-IÄ A

hsc Im^n-dp-IÄ,hgn-]n-g-̈-hÀ F¶p-hsc Bt£-]n-̈ p. Cu

[mcW-bv¡m-[mcw H¶m-a-Xmbn a¡-bnse ico^v Kmen-_n

sâ kq{X-̧-Wn-bm-bn-cp¶p. asäm¶v kao-]-tZ-i-§-fnse ]m

j-amÀ¡pÅ cmjv{So-b-t]-Sn-bpw.þC-hÀ ]pXnb `oj-Wn-bm-b-

Xp- sIm-v, hlm_n `c-W-Iq-S-̄ nsâ Xo{h-i{Xp a¡-bnse

ico v̂ Kmen_v Xs¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p. XpÀ¡nIfpw hlm-_n-I

fpw X½n-epÅ XÀ¡w aqÀOn¡m³ FÃm ]gp-Xp-Ifpw At±

lw At\z-jn-̈ p-sIm-n-cp-¶p. AhÀ X½nÂ D`-b-I£n NÀ

¨IÄ \S-¡m-Xn-cn-¡m³ AbmÄ {]tXyIw {i²n¨p- h-¶p.h

fsc kaÀY-ambn C¡q-«À Im^n-dp-I-fmsW¶ dnt¸mÀ«p-IÄ

XpÀ¡n-IÄs¡-̄ n-̈ p- sIm-Sp-̄ n-cp-¶p._Z-hn-IÄ¡p-m-bn-

cp¶ `b--t¯-¡mÄ IqSp-X-em-bn-cp¶p _KvZm-Zv. Ua-kvIkv,


ssItdm F¶n-hn-S-§-fnse ]mj-am-cpsS `bw. AXn-\mÂ Xp

À¡n X{´-§Ä Hmtcm¶pw \S-̧ nÂ hcp-̄ m³ AhÀ _² -

{i-²-cm-bn-cp-¶p. AXn-\nsS ISÂhgn Pn±-þ-a-¡-bn-se¯p¶ Nne lPm-

Pn-amÀ¡p hlm_n ssk\y-̄ nÂ \n¶p D]-{Z-taÂt¡-n-

h-cp-¶p-sh¶pw Ahsc \nÀ`blÖn\p A\phZn¡p-¶nsÃ

¶pw Inwh-Z-́ n-I-fp-mbn. ]e-t¸mgpw \nj-v]-£-XtbmsS

Imcy§sf ImWm-̄ -hÀ X§-fpsS \m«nÂ tami-amb \ne

bv¡p Ahsc Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡m³ [rjvS-cm-bn. A§s\ Ing-¡

³ Zn¡p-I-fnÂ AhÀ Hcp ]pXnb aX-̄ nsâ hàm-¡fm-bn

cn-¡p-sa¶ sXäp-²m-cW ]c-¶p. XpÀ¡n-IÄ apkvenw-I-fm-b-

Xp- sIm-m-W-tÃm Ahsc C¡q-«À ITn-\-ambn D]-{Z-hn-¡p-

¶-sX¶pw {ipXn-bp-m-bn. Ch-cnÂ Nne-cpsS {]hr-̄ n-IÄ

AXns\ km[q-I-cn-¡m\pw hI \ÂIp-¶p-v. ImcWw,Ckv

em-an-s\-¡p-dn¨p Úm\-an-Ãm-̄ hcpw C_v\p A_vZpÂh

lm_nsâ BZÀi-§sf icn-bmbn {Kln-¡m¯hcp-amb Nn

eÀ Ah-cpsS t]cnÂ ]eXpw sNbvXn-cn-¡mw.XpÀ¡n-IÄ A

hsc Im^n-dp-I-sf¶p IW-¡m-¡p-¶p. Ah-cm-Is« Xncn¨pw.

AXn-\mÂ kwLÀj-§fpsS ]cy-h-km\w C§s\ Bhm-Xn-

cn-¡m³ Xc-an-Ã-tÃm. CtX -k-µÀ`-̄ nÂ _p²n-im-en-I-fmb Nne kndnb³

lÖm-Pn-amÀ {]Øm-\-̄ nsâ hàm-¡-fmb _Zhn-I-fpsS

BZÀiw Fs´¶v Adn-bm³ {ian-̈ p.Ah-tcm-SpÅ CS-]-g-I-

ep-I-fnÂ \n¶v kndn-b-¡mÀ¡p- t_m-[y-̧-«Xv C¡q-«À icn

bmb Ckvem-ansâ {]Xn-\n-[n-IÄ Xs¶ F¶m-bn-cp-¶p. A

{IatWm-Õp-I-cmb Cu_Zhn-IÄ hlm-_n-I-fpsS FÃm A

`n- {]m-b-§-fpambpw tbmPn-¡p¶hcm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. AtX- k-a


bw Ahsc Im^n-dp-I-sf¶p hnti-jn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xnt\mSv Ah

À hntbm-Pn-̈ p. ]s£ sNdnb Hcp \yq\-]-£-̄ nsâ A`n

{]m-b-̄ n\v alm-̀q-cn-]-£-amb XpÀ¡n- l-Öm-Pn-amcpsS A

e-sbmen-¡p- ap-¼nÂ \nÂ¡-¡-Ån-bn-Ãm-Xm-bn.hninjy 1803þ

Â AhÀ lÖm-Pn-amsc XS-ª-t¸mÄ AhÀ hlm-_n-IÄ

Ckvem-ansâ i{Xp-¡-fm-sW¶v s]mXp-hmb A`n-{]mbw s]m

§n- h-¶p. hlm_n Xcw-Ks¯ AS¡n \nÀ¯nbtijw apl-½

Zen lnPm-knÂ Xsâ A[n-Imcw iàn-s¸-Sp-̄ n. AXn-\mÂ

ico-̂ nsâ X{´-§Ä IqSp-XÂ hne-t¸m-bn-Ã.hlm-_n- t\-Xr

Xz¯n\v apl-½-Z-en-bpsS ssk\y-hp-ambn ASp-̄ -dn-bm³

Ah-kcw In«n. lÖm-Pn- kw-L-§Ä ]g-b-t]mse k©m

cw XpS-§n. XpÀ¡n-bpsS `c-W-{]-tZ-i-§-fnÂ hlm-_n-I-fp

sS \nP-ØnXn IptdsÈ Adn-bm³ CS-h-¶p.F{X-t¯m-f-sa-

¶mÂ AhÀ a¡-bpsS kmcYyw Gsä-Sp¯ {lkz-Im-e-L-«-

¯nÂ lÖn-\p- h-¶-h-scÃmw Ah-sc-¡p-dn-̈ pÅ \·-IÄ

hmgv̄ n-]-d-ªp. Ah-tcmSv BZ-chv {]I-Sn-̧ n-¡p-Ibpw sNbv

Xp. ChÀ icn-bmb apkvenw-IÄ Xs¶ F¶Xn\p asämcp

tcJ Ah-cpsS {K-Ù-§Ä Xs¶bmWv. kDuZv `cWw Gsä-

Sp¯ Ime¯v B {KÙ-§-fpsS ]IÀ¸p-Ifpw ssI¸p-kvX-

I-§fpw P\-§Ä¡v hnX-cWw sNbvXn-cp-¶p. s]mXp hnZym

`ymk ]mT-im-e-I-fnse hnZymÀ°n-I-tfmSv AXv]Tn-¡m\pw

\nÀt±-i-ap-m-bn. Hcp XpÀ¡n- ap-kven-an\v AXn-ep-Å kXy

§sf-sbÃmw AwKo-I-cn-¡msX \nÀÆm-l-ap-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.B

{]tZ-i-̄ p-ImÀ aX-s¯-¡p-dn¨p ]qÀ® AÚ-X-bn-em-bn-cp

¶p F¶ Hcp ZpÀhn-Nmcw (t_m-Iv lmÀ«nsâ A-̀n-{]m-bw)


kDuZn\pmbn-cp--¶-Xp-sImp aX-̄ nsâ ASn-Øm-\ -X-Xz-

§Ä AhÀ {Kln-¡s« F¶v At±lw Icp-Xn.

At±lw XpS-cp-¶p. hlm_n {]Øm-\-̄ n\v Hcp -]p-̄ ³ [mÀanI Nn´

CÃm-bn-cp-¶p. ImcWw JpÀB\pw {]hm-N-IN-cybpw Bbn-

cp¶p At±-l-̄ nsâ apJy-{]-am-W-§Ä.kp-¶n- XpÀ¡n-Ifpw

Chcpw X½n-epÅ {]I-S-amb A´cw, AhÀ Ah-K-Wn-¡p

Itbm {]tbm-K-hÂ¡-cn-¡p-Itbm sN¿m¯ aX-X-Xz-§sf

kq£v-a-ambn A\p-[m-h\w sNbvXp hlm-_n-IÄ F¶-Xm-bn-

cp¶p. AXp-sImp Xs¶ Ckvem-anI hnizmkkwln-Xbp

sS kmcmw-i-am-bn-cp¶p AhcpsS aXw. Ccphn`mKhpw X½n

ep-ff sshPm-Xy-§Ä {Kln-¡-W-sa-¦nÂ XpÀ¡n-IÄ sNbv

Xp- Iq-«n-bn-cp¶ Xn·-I-fpsS ]«nI Xs¶ \nc-t¯-n- h-cpw. ssItdm-hnse Nne hninjvS ]WvUn-X-·m-cpsS A`n-

{]m-b-hpw. CXn\v ]n´pW \ÂIp-¶p. {InkvXp-hÀjw 1815Â

{Kojva-Im-e¯v hlm-_n-\m-b-IÀ ssItdm-hn-te¡p cp {]

Xn-\n-[n-Isf Ab-¡p-I-bp-m-bn. Ah-cn-sem-cmÄ alm ]Wv

Un-X-\p-am-bn-cp¶p. Ah-tcmSv apl-½Zv Aen- ]m-j, ssItdm-hnse alm-]-

WvUn-XÀ¡p X§-fpsS BZÀiw hnhcn¨p -sIm-Sp-¡m³ B

h-iys¸-«p.Cu {]Xn-\n[n-Ifpw Ah-cpw ]e-h«w NÀ¨-IÄ \

S-̄ n. Ahkm\w kDuZn ]WvUn-X³ Xsâ hmZ-§Ä¡p

JpÀ-B-\nÂ \n¶pÅ kqà-§fpw lZoknsâ hN-\-§fpw

a\-x]mTambn D²-cn-̈ p-sIm-Sp¯p Hmtcm hnj-b-̄ nepw Xt±

io-b-cmb ]WvUn-XÀ¡p adp-]Sn sImSp-¡m³ X¿m-dmbn. A

§s\ AhÀ¡p t_m[y-ambn; hlm_n ]WvUn-X-·mÀ¡p


]p¯³hm-Z-§-sfm¶pan-sÃ-¶v. AhÀ Cu A`n-{]m-b-̄ n-se-

¯n-bXv AhÀ¡p Hcp]s£ kwi-b-̄ n-\nSw \ÂIp¶ hm

Z-§-sfm¶pw ChÀ¡n-Ãm-bn-cp¶p F¶-Xp -sIm-mWv. ap¼p-

Xs¶ apl-½Zv_v\p A_vZpÂ hlm_v Fgp-Xnb NneIrXn-

IÄ Ahn-Sp-̄ p-ImÀ¡p e`n-̈ n-cp-¶p.]ecpw AXv hmbn-̈ n-cn-

¡m\pw hgn-bpv. CXmWv Ah-cpsS hnizm-k-sa-¦nÂ AXn

ÂAXv GI-I-WvT-ambn AwKo-I-cn-t¡--Xm-WtÃm F¶ A

`n-{]m-b-̄ nÂ Ah-À F¯n-t¨À¶p. (_n) BÀ._n shÀ Xsâ "kuZn Atd_y ]s¯m-

¼Xmw \qäm-nÂ' F¶ IrXn-bnÂ ]d-bp-¶p. "hlm_n {]

Øm-\-̄ n\v B[p-\nI C-kvem-anI Nn´m-cw-K-̄ pÅ hne

bpw kzm[o-\hpw BÀ¡pw \ntj-[n-¡m-\m-hm-̄ -Xm-Wv. B

äw, kmä-sseäv bpK-̄ n-t\mSv aÃn-Sm³ AXn\p Ign-bp-¶n-sÃ-

¦nepw AXn\p km[n¨ Hcp Imcy-ap-v. bmYm-Øn-Im-h-Ø-

bnÂ \n¶v BZÀiX-e-̄ n-te¡pw Ckvemw F´m-tI-n-bn-

cpt¶m AXn-te¡pw Ckvem-ans\ aS-¡n-s¡m-p- t]m-hm³

AXn\p Ign-ªp. AXnsâ DuÀÖ-kz-eX \jvS-s¸-SmsX,

kzmX{´yw ]W-b-s¸-Sp¯m-sX -X-s¶. (kn) Hmdn-bâ-enkväp Nn´I\mb slâ-temkväv A

v̂Km-\nþapl-½Zv A_vZp-hnsâ {]Øm-\s¯ ]cm-aÀin-̈ p-

sIm-s-gp-Xn. "hlm_n {]Øm-\-̄ n\pw ke-̂ nkw F¶ \maw D

]-tbm-Kn-̈ p- h-cp-¶p.ImcWw Ckvemans\ AXnsâ BZy-Im

e -X-\n-a-bn-te¡p AYhmþk¨-cn-X-cmb ]qÀÆn-I-cpsS Ime

¯p-m-bn-cp¶ X\n-a-bn-te¡p aS-¡n-s¡m-p-t]m-Im³ A

Xv bXv\n-̈ p. F¶mÂ Cu \ma-I-cWw l¼-en-IÄt¡m h


lm-_n-IÄt¡m am{X-ap-Å-X-Ã. FÃm kp¶o Nn´m-[m-c-I-fn

epw (a-Zvl-_v) ke-̂ n-IÄ CÃm-Xn-Ã.' (Un)"Ckvem-anse ip²o-I-c-W-amWv hlm_n {]Øm-

\-̄ nsâ D¶w; lnPvd aq¶mw \qäm-n-\p-tijw. Ckvem-an

Â IS-¶p-Iq-Snb ]p¯³ k{¼-Zm-b-§-fnÂ \n¶p AXns\

ISsª-Sp-¡p-I. AXn-\mÂ AhÀ \mep aZ-vl-_p-I-sfbpw

AwKo-I-cn-¡p-¶p.Bdp {]am-WnIlZokv {KÙ§sfbpw(kn-

lm-lp-Ên-̄ ) asämcp Cw¥ojv {]kn-²o-I-c-W-̄ nÂ \n¶v. (C) Ata-cn-¡³ Fgp-̄ p-Im-c-\mb temXv tdm¸v tÌm

UmÀUv Fgp-XpI: 18þmw \qäm-nÂ Ckvem-anI temIw ]X-\-̄ nsâ s\

Ãn- ]-Sn-bnÂ, ]n¶m-¡-̄ nÂ, ]n¶m-¡-am-bn-cp-¶p. AXnsâ

hnlm-b-Êp-IÄ taLm-hrXw. ap¡pw aqebpw AÔ-Imc \n

_n-Uw.]pdsa kmwkvIm-cnI kmZm-Nmc `wK-hpw, Atd_y³

kwkvIm-c-̄ nsâ Ah-km-\s¯ I®n-t]mepw \mtim-·p-

Jm-h-Ø-bnÂ. X¶n-jvS-§Ä¡pw Zpcm-{K-l-§Ä¡pw ]pd

sI kaqlw Iqew Ip¯n-sbm-gp-Ip-¶p.t{ijvT- Kp-W-§Ä H

s¶m-¶mbn a§p-¶p. AÚX hym]n-̈ p. DuÀ[³ hen-¡p

¶ Úm\-̄ nsâ A´y-In-c-W-§fpw sI«-S-§n-s¡m-n-cn-

¡p-¶p. aX-cw-K-am-Is« Idp-̄ n-cp Icn-¼-S-§Ä ]pX-̈ p- sIm

v {]hm-NI ]pwK-h³ ]Tn-̧ n¨ GI-ssZh kn²m´w, A

Ôhnizm-k-§-fpsSbpw, kq^n ]pd-t´m-Sp-I-fp-sSbpw Ip¸m-

b-a-Wnªp \nÂ¡p-¶p. ]Ån-I-fnÂ \a-kvIm-c-̄ n-s\-̄ p-

¶-hÀ Npcp-¡w. ]WvUn-X³amÀ¡m-Is« s]cp-̧-hpw. ^Iod-

·m-cpsS tdm´p- Np-ä-ep-IÄ.Hcn-S¯v \n¶v asäm-cn-S-t¯-¡v. D


dp¡pw GeÊpw `P-\-am-ebpw Ah-cpsS Igp-̄ nÂ Xq§p-

¶pm-Ipw. P\-§-fnÂ kwi-bhpw Ak-Xyhpw hnX-dn-s¡m

pw Huen-bm-¡-fpsS ivaim-\-§-fn-te¡v XoÀYbm{X \S

¯m³ Ahsc D]-tZ-in-̈ p- sImpw a¬a-d-ª-h-tcmSv ip

]mÀi \S-̄ m³ AhÀ¡p t{]mÕm-l\w sImSp-̄ p-sIm-

pw AhÀ Aeªp sImn-cp¶p. A§s\ -JpÀ-B-\nsâ al-Xz-§Ä P\-§-fnÂ \n¶v

A{]-Xy-£-am-bn.aZy-a-b-¡p-a-cp--¶m-Zn-IÄ kÀÆ-hym-]n. \nÀe

Öw \nÀ`bw hnip-²n-bpsS hncn-IÄ XÅn-\o-¡-s¸-«p.a¡,

aZo-\m, \-K-c-§Ä¡p-hsc CXc Ckvem-anI \K-c-§Ät¡ä

Zpc-́ -§Ä _m[n-¡m-Xn-cp-¶n-Ã. {]hm-N-I-{]-h-c³ \nÀ_Ô

am¡nb hnip-² -lÖp- IÀaw t]mep ]cn-lm-ky-am-bn-t¸m

Ip-sa-¶m-bn. Npcp-¡-̄ nÂ apkvenw-IÄ apkven-I-fÃmXm-bn.

AhÀ¡p CÉmw A\yw.Ckvem-an-\m-Is« Ahcpw X-ssYh.

C¡m-e-s¯-§m\pw alm-\mb {]hm-NIXncp-ta\n() cm

aXpw `qan-bn-te¡p Xncn¨phcn-Ibpw Ckvem-an-t\ä hn]-̄ p-

Isf t\À¡p-t\À t\m¡n-¡mWp-Ibpw sNbvXncp-s¶-¦nÂ

CXp-ambn _Ô-̧«p \nÂ¡p¶ apkvenw-IÄ¡p t\sc{Ip²-

\m-hp-Ibpw, aX-]-cn-Xym-Kn-I-sfbpw _nw_ ]qP-I-scbpw I

]n-̈-Xp -{]-Imcw Ah-cpsS taÂ im]-h-N-Êp-IÄ sNm-cn-bp-I

bpw sNbvtX-s\.

At±lw XpS-cp-¶p.

hlm_n {]Øm\w ip²hpw kzO-hp-amb {]-t_m-[

\ kwkvI-cW {]{In-b-bm-bn-cp-¶p. kaq-l-̄ nÂ inYn-eam

bn-t¸m-bXv \¶m-¡n-sb-Sp-¡p-I, kwib--§Ä XpS-̈ p-am-äp-I,

sXäp-²m-c-WIÄ D·qew sN¿p-I, ]ckv]c `n¶-amb hym

Jym-\-§sf XÅn-¡-f-bp-I, a[y-Ime \qäm-p-I-fnÂ Ckv


em-ansâ taÂ NneÀ sI«n-h-̈ _Ô-§Ä XIÀs¯-dn-bpI

]p¯-\m-Nm-c-§sf ]cn-Xy-Pn-¡p-I.]pWy-hm-f-·msc ]qPn-¡p-

¶-XnÂ \n¶p kaq-Zm-bs¯ hntam-Nn-̧ n-¡pI CXm-bn-cp-¶p.

hlm_n {]t_m-[-\-̄ nsâ e£y-§Ä Npcp-¡-̄ nÂ Ckvem-ans\ AXnsâ {]Ya `mh-̄ n

Â, AÊÂ kz`m-h-̄ nÂ AXnsâ AI¡m-¼n-epw, k¯-bn

epw DÄs¡m-Å-em-bn-cp¶q AXv.A´y-{]-hm-N-I\v AÃmlp

Ah-X-cn¸n-̈ p- sIm-Sp¯ GI-ssZ-h-kn-²m-́ s¯ kc-f-am-bn,

]¨-bmbn kzoI-cn¨pw hnip-²- JpÀB\ns\ Cam-ambpw amÀ

K-ZÀin-bmbpw AwKo-I-cn¨p sImv apt¶m-«pÅ Hcp XoÀY-

bm-{X. CsXm-gn-sI-bpÅXpw kaqlw hnip-²-hÂI-cn¡p-¶-

sXÃmw shdpw Ak-Xyw- am-{Xw. AXm-bXv Ckvemansâ kv

Xw`-§-sf, AXnsâ \nÀ_-Ô-hn-[n-Isf, s]cp-am-ä-̈-«-§sf

þt\m¼v \akvIm-cmZn IÀa§Ä apdp-sI-]n-Sp-̈ p-sIm-pÅ

apt¶m-«pÅ Ka-\w. AsX C¯cw Hcp kwkvI-cW ip²o-I-c-W -{]-{In-b-

bpsS X¦-c-ivan-I-fmWv 18þmw \q-ämnÂ PkodbnÂ DZbw

sImv B {]t_m-[-ImÀ¡-\nÂ \n¶v hnizw apgp-h³ Im-

Wm-\n-S-bm-b-Xv.Ah `qJ-WvU-§sf t`Zn-̈ p-sImv AÔ-hn-

izmk-§-fp-sSbpw A\m-Nm-c-§-fp-sSbpw AÔ-Im-c-s¯- X

IÀ¯p sImv \nc-́ cw apt¶-dn-s¡m-n-cp-¶p. C¶pw Xu

loZn {]t_m-[\w AXnsâ e£y-̄ nÂ ]X-dmsX apt¶m«p

IpXn-¡p-¶p. AÃm-lp-hnsâ A\p-{K-l-ap-m-I-s«. (F^v) tlmfâp-Im-c-\mb Hmdn-bâvenkväv {Ikväy³

kvt\Iv tlmUv t{Im\n-bpsS A`n-{]mbw C§-s\- hm-bn

¡mw.


Atd-_y³Zzo-]nsâ Ing-¡p-̀m-K¡v Hcp Ckvem-anI ]

cn-jvImÀ¯mhp {]Xy-£-s¸-«p. Xsâ {]t_m-[-k-c-Wn-bnÂ

Xs¶ ]n´p-W-¡p¶ ZÀ-C-¿-bnse `cWIÀ¯m-¡Ä At±-

ls¯ klm-bn-̈ p.{Iam-\p-K-X-ambn At±-l¯nsâ {]t_m-

[\w Pkod apgp-h³ hym]n-̈ p. Pko-d-bnÂ am{X-aÃ X¶m

Â Ign-bpwhn[w F¯p-t¶-S-saÃmw AsX-̄ n-¡p-I,Ckvem-

an¶v AXnsâ \jvS-amb ssNX\yw XncnsI sImp-h-cnI

F¶Xm-bn-cp¶p At±-l-̄ nâ Xmev]-cyw. CÉm-anI hnPvRm-\o-b-§Ä t\Sn-b, AXnsâ e£y

hpw kmchpw {Kln¨ Hcp]WvUn-X-s\¶ \nebv¡v k[o-cw,

Ckvem-ans\ AXnsâ ZrV-X-chpw kwip-²-hp-amb coXn-bn

Â {]hm-N-I³() sImp- h-¶-Xp-t]mse {]Im-in-̧ n-¡m\m

bn F¶Xv aql-½Zv _v\p A_vZpÂ hlm_nsâ {]t_m-[-

\-̄ nsâ {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. {]hm-N-I³() sImp-h¶ Ckvem-an\pw Xsâ Ime

¯v P\w A\phÀ¯n-̈ p-h-cp¶ Ckvem-an-\p-an-S-bnse ssh]-

coXyw At±lw sXm«-dn-ªp. kwkvI-c-W-̄ n-\p- th-n-bpÅ {]t_m-[\w ssiJv

apl-½Zv_v\p A_vZpÂ hlm_v Xsâ e£y-ambn¡p.

hmKvIÀa-§-fnse \njvI-f-¦X At±ls¯ apt¶m«p \bn

¨p sIm-n-cp-¶p. Xsâ \mhpw t]\bpw AXn-\mbn hn\n

tbmKn-̈ p. Ckvemlo {]Øm-\-̄ nsâ BZÀi¯n\v klm

b-Iambn C_v\p kDu-Znsâ iànbpw JUvK-hpw \ne-sIm

p. Al-½Zv_v\p l¼-ensâ Nn´m-[m-c-bpsS ]XmI At±

lw DbÀ¯n-̧ n-Sn-̈ p. kwkvI-cW{]{In-b-bpsS ASn-̄ d A

Xn-t·Â Dd-̧ n¨p \nÀ¯n. Cu Nn´m-[mc AXnsâ emfn-Xy-


¯nÂ {it²-bhpw Xt±-io-b-cpsS a\-Ên-t\mSv thK-̄ nÂ

CW§p-¶-Xp-am-bn-cp-¶p. an¡-hcpw AhnsS k¼qÀ® A

ÚX-bn-ep-amWv Pohn¨p h¶n-cp-¶-Xv. Gsd-¡psd {]hm-N-

Isâ Ime-̄ p-m-bn-cp-¶ AÚ-X-sb-t¸mse¯s¶. ]

s£ {]I-S-amb A´cw C¡m-e¯v AhÀ Ah-cpsS {ih-

W -]p-S-§Ä AS-̈ p- sh-̈ n-cp-¶nÃsb¶-Xm-Wv, {]tXy-In¨pw

efn-Xhpw X\n-a-bmÀ¶-Xp-amb B aX-{]-t_m-[\ kc-Wn-bp

sS kzm[o-\-̄ n-\p- ap-¼nÂ AhÀ¡-Xn\p Ign-ªn-Ã. ke^n {]t_m-[-\-̄ nsâ kwc-£-I-cmb kDuZv Ip

Spw-_-̄ nse `c-Wm-[n-I-fnÂ Ip-h¶ X·-b-t¯m-sS-bpÅ

\oXn-- t_m[w {]t_m-[\ hnP-b-̄ n\p Icp-t¯-Ip-Ibp-m-

bn. A\p-bm-bnIÄ¡p \ÂIn-bn-cp¶ `uXnI klm-b-§Ä

Nne \nÀWm-b-I- cw-K-§-fnÂ {]Øm-\-̄ n\p klm-b-am-bn-

cp-¶p-sh-¦nepw aäpNne kµÀ`-§-fnÂ `b-̧m-Sn-\pff Imc

W-hp-am-bn-cp¶p. hfsc IpdªImew sImv Atd-_y³

Zzo]nse \nÀWm-bI cmjv{Sob -i-àn-bmbn kuZn `c-W-Iq

Sw ]ptcm-KXn {]m]n-̈ p. ke-̂ n-{]-t_m-[-\-̄ nsâ hnP-b-̄ n\v hfsc {lkz-

amb Hcp Ime-b-fth Bh-iy-ambn h¶n«pÅq. cp hnip

² \K-c-§-fn-ep-Å-h-cm-I-s« a-äp-Å-hsc At]-£n¨p {]mtb

W Ipdª ]n´p-W-bmWv \ÂIn-b-Xpw. {]t_m-[\ {]Øm

\w Xnc-kvI-cn-¡-W-sa-¶m-h-iy-s¸-Sp¶ Imcy-§Ä Ccp-\-K-c-

§-fn-sebpw \nhm-kn-IfnÂ Pohn-Xm-h-iy-§-fmbn amdn-bn-«p-

m-bn-cp-¶p. ivaim-\-§-fnÂ \n¶v, Pm-d-§-fnÂ \n¶v hnip

² `h\-§-fnÂ \ns¶Ãmw ]Whpw t\«-§fpw e`n-̈ p- sIm

n-cn-¡p-¶p. AXnsâ Im¯p- kq-£n-̧pIm-cm-hp-¶Xv F´v

am{Xw BZm-b-I-cw.FÃm BtLmjkµÀ`§-fnepw \_nbp


sS t]cpÅ {]iw-km-Km-\-§Ä ]mSn-s¡mv J_-dn-S-̄ nÂ

kµÀi\w \S-̄ p-¶Xv Gähpw henb ku`mKy-am-bmWv I

W¡m-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶-Xv. kaq-l-̄ nÂ amäw B{K-ln-¡p¶ t\

Xm¡-·m-cpsS CwKnX¯n\p t\Àhn]-co-X-am-bn-cp¶p Imcy-

§Ä. ]e- tZ-i-§-fnÂ \n¶p-w h¶v a¡-bnÂ A[n-hkn-̈ p-

sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶-h-cpsS Pohn-X-̄ nÂ At\-I-a-t\Iw _nZv-A-

¯p-IÄ \S\w sN¿p-¶Xv AhÀ ZÀin-̈ p. ]e ]WvUn-X-·m

cpw AsXms¡ Ah-K-Wn-̈ p- sImv ]p¯-\m-Nm-c-§sf

ssI \o«n kzoI-cn-¡p-¶-Xpw AhÀ Ip. 1921 Â \PvZnÂ ]cy-S\w \S-̄ nb kvs]bn³ Hmdn-b

âvenkväv AÀams\m ]d-bp-¶p. hlm_n {]Øm-\-s¯-¡p-dn¨v D¶-bn-¡-s¸« Zpcm

tcm-]-§Ä¡pw IÅ-̄ -c-§Ä¡pw bmsXmcp ASn-Øm-\

hpw ImWp-¶n-Ã. apl-½Znsâ A\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS Ime-̄ p

m-bn-cp¶ Ckvem-an-te¡p Xncn-̈ p-t]m-Ip-I-bmWv th-sX

¶v AhÀ B{K-ln-¡p-¶p. Ah-cpsS Cu ]hn{X e£y-̄ n-

te¡p \bn-¡m³ hninjvS ]WvUnX-·m-cpsS F®-¡p-dhv

AhÀ¡p-v.Hcp sNdp-]äw am{Xta AhÀ¡p-Åq. AXp-t]m-

se-̄ s¶ Ah-cpsS \nc-]-cm-[nXzw sXfn-bn-¡p-¶-Xn\pÅ

{]Nm-c-th-e-bnepw AhÀ ]n¶n-emWv ke^n BZÀiw, AXnsâ BhnÀ`mh L«-̄ nepw

AXnsâ hnImk Ime¯pw GXp-e-£y-am-bn-cp¶p ap¶nÂ

In-cp-¶-sX¶v Hcp Ncn{XhnZymÀ°n¡p {Kln-¡m\pw {]

Øm-\-s¯-¡p-dn-̈ pÅ sXäp²mc-W-IÄ AI-äm\pw Cu A

`n{]mb-§Ä Hcp thf klm-bn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡n-Ã.{]tXy-In¨pw

Cu A[ym-b-̄ nÂ Aap-kvenw-I-fmb k©m-cn-I-fp-sStbm

Fgp-̄ p-Im-cpsStbm A`n-{]m-b-§-fmWv D²-cn-̈ n-«p-ÅXv.


F¶mÂ hfsc ]hn{Xe£y-§Ä¡mbn {]hÀ¯n¨

Hcp alm-{]-Øm\w temI-̄ nsâ hnhn[ tZi-§-fnÂ ]SÀ

¶p ]´-en-¡p-t¼mgpw AXn-s\-¡p-dn-̈ pÅ i{Xp-¡-fpsS Zp

cm-tcm-]-W-§Ä¡pw B¡hpw Bghpw hÀ[n-̈ p-h-cp-¶p. A

Xn-\mÂ Xs¶ C¯cw Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb hne-bn-cp-̄ -ep-IÄ

ASª ImXp-IÄ Xpd-¡m³ klm-b-am-Is« F¶ {]Xym-

in-¡p-I-bm-Wv.

A²ymbw 7

Ckvemln {]Øm-\-̄ nsâ t\«-§Ä

Cu A\p-{K-lo-X -{]-t_m-[-I-k-cWn kXy-a-X-̄ nsâ

ASn-̄ -d-bnÂ þZnhy-k-tµ-i-§-fmb JpÀB\nepw {]hm-NI

hN-\-§-fnepwþ kpØm-]nXamhp-Ibpw Xulo-Znsâ ]Xm-I

sb DbÀ¯n-̧ n-Sn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-t¸mÄ,P\-§fnÂ \nÀ`-b-

Xzw, \oXn, sFIyw Ch iàn-s¸-«p.hnÚm\w hym]n-¡p-I

bpw `n¶n-̧ n-sâbpw AÚX-bp-sSbpw AÔ-hn-izm-k-̄ n

sâbpw AÔ-Im-c-̄ n-sâbpw AS-bm-f-§Ä amªp-t]mhp-

Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn-eqsS kaq-l-̄ n\v hnin-jvS-amb ^ew

e`y-am-bn. ""em Ceml CÃ-Ãm-lv, apl-½-Zp³ dkq-ep-Ãmlv'' F¶ kZz-N-\-̄ n-eqsS AÃmlp hmKvZm\w \ÂIn-b

Xv kmÀY-I-ambn "AÃmlp \Ã hN-\-̄ n\v F§--s\-bmWv D]a \Â

In-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv F¶v \o In-tÃ.AXv Hcp \Ã acw t]mse-

bm-Ip-¶p. AXnsâ apcSv Dd¨v \nÂ¡p-¶Xpw AXnsâ c


£n-Xm-hnsâ D¯-c-hn-\p-k-cn¨v AXv FÃm-Im-e¯pw AXn

sâ ^ew \ÂIn-s¡m-m-bn-cn-¡pw.' (C-{_mlow 24,25) AÃmlp Xsâ kq£v-a-Xm-t_m-[-apÅ Zmk-amÀ¡p \

ÂIm-sa-t¶ä hmKvZm-\hpw A-tXm-sS bm-YmÀYy-am-bn. Xs¶ klm-bn-¡p-¶-Xmtcm Ahs\ XoÀ¨-bmbpw A

Ãmlp klm-bn-¡pw. XoÀ¨-bmbpw AÃmlp ià\pw {]Xm-

]n-bp-am-Ip-¶p. `qan-bnÂ \mw kzm[o\w \ÂIn-bmÂ \a-kv

Imcw apd t]mse \nÀÆ-ln-¡p-Ibpw kIm¯v \ÂIp-Ibpw

kZm-Nmcw kzoI-cn-¡m³ IÂ]n-¡p-Ibpw Zqcm-Nm-c-̄ nÂ \n

¶p hne-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-h-cs{X AhÀ. Imcy-§-fpsS ]

cy-hkm\w AÃmlp-hn-\p-Å-Xm-Ip-¶p. (lÖv: 41) Xulo-Znsâ D¶-a-\-̄ n\pw inÀ¡pþ_nZvA¯p-I-fp

sS D·q-e-̄ n\pw bXv\n-̈ psh¶-Xn-\mepw, \a-kvIm-cw, t\m

¼v, kIm¯v, lÖv \· IÂ]n-¡p-I, Xn· hntcm-[n¡pI

XpS-§nb hnj-b-§sf AP--bmbn kzoI-cn-̈-Xn-\mepw Cu

{]Øm-\-̄ n\v A¶p apXÂ C¶p-hsc At\Iw i{Xp-¡-fp-

mbn¯oÀ¶p. {]Xm-]- im-enbpw kvXpXyÀl-\p-amb AÃm-

lp-hnÂ AhÀ hniz-kn-̈-Xp- sImpam-{X-amWv AhÀ Ah

tcmSv {]Xn-Imc \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-̈-Xv.(_p-dqPv:8) Ckvem-anI kaq-l-̄ nsâ KXn-hn-K-Xn-IÄ amän-a-dn-¡m

\pw Ncn-{X-̄ nsâ Zni-am-än-¡p-dn-¡m\pw Cu {]Øm-\-̄ n

\p km[n-̈ n-«p-v. aX-]-chpw sshÚm-\n-Ihpw cmjv{So-b

hpw kmaqly-hp-amb cwK-§-fnÂ kap-Zm-bs¯ ]ptcm-K-Xn-

bn-se-̄ n-¡p-hm\pw Cu {]Øm-\-̄ n\v Ign-ªp. \PvZntem ]cn-k-c-§-fntem am{Xw ]cn-an-Xs¸-«n-Ã CXn

sâ kzm[o\w.D]-Zzo-]nsâ aäp Zn¡p-I-fn-te¡pw apkvenw cm


Py-§-fn-te¡pw Xulo-Zn-b³ BZÀi-§Ä AXn-thKw hym

]n¨p ]te-S¯pw ]WvUn-X-·mcpw ]cn-jvIÀ¯m-¡fpw cwK

¯v h¶p. [mcmfw {]Øm-\-§fpw kwL-§fpw Cu Zo]-inJ

Gäp-hm-§n-s¡mp kwip² ke^n kc-Wn-bn-eqsS Pohn-

X-̄ n\v DuSpw ]mhpw \ÂIn. lnPm-kv, AkoÀ, ba³, kndnbm, Cdm-Jv, CuPn]vXv,

kpUm³, B{^n-¡³ cmPy-§Ä, ]mInØm³, A^vKm-\n

Øm³, C´y, _wKmÄ, Pmh, kpam{X, Ct´m-t\mjy Zzo]v

kaq-l-§Ä F¶n-hn-S-§-fn-seÃmw Cu BZÀi {]Øm\w

AXnsâ ià-amb Ae-sbm-en-IÄ krjvSn-̈ p- hn-«p. P\-a-\-Êp-I-fnÂ Kmw`o-cyhpw al-̄ zhpw Cuam-\n-Im-

th-ihpw ]IÀ¶p- sImv kDuZv IpSpw-_-̄ nsâ t\Xr-Xz-

¯n-epÅ cmjv{Sw Xulo-Zns\ apJ-ap-{Z-bmbn AwKo-I-cn¨p

DbnÀs¯gp-t¶äpsh¶Xv B[p\nI Ckvem-anI \h PwK-c

W-̄ nsâ Zim-k-Ônsb Ipdn-¡p-¶p.kap-Zm-b-̄ nse C¯n-

¡-®n-IfpsS hnX--WvU-hm-Z-§Ä iàn-bpàw JWvUn-¡m

³ IÀa-]-c-ambpw sshÚm-\n-I-ambpw aX-]-c-ambpw bpàn

-bn-eq-sSbpw AXn\p km[n-¡p-¶p.

{]Øm\ t\«-§sf \ap¡v C§s\ kwt£-]n-¡mw 1. Bcm-[\ AÃm-lp-hn-\v am-{X-am-¡pI: a\p-jy³

krjvSn-¡-s¸-«Xv krjvSn-IÀ¯m-hn\v am{Xw Bcm-[\ AÀ

]n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p- th-n-bmWv, {]hm-N-I-·mÀ \ntbm-Kn-¡-s¸-«

Xv CXp ]Tn-̧ n-¡p-hm-\mWv. AÃm-lp-am-{Xsa Bcm-[-\-¡Àl-

\m-bn-«pÅq F¶ ktµiw P\-a-\-Êp-I-fntes¡-̄ n-¡m³

{]Øm-\-̄ n\p Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc km[n-̈ p."\n§Ä AÃm-lp


hns\ Bcm-[n-¡pI, XzmKq-̄ ns\ shSn-bpI F¶ ktµ-i

ambn \mw FÃm kaq-l-̄ n-te¡pw {]hm-N-Isc \ntbmKn-̈ n-

«pv' (\lvÂ : 36) P\a-\-Êp-Isf Cu Zni-bn-te¡p Xncn-̈ p-hn-Sm\pw C

_mZ-̄ p-IÄ Ah\p am{X-am¡n amäp-hm\pw Ah³ \nÝ-bn

¨ \nebv¡v am{Xw C_m-Z-̄ p-IÄ \nÀÆ-ln-¡m\pw kaq-l

s¯ DZvt_m[n-̧ n-¡m³ Cu BZÀi-{]-Øm-\-̄ n\p km[n-

¡p-I-bp-m-bn. 2. kp¶-̄ nsâ hym]-\hpw _nZvA-̄ nsâ Xnc-kvIm-

chpw: hnizm-k-cw-K¯pw hm¡nepw IÀa-̄ nepw kp¶-̄ n

s\ DbÀ¯n-̧ n-Sn-¡m\pw AXp-t]mse XÂØm-\¯v It¿

dn-bn-cp¶ _nZv-A-̄ p-Isf \o¡w sN¿m\pw km[n¨p. CXv

B[n-]-Xyhpw kzm[o-\hpw.DÅbn-S-§-fnÂ am{X-a-Ã. {]Øm-

\¯nsâ i_vZw tI«-h-cn-seÃmw amä-̄ nsâ Imäp-ho-in. A

§s\ ]pWy- tI-{µ-̄ n-te¡pw, aJv_-d-I-fn-te¡pw Pmd-§-

fn-te-¡p-apÅ P\-{]-hm-ls¯ Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc XSªp-\nÀ

¯m-\m-bn-sb-¶Xv \nÊm-c-Im-cy-a-Ã.kq^n-IÄ, inbm-¡Ä, J

_À ]qP-IÀ, XpS§n FÃm _nZvCu I£n-I-fp-sS-bpw hmZ-K-

Xn-Isf \nÀho-cy-am-¡n. 3. ke^n amÀKw apdpsI ]nSn-¡p-¶p: {]hmN-INcy

]p\-xØm-]n-¡m-\m-b-Xp-t]mse¯s¶ k¨-cn-X-cmb ke-̂ n

sâ (ap³Km-an-IÄ)amÀKw,AXm-bXv klm-_n-I-fp-sSbpw Xm

_n-DI-fp-sSbpw Ah-cpsS A\p-bm-bn-I-fp-sSbpw \mep Cam-

ap-I-fp-sSbpw Pohn-X-am-XrI DÄs¡m-ÅpI Ah-cpsS ]mX

Ah-ew-_n-¡pI. Cu Zni-bnepw {]Øm-\-̄ n\v hnPbw h

cn-¡m-\m-bn.


4. aX-̄ nsâ t{kmX-Êns\ a\-Ên-em-¡ns¡m-Sp-¡p

I: kap-Zm-bs¯ Baqem-{Kw {Kkn¨n-cp¶ ]p¯³ BNm-c

§-fpsS ZpxÊzm-[o\w Imc-W-ambn aX-̄ nsâ aqet{kmX-Êp-

IÄ ]eÀ¡pw AÚm-X-am-bn-cp-¶p. Dul-§fpw, A`n-{]m-b-

§-fpw,k¦Â]-§fpw,]mgvIn-\m-hp-I-fpw,Ai-co-cn-I-fpw, s]m

Å-¡-Y-I-fpw,ZpÀ_e lZo-kp-I-fp-sam-s¡-bm-bn-cp¶ Ah-cp

sS IÀa-§-fpsS B[m-c-§Ä. CsXm-¡bpw XrW-hÂK-Wn

t¡--Xm-sW¶v kaq-ls¯ t_m[y-s¸-Sp¯pIbpw bYmÀ

Y t{kmX-Êmb JpÀ-B-\n-te¡pw Xncp-kp-¶-̄ n-te¡pw A

hsc Xncn¨phnfn-¡m³ Ign-ªp. 5. sXfnhv Is-̄ p¶ coXnsb ip²o-I-cn¨p: A`o

jvS-¡mcpw ]p¯³ BNm-c-¡mcpw Ah-cpsS Xmev]cy kwc-

£-W-̄ n\v A\p-Iq-e-ambn ]e sXfn-hp-Ifpw kzoI-cn-¡m-dp-

m-bn-cp-¶p. Dul-̄ n-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb A`n-{]m-b-§Ä, k¦

Â¸-\-§Ä, ]nÂIm-e- ]-WvUn-Xsc AÔ-ambn A\p-I-cn-¡p-

I, ZpÀhym-Jym-\-§Ä \ÂIpI, CsXm-s¡-bm-bn-cp¶p {]Nm-

c-̄ n-en-cp¶ coXn-IÄ. AXn-\p-]-Icw JpÀ-B-\nÂ \n¶pw l

Zo-kp-I-fnÂ \n¶pw ]qÀÆ kqcn-Ifmb ]WvUn-X·m-cpsS A

`n-{]m-b-§Ä ap¶nÂ sh¨pw B\p-ImenI {]iv\-§Ä¡p

Å sXfn-hp-IÄ kwtim-[n-s¨-Sp-¡m³ kaq-ls¯ ]Tn-̧ n

¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p Cu {]Øm\w. 6. Adnhv {]N-cn-̧ n-¡p-I, AÚX AI-äp-I: JpÀ-B

\n-te¡pw {]hm-N-I-N-cy-bn-te¡pw aS-§m-\pÅ Blzm-\-hp-

ambn cwK-{]-thiw sNbvX-t¸mÄ Ah P\-§Ä¡p ]Tn-̧ n-

¨p- sIm-Sp-¡Â A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cp-¶p. hnP-Rm-\m-̀y-k\w B

Wn\pw s]®n\pw Hcp-t]mse _m[-I-am-W-sÃm. {]tXy-In

¨pw aX-]-c-amb Adnhvt\SÂ JpÀB³hym-Jym\w (X-̂ vko


À), lZokv]T-\w, hnizmk ]T\w, IÀa-im-kv{Xw, Ad_n `m

j, aäp A\p-_Ô Adn-hp-IÄ FÃmw kzmb-̄ -am-¡m³ k

aq-ls¯ DZvt_m-[n-̧ n-̈ p- sIm-n-cp-¶p. 7. B[p-\nI sshÚm-\nIþ\thm-°m-\-̄ nÂ ]¦m

fn-bm-hp-I: Ne-\-a-äp- In-S-¶n-cp¶ sshÚm-\nI aWvU-e

¯nÂ ]p¯-\p-WÀÆp- ]-IÀ¶-p sImp {]tbm-P\{]Z-amb

Adn-hp-IÄ kzmb-̄ -am¡n hnÚm-\-]p-tcm-KXn ssIhcn

¡p-hm³ kap-Zm-bs¯ kÖ-am¡n. AXn-\mbn {KÙ-§fpw

eLpIr-Xn-I-fpw,Ihn-XIfpw,{]`m-jW§fpw BtcmKyIc-am

b kwhm-Z-§fpw ]c-am-h[n NqjWw sN¿m³ {]Øm\

¯n\v km[n¨p. 8. aX-Nn-Ó-§Ä DbÀ¯n-̧ n-Sn-¡p-I: aXm-\p-bm-bn-IÄ

¡p X§-fpsS aX-s¯-¡p-dn¨v A`n-am-\-t_m[w thWw. A

Xn\p aX-̄ nsâ NnÓ-§Ä DbÀ¶p \nÂt¡--Xp-v. inÀ ¡vþ_nZvA¯p-I-fnÂ \n¶p AI¶p \nÂ¡-Ww. XuloZpw

kp¶-̄ p-Ifpw Pohn-X-̄ nÂ {]I-S-amhp-Ibpw thWw.\akv

Imc-a-S¡w CÉm-ansâ ASn-Øm\ kvXw`-§Ä kpØm-]n-X-

am-I-Ww. \· D]-tZ-in-¡-Ww, Xn· hntcm-[n-¡-Ww, kZvIÀ

½§Ä ]c-ky-am-¡pIbpw ZpjvIÀa-§Ä CÃmbva sN¿p-I

bpw thWw. Cu cwKhpw {i²m tI-{µ-am¡n amän. 9. Ckvem-anI cmjv{Shpw kaq-lhpw bmYmÀYy-ambn:

D¯-a-\q-äm-p-IÄ¡p-tijw Hcp Ckvem-an-I cmjv{S-̄ nsâ

AkvXnXzw ]ecpw Xmtem-en¨ Hcp kz]v\-ambncp-¶p. auen-

I-Xbpw ka-Im-en-I-Xzhpw ka-Ú-k-ambn kwtbm-Pn¨ Hcp

kaq-ls¯ bmYmÀYy-am-¡n-̄ oÀ¡m³ ke^n {]t_m-[-\-

¯n\v km[n-̈ p-sh-¶Xv \nÊm-c-amb Imcy-a-Ã. A§s\ Xu

lo-ZnÂ A[n-jvTn-X-amb, kp¶-̄ ns\ amÀK-tc-Jbmbn Aw


Ko-I-cn-¡p¶, ssZhnI \nb-a-§Ä \S-̧ n-em-¡p-¶,sshb-àn

Iþkmaq-lnI aWvU-e-§fnÂ aXw apdpsI ]nSn-¡p¶ Hcp

kPo-h-km-¶n-[y-ambn Cu BZÀi Ip«mbva cq]w {]m]n-̈ p. ssiJv apl-½Zv_v\p A_vZpÂh-lm-_nsâbpw apl-

½Zv_v\p kDu-Zn-sâbpw {ia-̂ -e-am-bp-mb alm -t\-«-§-fn

Â H¶-t{X ke^n BZÀi-̄ n-epff kDuZn `c--W-Iq-Sw. 10. aX-Iob Iq«m-bvabpw `c-W-Iq-Ss¯ A\p-k-cn-¡

epw: kaq-l- t\-XrXzw I¿m-fp¶ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw (Da-dm-

¡Ä) aX-t\-XrXzw \nb-{´n-¡p¶ ]WvUn-X-·mcpw (D-e-am

¡Ä) ]c-kv]c kl-hÀ¯n¯¯n-eqsS \o§nbmÂ am{X

ta Hcp D¯akaql krjvSn km[y-am-Iq. P\w `c-Wm-[n-Im

cn-Isf AwKo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw Ahsc A\p-k-cn-¡pIbpw th

Ww. ]WvUn-X-·mÀ, `c-Wm-[n-Isf D]-tZ-i-\nÀtZ-i-§-fn-eq

sS kÂ ]m-Ùm-hn-te¡p \bn-¡-Ww. \nc-́ cw ]ckv]c Iq

Sn-bm-tem-N-\IÄ A\n-hm-cyamWv. Ckvem-anI kaq-l-Im-gvN-̧m-Snse Cu Bib-§Ä h

À¯-am-\- tem-I¯v bmYmÀYy-amsW¶v sXfn-bn-¡m³ ku

Zn BZÀi-̀-c-W-Iq-S-̄ n\p km[n-¡p-I-bp-m-bn. 11. kam-[m\w Dd-̧ p-h-cp¯n: Ckvem-anI Xmev]-cy-a\p-

kcn¨v Hcp D¯a kaql krjvSnbv¡p A\n-hm-cy-ambpw

A©v Imcy-§Ä kwc-£n-¡-̧-tS--Xp-v. aXw, a\p-jy-_p-

²n, Poh³, k´m-\w, kz¯v. Cu ]©-kvXw-̀-§Ä Hcn-¡

epw It¿äw sN¿-s¸-Smt\m Ah-bv¡p-t]mdÂ GÂ]n-¡m

t\m ]mSp-Å-X-Ã.AXv kam-[m-\-̀w-K-̄ n\pw,P\-̄ nâ sskz

c- Po-hn-XX-IÀ¨bv¡v Imc-W-am-¡pw. BZÀim-[n-jvTnX `c-W-IqSw \ne-hnÂ h¶-t¸mÄ C


sXms¡ hÀ¯-am-\-tem-I¯pw kpkm[y-amb Imcy-§Ä X

s¶ F¶p B[p-\nI bpK-̄ n\p t_m[y-s¸-Sp¯m³ Ign

ªp. 12. a\-Ên\pw _p²n¡pw hntam-N\w: km-¦Â]nI I

Y-IÄ, Dulm-t]m-l-§Ä, AÔ-hn-izm-k-§Ä, AXym-Nm-c-

§Ä,amÀKw {`wi-§Ä F¶nh kaq-ls¯ aYn-̈ n-cp-¶-t¸m

Ä am\h a\-Êp-Isf Ah-bpsS sI«p-]m-Sp-I-fnÂ \n¶v kz

X-{´-am-¡n, AÃmlp AÃm-̄ -XnÂ \n¶pÅ _Ô-§Ä th

Às]-Sp¯n. [nj-Wbv¡pw a\-Ên\pw ]qÀW-hn-tam-N\w km

[y-am-¡m³ Ckvemln{]Øm-\-̄ n\v km[n-̈ p.A§s\ A

kzØ-Xbpw ZuÀ`m-Kyhpw ZpÀhn-[n-Ifpw Ah-cnÂ \n¶p am

än-sb-Sp-̄ p. 13. ssZhnI \nb-aw- sImv hn[n -IÂ]n-¡pI: aX-þ-cm

jv{S hn`-P-\-§Ä¡-Xo-X-ambn Ckvem-ansâ A[ym-]-\-§Ä

a\p-jy-Po-hn-̄ nsâ kÀÆ-am\ aWvU-e-§-sfbpw kv]Àin-

¡p-¶-XmI-bmÂ BZÀi {]t_m-[-Icpw AXnsâ hàm-¡

fpw aX-\n-b-a-§Ä FÃm cwK¯pw {]-tbm-K-hÂI-cn-̈ p. 14. {]am-W-§Ä P\-§Ä¡p kaÀ¸n-¡Â: Ckvem

lo {]-Øm\w cq]-s¸-Sp-̄ nb kaq-l-̄ n-sebpw cmjv{S-̄ n-

sebpw ]WvUn-X-·mcpw AXnsâ Aa-c-¡mcpw A\pbm-bn-I

fpw A\q-̀m-hn-Ifpw Ign-bpwhn[w kXy-k-Ô-amb Ckveman

sâ BZÀiw P-\-§-fn-te-s¡-̄ n-¡m³ th kÖo-I-c-W-

§Ä Bhn-jv¡-cn-̈ p. aXs¯ IrXy-ambn {Kln-¡m-Xn-cp¶

Aap-kvenw-IÄ¡pw Ckvem-ansâ ktµiw F¯n-¡m³ hÀ

¯-am\ Ime¯v AhÀ _²-{i-²-cm-bn."Fsâ kap-Zm-b-̄ n

se Hcp kwLw kXy-̄ nÂ \ne-sIm-Åp-sa¶v' {]hm-N-I-Xn-


cp-ta-\n-()bpsS {]kvXm-h\ AhÀtem`w IqSmsX \S-̧ nem

¡n h¶p. 15. Pmlneo NnÓ-§-fpsS Xnc-kvImcw: tKm{Xhn`mKo-

b-X, IpSpw-_m-Nm-c-§Ä, XÀ¡-hn-XÀ¡-§Ä, kwL-«-\-§

Ä `n¶n¸pw On{Z-Xbpw, A{I-ahpw A\o-Xnbpw, sImÅbpw

sImÅn- sh-bv]p-saÃmw \nÀ¯Â sNbvXp-sImv kIe-am

\ Pmlneo k{¼-Zm-b-§fpw tX¨p ambv¨p If-ªp-sImv

\_nNcy-bpsS ASn-Øm-\-̄ n-epÅ Hcpkaq-ls¯ hmÀ

s¯-Sp-¡m\pw ke^n {]t_m-[-\-k-c-Wn¡p km[y-am-bn. C

¶pw AtX ]mX-bnÂ AXnsâ {]bmWw XpS-cp-¶p.

Xo{h- hm-Zm-tcm-]-Ww Ckvemln {]Øm-\hpw AXv {]Xn-\n-[m\w sN¿p¶

`cW-Iq-Shpw Xo{h-hm-Z-̄ n\v t{]mÕm-l-\hpw B¡hpw \

ÂIp¶p F¶v NnehmÀ¯m-am-[y-a-§fpw {]Øm\ i{Xp¡

fpw {]N-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶p-v. `oI-c-hm-Zw, Xo{h-hmZw XpS-§nb kwÚ-IÄ BÀ D

¨-cn-¡p-¶pthm Abm-fpsS at\mKXn {]I-Sn-̧ n-¡p¶ Hcp kw

Ú-bmbpw Abm-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-amWv AXnsâ Dt±-iy-sa

¶ Ah-Ø-bn-te¡pw hÀ¯-am\ temIw F¯n-¡-gn-ªn-cn

¡p¶p. AXv ad-̈ p-sh-̈ n«v Imcy-an-Ã. Ip{]-N-cWw \S-̄ p-¶-hÀ Ah-cpsS Cc-«-̄ m-̧p- \

bw {]I-Sn-̧ n-̈ p- sIm-t-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.aX-]-c-amb \nb-a-§Ä \

S-̧ nÂ hcp-̄ p-¶Xpw Xn· \ntcm-[n-¡p-¶-Xp-saÃmw ChÀ `o

I-c-Xbpw Xo{h-X-bpambn hymJym-\n-¡p¶p.ChÀ Bsc-bm

Wv e£y-am-¡p-¶-sX¶p hyàw.Ckvem-amWv Ah-cpsS D

¶w.


hmkvX-h-̄ nÂ kDuZn Atd-_y-bnÂ \ne-hn-epÅ

ØnXn t\sc adn-̈m-Wv. \m«nÂ Ipg¸w krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn-t\m

Spw bYmÀY òIchmZ-t¯mSpw bYmÀY Xo{h-hm-Z-̄ n-t\m

SpwB cmjv{S-̄ nsâ kao]\w cmjv{Sm-́ -cob cwK¯pw A

d_n Ckvem-anIcwK-§-fnepw kwL-S\m kt½-f\ cwK-̄ p-

saÃmw F¶pw hni--Zo-I-cn-¡-s¸-«p- sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶p. ]WvUn-

X-cpsS \ne-]m-Sp-I-fnepw Ah-cpsS ^Xvh-I-fnÂ \n¶pw C¡m

cyw {Kln-¡-mhp-¶-Xm-Ip-¶p.]mTy-]-²Xnbnem-Is«, hmÀ¯m

hnX-cW cwK-§-fn-em-Is« kXyw, \oXn, anX-Xz- k-ao-]\w C

h ssIhn-Sm-sXbpw ZpÀamÀ¤§fp-sSbpw ZpÈm-Ty-§-fp-sSbpw

]mX kzoI-cn-¡m-sXbpw AXv apt¶m«v t]mbn-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-

¶p. `c-W-Iq-Shpw P\-Xbpw ]WvUn-X-·mcpw D¯-c-hm-Z-s]-«

hcpw Cu Zni-bn-emWv Ncn-¡p-¶-Xv. \· IÂ]n-¡p-¶Xnepw Xn· hntcm-[n-¡p-¶-Xnepw Ip

äw- I-s-̄ p¶-hcpw icoA¯v \nb-a-§sf òI-c-am-bn-¡m-

Wp-¶-hcpw apkvenw kaq-l-̄ n\v ]pXnb i{Xp-¡-f-Ã. Ah

À¡p Xn·bpsS AXn-{]-k-c-tam, kmaq-lnI ssiYn-ey-tam,

{]iv\-a-Ã, adn¨p kv{XoI-fpsS ]À±bpw Ckvem-anse A\-́

cm-h-Im-ihpw IÀi-\-amb XuloZn kao-]-\hpw H¶pw I

®nÂ ]nSn-¡p¶n-sÃ¶p am{Xw. A¯cw Bfp-I-tfmSpw I

£n-I-tfmSpw \ap¡p kl-X-]n-¡mw. `qan-bnÂ Ipg-̧p-ap-m-¡p-¶Xv \ntcm-[n-¡p¶ Ckv

emw, A{Iaw XS-bp¶ Ckvemw, Ct§m«v kwL-«-\-̄ n\v h

cp¶-h-tcm-sS-ÃmsX At§m«v kwL-«-\-̄ n\v ]pd-s¸-S-cp-sX

¶v \nÀtZin-¡p¶ Ckvemw F§-s\-bmWv \nc-]-cm-[n-Isf

sIms¶m-Sp-¡p¶ òI-c-hm-Z-hp-ambn kl-I-cn-¡p-I. A¯-c

¡mtcmSv "CÉmw F´m-sW¶p \n§Ä ]Tn-¡Ww'F¶p am


{Xsa \ap¡p ]d-bp-hm-\p-Åq.hmkvX-h-̄ nÂ Ckvemln {]

Øm-\hpw Xo{h--hm-Z-hp-ambn bmsXmcp _Ô-hp-an-sÃ¶v \

ap¡v XoÀ¯p- ]-d-bmw.

A²ymbw 8

temI- C-kvemln Ne-\-§-fn-te¡v Hsc- n̄-t\m«w

Hmt«m-a³ XpÀ¡n-IÄ¡p cmjv{So-b-amb £oW-taÂ

¡m³ XpS-§p-¶Xn\v ap-¼mbn bqtdm]y³ km{am-Py-Xzw ap

kvenw- \m-Sp-Isf Iog-S-¡m-\m-cw-̀n-̈ p. s\t¸m-fn-b³ AD 1798

Â CuPn-]vXnsâ a®nÂ Imeq-¶n-s¡mv AXn\v \mµn- Ip-

dn-̈ p. apkvenw temIw A´On{Z-̄ nepw AÚ-X-bnepw B

eky-̄ nepw ap§n-¡n-S-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p B L-«-̄ nÂ Cu kµÀ`-̄ n-emWv Atd-_y³ D]-Zzo-]ns\ tI{µo-

I-cn¨p apl-½Zv _v\p A_vZpÂ hlm-_nsâ {]t_m-[\ {]

Øm\w DbnÀs¯-gp-t¶Â¡p-¶-Xv.B {]tZ-i-§-fnÂ tImf

\n hmgvN¡m-cpsS A[n-\n-th-i-̄ n\v {]Xn-tcm[w krjvSn-

¡m³ B alm-hn-¹h {]Øm-\-̄ n\p Ignªp. am{X-a-Ã, C

kvem-anI temI-̄ nsâ `n¶-Zn-¡p-I-fn-te¡p Ckvem-lnsâ

{]Imiw IS-̄ n-hn«p Ahn-S-§-fnÂ t{]mÖz-en-̈ p \nÂ¡m

\pw]e-Xcw kwkvI-cWþ]cn-jvI-c-W -{]-Øm-\-§Ä¡p B

hnÀ`mhw \ÂIm\pw Cu BZÀi-̄ n\p Ignªp. A§s\

kuZn tI{µo-I-cn-̈ pÅ Ckvemlo {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä aäp Zn

¡p-Ifn-te¡p \o§p¶ \b\taml\ ImgvN-bmWv 18þmw \q

ämp- ap-XÂ Ct¶mfw \mw Ip sImn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.


temI Ckvemln Ne-\-§-fn-te-¡pÅ HcphmXnÂ Xp

d¶p t\m¡m-\mWv Cu A[ym-b-̄ nÂ {ian-¡p-¶-Xv.

Ckvemln Ne-\-§Ä ba-\nÂ Atd-_y-tbmSv `q{]-tZ-i-]-c-ambn _Ôs¸«p InS-¡p

¶Xv sImv Xs¶ AhnsS \S¡p¶ cmjv{So-bhpw aX-]-c-

hp-amb amä-§Ä IqSp-XÂ kzm[o-\n-̈Xv ba-\nÂ Bbn-cp

¶p. aX-]-c-ambn ho£n-¡p-t¼mÄ atä-sXmcp cmPy-s¯-t¸m-

se-̄ -s¶-bm-bn-cp¶p ba-\nsâ ØnXnbpw. ac-W-s¸-«-h-tcm-

SpÅ klm-b-̀yÀY-\, J_vdn-S-§-fn-te-¡pÅ XoÀY-bm-{X,

t\À¨ t\cÂ AXn-\p-thn kz¯v hJv^v sN¿Â,AhnsS

hnf¡p I¯n¨p BtLm-jw, CXn-sem¶pw AhÀ H«pw ]n

¶nem-bn-cp-¶nÃ F¶v Ncn{XImc-·mÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. C¯cw amÀ¤{`wi-§-tfmSv ]S-s]m-cpXnb cp hy

àn-Xz-§Ä lnPvd 12þmw \qäm-nÂ AhnsS hfÀ¶p h¶p.

ssiJv apl-½Zv _v\p CkvamCuÂ AÂ Aaodpw(1099þ1182)

ssiJv lpssk³ _v\p alvZo A³ \A-aypw (a-cWw ln

1187)lnPvd 1161/1748 apXÂ Aao-dnsâ \ne-]mSv hfsc [oc-am

-bn-cp-¶p. ba-\nse `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-tbmSv aJm F¶ Øe-̄ p

Å XoÀYm-S\ tI{µw s]mfn¨p If-bm³ \nÀtZ-in-¡p-Ibpw

AXn-\p-thn am{Xw Hcp eLp-{KÙw X¿m-dm-¡pIbpw sN

bvXp. \A-anbpw CXp-t]mse hnizm-k-Im-cy-§-fnÂ {KÙ c

N\ \S-̄ n-bn-«p-v. Cu ]WvUn-X³amÀ¡v apl-½Zv _v\p A_vZpÂh-lm-

_p-am-bpÅ kzm[o\w hfsc hyà-am-Wv.AaoÀ ]d-bp-¶Xv

ImWp-I."lnPvd 1160 apXÂ \PvZnÂ Hcp hyàn {]hm-N-I-N-

cy- ap-dpsI ]nSn-¡m³ Bh-iy-s¸«pw _nZvA¯p-IÄ Hgn-hm-


¡Wsa¶v \nÀt±-in-̈ pw cwK¯vh¶ hmÀ¯ R§Ä¡p e

`n¨n-cp-¶p. Pohn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶-h-cntem acn-̈ p- t]m-b-h-cntem {]

Xo-£-bÀ¸n¡p-¶Xpw J_vdp-IÄ¡p- aosX sI«nSw ]Wnbp-

¶Xpw aäpw At±lw hne-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p-v. aB-cn-PpÂ J_qÂ F¶ {KÙ-̄ nsâ IÀ¯m-hmWv

ssiJv \A-ao. sXm«-Sp¯ hÀj-§-fnÂ C_vdmlow _v\p

apl-½Zv AÂ Aao\pw apl-½Zv_v\p Aen iuIm-\nbpw

(1141þ1213) (1173þ1250) Jp_qcn hmZn-IÄs¡-XnÂ ià-amb

hnaÀi\ ic-§Ä sXmSp-̄ p-hn-«p. Ch-scÃmw {KÙcN\cw

K¯v hyàn-ap-{Z ]Xn-̧ n-̈-h-cm-Wv. lnPvd 13þmw \qäm-nse cmw Zi-I-§fn-emWv IÀa-

cw-K¯v Ckvemln {]Øm\w {]th-in-¡p-¶-Xv. ba-\n-IÄ

XuloZn BZÀiw a¡bnÂ \n¶pw ]cn-kc {]tZ-i-§-fnÂ

\n¶pw ]Tn-̈ p- h-¶p.XXv̂ -e-ambn ba-\n-I-fpsS a\ÊnÂ A

Xv tImfn-f-¡-ap-m-¡n.Ahn-Sps¯ ]WvUnX k¼À¡-§Ä

AXn\p shÅhpw hfhpw \ÂIn-s¡m-pancp-¶p. hnizmkip²o-I-c-W-̄ n\v Ahn-Sps¯ ]WvUn-X³am

À Xs¶ t\XrXzw \ÂIn-b-Xn-\mÂ "k³BCÂ, ]cn-k-c- Zn-

¡p-I-fnÂ, ZnamÀ `mK-§-fnÂ Hs¡-bp-m-bn-cp¶ J_-dp-I

Ä¡p- aosX \nÀan-¡-s¸-«- sI-«n-S-§Ä s]mfn¨p \o¡pI-bp-

m-bn.Atd-_y-bpsS sX¡³ {]tZ-i-§fnÂ \S-¶p-h¶ hn

izmk ip²o-I-cWw t\sc ba³ `m-K-t¯¡p \o§p-I-bm

Wp-m-b-Xv.AXp-t]mse 1221 Â Xnlm-a-bn-ep-m-bn-cp¶ sI

«nS§Ä Ako-dnse `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw \o¡w sN¿p-I-bp

m-bn. AaoÀ Aen_v\p anPvkepw ]e kwkvI-cW {]hÀ

¯\-§Ä¡pw t\XrXzw \ÂIn.


F¶mÂ XpÀ¡n-bpsS taÂt\m-«-̄ nÂ CuPn]vjy³

ssk\yw \PvZnÂ DbÀ¶p h¶ ]pXnb cmjv{SobþaX-i-àn-

bmb ke^n {]Øm\s¯ D·qe\w sN¿m³ {ian-̈-Xn³

^-e-ambn ba-\nepw AXnsâ A\p-c-W\w Zriyam-bn. DÖz

eXtbmsS apt¶m-«p-\o-§nb Ckvemln {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡p

AhnsS a§-te-äp. IÀa- ta-J-e-IÄ ipjvI-am-bn. kzÀ®hpw

shÅnbpw In«m³ thn-bm-Wv ke-̂ nIÄ J_dp-IÄ¡p

ao-sX-bpÅ FSp-̧p-IÄ s]mfn-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶-sX-¶p- hsc

Ahn-Sps¯ Xs¶ Nne ]WvUn-X-th-j-[m-cn-IÄ A¡m-e

¯v {]N-cn-̧ n¨p. ]n¶oSv Hcp \o CS-th-f-bv¡p-tijw lnPvd 14þmw

\qäm-nsâ D¯-cmÀ[-̄ n-emWv ]p¯-\p-WÀhp-ambn Ckv

emlo BZÀiw hopw kPo-ham-bXv F¶v Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ

tcJ-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶p. aX- cw-K¯v ]pXnb DÄ¡m-gvNtbmsS A

hn-Sps¯ ]WvUn-XÀ cwK-{]-thiw sNbvXp. \PvZn-epw aän-S

§fn-ep-ambn AhÀ _Ôw iàn-s¸-Sp-̄ n. k³-B-Cepw ]

cn-k-c -{]-tZ-i-§-fnepw ImWp¶ ]Ån-Ifpw ]mT-im-e-I-fp-sa

Ãmw keô BZÀi-̄ nsâ \nZÀi-\-ambn \ne-sIm-Åp-¶p.

At\-I-am-fp-IÄ hnZy- t\-Sm-\mbn \PvZn-te¡pw aäpw \o-§n-

b-Xp -ap-tJ-\-bmWv cm-aXpw AhnsS BZÀi{]Øm-\¯n

\v thtcm«w e`n-̈-Xv. kuZn `c-W-̄ nsâ ASn-̄ d `{Zam-¡n

bA_vZpÂ Akokv cmPm-hnsâ {i²bpw klm-bhpw Cu

cwK¯v KW-\ob t\«-§Ä Dm-¡n-bn-«p-v.

Cý³ apkvenw-I-fnÂ ssiJv apl-½Zv _v\p A_vZpÂ hlm_v \PvZnÂ X

sâ BZÀi -{]-t_m-[\w \S-̄ p¶ AtX Ime¯v Cý-bn

Â Hcp ]cn-jvIÀ¯mhmb alm-]-WvUn-X³ cwK-{]-thiw


sNbvXn-cp-¶p. Camw imlv hen-bp-Ãmlv(1703þ1763) XXz-̄ n

epw BZÀi-̄ nepw Ch-cpsS {]t_m-[-\-coXn-IÄ¡p ]e

kmay-§-fp-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p. ]s£ AhÀ X½nÂ In-«n-sÃ

¶mWv Ncn-{X-̄ nÂ \n¶p hyà-am-Ip-¶-Xv. J_À]q-P, inÀ

¡³ {]hÀ¯\-§Ä, _nZvA¯p-IÄ, XJveoZv Ch-tbmsSm

s¡bpÅ kao-]-\-̄ nÂ Ccp-]-WvUn-Xcpw Gsd-¡psd tbm

Pn-¡p-¶Xp ImWmw.AhÀ Ccp-hcpw X½nse Hcp Xmc-Xayw

Cu sIm¨p \n_Ô-\-̄ nsâ ]cn-[n-bnÂ AÃm¯Xp sIm

v XÂ¡mew amän-sh-bv¡-s«. Cý-bnÂ Ckvem-ln-{]-Øm-\-̄ nsâ BZÀiw BZy-

ambn ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-̄ m³ Ah-kcw In«n-b-Xv. k¿nZv Alva

Zv iloZv (1786þ1831) BWv imlvh-en-bp-Ãmlv Dm-¡nb

sshÚm-\nI ASn-̄ -d-bn-emWv k¿nZv AlvaZv Xsâ hn¹

h {]Øm\w sI«n-̧-Sp-̄ -Xv. k¿nZv AlvaZv icnbmb Hcp Ckvem-anI `cWw C

ý-bnÂ Øm]n-¡m³ {ian-̈ p. apJy-i{Xphm-bn-¡-Xv {_n

«o-jp-Imscbm-bn-cp-¶p. AXn-\mÂ AhÀ At±-ls¯ Icn-

hm-cn-t¯-¡m³ Ign-bp¶ GXpamÀ¤hpw D]-tbm-K-s¸Sp¯n.

Nne apÃ-amÀ AXv Gäp-]n-Sn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. At±lw "h

lm_n' bmb-Xp -sIm-mWv CsXÃmw Ac-t§-dn-bXv F¶v

hcp-̄ m³ AhÀ InWªp ]cn-{i-an-̈ p. Ncn-{X- h-kvXp-X-I

Ä IrXy-ambn ]cn-tim-[n¨ ]e-cpw, Hmdn-bâenkväv Fgp-̄ p-

Im-cpsS ImgvN-̧m-Sp-IÄ XÅn-¡-fbp-¶pv. Cý-bnÂ \n

¶v Xs¶ hninjym kÀlnµn-bp-sSbpw imlvhenbp-Ãm-ln

bp-sSbpw BZÀi-§Ä kzoI-cn¨p hfÀ¶ k¿nZv AlvaZv

lÖv thf-bnÂ kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw \PvZnÂ cq]s¸« BZÀ


i {]Øm-\s¯ {Kln-¡p-Ibpw IrXyambn DÄs¡m-Åp-I

bpw sNbvXn-cn-¡mw. {_n«o-jp-Im-cpsS Ip{]-Nm-c-W-§Ä apÃ-amÀ¡p klm-

b-I-am-bn. AhÀ k¿nZv Alva-Zns\-Xnsc Ip^vdv ^XvhIÄ

Cd-¡n. ùXn-I-ambn alm- k-Öo-I-c-W§fpÅ {_n«-t\mSv

s]mcp-Xm³ Bh-iy-amb Icp¯v At±-l-̄ nsâ {]Øm-\-

¯n\v CÃm-bn-cp-¶p. CsXm-s¡-bmWv At±-l-̄ nsâ ]cm-P

b- Im-c-W-§Ä. Cý-bnÂ ]e- Zn-¡nepw Npän \S-¡m\pw apkvenw a\-

Êp-I-fnÂ Ne\w krjvSn-¡m\pw At\-Im-bncwA\p-bm-bn-I

sf Dm-¡m\pw Ah-cnÂ Cuam\n-Im-thiw Icp-̧ n-Sn-̧ n-¡p-

hm\pw B [oc apPm-ln-Zn\v km[n-̈ p. 1831 Â At±-l¯n

sâ cà km-£n-Xzm-\-́ cw Ckvemlo BZÀiw Cý-bnÂ

thc-äp -t]m-bn-«n-Ã. ]n¶oSv 1857 Â Dmb H¶mw kzmX-{´-

k-a-c -th-f-bnÂ AXnsâ hàm-¡Ä {_n«o-jp-ImÀs¡-Xn-cn-

epÅ t]mcm«¯nÂ \nkvXp-e-ambn ]¦p-h-ln-̈ n-«pv. 20þmw \q-äm-nsâ {]mcw-̀-̄ nÂ \mw ImWp-¶Xv D

¯tc-́ y-bnÂ 1906 Â k\m-DÃm Aar-X-k-cn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-

¯nÂ Alvte- lZo-knsâ cq]oI-c-W-am-Wv.kuZn Atd-_y-

bn-em-Is« A_vZpÂ Akokv cmPm-hnsâ ]pXnb kmcYy

hpw. CýbnÂ {]Øm-\-̄ nsâ hàm-¡Ä¡p cmPmhv I

¯p-IÄ Ab-̈ n-cp-¶p. A¡m-e¯v {][m-\-ambpw Cý³ apkvenw-IÄ \mep-

hn-̀m-K-am-bmWv Adnb-s¸-«n-cp-¶Xv. ke-̂ n-I-sf¶p hnti-jn-

¡-s¸-Sp¶ Alvse lZo-kp-IÄ, dm-̂ n-Zn-I-fmb inbm-¡Ä,

Jp_q-cn- hm-Zn-I-fmb _tdÂhn-IÄ Zbq-_µv ]WvUn-X·m-cp

sS Iq«mbva.


CXnÂ Alvse lZo-knsâ hàm-¡-f-Ãm¯ Bcpw

Ckvemln {]Øm-\-̄ nâ BZÀiw kzoI-cn-̈-h-cm-bn-cp-¶n

Ã. AhÀ JpÀ-B\pw {]hm-N-I-N-cybpw apdp-sI- ]n-Sn-¡m\pw

apl-½Zv _v\p AÐnÂ hlm-_nsâ {]t_m-[-\-k-c-WbnÂ

kwØm-]n-X-amb A_vZpÂ-A-kokv cmPm-hnsâ t\Xr-Xz

¯n\v kÀÆ-hn[ ]n´p-Wbpw hmKvZm\w sNbvXn-cp-¶p. cm

Pm-hm-Is« Alvse lZokv kmc-Yn-IÄ¡p Biw-k-IÄ A

À¸n-̈ p- sImp I¯p-IÄ hsc Ab-̈ n-cp-¶-Xmbn 1931 se

Alvse lZokv ]{X-§Ä hyà-am-¡p-¶p. imlv hen-bp-Ãm-ln-¡p-tijw apl-½Zv Ckvam-CuÂ

iloZv ià-amb coXn-bnÂ ke^n B-ZÀi¯nsâ ]XmI

C´y³ D]-̀q-J-WvU¯nÂ DbÀ¯n-̧ n-Sn-¡p-I-bp-m-bn. A

t±-lhpw aä-t\Iw [oc-ap-Pm-ln-Zn-Ifpw _me-tIm«p bp²-̄ n

Â cà-km-£n-I-fm-bn. AhÀ¡v AÃmlp AÀln-¡p¶ {]

Xn-̂ ew \ÂI-s«, Bao-³. ]n¶oSv At\Iw ]WvUn-X³amÀ

cwK¯v h¶p. Ah-cnÂ {]ap-J-\mWv ssiJv apl-Zokv \ZoÀ lp

ssk³ Zlveho (a-cWw 1320 lnPvd) ZÂln tI{µ-am¡n A

t±lw Øm]n¨ ]mT-ime C¶pw \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶p. ]ns¶ C

amw XnÀapZn-bpsS lZo-kp-{K-Ù-̄ n\v hymJym-\-sa-gp-Xnb A

Ãma A_vZp-d-Òm³ ap_m-dIv ^qcn (acWw 1353)A_q-Zm-hq-

Zn\v hymJym\w \ÂInb AÃma iwkpÂlJv AZo-am-_mZn

(a-cWw 1329)Zlvem\v JWvU\-{K-Ù-sa-gp-Xnb AÃma _jo

À klvkp-hm\o (1326), AaoÀ kn±oJv lk³ Jm³ (1307)

auem\m A_vZpÂ leow eIv\ho XpS-§nb At\Iw {]

Xn-̀m-im-en-I-fmb ]WvUn-X-cmWv {]Øm-\-̄ n\v XpW-bmbn

hÀ¯n¨-Xv.


Ckvem-lnsâ Xncn-\mfw þ tIc-f-̄ nÂ ssiJv AlvaZv kÀln-µnbpw imlvhenbp-Ãmln Zlv

ehnbpw -C-́ y-bnÂ XpS¡w Ipdn¨ C-kvemlo {]hÀ¯-\-

§Ä k¿nZv AlvaZv ilo-Zn-eq-sSbpw imlv-C-kvam-CuÂ i

lo-Zn-epsSbpw _lp-Zqcw apt¶m«p t]mhp-I-bp-m-bn. Gsd-

¡psd sXm«-Sp¯ Ime¯v Xs¶ tIc-f-̄ nepw Ckvem-ln

sâ \m¼p-IÄ X-fn-cn«p. BZyambn Cu cwK¯v {]Xy-£-s¸-

Sp-¶-h-cnÂ {][m\n 1847 Â shfn-b-t¦m«p P\n¨ k¿nZv k

\m-DÃm aàn X§-fm-Wv. At±-l-̄ nsâ Xqen-I-bn-eqsS hm

À¶p-hoW teJ-\-§Ä C¶pw Nnc-kva-c-Wo-b-§-fmWv. ]n

¶oSv la-Zm\n X§Ä (acWw 1922) cwK¯v h¶p. XpSÀ¶p

]{X-{]-hÀ¯-I\pw kzmX-{´y -{]-hÀ¯-\-§-Ä¡p t\XrXzw

\ÂInb alm-hy-ànXzhpamb h¡w auehn cwK-̄ p-h-¶p.

(a-cWw 1932) hopw Ckvemlo cwKwkPo-h-am¡n apt¶m

«p \bn¨ ]cnjvImÀ¯m-¡-fmWv sI.-Fw. koXn-km-ln_v

(1961) Fw.-kn.-kn. ktlm-Z-c-·mÀ, sI.Fw aue-hn(1964)- sI.-

sI. Fw. Pam-eq-±o³ auehn (1955) A_p-Ê-_mlv auehn

(1971) C.-sI. auehn (1974) F.Aehn auehn(1976) XpS-§n

b aät\Iw al-̄ p-¡fpw t\Xm-¡-fpw. AhÀs¡Ãmw AÃmlp ]m]-apàn \ÂIs«

kndn-b-bnepw Cdm-Jnepw

{]Øm-\-̄ n\v Ht«sd A\p-bm-bn-IÄ kndn-b-bnepw

Dm-bn-cp-¶p. Ah-cnÂ {]ap-J-\mWv ssiJv Pam-ep-±o³ Jm

kn-an. Ignª \qäm-nsâ {]mcw-̀-̄ nÂ At±lw Xsâ \n

e-]mSv P\ka£w Ah-X-cn-̧ n-̈-t¸mÄ XpÀ¡n`c-W-IqSw A

t±-ls¯ kwi-b-̄ nsâ apÄap-\-bnÂ \nÀ¯pI-bp-m-bn.


AXp-t]mse ssiJv A_vZp-dkmJv AÂ ss_XzmÀ, Xmln

À PkmCco, apl½Zv ImanÂ JÊzm-_v, lpssk³ Pnkvdv,

A_vZpÂ JmZnÀ aKvcn-_o, AaoÀ iIo_v Cankvem³ XpS

§nb alm-·mÀ ke^n {]Øm-\s¯ ASp-̄ -dn-ª-hcpw

Hcp-thf AXnsâ klbm-{Xn-I-cp-ambn kndn-b-bnÂ BZÀi

{]N-cW-̄ n-\p -apt¼ \S-¶-p. Cdm-JnÂ ke-̂ n-{]-Øm-\-̄ nsâ {][m-\-\m-b-I-cmbn

BZyw cwK-{]-thiw sNbvXXv cp Beqknamcm-Wv.inlm-

_p-±o³ alvaqZv AÂ Beqkn (1802þ1853) bmWv H¶m-as¯

{]KÛ hyàn-Xzw. {]kn-²-amb "dqlpÂ aA\n' F¶v hnip

² JpÀB³ hymJym-\-̄ nsâ IÀ¯mhm-W-t±-lw. aX-̄ n

Â Ib-dn-̧-än-bn-«pÅ C¯n-¡-®n-IÄ h-en-s¨-dn-ªp Ckvem-

ansâ ip²-Xn-bn-te¡v aS-§m³ Blzm\w sNbvX At±lw

hnizm-k- Im-cy-§-fnepw Xh-ÊpÂ, ac-W-s¸«htcm-SpÅ ip

]mÀi tXSÂ XpS-§nb hnj-b-§fnepw IÀi\ \ne-]mSv kzo

I-cn-¡p-I-bp-m-bn. cm-as¯ hnin-jvS- hy-ànXzw At±-l¯nsâ ]u

{X\pw aX-]-cn-jvIÀ¯mhpw kmlnXy-̄ nepw Ncn-{X-̄ nepw

hyIvXnap{Z- ]-Xn-̧ n¨ alvaqZv ip{Io AÂ Beqkn (1856 þ

1924)bmWv. sshÚm-\nI \thm-°m\w hgn apÉnw kaql-

¯nÂ amä-̄ nsâ sImSp-¦mäv krjvSn-¡m³ X¶memhpw- hn

[w At±lw ]cn-{i-an-̈ p. Ncn-{X-̄ nepw tKmf-im-kv{X-̄ n-ep-

saÃmw {KÙcN\ \S-̄ n."\PvZnsâ Ncn{Xw'F¶ Xsâ kp

{]-kn² {KÙw hÀ¯-am-\-Ime \PvZn-sâbpw ssiJv apl-

½Zv_v\p A_vZnÂhlm-_nsâ {]t_m-[-\-̄ n-sâbpw Ncn-

{X-am-Ip-¶p. ]p¯-\m-Nm-c-§-tfmSpw kq^o-Xz-co-J-̄ p-I-tfm

Spw ià-amb \ne-]mSp kzoI-cn¨ At±lw hnip²JpÀ-B-


\n-te¡pw {]hm-NI Pohn-X-N-cy-bn-te¡pw Xncn¨p-t]m-Im³

kaq-l-t¯mSv ià-amb `mj-bnÂ Blzm\w \S-̄ p-I-bp-

m-bn.

kpUm-\nepw D¯-cm-{^n-¡-bnepw Ckvem-lo -{]-Øm-\-̄ n

sâ kzm[o\w ke^n BZÀi-§Ä lÖn-\p- thn a¡-bnÂ F

¯nb-hÀ ]e-tZ-i-§-fnepw {]N-cn¸n-̈-Xp- t]mse AÄPo-cn

bbnÂ \ns¶-̄ nb k¿nZv apl-½Zv_v\p Ben AÊ-\qÊn

(1787þ1858) Xt±-io-b-cnÂ {]-N-cn-̧ n-̈ p.]s£ ]n¶o-S-t±lw en-

_n-b-bnse _ÀJnb F¶ Øe-t¯-¡p- \o§n kq^namÀK-

¯nÂ BIr-jvS-\mbn k\qkn {]Øm\w sI«n-̧-Sp-̄ p. ke^n {]Øm-\-̄ n-sâbpw k\qÊn {]Øm\-̄ n

sâbpw {]t_m-[\ ssien-bnÂ kmc-amb hyXymkw Zriy

am-sW-¦nepw ]e-ta-J-e-bnepw kmZr-iyhpw ImWmw. Ckvem-

ansâ XpS-¡¯n-ep-m-bn-cp¶ emfn-Xy-̄ n-te¡p Xncn¨p-

t]m-¡v, AXns\ hnIr-X-am-¡nb AXym-Nm-c-§fpw AÔ-hn-

izm-k-§-fnÂ \n¶pw AXns\ kwiq-²o-I-cn-¡p-I,Kth-j-W-

¯nsâ (C-Pn-XnlmZv) Bh-iy-I-X, _nZv-A-̄ p-I-tfm-SpÅ k

ao]\w F¶n-h-bn-sems¡ Cu kmZriyw \ap¡p a\Ên-em

¡mw. F{X-t¯m-f-sa-¶mÂ adm-In-inse kpÂ¯m³ koXn

aql-½Zv Hcn-¡Â {]kvXm-hn-̈ p.Rm³ amenIv aZvl-_p-Im-c

\pw hlm_n B i-b¡m-c-\p-am-Ip-¶p-sh¶v (a-cWw 1885) C

Xn\p kam-\-ambn Nn´n¨ hyàn-bm-bn-cp¶p AÄPo-cn-b³

Fgp-̄ p-Im-c-\mb amenIv_v\p \_n-bpw. aäp-Nne ]cn-jvI-cW {]Øm-\-§Ä `mKnIamtbm ]q

À®-amtbm ke^n kc-Wn-tbmSv ASp¸w ]peÀ¯n-t¸m-Ip


¶p.Ah-b-{Xbpw hyàn-I-fn-te¡p tNÀ¯n-̧-d-bp¶ {]Øm-

\-§fs{X. kpUm-\nse alvZn {]Øm-\w, D¯-cm{^n-¡-bn

se k\qkn {]Øm-\w, Dkvam-\p_v\p ^uZn-bpsS {]Øm

\w, CuPn-]vXnÂapl-½Zv A_vZp-hnsâ t\Xr--Xz-̄ nÂ DbnÀ

sImp {]Øm\w XpS-§n-b-h.C´y-bnse Ckvemln N-e-\-

§fpw kpUm-\n-sebpw CuPn-]vXn-sebpw A³km-dp-Êp¶

{]Øm-\hpw AlvepÂ l-Zokv {]Øm-\hpw Gsd-¡psd

]qÀ®-ambpw Ckvemlo BZÀiw kzoI-cn-̈ p- h-cp-¶-h-c-s{X. 1803þ1821 Ime-L-«-̄ nÂ kpam{XbnÂ {]Øm-\-̄ n

sâ BZÀiw hfsc s]s«¶p {]Ncn-̈ p. tlmf-p-Im-cmb

km{am-Py-Xz-hm-Zn-I-fpsS CS-s]-epIfpw XS-Ê-§fpw CÃm-bn-

cp-¶p-sh-¦nÂ {]Øm\w AhnsS sh¶n-s¡mSn ]mdn-¡pam-

bn-cp-¶p. F¦nepw Xt±-io-b-cnÂ h¼n¨ amä§Ä hcp-̄ m

³ {]Øm-\-̄ n\p km[n-̈ p. apkvenw temIs¯ AXv B]Xn¨ ZuÀ_-Ãy-§-fnÂ

\n¶p ssI]n-Sn¨pbÀ¯n _p²n-]-chpw sshÚm-\n-Ihpw

aX-]-c-hp-amb DWÀ¨ \ÂInb At\Iw aX{]Øm-\-§Ä

¡p \mµn-Ip-dn-¡p-hm³ ke^n {]Øm-\-̄ n\v km[n-̈ p-sh-

¶Xv Hcp Ncn{X kXy-am-Wv. tIc-f-̄ nse Nne ]ptcm-ln-XÀ AXv AwKoI-cn-¡p

hm³ X¿m-d-sÃ-¦nepw HcpNcn{X hnZymÀYn¡p Hcn-¡epw \n

tj-[n-¡m-\m-hm¯ kXy-ambn AXv Ah-ti--jn-¡p-¶p.


A²ymbw 9

Ckvemlo {]Øm-\hpw {_o«njv Nmc-hr-¯nbpw

Cu hnjbw NÀ¨- sN¿pw ap-¼mbn Hcp Imcyw hmb-

\-¡m-cs\ DWÀ¯-s«. GsXmcp hn`m-K-̄ n-t\tbm I£n

tbm \mw ]cn-tim-[n¡p-t¼mgpw Ah-sc-¡p-dn¨v t_m[-]qÀ

Æw AkXyw {]N-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xpw Adn-hn-Ãm-̄ -hs\ sXän-²

cn¸n-¡p-¶Xpw a\-Êm-£n¡p \nc-¡m¯Xpw A\n-kvem-an-I-

hp-am-Wv. temIm-Sn-Øm-\¯nÂ cq]s¸« Ckvemlo {]Øm-

\-s¯-¡p-dn¨v kwkm-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ C¡mcyw Hcn-¡epw hn

kva-cn-¡-cp-Xv. AÃmlp ]d-bp-¶p.“Hcp P\-X-tbm-SpÅ hntZz-jw, A

htcmSv A\oXn ImWn-¡m³ \n§sf t{]cn-̧ n-¡m-Xn-cn-¡-s«.

\n§Ä \oXn ]men-¡p-I. AXmWv [Àa-\n--jvT-tbmSv Gähpw

ASp-̄ Xv. \n§Ä AÃm-lp-hns\ kq£n-¡p-I. (amCZ :8) Ckvemln {]Øm-\s¯ ap-Jy-i-{Xp-hm¡n {]kn-²o-I-

cn-¡-s¸« Hcpae-bmf IrXn-bnÂ Fgp-Xp-¶Xv ImWpI: "{_n

«ojv Nmc-\mb lw^À shÅhpw hfhpw \ÂIn hfÀ¯n

sbSp¯ ]pXnb aX-amWv hlm-_nkw (h-lm-_n) {]Øm

\wþ Hcp ka{K ]T\w' F¶-Xnsâ A`n-{]m-b¡p-dn-̧ nÂ. A

tX ]pkvX-I-̄ nÂ Xs¶ F´mWv Gähpw henb kZvIÀ

aw F¶v hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv C§n-s\. "B hlm-_n-Isf¡p

dn¨v Fs´-¦nepw A`n-{]mbw \n§Ä¡pw ]d-bm-\ntÃ. F

¦nÂ B A`n-{]mbw \n§-fpsS \m«nepw ho«nepw {]N-cn-̧ n

¡p.\mw ]c-tem-I-t¯¡p thn sN¿p¶ Gähpw al¯m

b kZvIÀ½w AXm-bn-cn-¡pw. (t]: 311) AtX ]pkvX-I-¡m-c


³ asäm-cn-S¯v FgpXp-¶p. "Npcp-¡-̄ nÂ Ckvem-ans\ \in-

¸n-¡m³ {_n«ojv `c-W-IqSw \ntbm-Kn¨ lw^À F¶ Nmc

³ C_v\p B_vZnÂ hlm_v F¶...........? Hcp Pmc-k-́ -Xn-

bmWv hlm-_nkw' (hcn apgp-h³ Fgp-Xp-¶Xv kwkvImc

iq\yam-Ipw) tIc-f-̄ nse bYmÀY "kp¶¯v Pam-A¯n sâ' in

Yne a{´-§Ä! Ch-cpsS Gähpw henb ]pWy-IÀ½w LSn-

Im-c-̄ nsâ kqNn ]n¶m¡w Xncn-¡-em-Wv. Ckvemln {]kv

Ym-\-̄ n\v {_n«njv _Ô-ap-m-bn-cpt¶m F¶-dn-bm³ B

Zy-ambn thXv Ncn{X ]cn--tim-[-\-bm-Wv. kXy-k-Ô-ambn

Ncn{Xw ]Tn¡p-¶Xn-eqsS Xs¶ CÆnj-b-I-ambn Hcp XoÀ¸n-

se-̄ mw. Kth-j-IÀ, Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ, ]Tn-Xm-¡Ä Hmdn-bâ-en-kv

äp-IÄ, `mjm ]WvUn-XÀ, cm-jv{Sob hni-I-e-\-¡mÀ, \thm

°m\ Ncn{Xw Ipdn-̈-hÀ, hnÚm-\-tIm-i-c-N-bn-Xm-¡Ä, A

\p-bm-bn-IÄ, i{Xp-¡Ä F¶o hnhn[taJ-e-bn-ep-Å-hÀ ap

l-½Zv _v\p A_vZnÂ hlm-_ns\ hne-bn-cp-̄ n-bn-«p-v. akvXnjvIw ]W-b-s¸-Sp-̄ m¯ klr-Z-b-\mb G

sXmcp kXym-t\z-jn¡pw Cu Zni-bnÂ shfn¨w \ÂI-emWv

Cu Ir-Xn-bpsS e£yw.Ncn-{X-̄ nsâ I®m-Sn-bn-eqsS Hcp a

lm-{]-Øm\w F§s\ ho£n-¡-s¸-Sp¶p F¶v ]cn-tim[n

¡Ww.A§s\ aX-bm-Ym-Øn-Xn-Icpw AhcpsS IuSn-ey-kq-

{X-§fpw _p²n-am-·m-cpsS ap¼nÂ hnNm-cW sN¿-s¸-SWw ssiJv apl-½Zv _v\p A_vZnÂ hlm-_n\v {_n«ojv

_mÔhw Dm-bn-cp-¶pthm?


bYmÀY-̄ nÂ ssiJv {_n«ojv `c-W-̄ nsâ i{Xp-¡-

fpsS ]«n-I-bn-em-Wp-m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. CXmWv {]Øm-\-̄ nsâ

an{X-§fpw i{Xp-¡fp-amb \njv]£ Ncn-{X-Im-c-·m-cpsS G

tIm-]n-Xm-̀n-{]m-bw. CXn\v Dt]m-Zv_-e-I-amb sXfn-hp-IÄ \

ap¡p ]cn-tim-[n-¡mw. AXn-te¡p IS¡pw ap¼v km{am-Py-

s¯-¡p-dn¨v AÂ]w {]Xn-]m-Zn-t¡-Xpv.

bqtdm-]y³ km{am-PyXzw apkvenw cmPy-§-fnÂ Ipcnip bp²m-\-́ cw Ckvem-anIcmPy-§-sf Iog-S

¡m³, ssk\nI apt¶-ä-§-fn-eqsS- km-²y-a-sÃ¶p a\-Ên-em-

¡nb bqtdm-]y³amÀtImf\n hÂ¡-c-W-̄ nsâ ]pXnb am

ÀK-§Ä tXSn-s¡m-n-cp-¶p. I¨-hS hym]mc amÀK-§-fm-W-

hÀ {][m-\-ambpw B{i-bn-̈-Xv. hymh-km-bnI hn-¹hw DbÀ

¯n -hn« \ho\ DÂ]-¶-§sf ]p¯³ tImf-\n-I-fnÂ hnä

gn-¡pI F¶-Xn-\p-]p-dsa X§-fpsS kwkvIm-chpw aXhpw

temI-s¯-Ãm-bn-S¯pw {]N-cn-̧ n-¡epw tImf\nhÂ¡-c-W-

¯nsâ e£y-§-fnÂ s]«Xmbn-cp-¶p.F.-Un. 15þmw \qäm-n

\p tijw ]Sn-ªm-dp- \n¶p Ing-t¡m-«pÅ bqtdm-]y-cpsS H

cp Ips¯mgp-¡mWv Ncn-{X-̄ nÂ \mw ImWp-¶-Xv. t]mÀ¨p-

Ko-kp-ImÀ, {^©p-ImÀ, Cw¥o-jp-ImÀ, PÀa³ImÀ, Cd-d-en

¡mÀ,U³amÀ¡p-ImÀ, kzoU³ImÀ XpS-§n-b-h-scÃmw CXn

Â AWn-\n-c-¶p. A¡m-e¯v ià-amb aq¶v apkvenw `c-W-

Iq-S-§-fm-Wp-m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. Jnem-̂ -̄ nsâ {]Xn-\n-[n-bm-bp

Å Dkvam\n `c-W-Iq-S-hpw, C´y-bnÂ apKnf km{am-Pyhpw

t]Àjy-bnÂ kYho(ioCu) `c-W-Iq-Shpw. Cu `c-W-Iq-S-§sf BZyw ]tcm-£-ambpw ]ns¶ {]

Xy-£-ambpw XIÀ¡pI F¶ KqV-e£yw tImf--\n-hÂ¡-c-

W-̄ nÂ Hfn-ªp-In-S-¶n-cp-¶p. Iebpw kmln-Xyhpw hyh-


kmbþhmWn-Py-§-fp-saÃmw Cu amÀ¤-̄ nÂ D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-

¯-s¸-«p. "]m-ÝmXysc \½-fmbpw,]uckvXysc A\y-cmbpw

Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡-s¸-«p. CXnsâ `mK-amWv XpÀ¡n "bqtdm-̧ nsâ

tcmKn''bmIp-¶Xpw B{^n¡ "Idp-̄ - h³Ic-bm-hp-¶Xpw'

C-́ y-¡mÀ kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambn ]n¶m-¡-¡m-cmIp-¶-Xpw. bqtdm-̧ nsâ s]mXp-hmb at\m-\ne a\Ên-em-¡m³,

{]apJ Ncn-{X-Im-c³ ssd\msâ Hcp hmNIw FtUzÀUv

sskZv FSp-̄ p-²-cn-̈Xv hmbn-̈mÂ aXn-bm-Ipw."\½psS Im

e¯nsâ hnj-b-§-fp-ambn hf-sc-¡p-d¨p _Ô--s¸Sp¶ H

cmÄ¡p- t]mepw hyà-ambn a\-Ên-emhpw, saml½-Zob cm

Py-§Â \t½-¡mÄ F{Xtbm Xcw Xmgv¶-h-bm-sW-¶v.' F´n\v kmln-Xyw- t]mepw Iog-S-¡-ensâ h{Pm-bp-[-

§-fm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶mWv sskZnsâ aXw."ImÀsseepw dkvIn

\pw Un¡³kpw Xm¡sdbpw t]mepÅ Fgp-̄ p-ImÀ tIm

f\n hÂI-cW¯nsâ ]£-̄ m-bn-cp-¶p. Xmtg-¡n-S- hwiw

F¶ [mcW AhÀ ]e-tcbpw Ipdn¨p kq£n-̈ n-cp-¶p. F

¶n«pw Ahsc kmwkvIm-cn-I-X-bptSXmb Hcp hyXykvX h

Ip-̧ n-emWv DbÀ¯n {]Xn-jvTn-̈-Xv. kwkvIm-c-amWp t]mepw

Ah-cpsS bYmÀY taJ-e. C¯cw k¦oÀWamb kml-N-cy-̄ nÂ AYhm an¡

Ckvem-anI cmPy-§-fnepw bqtdm]y³ Cw]o-cn-b-en-k-̄ nsâ

Zwjv{S-IÄ Du¶n-b-t¸mÄ, C-kvem-anI N{I-hm-f-̄ nÂ Hcp

ip{I- \-£-{X-ambn apl-½Zv _v\p A_vZpÂ hlm_v Atd-

_y-bnÂ DZn-̈ p-s]m-§p-¶Xv CkvemanIw F¶p-hn-fn-¡m-hp

¶ GtXXp taJ-e-I-fnepw AhÀ ssIsh-̈ p. `cWw, \nb-a-

\nÀ½m-Ww, ]ÀZ, hnZym-̀ym-kw, kwkvIm-cw., Pnlm-Zv,-km-aq

lnI ImgvN-̧m-Sv, FÃm-än-epw.... Bcm-[\IfnÂ AhÀ CS-s]-


«n-sÃ¶p ]d-bmw.Bcm-[\ cwK¯v aX-hn-cp-²-amb Imcy-§

Ä apkvenw-I-fnÂ Xs¶ thp-thm-f-ap-m-bn-cp-¶-tÃm. AXp-sImp Xs¶ Ckvem-ant\m apkvenw-IÄt¡m

t\«-ap-m-¡p¶ GsXmcp LS-Is¯bpw CÃmbva sN¿m

\mWv i{Xp-¡Ä DZyan-̈ n-cp-¶-Xv.A¡q-«-̄ nÂ Ckvemln {]

Øm-\s¯bpw AXnsâ kmc-Yn-I-sfbpw Zpjv{]-N-cWw h

gn¡pw Bbp-[-_-ew sImpw \in-̧ n-¡m-\p-Å- X-{´-§Ä

Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p-I-bmWv {_n«\pwAh-cpsS {]`rXnIfpw sN

bvX-Xv. AÃmsX "hlm_n {]Øm-\'s¯ -h-fÀ¯n-s¡m-p-

h-cm³ AhÀ Fs´-¦nepw {]hÀ¯n-̈-Xmbn hnizm-k-tbm-Ky-

amb Ncn-{X-tc-J-I-fnÂ ImWp-¶nÃ.F¶mÂ {]Øm\ i{Xp-

¡-fmb inbm-¡fpw Jq_q-cn-Ifpw C§ns\ IÅ{]N-cWw

\S¯p¶p-sh-¶p -am-{Xw.

Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb alvaqZv imInÀ Fgp-Xp-¶p. "Ing-¡³ Ckvem-anI temI¯v aq¶v iànI-fm-Wp

m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. ZuÀ_-ey-̄ nepw PVm-h-Ø-bnepw F¯n-\n

Â¡p-¶ Jnem-̂ -̄ ns\ {]Xn-\n-[m\w sN¿p¶ Dkvam\o-̀-c-

W- Iq-SamWv H¶m-a-t¯Xv. CuPn-]vXns\ Hcp \h-iàn-bm

¡n DbÀ¯n-s¡m-p-h-cm³ InWªp ]cn-{i-an-¡p¶ apl-

½-Zen ]mjbpsS t\Xr-Xz-̄ n-emWv cm-a-t¯-Xv. aq¶m-a

s¯ iàn Atd-_y-bnÂ hfÀ¨bpsS L«-̄ n-se-̄ nb k

DuZn `c-W-Iq-Shpw. ke^n ss]XrIw ]n³]änbpw [Àa-k

acm-thiw apkvenw-I-fnÂ \«p-]nSn¸n¨pw apt¶m-«p-\o-§nb

AhÀ¡p kap-Zmb ]n´pWANn-tcW e`n-̈ p -sIm-n-cn¶p. A_vZpÂ Akokv cmPm-hn-sâbpw aI³ kDu-ZpÂ

I_o-dnsâ Ime-L-«-̄ nÂ Dmb `cW-̄ nsâ hfÀ¨bpw


hnIm-khpw Dkvam\o `c-W-IÀ¯m-¡sf sR«n-̈ p. _KvZm-Zn-

sebpw AXp-t]mse kndn-b-bn-sebpw KhÀWÀamÀ¡v Cu

\h-i-àn-¡p-ap-¶nÂ ap«p--a-S-t¡-n -h-¶p. apl-½-Z-en-¡m-I

s« Xsâ A`n-em-j-§Ä¡pw taml-§Ä¡pw ChÀ hne-§p-

X-Sn-bm-hptam F¶ t]Snbpw DS-se-Sp-̄ p. F¶mÂ ss{Ikv

Xh cmjv{S-§-fpsS `bw, Dkvam-\n-I-fpsS Zu_-ey-̄ n-\p-ti

jwhopw apkvenw-I-fnÂ [Àa-k-a-cm-thiw DSse-Sp-¡ptam

F¶-Xp-am-bn-cp-¶p. AXp-sImp Xs¶ Cu {]t_m-[I kw

cw`s¯ XIÀ¯p-I-f-bm³ apl-½-Z-en-bpsS klmbw tXSn

s¡mp Dkvam\o Jeo-̂ bv¡p AhÀ t{]cW \ÂIn. Cu

\h-i-àn-bpsS kzm[o\w Dd-¡p-¶-Xn-t\-¡mÄ t`Zw apl-½-

Zen ]mj¡p IqSp-XÂ kzmX{´yw e`n-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡p-sa

¶-hÀ IW-¡p-Iq-«n. Jeo-̂ -bm-Is« Xsâ Hcp FXn-cm-fnsb

s¡mp asäm-cmsf hI-h-cp-̄ m\pw Dd-̈ p.A§s\ apl-½

-Z-en, Jeo-̂ -bpsS BÚ \S-̧ n-em-¡p-¶-Xnt\m AX-sÃ-¦n

Â Xsâ Xmev]cyw kwc-£-W-̄ nt\m cwK-̄ n-d§n. (Ckv

emanI Ncn{Xw, hm. 8, t]Pv. 260, alvaqZv imInÀ)

Ckvem-ln-{]-Øm-\-̄ nsâ cp i{Xp-¡Ä "t]\-sImpw \mhp-sImpw Bkq-{XWw sN¿-s¸

« Zpjv{]-Nm-c-W-am-bn-cp-¶p Dkvam-\n-IfnÂ \n¶v {]Øm-\

¯n\v t\cn-tS-n- h-¶Xv. \nIr-jvS-amb ]p¯³hm-Zhpw {]

I-Samb hyXn-bm-\-hp-amWv AXnsâ Bi-b-§-sf¶pw Ckv

em-anItemI-̄ nsâ sFIy-̄ n\pw ]cn-ip² aµn-c-§-fpsS

\ne-\nÂ]n\pw FXn-cm-sW¶pw Ah-sc-¡p-dn¨p Nn{Xo-I-cn-

¡-s¸-«p. hlm_n {]Øm-\¯nsâ asämcp i{Xp XÕ-abw cw

K-̄ p-h¶ {_n«ojv tImf\n hmgvN-bm-bn-cp-¶p. AhÀ¡p K


Ä^nÂ hÀ[n¨ XmÂ]-cy-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p. D]-Zzo-]nÂ ZpÀºe

iàn-IÄ `cn-̈mte Ah-cpsS Xmev]-cy-kw-c-£Ww km[y

am-Iq. kDu-Zn-IÄ sI«n-s¸-Sp-̄ p-sIm-n-cn-¡p¶ iàhpw

{]hn-im-e-hp-amb `cWw X§-fpsS cmjv{Sob XmÂ]-cy-̄ n-

s\-Xn-cm-sW-¶-hÀ a\-Ên-em-¡n. h©-\-bn-eq-sSbpw `ojWn

aptJ-\bpw Bh-iy-L-«-§-fnÂ ssk\yw aptJ-\bpw AhÀ

X¡-k-a-b¯p CS-s]-«p- sIm-n-cp-¶p.A§-s\-bmWv akvI

¯v `c-Wm-[n-Imcn kDuZv _v\p kpÂ¯m\pw {_n«ojv tIm

f\n-¡mcpw X½nÂ ssItImÀ¡p-¶Xv AXn-\mÂ Xs¶ akv

I¯vhsc Ah-cpsS A[n-Imc taJe hn]p-e-am-hp-Ibpw sN

bvXp. (Ckvem-anI Ncn{X hnÚm\ tImiw, hm. 7, t]. 125,

tUm. AlvaZv ie-_n) Htc kabw cp i{Xp-¡-fmWv Ckvemln {]Øm-\-

¯n-t\mSv Gäp-ap-«m³ {]m]vX-ambn-cp-¶-Xv. C{X-t¯mfw {]I-

S-amb i{Xp-Xbpw sImSnb h©-\bpw A\p-hÀ¯n-¡p¶

{_n«t\mSv Dkvam\n `c-W-amWv N§m¯w ]peÀ¯n-b-sX-

¶mWv ChnsS \ap¡v a\-Ên-em-Im-\m-Ip-¶-Xv.

hlm_n {]Øm\hpw {_n«o-jp-Imcpw

kÀhXv kueXv Fgp-Xp-¶Xv ImWp-I. ""Dkvam-\nb kpÂ¯m-\-̄ pw, {_n«o-jp-Imcpw kDu

Zn KhÀsaâns\ btim-l-Xy- sN¿p-¶-XnÂ henb ]¦p-h-ln-

¨n-«p-v. AhÀ sXän²m-c-Wm-P-\-Ihpw AXn-i-tbmàn]c-hp-

amb hmÀ¯-IÄ temI-s¯§pw {]N-cn¸n¨p. {_n«o-jp-Im

cpw Dkvam-\n-Ifpw kDu-Zn-I-fpsS i{Xp-¡-fm-bn-cp-¶p-h-sÃm.

Dkvam-\n-I-fp-ambn AhÀ t\À¡p-t\-sc-̄ s¶ kwL-«-\-̄ n-

em-bn-cp-¶p. t]Àjy³ KÄ^v Xoc-§-fpsS taepÅ kDuZn


B[n-]Xyw ChnsS hÀ[n-̈ p-h-cp¶ {_n«ojv kzm[o-\-̄ n\p

XS-Ê-am-sW¶v I {_n«o-jp-ImÀ Ham-\nse Aao-dmb k

Du-Zn\p ]Ww-sImSp-̄ p-sImv kDuZn IpSpw-_-t¯mSv bp

²w sN¿n-̈ n-cp-¶p. Cu Ime-̄ mWv C´y-bnÂ apPm-lnZo

sâ {]Øm\w iàn-{]m-]n-̈-Xv. apPmlnZo³ {]Øm-\-¡m

sc XIÀ¡p-¶-Xn\p thn {_n«o-jp-ImÀ apl-½-Zv _v\p A

_vZnÂ hlm-_nsâ Nn´-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v ]e-X-c-̄ n-ep-Å- sX-än-

²m-c-W-IÄ ]c-̄ p-Ibpw apPm-lnZp {]Øm\-¡msc hlm-

_n-I-fmbn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. apl-½Zv_v\p A_v

ZnÂ hlm-_ns\ hlm_n F¶ ]pXnb I£n-bpsS Øm]-

I-\mbn {_n«o-jp-ImÀ Ah-X-cn-̧ n-̈ p. hmkvX-h-̄ nÂ At±

lw Hcp ]pXnb I£n-bpsS Øm]-It\ AÃ. Alvep-Êp-¶

¯n hÂ PamA¯nse l¼-en- a-Zvl-_p-Im-c-\m-bn-cp¶ A

t±lw JpÀ-B-sâbpw kp¶-̄ n-sâbpw A[ym-]-\-§Ä ]p

\-cp-Öo-hn-̧ n-¡m³ {ian-¡p-I -am-{Xta sNbvXn-«p-Åq. (C-kv

emanI kaqlwþNcn{X kw{Klw hmfyw 2, t]m. 531 F¶

IrXn-bnÂ \n¶v)

Atd_y km{am-Py-Xz¯n¶v Iogvs]-«n-Ã {_n«ojv tImf\n hmgvN Ckvem-anI {]hn-iy-I-fnÂ

F-{X-am{Xw kzm[o-\n-¡p-I-bp-m-sb¶v(F³ssk-t¢m-]o-Un-

b Hm v̂ {_n«m-\n-¡) ]dbp-¶p.{]Xn-tcm-[n-¡mt\m ]cn-jv¡-

cn-¡mt\m DÅ {ia-§Ä an¡Xpw ]cm-P-b-s¸-«p. 1818 Bb-

t¸mÄ C´y-bpsS taepÅ {_n«ojv B[n-]Xyw Gsd-¡psd

]qÀW--am-bn-¡-gn-ªn-cp-¶p. ]n¶o-St§m«v H«-t\Iw tImf-\n-

IÄ AtX-hgn XpSÀ¶-v sIm-t-bn-cp-¶p. H¶mw temI-bp-²-

¯n\p -ti-jhpw AXv XpSÀ¶p. FÃm C-kvem-anI cmPy-§

fpw ]qÀ®-ambn tImf-\n-I-fm-bn-sÃ-¦nepw HcpXc-̄ n-e-sÃ-¦n


Â asämcp Xc-̄ nÂ AhÀ B{in-X-cm-Py-§-fmbn¯oÀ¶p.

a\-Èm-kv{X-]-c-am-tbm, cmjv{So-b-amtbm, kmt¦-Xn-I-am-tbm,

kmwkvIm-cn-I-tam, km¼-̄ n-Itam Bbn-«mbncp¶p Cu B

{in-XXzw. A§s\ Hcp-X-c-̄ n-epÅ B{in-X-Xz¯nepw hcm

sX hgpXn c£-s¸«Xv A-td-_y³ D]-Zzo-]nse kuZn `c-W-

ta-Je am{Xambn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ 1930 IÄ¡p-tijw F®

bpsS Ip-]n-Sp-̄ -t¯msS ØnXnKXn-IÄ amdn- h-cp-¶p-v. \qäm-p-I-tfmfw apkvenw cmPy-§sf apgph³A[o-\-

s¸-Sp-̄ nb i{Xp-cm-Py-§-fpsS ]nSn-bnÂ \n¶v c£-s¸-Sm³

km[n-̈Xv Ckvem-ans\ PohnX {]am-W-ambn AwKo-I-cn¨ k

DuZn Atd_y¡p am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p.þCsXmcp Ncn{XkXyamW.v Ckvem-anI Jnem-̂ -̄ nsâ ]X\w Bk-¶-am-b-t¸m

Ä 18þmw \qäm-nÂ aq¶v iàn-IÄ \-h-Pm-K-c-W-̄ nsâ Im

lf [z\n-bp-ambn cwK-̄ p-h-¶p."Pko-d-bnÂ apl-½-Zv _v\p

A_vZnÂ hlm-_nsâ Ckvemln {]Øm-\w,AÄPo-cn-b-, en

_nb tI{µo-I-cn¨p B{^n-¡-bnÂ k\qkn {]Øm\w kp

Um-\nÂ alvZn {]Øm\w F¶n-hbmWh. Chsb ]cm-aÀin-̈ p-sImp tUmIvSÀ PaoÂ A_vZp

Ã ankvco Fgp-Xp-¶Xv ImWp-I. "Cu aq¶v {]Øm-\-§-sf

bpw hnIrX-am¡n Nn{Xo-I-cn¨p Ahsb ap¨qSpw \in-̧ n-¡m

³ Xp\n-ªp, ]Sn-ªm-d³ tImf\n hmgvN-¡mÀ. AXp-t]m

epÅ aäp Ckvem-anI {]Øm-\-§-sf-bpw, sImÅ-¡m-cmb

tImf\n hmgvN-¡mÀs¡Xnsc AhÀ PnlmZv \S-̄ p-¶p-sh

¶ ImcWw sImmWn{]-Imcw sNbvX-Xv.Ckvem-anI temI

¯v aXþcmjv{S hn`-P-\-̄ n\pw AhÀ acp-¶n-«p.(8)

(8) B[p-\nI Ckvem-anI temIhpw {]iv\-§fpw `mKw 1, t]. 184)


{_n«o-jp-Im-cpsS A]-hm-Z-{]-N-c-W-§Ä Cý³ D]-̀q-J-WvU-̄ nÂ Dcphw sIm k¿nZv A

l-aZv ilo-Znsâ hlm_n {]Øm\hpw {_n«ojv D]-Pm-]-§

fpw F§-s\bmbn-cp¶p F¶p t\m¡mw. "Hcp `mK¯v A[n-Im-cn-IÄ A{Iaw Agn¨p hn«-t¸m

Ä adp-̀m-K¯v {]Øm-\-̄ n-s¶-XncnÂ A]-hmZ {]N-c-W-§

Äþ\S-̄ p-¶-Xn\v A[n-Im-cn-IÄ InW-ªp- ]-cn-{i-an-̈ p. ap

kvenw kap-Zm-bs¯ {]Øm-\hpambn AI-äpI F¶Xm-bn-

cp¶p CXnsâ Xmev]-cyw. Hcp {]Øm-\s¯ XIÀ¡m³ G

ähpw Bh-iy-am-bn-«p-Å-Xv AXnsâ P\-]n-́ pW \jvS-s¸-Sp-

¯p-Ibpw P\-]n´pW BÀPn-¡p-¶-XnÂ \n¶v AXns\ XS-

bp-Ibpw sN¿p-I-bm-Wv.A{I-ahpw aÀ±-\hpw am{Xw- sImv

CXv km[y-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. AXv sIm-hÀ A]-hm-Z-{]-N-c-W-

§-fnÂ A`bw tXSn. CXnÂ Gähpw amcIambn-̄ oÀ¶Xpw

{it²b-hp-amb {]Nm-cWw k¿nZv AlvaZv iloZv"hlm_n'

bmsW¶pw PnlmZv {]Øm\w hlm_n {]Øm-\-am-sW-¶p

Å Btcm-]-W-hp-am-bn-cp¶p. ssiJv apl-½Zv _v\p A_vZn

Âh-lm_v \PvZnÂ Bcw-̀n-̈ n-cp¶ ]p\-cp-°m\ {]Øm-\

¯nsâ Cý³ ]Xn-̧mbn A[n-Im-cn-IÄ CXns\ ap{Z-Ip-

¯p-Ibpw AXv ]c-am-h[n {]N-cn-̧ n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXpw CXn-

¶m-h-iy-amb Ipsd -I-Å-¡-Y-Ifpw AhÀ sa\-ªp-m-¡n.

hlm_n \ma-I-c-W-̄ n\p ]n¶nÂ "Cý-bnÂ apkvenw-IÄ \PvZnse {]Øm-\-s¯-¡p-dn

¨v [mcmfw sXän-²m-c-W-Ifpw AÔ-[m-c-W-Ifpw sh¨p ]pe

À¯p-¶-h-cm-sW-s¶-dn-ª-Xp- sIm-m-bn-cp-¶p. A[n-Im-cn-I

Ä Cu Btcm]Ww Na-̈-Xv. C-Jv_m-ensâ at\m-l-c- ssien-

bnÂ ]d-ªmÂ \PvZnse {]Im-i-̄ nsâ {]Øm-\-̄ n\v i


{Xp-¡Ä hlm_n {]Øm-\-sa¶v t]cn-«Xv Zpcp-t±-iy-]qÀÆ-am-

bn-cp-¶p. ssiJnÂ Ckvem-ansâ t]cn-t\m-S-ÃtÃm {]Øm-\

s¯ AhÀ _Ô-s¸-Sp-̄ n-b-Xv. At±l¯nsâ ]nXmhnsâ

t]cn-t\m-SmWv {]Øm-\s¯ Iq«n-s¡-«nbXv.CsXm-cp KqVm-

tem-N-\-bpsS ê-am-bn-cp-¶p.

Cý³ hlm-_n-I-tfmSv {_n«o-jp-Im-cpsS {IqcX Atd-_y-bn-epÅ {]Øm-\-̄ nsâ hàm-¡sf am{X-a

Ã ]mÝm-Xy-cpsS i{Xp-¡-fmbn AhÀ \nco-£n-̈-Xv. temI

¯nsâ GXp tImWnepw Cu BZÀi-¡mtcm CXn\p kam

\ BZÀiap-Åhtcm,FÃmhcpw Ah-cpsS I®nse Ic-Sm-bn-

cp-¶p. H¶mw kzmX-{ý-k-acw F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶ 1857 se hn-

¹-h-̄ n\p tijw AhÀ {]Øm-\-hp-ambn \qÂ _Ôw D

Å-h-tcm-Sp- t]mepw F§-s\-bmWv s]cp-a-mdn-b-sX-¶-dn-bm³

k¿nZv A_vZpÂ lk³ Aen \Zvhn Fgp-Xn-bXv. hmbn¨p

t\m¡p-I.

k¿nZv AlvaZv ilo-Zp-ambn t\cnb _Ô-ap-m-bn-cp-

¶-h-sc-t¸mepw Cý-bnÂ AhÀ hnNm-cW sN¿p-I-bp-m

bn. A§s\ 1864 Â ]mäv\-bnepw emtlm-dnepw Xmt\-k-dn

epw sh¨v alm-]-WvUn-X-·m-scbpw hnZym-k-¼-¶-scbpw k

ap-Zmb {]am-Wn-am-scbpw hym]m-cn-I-sf-bp-saÃmw AhÀ hn

Nm-cW sNbvXp. apkvenw-I-tfmSv s]mXp-hnÂ AhÀ sh¨p-

]p-eÀ¯n-bn-cp¶ hntZzjw hyà-am-¡p¶ hnNm-c-W-bm-bn-cp

¶p AXv. Cw¥o-jp-ImÀ Xs¶ hlm-_n-Isf¶p ap{Z-Ip-̄ n-

b-h-scbpw Ah-cpsS klm-bn-I-sfbpw {]tXy-I-amb hnNm-c

W \S-̄ n.(9)

(9) Cý³ apkvenw-IÄ þ k¿nZv A_pÂ lk³ \Zvhn, t]. 174)


Cu Ncn-{X-k-Xy-§Ä F´p ]mT§fmWv \ap¡p \

ÂIp-¶Xv?{_o«o-jp-ImÀ Hcn-¡epw Ckvemln {]Øm-\-s¯

tbm AXnsâ t\Xm-¡-sftbm AwKo-I-cn-̈ n-cp-¶n-Ã.Atd-_y-

bnÂ AhcpsS B[n-]Xyw \in-̧ n-¡m³ ]eX{´§fpw B

hn-jvI-cn-̈ p. AXnsâ `mK-ambn Ham\nse Aao-dn\v ]W-w

sImSp-̄ p-sImp Ah-tcmSv bp²w sN¿n-̈ p. Dkvam\o J

eo^tbmSv apl-½-Z-ensb {]tbmP\-s¸-Sp¯n kDuZn `c-W-

Iq-S-t¯mSv Gäp-ap-«n¨p Ah-cpsS BØm-\-tI{µw \mam-h-

ti-j-am-¡n.

{_n-«o-jp-Im-cpsS A\p-tam-Z-\-k-tµ-iw H¶mw kDuZn `c-W-IqSw AXnsâ hnIm-k- L-«-̄ n-

te¡p {]th-in-¡p-¶Xv A_vZpÂ Akokv _v\p apl-½Zv

_v\p kDu-Znsâ (1765 þ1803) Ime-̄ m-Wv. \PvZnsâ AXnÀ

¯n-IÄ IS¶p AÂ-A-lvkm, JXzo^v F¶n-hn-S-§-fnÂ B

[n-]-Xy-ap-d-̧ n-̈ p. XpSÀ¶p KÄ^nepw Ham-\n-epw. 1801 Â IÀ

_-em, A[o-\-s¸-Sp-̄ n. XpSÀ¶p aI³ kDu-Zp_v\p B_v

ZnÂ Akokv (1803þ1814) A[n-Im-c-̄ nÂ h¶p. C¡m-e-̄ m

Wv apl-½-Zen ]mj-bpsS ssk\yw kDu-Znsb B{I-an-¡p-

¶Xv. BZyw aI³ Xqkpsâ t\Xr-Xz-̄ nÂ ]ns¶ apl-½-Z-

en-bpsS asäm-cp- a-I³ C{_mlnw ]mj-bp-sSbpw Nne kµÀ

`-§-fnÂ apl-½-Zen ]mj-bpsS kz´w t\Xr-Xz-̄ n-ep-am-bn-

cp¶p B{I-a-Ww. {]Ya B{I-aWw 1812 apXÂ 1818 hsc G

I-tZiw \op \n¶p. 1818 Â Ah-cpsS tI{µw ZnÀ-C¿ ]m

sS XIÀ¯p Xcn-̧-W-am-¡n-¡-f-ªp.CuPn-]vjy³ ssk\y

¯nt\mSv kDuZn t\XrXzw kÔn¡p X¿m-dm-hp-Ibpw sN

bvXp.


Cu \nÀWmb kµÀ`-̄ nÂ C´y-bnÂ, {_n«ojv Cu

kvän-́ ym- I-¼\n `cWw I¿-S¡n ¡gn-ªn-cp-¶p. At¸mÄ

Ah-cpsS t_mws_bn-epÅ ssk\y-̄ nse 47 þmw sdPn-sa

ânsâ ssk\ym-[n-]³ Pn. F^v. kmUveyÀ¡p Hcp t_m

t[m-Z-bw.Ct¸mÄ ssIh¶ kphÀWm-hkcw H«pw ]mgm-¡m

sX Hc-\p-tam-Z\w Adn-bn¡p-I. `mhn-bnÂ ssk\nI klm

bw thW-sa¦nÂ AXpw hmKvZm\w sN¿p-I. AXn-\pthn

t_mws_bnÂ \n¶pw 1819 Pq¬amkw 28þmw XnbXn At±-

l-̄ nsâ kwLw I¸Â amÀKw Atd-_y-bn-te¡p ]pd-s¸

«p. ]s£ C{_mlow ]mjsb ZnÀ-C-¿-bntem ]cn-k-c-t¯m-

sh¨v ImWm³ Ign-ªn-Ã. A§s\ 1819 sk]vXw-_-À am

kw 8,9 Xn¿-Xn-I-fnÂ aZo-\-bnÂ sh¨p- I-p. hlm-_n-I-fpsS Xe-Øm-\-amb ZnÀ-C-¿sb k¼qÀ®

ambn \mam-h-ti-j-am-¡n-b-Xnsâ D]-lmc kaÀ¸-Ww. CXm

Wv Ncn{X km£y§Ä. Bsc-bmWv {_n«o-jp-ImÀ Xm§n-b

Xv? apl-½-Z-en-bpsS ssk\y-s¯-bm-Is« hlm-_n-Isf \n

ew- ]-cn-im-¡m³ \ntbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv Dkvam\o Jeo-̂ -bpw. CÆn-j-b-I-amb tUm:apl-½Zv_v\p kAXv AÈp-ssh

-CÀ Fgp-Xp¶p(10) : C{_mlow ]mjsb t\cnÂ Ip Xsâ

kt´mjw Adn-bn¡m³ 1819 BKÌv 13þmw Xn¿-Xn-bmWv

kmUven-b³ ZnÀ-C-¿-bn-se-̄ p-¶-Xv. A§s\ aZo-\¡p kao

]w "B_mÀ Aen' F¶n-S¯p sh¨p Ipap-«n. hnP-b-̄ n

Â A\p-tam-Zn-¡p-I, {_n«ojv CuÌv C´ym I¼-\n-bpsS k

½m\w ssIamdpI CXm-bn-cp¶p e£yw. lnPvd 1233þÂ(1818)

(10) "Btcm-]W hnt[-b-\mb sskJv apl-½Zv_v\p A_vZnÂ hlm_v' F¶ akv-

DuZv Bew \Zvhn-bpsS IrXn-bnÂ \n¶v. Cw¥ojv ]Xn¸v, t]. 74)


{]Ø-m\-̄ nsâ BØm-\-tI{µw F´p- am{Xw \new]cn-im-

¡n-bn-«p-s¶v hne-bn-cp-̄ p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p asämcp \nKqU

e£yw. ImcWw Cw¥o-jp-Im-cpsS B[n-]-Xy-ap-Ån-S-§-fn-se

Ãmw AhÀ¡v "hlm-_n-IÄ' `oj-Wn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. kmUven-b³ ]d-bs« : ""A_vZp-Ã-bpsS ]em-b-\-t¯m

sSbpw ZnÀ-C-¿-bpsS ]X-\-t¯mSpw IqSn hlm-_n-I-fpsS th

cv Aäv t]mbn-cn-¡p¶p. \PvZnÂ sh¨v Rm³ Ip kwkm-

cn¨ _Zp-¡-fnÂ \n¶pw F\n¡v a\-Ên-em-bXv AhÀ kp¶n-

I-fm-sW¶pw ZoÀL-bm-{X-I-fnÂ At§-bäw ""{]bm-k-I-c-am

b kml-N-cy-̄ nÂ t]mepw \nÀ_Ô \a-kvImcw Dt]-£n-

¡m-̄ -h-cp-amWv AhÀ F¶mWv'' F¶n«pw ae-bmfn "kp

¶¯v Pam-A-̄ nsâ' `mj-bnÂ hlm_n {]Øm-\-am-Ws{X

{_n«o-jp-Im-cpsS Z¯p-]p-{X·mÀ! AÛp-Xta AÛpXw! Ncn

{XkXy-§Ä ChÀ¡p ap¼nÂ Xe Iogmbn adn-bp-¶p.! C\nbpw ImWp-I, {]apJ {^©v Hmdn-bâenÌmb Pm

³ PmIv knZntbm (1777þ1832) hlm_n {]Øm-\s¯ Ipdn¨v

Fgp-Xn-b-Xmbn ""\Zo-apÂ AZv_v'' F¶ IrXn-bnÂ AlvaZv

_v\p kDuZv AÂ_-KvZmZn D²-cn-¡p-¶p.""apl-½Zv _v\p A

_vZpÂ hlm_pw apl-½Zv_v\p kDuZpw cwK¯p hcn-I

bpw, AhÀ aX ]p\-cp-Öo-h-\-̄ n\v {ian-¡p-¶p-sh-¶-Xnsâ

t]cnÂ Ad-_nIÄ Ahsc ]n´p-W-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-t¸m

Ä, {_n«\pw {^m³kpw AXns\ `b-̧m-tSm-sSbmWv ho£n-

¨-Xv. apkvenwIÄ C\nbpw DWÀs¶-Wo-¡p-sa¶pw Ah-cn-

te¡p tNÀ¶mÂ apkvenwIsf Nqgv¶p \nÂ¡p¶ A{i-²-

bpsS ]pI-ad \o§p-sa¶pw A§s\ Da-dnsâ Ime¯pm

bn-cp-¶-Xp- t]m-epÅ DWÀÆv Ah-cn-te¡p Xncn-̈ p- h-cp-sa

¶pw AhÀ IW-¡p-Iq-«n.


XZzmcm aX-]-c-amb bp²-§fpw CkvemanI hnP-bhpw

BhÀ¯n-̈mÂ AXv bqtdm-̧ n\v Xocm-\jvSambn-cn-¡p-sa

¶pw AhÀ `b-¶p. A§-s\-bmWv AhÀ XpÀ¡n `cW-Iq-S-

¯ns\ hlm-_n-Isf \in-̧ n-¡m³ thn Cf¡n hn«-Xv. A

h-cm-Is« B D¯-c-hm-ZnXzw apl-½-Zen ]mj-bv¡pw \ÂIn.

hnh-c-tZm-jn-IÄ Ah-sc-¡pdn-̈ p-¶-bn-¡p¶ Btcm-]-W-§-

fp-ambn hmkvX-h-̄ nÂ AhÀs¡mcp _Ô-hp-an-Ã. Bcm-Wn-hnsS {_n«o-jp-ImÀ¡p H¯m-i-IÄ sNbvXp

sImSp-¡p-¶Xv? Bsc-bm-W-hÀ A\p-tam-Zn-¡p-¶-Xv. "kp¶n-'

Isf kwc-£n-¡m³ thnbpw IqSn-bm-WtÃm "kp¶¯v P

amA-̄ nsâ ImhÂ¡mÀ H¶mw kDuZn `c-Ws¯ A«n-a-dn-

¨Xv? ]s£ AÃm-lp-hnsâ Xocp-am\w asäm-¶m-bn-cp-¶p. \ap¡v C´y³ ]Ým-̄ -e-̄ n-te¡p Xncn¨p hcmw. H

lm-_n-I-fpw Cw¥o-jp-Im-cp-w \Ã _Ôw Dm-bn-cp-¶Xv A

tXm {]Øm-\-̄ nsâ i{Xp-¡Ä¡mtWm Ah-cp-ambn cl-

ky-_-Ô-ap-m-bn-cp-¶Xv? Hcp hnlKho£Ww \S¯n t\m

¡mw. hÀjw 1865. aZn-cm-in-bnÂ A¶s¯ KhÀW-dpsS D]-

tZikanXn AwK-hp-am-b ipdq-̂ pÂ Dadm _lm-ZqÀ F¶p

t]cpÅ HcmÄ {_n«njv Kh-s×ân\v Hcp\nth-Z\w sImSp-

¡p¶p. Cu kp¶¯v Pam-A-̄ p-Im-csâ Dt±-iy-am-Is« Cw

¥o-jp-Im-cpsS {]oXn- ]nSn¨p ]äepw-þ

{]kvXpX \n-th-Z\¯nÂ C§ns\ ]d-bp¶p : "C´y-bnÂ \S-¶n-«pÅ apgp-h³ Iem-]-§Ä¡pw D

¯-c-hm-Zn-IÄ hlm-_n-I-fm-sW¶pw ChÀ bYmÀY apl-½-

Zo-bÀ AsÃ¶pw ]«m-f-̄ nÂ ChÀ IS¶p IqSp-¶Xv {i²n


¡-Wsa¶pw {_n«ojv ssk\nI ta[m-hn-I-tfmSv ]«m-f-̄ nÂ

ChÀ Ib-dn-¡q-Sn-bn-«ptm F¶v ]cn-tim-[n-¡Wsa¶pw A

`yÀY\ \S¯p¶ B \nth-Z-\-̄ nÂ. Cu "hnizkvX tkh-

Isâ' A`yÀY\ am\n¨v AXn-s\-̄ p-SÀ¶p X¿m-dm-¡nb dn

t¸mÀ«nÂ ]cn-an-X-am-bn-s«-¦nepw "hlm-_nIÄ' Xt±iob ]

«m-f¡m-cn-ep-s¶pw AhÀ GXp ka-b¯pw Iem-]-ap-m-

¡m-\pÅ km[yX XÅn-¡-f-bm-h-X-sÃ¶pw Is-̄ p-Ibpw

sN¿p¶p. ChnsS "kp¶¯v Pam-A-̄ m-WtÃm {_n«o-jp-Im-c

sâ hnizkvX A\p-bm-bn.]ns¶ F§-s\-bmWv AhÀ¡v h

lm-_n-I-tfmSv kvt\l-ap-m-hpI? "kuZn-bnÂ CS-s]-SW'sa¶v : sImÃ-§Ä ]ns¶bpw

IS¶p t]mbn. "kp¶¯v Pam-A¯n'\ptm hÃ amä-hpw,

Atd-_y-bnÂ aq¶mw kDuZn IpSpw-_-̄ nsâ apJy kmc-Yn

B[p\nI Atd-_y-bpsS inÂ]n A_vZpÂ Akokv cmPm-

hnsâ Imew.FÃm-Xcw inÀ¡p _nZv-A-̄ p-I-fnÂ \n¶pw P

ko-dsb ip²o-I-cn-¡p¶ kµÀ`w. AXv apkvenw kaq-l-̄ n

Â h¼n¨ amä-§fpw Ae-sbm-en-Ifpw krjvSn-̈ p. Cu kµ

À`-̄ nÂ {]Øm-\-̄ nsâ i{Xp-¡Ä IÅ{]N-cWw ]Xn-·-S

§v hÀ²n-̧ n-¡pI am{X-aÃ {_n«ojv `c-W-Iq-S-̄ n-t\mSv ku

Zn-bnÂ CS-s]-Sm³ Bh-iy-s¸-Sp¶ {]ta-b-§Ä hsc ]mkm-

¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ckvemlo BZÀi-̄ n-t\m-SpÅ i{Xp-X-bnÂ C´y³

D]-̀q-J-WvU-̄ nse apkvenwIÄ H«pw ]n¶n-em-bn-cp-¶n-Ã-tÃm.

""Ben ktlm-Z-c·mcpw Ah-cpsS Ime-L-«hpw'' F¶ IrXn-

bnÂ k¿nZv apl-½Zv lmZn Fgp-Xp¶p :


""apJ-ÃnZp-I-f-Ãm-̄ -hÀs¡Xn-cnÂ ""l\^n-I-fpsS ]m

À«n'' Fs¶mcp kwLw hSs¡ C´y-bnÂ cq]-s¸-«p.Ah-cm-

bn-cp¶p kt½-f\w kwL-Sn-̧ n-̈ n-cp-¶Xv. DdpZp -]-{X-§-fm-I

s« kw`-h§Äs¡Ãmw ZrIvkm-£n-I-fm-sb¶ t]mse hf

sc AXyp-àn-tbmsS Xo{h-amb dnt¸mÀ«p-IÄ Fgp-Xn-s¡m

n-cp-¶p. ""kao-µmÀ'' ]{Xw C_v\p kDuZv cmPm-hns\ ]n

´pW-¡p-I-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv. asäÃm DdpZp -]-{X§fpw hncp-²-

tN-cn-bn-epw. {]hm-N-Isâ duf¡p t\sc D-I-fp-XnÀ¯p-

sh-¶-Xn\v tdmbn-äÀ {]N-cn-̧ n¨ Ak-Xy-P-Sn-e-amb hmÀ¯

am{X-am-bn-cp¶p AhÀ¡m-[m-cw.'' ssiJv apl-½Zv _v\p A_vZnÂ hlm-_n-t\mSpw A

t±-l-̄ nsâ BZÀi-t¯mSpw kDuZn `c-W-Iq-S-t¯mSpw A

Ôamb hntcm-[hpw AhÀs¡-Xn-cnÂ Ak-Xy-{]-Nm-c-Whpw

ChnsSbpÅ-hÀ AXn-i-à-am-¡n. {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§fpw A

XnÂ InS-a-Õcw ImWn-̈ p. eIvt\m \K-c-amWv IqSp-XÂ k

t½f-\-§Ä km£yw hln-̈-Xv.

apkvenw lnPmkv tIm¬{^³kv 1926 ""cp ldw tkh-I-cpsS kwL-S\'' (Pw-C-¿¯p Jp

±maÂ ld-ssa³) F¶ kwL-S-\bpsS t\Xr-Xz-̄ nÂ eIv

t\m-hnÂ BWv kt½f\w tNÀ¶Xv.GI e£y-amWv kt½-

f-\¯n-\p-m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. AXm-bXv A_vZpÂ Akokv cmPm-

hnsâ `c-W-̄ nÂ \n¶v a¡sb tamNn-̧ n-¡p-I, At±-l-̄ n

sâ B[n-]Xyw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶-Xp-hsc apkvenwIÄ lÖv

\nÀ¯n sh¡p-I. CXpw CXp-t]m-epÅ aäp {]ta-b-§fpw \

S-̧ n-em-¡m³ thn Cdm³ Kh-s×ân-t\mSv kt½-f\w B-

h-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p.


1926 sâ Ah-km-\-̄ nÂ eIvt\m \Kcw asämcp k

t½-f-\-̄ n\p IqSn km£yw hln-̈ p.tbmK-̄ nÂ A_vZpÂ

Akokv cmPm-hns\Xn-cn-epÅ {]tabw Xs¶ apJy hnj

bw. Hcp hyXym-k-ap-v. BZy-tbmKw Cdm³ `c-W-Iq-S-̄ n

t\mSv kuZn-bnÂ CS-s]-Sm³ Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p-sh-¦nÂ cm-

a-s¯-̄ nÂ {_n«ojv Kh-s×ân-t\m-SmWv AtX Bhiyw

D¶-bn-¡-p¶-sX¶v am{Xw. C´y³ apkvenwIÄ¡p thn

A_vZpÂ Akokv cmPm-hn-s\-Xn-cnÂ {_n«³ a¡bpw aZo-\-

bpapff lnPm-knÂ CS-s]-S-W-sa-¶m-bn-cp¶p Bh-iyw. I

¼n ktµ-i-̄ n-eqsS C¡mcyw {_n«-t\mSv kt½-f-\-¡mÀ

Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-I-bpmbn. {_n«ojv `c-W-̄ n\p thn apl-½Zv _v\p A_vZnÂ

hlm_v hÃ Nmc-hr-̄ nbpw \S-̄ n-bn-«ptm F¶v Hcp k

Xym-t\z-jn-bmb hmb-\¡mc\v Adn-bm³ Ah-Im-i-ap-v.B

Ah-Imi kwc-£-W-̄ n\v thn-bmWv C¡mcyw ChnsS

{]Xn-]m-Zn-t¡n h¶-Xv. "kp¶¯v Pam-A-̄ nsâ' ImhÂ¡mcpw {_n«ojv `c-

W-̄ nsâ "ImhÂ¡mcpw' C´y-bnepw ]pd¯pw ssItImÀ

¯p tXmtfm-Sp- tXmÄ tNÀ¶p\nÂ¡p¶ AXn-i-b-I-c-amb

ImgvN-bm-Wn-hnsS ImWp-¶-Xv. AÃmsX apl-½Zv_v\p A_v

ZnÂ hlm-_nt\m At±-l-̄ nsâ A\p-bmbn-Itfm {_n«o

jp-ImÀ H¯mi sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶Xp t]mIs« am\yhpw

a\p-jy-Xz-]-c-hp-amb Hcp kao-]\w t]mepw Ah-cnÂ \n¶pw

e`n¨n«nÃ. ChnsS s]mXp-i-{Xp-hmb {_n«o-jp-ImÀ ¡p]mZ-tkh

sN¿p-¶-Xm-cm-Wv. "hlm-_n-Itfm' Ah-cpsS i{Xp-¡tfm?


Cý³ ]WvUn-X\pw {]ikvX apl-±n-kpamb AÃm

am apl-½Zv _jnÀ klvkp-hm\n (1245þ1326)Zlvem³ D¶-bn

¨ hmZ-§Ä¡v hfsc {]kn-²-amb Hcp JWvU\w Fgp-Xn

bn-«pv. ""knbm-\-̄ pÂ C³km³'' F¶ Cu IrXn BZyw

{]kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸-«Xv {KÙ-Im-csâ t]cv sh¡m-sX-bm-bn-cp-

¶p. ImcWw hlm_n {]Øm-\¯nsâ hmZ-§Ä hni-Zo-I

cn-¡p¶ {]kvXpX IrXnbpsS IÀ¯mhv {_n«o-jp-Im-cpsS

I\¯ ]oV-\-̄ n\nc-bm-Ipambncp¶p ! H¶p-InÂ Pbn-en

Â; AsÃ-¦nÂ \mSp-I-S-̄ Â, AX-sÃ-¦nÂ inctOZ\w.C{X

ITn-\-amb kml-N-cy-amWv {_n«ojv Cý-bnÂ Dm-bn-cp-¶-

Xv. {_n«o-jp-ImcnÂ \n¶pw F´v Hmim-c-amWv "hlm-_n-I

Ä' kzoI-cn-̈Xv F¶-dn-bm³ a\Êv aen--\-s¸-Sm¯ BÀ¡pw

Ah-Im-i-ap-v. asämcp ke^n ]WvUn-X-\mb kn±oJv lk³ Jm\n

\v ""XÀÖp-am-\nÂ hlm-_n¿'' F¶ Hcp IrXn Xs¶ Fgp-

tXn h¶p. AhÀ s¡-Xn-sc-bpÅ {_n«ojv Kh-s×ânsâ

sXän-²m-cW AI-äm³. {_n«o-jp-ImÀ "hlm-_n-IÄ F¶p kwibn-¡p-¶-hsc

FÃm\nebv¡pw D]{Z-hn¨p sImncp-¶p. ""AlvepÂ lZo

kv' hn`m-K-̄ n-epÅ ]WvUn-X-·mÀ¡p Hcp kzØ-XbpanÃm-

sX-bmbn, Cý-bnÂ. kap-Zm-b-̄ nsâ DÅn-ep-Å-hÀ Ah-

sc-¡p-dn¨v {_n«o-jp-ImÀ¡p HäpsImSp¯-Xnsâ DZm-l-cWw

t\cs¯ Ip-h-tÃm.Cu k¦oÀW kml-N-cy-̄ nÂ "hlm

_n' {]Øm-\sa-¶Xv {_n«ojv Kh-s×âns\ FXnÀ¡m³

thn cq]-s¸-«-X-sÃ¶p hsc AXnsâ kz´w hàm-¡Ä

¡p]d-tbn hs¶-¦nÂ F´p am{Xw Zmcp-W-am-bn-cp¶p C

kvemln {]Øm-\-̄ nsâ AhØ F¶p Duln-¡m-hp-¶


tX-bp-Åp. kn±oJv lk³ Jm³ Xsâ{KÙ-amb XÀPpam-\pÂ h

lm-_n-¿-bnÂ ssiJv apl-½Zv _v\p A_vZpÂ Ako-kns\

¡pdn-̈ p-saÃmw hfsc \Ã \ne-bnÂ Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶-tXm-sSm

¸w X§-fpsS {]t_m-[t\mt±iyw {_n«o-jp-ImÀ s¡-Xn-c-sÃ

¶pw kaÀYn-¡p¶p. Npcp-¡-̄ nÂ {_n«o-jp-ImÀ s]mXp-hnepw {_n«ojv C

´y {]tXy-In¨pw Ckvemln {]kv-Ym-\s¯ Ah-cpsS XmÂ

]-cy-̄ n\p Gähpw henb hne§pXSn-bmbpw A-Xn-\mÂ A

hsc i{Xp-hm-bn«pamWv Im-Wp-I-bp-m-b-Xv. CXs{X Ncn{X

hkvXp-X-IÄ \s½ ]Tn-̧ n-¡p-¶- ]mTw.

A²ymbw 10

{]Øm-\s¯ hne-bn-cp-̄ nb ]WvUnX t{iWn

tIc-f-̄ nÂ Nne AÂ] _p²n-IÄ {]N-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv,

GtXm PmXntbm aXtam Adn-bm¯ Hcp lw^-dnsâ krjv

Sn-bmWv ssiJv apl-½Zv _v\p A_vZpÂ hlm_v F¶m-Wv.

F¶mÂ temI-̄ nsâ hnhn[ `mK-§-fnÂ \n¶pw apkvenw

Ifpw AapkvenwI-fp-amb At\-I-a-t\Iw Fgp-̄ p-Imcpw k

©m-cn-Ifpw Nn´-I-·mcpw ssiJnsâ {]t_m-[I {]Øm-\

s¯¡pdn¨v kpZoÀL-ambpw {lkz-ambpw {]Xn-]m-Z-\-§Ä

\S-̄ n-bn-«p-v, F¶-XmWv kXyw. A§s\ XnI¨pw btim-

[-h-f-amb Ncn-{Xhpw ]mc-¼-cyhpw BÀ¡pw sXfnªp Im

Wm-hp¶ \ne-¡mWv At±lw Pohn-̈-sX¶v I®-S¨p Ccp-«m-


¡m¯ GXv kXym-t\-jn¡pw a\-Ênem¡mw.AXn\v klm-

b-I-amb ]WvUn-X-·m-cpsS Hcp t{iWn Xs¶ ChnsS sIm

Sp-¡p¶p. Ch-cnÂ A[nIhpw kDuZn Atd-_y-¡mÀ AsÃ-

¶-Xp- t]mse Xs¶ ]ecpw {]Øm-\-̄ nsâ A\p-bm-bn-I

fpa-Ã.

(A) Ad_n ]WvUn-X-·mcpw Nn -́I-·mcpw : þ

1. A_p-Êwlv A_vZp-±m-lnÀ ankvcn (Cu-Pn]vXv)

2. AlvaZv Aao³ (Cu-Pn-]vXv)

3. AlvaZv lpssk³ (Cu-Pn-]vXv)

4. AlvaZv ie_n (Cu-Pn-]vXv)

5. Aao³ kAZv (kn-dn-b)

6. lm^nZv hl_ (Cu-Pn-]vXv)

7. lpssk³ _v\p alvZo \Cuan (b-a³)

8. kmenlv _v\p ZpsslÂ Pmdp-Ãmlv (C-dm-Jv)

9. Xzmlm lpssk³ (Cu-Pn-]vXv)

10. A_vZp-dlvam³ P_ÀXn (Cu-Pn-]vXv)

11. A_vZpÂd-ÊmJv AÂss_-XzmÀ (kn-dn-b)

12. A_vZpÂ ^¯mlv BÂK-\oan (b-a³)

13. A_q-dmkv BÂaKvcn_n (sam-tdm-t¡m)

14. AlvaZvÊ_mCu (ln-Pm-kv)

15. AlvaZv kCuZv AÂ_-KvZmZn (C-dm-Jv)

16. AlvaZv A_vZpÂK-̂ qÀ A¯zmÀ (ln-Pm-kv)

17. Pam-ep-±o³ Jmknan (kn-dn-b)

18. ssJdp-±o³ kÀIeo (kn-dn-b)

19. XzmlnÀ AÂ Pkm-Cco (kn-dn-b)

20. Aºmkv alvaqZv AÂ-A-JmZv (Cu-Pn-]vXv)

21. A_vZpÂ Akokv AÈmho (C-dm-Jv)


22. A_vZpÂ Icnw AÂJXzo_v (Cu-Pn-]vXv)

23. A_vZpÂ apX-BÂ AÊ-CuZn (Cu-Pn-]vXv)

24. Ben ÊpsshZn (C-dm-Jv)

25. Aeo A_vZpÂ leow alvaqZv (Cu-Pn-]vXv)

26. apl-½Zv A_q kplvd (Cu-Pn-]vXv)

27. apl-½Zv Ckvam-CuÂ k³-B\n (b-a³)

28. apl-½Zv _v\p Aen iuIm\n (b-a³)

29. apl-½Zv _lvP (C-dm-Jv)

30. apl-½Zv PaoÂ (C-dm-Jv)

31. apl-½Zv lmanZv ^Jo (Cu-Pn-]vXv)

32. apl-½Zv dioZv dnZm (kn-dn-b, CuPn-]vXv)

33. apl-½Zv Znbm-D-±o³ dokv (C-dm-Jv)

34. apl-½Zv A_vZp (Cu-Pn-]vXv)

35. apl-½Zv ^Zvlo Dkvam³ (Cu-Pn-]vXv)

36. apl-½Zv apl-½Zv lpssk³ (Cu-Pn-]vXv)

37. apl-½Zv ipIvco AÂ-B-eqkn (C-dm-Jv)

38. ap\oÀ AP-em\o (kn-dn-b)

39. AaoÀ iIo_v Acnkvem³ (kn-dn-b)

40. Dkvam³ AÂ _kco (C-dm-Jv)

41. Aen-Xz³ Xzmhn (kn-dn-b)

42. DaÀ A_q-\kvÀ (Cu-Pn-]vXv)

43. apln-ºp-±o³ JXzo_v (Cu-Pn-]vXv)

44. apl-½Zv _v\p AlvaZv AÂln^vZn (b-a³)

45. apl-½Zv _v\p Aen k\qkn (ln-Pm-kv)

46. apl-½Zv _v\p \mknÀ Xnlmen (ln-Pm-kv)

47. apl-½Zv XJvbp-±o³ lnemen (samtdmt¡m)

48. apl-½Zv JenÂ lÀdmkv (Cu-Pn-]vXv)

49. apl-½Zv A_vZp-Ãm-amZo (C-dm-Jv)


50. apl-½Zv A_vZp-\m-knÀ (b-a³)

51. apl-½Zv ImanÂ JÊm_v (kn-dn-b)

52. apl-½Zv \mkn-dp-±o³ AÂ_m\n (kn-dn-b)

53. apl-½Zv alvZo CkvXm³_qen (kn-dn-b)

54. a¶m-DÂ J¯zm³ (Cu-Pn-]vXv)

55. hlv_ kpsslen (kn-dn-b)

56. apl-½Zv IpÀZv Aen (kn-dn-b) Ad-_n-I-f-Ãm¯ Fgp-̄ p-ImÀ

57. kn±oJv lk³ Jm³ (C-́ y)

58. apl-½Zv CJv_mÂ (C-́ y)

59. PuZXv ]mjm-XpÀIo (XpÀ¡n)

60. Dkvam³ _v\p ^uZo (B-{^n-¡)

61. apl-½Zv _ioÀ klvkp-hm\o (C-́ y)

62. Kpemw dkqÂ alvÀ (C-́ y)

63. akv-DuZv Bew \Zvho (C-́ y)

64. apl-½Zv bqkp^v (C-́ y)

65. a³lv lmdq³ (C-́ y)

Aapkvenw Fgp-̄ p-ImÀ : Knºv, temXvtdm¸v ÌzUmÀUv, tUmkn, lnän, tKmÄ

Uv kolÀ, ImÄ t{_mIÂ am³, \o¼À, hnÂ{^Uv F¶p

XpS§p¶ Hmdn-bâenÌp-Ifpw AÃm-̄ -h-cp-amb ]ecpw

ssiJv apl-½Zv _v\p A_vZnÂ hlm-_ns\ kw_Ôn¨p

tcJ-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶p. Hmdn-bâenÌp-I-fnÂ ]ecpw tami-ambn

Fgp-Xn-b-hcpw hnaÀin-̈-hcpw Hs¡ ImWmw. Ckvemansâ

kzO-X-bn-te¡p Xncn¨pt]mIp-hm-\pÅ Blzm-\-am-bn-cp¶p

At±lw Gsä-Sp-̄ Xv F¶mWv Ah-cp-sS-sbÃmw A`n-{]m-b-

§Ä hyà-am-¡p-¶-Xv.


A\p-_Ôw

(A) {][m\ hkvXp-X-Ifpw kw`-h-§fpw 1300 ln: 699 Dkvam³ Jmsâ kzX{´ `cW-̄ nsâ

Bcw`w

1453 : Dkvam-\n-IÄ tIm¬Ìmân-t\m-̧ nÄ Iog-S-¡p¶p.

1516 þ 1703 XpÀ¡n h³i-àn-bm-Ip-¶p.

1502 þ 1722 Cdm-\nÂ k^ho `cWw

1526 _m_À Cý-bnÂ apKÄ km{amPyw Øm]n¡p

¶p.

1564þ1624 apP-±nZv AÂ^p-Êm-\n-bpsS Imew 1633 þ Â Cw¥o-jp-ImÀ Cý-bnÂ tImf\n Øm]n-

¡p-¶p. 1673 þ Â {^m³kv t]mn-t¨-cn-bnÂ tImf\n Øm-]n-

¡p-¶p.

1657 þ 1707 Hudw-K-ko-_nsâ Imew

1703 þ 1763 imlvhen-bp-Ãm-ln-bpsS Ime-L«w

1720 þ 1858 apKÄ`-c-W-̄ nsâ ]X-\-Imew

1831 þ Â _me-t¡m-«nse bp²-̄ nÂ k¿nZv Alva

Znsâ cà-km-£nXzw

1857 þ Â aod-«nÂ \n¶v H¶mw kzmX-{ý-k-a-c-̄ nsâ

XpS-¡w.

1857 þ Â {_n«o-jp-ImÀ UÂln ]nSn-̈-S-¡p-¶p.

1858 þ Â {_n«ojv CuÌn-́ ym-I-¼\n ]ncn¨phn«p Cý-

bpsS `cWw {_n«³ t\cnt«säSp¡p-¶p.

1703 þ 1791 apl-½Zv _v\p A_vZnÂ hlm-_nsâ Ime

L«w


1744 þ Â apl-½Zv _v\p A_vZnÂ hlm_pw apl-½Zv

_v\p kDuZpw ]c-kv]c [mc-W-bn-se-̄ p-¶p.

(B)

1798 s\t¸m-fn-b³ CuPn]vXv Iog-S-¡p-¶p.

1802 CuPn-]vXnÂ \n¶p {^m³kv ]n³hm-§p-¶p.

1703 þ 1924 XpÀ¡n-bpsS ]X\ Ime-L«w

1791 þ 1851 Sn¸p-kpÂ¯msâ ka-Im-en-I-\mb apl

- ½Zv _v\p Aen k\q-Ên-bpsS Imew.

1805 þ Â apl-½-Zen ]mj CuPn-]vXnse KhÀW-dmbn

\nb-an-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.

1787 þ 1807 keow aq¶m-a³ XpÀ¡nsb XIÀ¨-bpsS

h¡nÂ \n¶p]ptcm-K-Xn-bn-te¡p \bn-¡p¶p.

1808 þ 1839 alvaqZv cm-a\pw kpÂ-̄ m³ keo-ansâ

]mX Ah-ew-_n-¡p-¶p. Ct±-l-̄ nsâ kDuZv

`c-W -Iq-S-̄ n-s\-Xnsc CuPn-]vjy³ ssk\y

s¯ \ntbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.

1811 þ 1818 kuZn þ CuPn]vXv bp²-§Ä Ac-t§-dp-¶p.

1818Â hlm_n BØm-\-amb ZnÀ-C¿ XIÀ

¡p-¶p.

1839 þ 1897 Pam-ep-±o³ A^vKm-\n-bpsS Imew.

1876 þ 1909 kpÂ¯m³ A_vZpÂl-aoZv cm-a³

A[n-Im-c-̄ nÂ

1909 þ 1918 apl-½Zv A©m-a³

1918 þ 1922 apl-½Zv Bdm-a³

1912 þ 1913 _mÄ¡³ bp²w

1914 þ 1918 H¶mw temI-bp²w

1922 A¯m XpÀ¡v A[n-Im-c-̄ nÂ


(c)

H¶mw-L«w

1. 1735 þ 1765 apl-½Zv_v\p kDuZv

2. 1765 þ 1803 A_vZpÂ Akokv _v\p apl-½Zv

3. 1803 þ 1814 kDuZv_v\p A_vZnÂ Akokv

4. 1814 þ 1818 A_vZp-Ãmln _v\p kDuZv Ct±-ls¯ apl-½-Z-en-bpsS ssk\yw ]nSn-IqSn Cu

Pn-]vXn-te¡v sImp-t]m-bn. Ahn-Sp¶p CkvXmw_qfn-te

¡pw kpÂ¯m³ At±-ls¯ h[n¨p If-ªp. CtXmsS H

¶mw kDuZn `cWIqS-̄ n\p A´yw Ipdn-̈ p. cmw L«w : XpÀ¡n_v\p A_vZpÃ F¶ kDuZn

IpSpw-_mwKw cm-aXpw `cWw ]p\-kw-L-Sn-̧ n-¡p-¶p. aI

³ ss^kÂ _v\p XpÀ¡n (a-cWw 1865). At±-l-̄ n\p \m

ep -a-¡Ä, A_vZp-Ã, apl-½-Zv, kDu-Zv, A-_vZp-d-Òm³ ChÀ

amdn amdn `cn-¡p-Ibpw ChÀ¡n-S-bnÂ B`y-́ c Ielw \n

e -\nÂ¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. cmw kDuZn Ime-L-«-̄ nÂ.

aq¶mw L«w:

1. 1902 þ 1953 A_vZpÂ Akokv _v\p kDuZv

2. 1953 þ 1964 kDuZv _v\p A_vZpÂ Akokv

3. 1964 þ 1975 ss^kep_v\p A_vZpÂ Akokv

4. 1975 þ 1982 JmenZv _v\p A_vZpÂ Akokv

5. 1982 þ 2005 ^lvPp_v\p A_vZpÂ Akokv

6. 2005 þ A_vZp-Ã-ln_v\p A_vZpÂ Akokv

wahabism mithyayum yatharthyavum

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