w. sautter 2007. normal line normal line ii rr ii rr glass n = 1.5 air n =1.0 r = angle of...
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![Page 1: W. Sautter 2007. Normal Line Normal Line ii rr ii rr Glass n = 1.5 Air n =1.0 r = angle of refraction i = angle of incidence Light travels](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cf75503460f949c69c8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
W. Sautter 2007
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NormalLine
NormalLine
i
r i
r
Glassn = 1.5
Airn =1.0
r = angle of refraction
i = angle of incidence
Light travels more slowlyin glass than air and
bends towards the normalwhen entering glass from air
Light moving fromglass to air
increases speedand bends awayfrom the normal
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Virtual focusFocus = -
Can form only virtual,Erect and reduced
images
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Principlefocus
Parallel rays
Focus = +Can form real images(enlarged or reduced
& inverted) orEnlarged virtual images
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NormalLine
r i
Incidentray
Reflectedray
Mirror surface
Angles are ALWAYS measured from the NORMAL LINE
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Parallel rays
Reflected rays
RealFocus
Focal length = +Forms real, inverted,Reduced or enlarged
Image. Also formsVirtual, erect,
Enlarged images.
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Parallel rays
Reflected rays
Virtual focus
Focal length = -Forms only virtual,
erect, reduced images betweenthe virtual focus and the mirror.
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Waves from aDistant source = crest
= trough
Barrier withTwo slits
In phase wavesEmerge from slits
Constructive interference
Destructiveinterference
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Wavelength
Frequency
Velocity Wavelength
Frequency
Velocity
vx =
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VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE LIGHT• MOST “LIGHT” IS NOT VISIBLE TO THE HUMAN EYE !
• ONLY ABOUT 7 % OF THE KNOWN KINDS OF LIGHT CAN BE SEEN WITHOUT SPECIAL INSTRUMENTATION.
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POTASSIUM METALBATTERY
VOLTMETERPHOTONS
PICKUP
WIREELECTRONS
ONLY CERTAIN MINIMUM FREQUENCIES OF LIGHT
FREE THE ELECTRONS FROM THE METAL
(ONLY PHOTONS WITH ENOUGH ENERGY)
THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT EXPERIMENT
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Parallel ray
Focal rayRay thru 2f focus (f)2 fvertex
Reflects thruThe focus
Reflects parallelTo principal axis
Principal axis
Reflects Back Into itself
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Parallel ray
Focal rayRay thru 2f f2 f
Image is:RealInvertedReducedAppears between f & 2f
Object beyond 2f
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Image is:RealInvertedSame sizeAppears at 2f
Parallel rayFocal ray
ray thru 2f f2 f
Object at 2f
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Image is:RealInvertedEnlargedAppears beyond 2f
Parallel ray
ray thru 2fFocal ray
2 f f
Object betweenf and 2f
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Image is:VirtualErectEnlargedAppears behind the mirror
Parallel ray
ray thru 2f
Foc
al r
ay
2 f f
ray thru 2f
ApparentConvergence
Of rays
Object inside focus
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Angle of incidence = Angle of Reflection For each ray
Dotted lines Shows the Apparent
Ray source
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Parallel rays
Reflected rays
Virtual focus
Focal length = -Forms only virtual,
erect, reduced images betweenthe virtual focus and the mirror.
Dotted lines Shows the ApparentRay focus
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Apparent Convergence of rays
2 f(f)
Focal ray
Parallel rayRay thru 2f
Image is:VirtualErectReducedAppears behind the mirror
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focus (f)focus (f) 2 f2 fx x x x
Parallel rayPasses thruThe focus
Focal rayRefracts parallelTo principal axis
A ray thru theCenter of the
lenses
Remains unbent
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Parallel ray
focus (f)focus (f) 2 f2 fx x x x
Focal ray
Image is:RealInvertedReducedAppears between f and 2f
Object beyond 2f
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focus (f)focus (f) 2 f2 fx x x xFocal ray
Parallel ray
Image is:RealInvertedSame sizeAppears between f and 2f
Object at 2f
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focus (f)focus (f) 2 f2 fx x x xFocal ray
Parallel ray
Image is:RealInvertedEnlargedAppears beyond 2f
Object betweenf and 2f
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focus (f)focus (f) 2 f2 fx x x x
Image is:VirtualErectEnlargedAppears on sameSide as Object
ApparentConvergence
Of rays
ObjectInsidefocus
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focus (f) 2 f2 f focus (f)
Apparent ray convergenceIs on same side as object
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f2 f f 2 fFocal ray
Parallel ray
Ray thru center
Image is:VirtualErectReducedAppears on sameSide as object
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Wave A
Wave A
Wave A
Wave B
Wave B
Wave B
Constructive interference
Destructive interference
Partially Constructive interference
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Waves from aDistant source
= crest = trough
Barrier withTwo slits
In phase wavesEmerge from slits
Constructive interference
Destructiveinterference
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d
0
1
1
2
2
m
SPECTRAL
ORDER
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m = spectral order The bright central band is zero and each bright band
to the right or left is counted by consecutive integers 1,2,3 etc.
d = distance separating the slits (meters)= wavelength of light in meters
= angle between the zero band and the spectral band m
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Each edge of the slit creates a new wave front. The
two new waves then interfercreating a diffraction pattern
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m = spectral order The bright central band is zero and each dark band
to the right or left is counted by consecutive integers 1,2,3 etc.
s= slit width (meters)= wavelength of light in meters
= angle between the zero band and the spectral band m
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