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Earlier ExplorationsEarlier Explorations1. Islam & the Spice Trade

Malaccas

2. A New Player Europe

Marco Polo, 1271

3.Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming “Treasure Fleet”

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Map of the Known World

pre- 1492

Map of the Known World

pre- 1492

Motives for European Exploration

Motives for European Exploration

1. Crusades by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.

2. Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples.

3. Reformation refugees & missionaries.

4. Gold

5. Technological advances.

6. Fame and fortune.

Gold, Glory, God

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New Maritime TechnologiesNew Maritime Technologies

Hartman Astrolabe

(1532)

Better Maps

Sextant

Mariner’s Compass

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New TechnologyNew Technology

Caravel

Wheel lock Musket

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Prince Henry, the Navigator

Prince Henry, the Navigator

Started School for Navigation, 1419

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Museum of Navigationin Lisbon

Museum of Navigationin Lisbon

Portuguese Maritime Empire

Portuguese Maritime Empire

1. Exploring the west coast of Africa.

2. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487-tip of Africa.

3. Vasco da Gama, 1498-India.

4. Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511).

Columbus [1451-1506]Columbus [1451-1506]

Columbus’ Four Voyages

Columbus’ Four Voyages

Other Voyages of Exploration

Other Voyages of Exploration

Ferdinand Magellan: 1st Circumnavigation of the

World:Early 16c

Ferdinand Magellan: 1st Circumnavigation of the

World:Early 16c

Atlantic ExplorationsAtlantic Explorations

Looking for “El Dorado”

Fernando CortezFernando Cortez

The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs

The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs

Montezuma IIMontezuma II

vs.

vs.

The Death of Montezuma IIThe Death of Montezuma II

Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

The “Columbian Exchange”

The “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes

Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine

Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO

Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE

Syphilis

Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana

Onion Turnip Honeybee

Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats

Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE

Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox

Flu Typhus Measles Malaria

Diptheria Whooping Cough Rice Barley

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Cycle of Conquest & Colonization

Cycle of Conquest & Colonization

ExplorersConquistadores

Missionari

es

PermanentSettlers

OfficialEuropeanColony!

Treasurefrom the Americas!

Treasurefrom the Americas!

35 million pesos between 1596-1600

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillSlaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

European Empires in

the Americas

Triangular Trade

Treaty of Tordesillas: Pope’s Line of Demarcation

Treaty of Tordesillas: Pope’s Line of Demarcation

Spain

Portugal

Father Bartolome

de Las Casas

Father Bartolome

de Las Casas

Spanish Monk who protested the Spanish cruelty towards Native Americans

New Laws 1542

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New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals

Impact of European Expansion

Impact of European Expansion1. Native American

populations ravaged by disease.

►Taino became extinct

►1519 – 26 million

►1605 – 2 million

2. 11-15 million Africans enslaved

3. Spread of Christianity

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4. Columbian Exchange5. Influx of gold & silver

into Europe = inflation.• 10.5 million from 1581-

16006. Deepened European rivalries.7. Funding voyages of

exploration led to• Joint-stock companies• Entrepreneurs• Mercantilism Capitalism

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8. New Patterns of World Trade

8. New Patterns of World Trade

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