vygotsky bakhtin goethe2

8/12/2019 Vygotsky Bakhtin Goethe2

1/21

Paper given in the Department of Communication, University of California at San Diego, May 3rd, 2006

VYGOTSKY, BAKHTIN, GOETHE:

CONSCIOUSNESS AND THE DYNAMICS OF VOICE

John Shotter

Emeritus Professor of Communication

University of New Hampshire

Durham, NH 038!"3#8$

U%S%&%

&'S()&C(* &++ our hiher menta+ functions are me-iate- processes, says .yots/y128$, an- sins are the 4asic means use- to master an- -irect them% 'ut how canthis 4e if our wor-s another sins wor/ on+y in a pure+y representationa+,5picturin6 fashion, for they sti++ nee- interpretin as to their meanin7 (he 5innero4servation6 pro4+em remains unso+ve-% ur sinificant e9pressions must a+so wor/on us in another way* 4y the +ivin e9pressions of others pro-ucin spontaneous

4o-i+y reactions from us% (hus the re+ation 4etween thouht an- +anuae is not to 4efoun- in patterns -iscovera4+e in transcripts of a+rea-y spo/en wor-s, 4ut in the-ynamic inf+uences e9erte- 4y our wor-s in their spea/in% .yots/y 128$ spea/sof our utterances as havin an affectivevolitionalintonation in their voicin, whi+e'a/htin 1223 ta+/s of them as havin an emotionalvolitionaltone% (his means, as: wi++ e+a4orate in my ta+/, that not on+y it is possi4+e to possess a transitionalunderstandingof 5where6 at any one moment we are p+ace- in re+ation to another

person6s e9pressions, 4ut to possess a+so at that moment an action guidinganticipationof the rane of ne9t 5moves6 they may ma/e% (hus, as : see it then,thin/in an- consciousness is a socially responsive e+a4oration of our anima+sensitivities to, an- awareness of, events occurrin in our re+ations to the others an-othernesses in our surroun-ins% (hus, far from it 4ein a specia+, private, innertheater or wor/shop of the min-, its emerence -epen-s comp+ete+y on the-ynamica+ intertwinin or intermin+in of our 5inner +ives6 with the 5inner6 +ives ofthose aroun- us% (his view of thin/in chimes in with ;oethe6s


2/21

Aan /nows himse+f on+y to the e9tent that he /nows the wor+- he 4ecomes awareof himse+f on+y within the wor+-, an- aware of the wor+- on+y within himse+f% Everynew o4Bect, we++ contemp+ate-, opens up a new oran of perception in us ;oethe,SS, p%32, ?uote- in &mrine, p%!= Cottre++, p%#=%

(he hihest thin wou+- 4e to comprehen- that everythin factua+ is a+rea-y theory%%% ne shou+- notsee/ anythin 4ehin- phenomena* they themse+ves are the theory ?uote- in 'ra-y, p%28, H&, p%!3%

&t the en- of his reat wor/, "hought and #anguage, .yots/y 128$ remar/s* Fe cannot c+oseour stu-y without mentionin the perspectives that our investiation opens up% (his is even moremomentous a pro4+em than that of thin/in what : mean is the pro4+em of consciousness p%##%

&n- he continues this remar/ 4y notin that* :f +anuae is as o+- as consciousness itse+f,an- if +anuae is a practica+ consciousness"for"others an-, conse?uent+y, consciousness"for"myse+f,

then not on+y one particu+ar thouht 4ut a++ consciousness is connecte- with the -eve+opment of thewor-% (he wor- is a thin in our consciousness%%% that is a4so+ute+y impossi4+e for one person, 4utthat 4ecomes a rea+ity for two% (he wor- is a -irect e9pression of the historica+ nature of humanconsciousness%%% & wor- re+ates to consciousness as a +ivin ce++ re+ates to a who+e oranism, as anatom re+ates to the universe% & wor- is a microcosm of human consciousness p%##%

:n this, : thin/ .yots/y is a4so+ute+y riht, an- to-ay : want to e9p+ore the who+e i-ea ofour consciousness as 4ein relationallystructure-% (hus, it isfrom $ithinthe conte9t of our +ivinof our +ives toether that : want to e9p+ore what he means in his c+aim that a wor- @ which 4ecomesa rea+ity for two or more peop+e, 4ut is an impossi4i+ity for one @ constitutes a microcosm of

human consciousness%

Speech as livin h!"an ac#ivi#$, as e%p&essi'n

: want to 4ein this e9p+oration 4y notin the specia+ importance he attaches, not on+y to focussinonspeech, the spo/en wor-, 4ut a+so on ta/in the conception of wor- meanin as a unit of 4othenera+iGin thouht an- socia+ e9chane .yots/y, 128$, p%2, my emphasis, rather than as ane+ement% Fhere, in ma/in this -istinction, he wants to atten- to the utterance of a wor- as p+ayina 5part6 in a +arer activity% (hus, rather than havin its character in itse+f, it wi++ owe its character to

its intrinsic re+ations with this +arer who+e% (hus, in choosin wor- meanin as his unit, he wants toi-entify the sin+e +ivin ce++%%% the 5psycho+oica+6 ce++ .yots/y, 12=8, p%8 that retains thecharacteristics of the who+e within which it has its characteristic 4ein %

Here, : thin/, .yots/y6s thouht runs in step with ;oethe6s


3/21

:n ta/in this approach, he is, as we sha++ see, very critica+ of those metho-s of ana+ysis inpsycho+oy that try to cut throuh the /not of the pro4+em instea- of untyin it .yots/y, 128$,p%3 , i%e%, that ana+yGe a++ the -ifferent aspects of our menta+ a4i+ities into a co++ection of separatean- se+f"containe- functions% :n particu+ar, as he saw it, the ana+ysis of ver4a+ thin/in into twoseparate, 4asica++y -ifferent e+ements prec+u-es any stu-y ofthe intrinsic relations4etween +anuae an- thouht p%3, my emphasis% Fhen we approach the

pro4+em of the interre+ation 4etween thouht an- speech, the first ?uestion that arises is that ofinte++ect an- affect% (heir separation as su4Bects of stu-y is a maBor wea/ness of tra-itiona+psycho+oy, as it ma/es the thouht process appear as an autonomous f+ow of 5thouhts thin/inthemse+ves6, sereate- from the fu++ness of +ife, from the persona+ nee-s an- interests, theinc+inations an- impu+ses, of the thin/er p%10%

:t is on the usua++y inore- intrinsic relationsthat are already in e!istence for us, an- onthe inc+inations an- impu+ses we spontaneous+y e9hi4it %et$een ourse+ves an- the others an-othernesses aroun- us, as we row into the inte++ectua+ +ife of those aroun- .yots/y, 12=8,

p%88, that : want to focus% &s ;a-amer 1282 put it in his "ruth and Method, my concern is with

what happens to us over an- a4ove our wantin an- -oin p%9viii%

:n focussin on .yots/y6s notion of $ord meaningas a unit4ut not as an element in ourana+yses, : a+so want to +in/ with 'a/htin6s 128$ emphasis on the ro+e of wor-s, not in theirfinishe- forms, not in terms of the patterns they ma/e , 4ut as a +ivin activity, as em4o-ie-utterances or e!pressionswhich can @ first, as other peop+e6s e9pressions, an- +ater, when thespea/er popu+ates with his own intentions 'a/htin, 1281, p%23 @ e9ert a -ynamicinf+uence in shapin an- oraniGin our activities in their moment 4y moment unfo+-in out in thewor+- of our every-ay practica+ affairs%

&n- in-ee-, as oGu+in, in his e-itor6s intro-uction .yots/y,128$, p%+vii, an- as thee-itors in the Ainic/ trans+ation .yots/y,128=, p%v 4oth ma/e c+ear, when .yots/y spea/s of+anuae in the tit+e of his 4oo/, is itspeech, the act of voicin one6s wor-s, the responsive effects

pro-uce- 4y our e9pressive activities, that is centra+ to his concerns, not +anuae as a system ofstatic, repeata4+e forms functionin accor-in to ru+es in their app+ication%

'ut here : must a-- that, a+on with a focus on a persons6s responsive reactions to events intheir surroun-ins, : want a+so to focus on the way in a person6s responsive reactions are a+wayse9pressive in some way to those aroun- them% Not on+y are they e9pressive of the person6s attitu-es,

eva+uations, or fee+ins rear-in the events in ?uestion, 4ut a+so of any effortsthey may 4e ma/into cope with those events @ we can seethat the man ne9t to me was 5ta/en 4y surprise6, that thewoman was 5upset6 4ut we can a+so see that the man over there was %attlingaainst the win-, thatthe ir+ in the 4+ue -ress was tryingto ta+/ to her 4oyfrien- who wasn6t +istenin, or that the chi+- inthe shoppin p+aGa was $antingto 4e pic/e- up, etc%

:n-ee-, there is somethin very specia+ a4out +ivin movement, a4out e!pression, thatma/es it very -ifferent from the mere physica+ or +ocomotive movement of thins an- o4Bects% Ior,

4esi-es their movin aroun- in space, +ivin who+es as such can a+so 4e sense- as movin $ithinthemselves% &n- furthermore, rather than 4ein the re"arranement or re"confiuration of separate+y

e9istin parts which, at each instant in time, ta/e up a new confiuration in space accor-in to

3
http://wpshow%28%27wpendnote4%27%2C%20wpendnote4%20%29/http://wpshow%28%27wpendnote3%27%2C%20wpendnote3%20%29/


4/21

certain +aws or princip+es, e9pressive movements are the movements of in-ivisi4+e, se+f"structuriGin, +ivin who+es in or through time% :n-ee-, such e9pressive movements, such estures,can 4e sense- as occurrin throuh time, even if the 4o-ies of the re+evant +ivin 4eins staystea-fast+y fi9e- in space @ they 4reath, they ma/e noises, they wave their +im4s a4out, an- so on%

:n so -oin, they seem to -isp+ay 4oth short"term e9pressive 5inner6 movements @ smi+es,frowns, voca+iGations, another such estura+ movements @ the e9pressions of a 5thou6, i%e%,e9pressions of their own +ivin i-entity, as we++ as more +on term 5inner6 movements, i%e%,manifestations of their rowin up, maturin, an- ain% :n other wor-s, a+thouh not necessari+ymovin aroun- in space at a++, a++ such +ivin processes, inevita4+y, are a+ways irreversi4+y 5inmotion6 in time, an- their +ivin motion is e9pressive of their own uni?ue i-entity, their own uni?ueway of 5comin into 4ein6 an- 54ecomin o+-er6 within their surroun-ins%

Hence, in focussin on wor- meanin in .yots/y6s an- 'a/htin6s sense, we cannot Bustfocus on separa4+e, fi9a4+e, or counta4+e entities in our investiations, we must focus on those

events or moments in our +ives in which we are in an e9pressive"responsive, +ivin re+ation with theothers an- othernesses aroun- us, moments or events when the wor-s we use are mere+y an aspectof, or a unitwithin, a +arer who+e @ a surroun-in situation into which they are comp+e9+yinterwoven or intertwine-%

:n other wor-s, in what fo++ows, : wi++ 4e focussin centra++y on our $ords in theirspea&ing, rather than on thepatternsto 4e foun- in our already spo&en $ords% (he tas/, then, is towor/ from $ithin the still ongoing moment of spea&ing, an- to stu-y the chanin fee+ins ofanticipation create- as an utterance unfo+-s %%%% not to +oo/ 4ac/ on a+rea-y comp+ete-, past speechacts of spea/in for the 5+oic6 in what was sai-% (his, in my estimation, opens up a vast new 5terra

inconita6 that now awaits our further e9p+orations%

Centra+ to its stu-y, then, as is perhaps a+rea-y apparent, is a focus 4oth on the responsivityof +ivin an- rowin, em4o-ie- 4eins, 4oth to each other an- to the othernesses in theirsurroun-ins, as we++ as a focus on their e!pressions, on their o$nuni?ue ways of comin"into"'ein%

.yots/y 128$, : thin/, foresha-owe- the importance of this /in- of in?uiry in settinout the +ast step in his ana+ysis of inner ver4a+ thouht thus* thouht is not 4eotten 4y

thouht he sai-, it is enen-ere- 4y motivation, i%e%, 4y our -esires an- nee-s, our interests an-emotions he sais% 'ehin- every thouht, there is an affectivevolitional tendency, which ho+-s theanswer to the +ast 5why6 in the ana+ysis of thin/in p%#, my emphasis% 'a/htin 1223 a+soma/es a simi+ar comment* %%% the wor- -oes not mere+y -esinate an o4Bect as a present"on"han-entity, 4ut a+so e9presses 4y its intonation my va+uative attitu-e towar- the o4Bect, %%% an-, in so-oin sets it in motion towar- that which it yet"to"4e"-etermine- a4out it%%% Everythin that isactua++y e9perience-%%% as somethin iven and assomethin"yet"to"4e"-etermine-, is intonate-, hasemotionalvolitional tone, an- enters into an effective re+ationship to me within the unity of theonoin event encompassin us pp%3"33, my emphasis% :n other wor-s, as : wi++ try to e+a4oratein a moment, not on+y it is possi4+e to possess a transitional understandingof 5where6 at any onemoment we are p+ace- in re+ation to another person6s e9pressions, 4ut to possess a+so at that

moment an action guiding anticipationof the rane of ne9t 5moves6 they may ma/e%

!


5/21

'ut a++ these affects an- effects wi++ a++ on+y 4ecome visi4+e or heara4+e within theunfo+-in -ynamics, within the effortful tempora+ contourin peop+e ive their e9pressions in theonoin course of their performance% :n-ee-, more than that* they wi++ a++ on+y 4ecome visi4+e orheara4+e $ithin the dynamics of the spontaneous+y responsive f+ow of inter"activity occurrin

4etween a +ivin 4ein an- the others an- othernesses in its surroun-ins%

The sp'n#ane'!sl$ &esp'nsive (ac)&'!n* a# +'&) in #he (ac)&'!n*

#' '!& "ee#ins +i#h each '#he&

: first starte- to thin/ a4out this sphere of inter"activity in 12$2 Shotter, 12=0 in 1280 Shotter,1280 : ca++e- it Boint action +ater, un-er 'a/htin6s 1281, 128!, 128$ : ca++e- it the -ia+oica+Shotter, 999 an- now un-er Aer+eau"Ponty6s 12$8 inf+uence, : ca++ it the chiasmic @ theintertwinin Shotter, 999% 1 the vo+itions, the wi+fu+ efforts we put into oraniGin our

utterances, our 4o-i+y e9pressions an- how the utterances of one person, especia++y in theiremotiona+"vo+itiona+ tone 'a/htin, 1223, can e9ert an inf+uence on another person an- come tocrucia++y shape not on+y their actions, 4ut their very way of 4ein in the wor+-% 'efore that,however, : must -o some scene"settin%

)ather than focussin on wor- shapesor formsas servin a representationa+ function, inta/in the activity of $ord meaningas a microcosm of human consciousness in this e9pressive"responsive sense @@ : wi++ not, of course, 4e e9p+orin the ?uestion* Fhat isconsciousness7, thatis, : sha++ not 4e concerne- with the ?uestion as to what mysterious /in- of su4stance it is, or cou+-

possi4+y 4e7

:nstea-, my e9p+oration wi++ 4e much more of a Fittensteinian 12#$ /in-* thus : sha++ 4ee9p+orin the practica+ -etai+s e9hi4ite- in the many an- various concrete circumstances that inciteus to -escri4e a person6s con-uct as conscious or unconsciousness, as -e+i4erate+y e9ecute-or as -one spontaneous+y% &n- at the heart of my Fittensteinian in?uiries wi++ 4e our own

spontaneouslyoccurrin responsive reactions to certain ver4a+ e9pressions @ to what Fittensteinca++s his remar/s, an- to the remar/s of other writers .yots/y, 'a/htin, ;oethe remar/s @an- their ro+e in comin to an un-erstan-in of the important practica+ities of human con-uct* for 1their first function is to -raw our attention to aspects or features of events occurrin aroun- us thatwe miht not otherwise notice, an- then to promote, as Fittenstein 12#3 puts it, that /in- of

un-erstan-in which consists in 5seein connections6 no%1%

:n-ee-, in payin attention to those aspects of our 4ehavior in which we act spontaneous+y,in an anima+ way , : wi++ 4e fo++owin .yots/y6s 12=8, 128$ maBor c+aim, that a++ our hiher,vo+untary, menta+ functions have their oriins in +ower, spontaneous+y occurrin forms% Hiherforms are -eve+ope- from +ower ones 4y interweavin into them socio"cu+tura+ structures of ourown human invention, structures passe- on to us 4y those aroun- us, which ena4+e us to -ep+oy the5natura+6 or spontaneous reactions a+rea-y avai+a4+e to us @ startin with those 4io+oica++y avai+a4+eto us at 4irth an- 4efore @ accor-in to our own human+y 5invente-6 en-s%

#
http://wpshow%28%27wpendnote5%27%2C%20wpendnote5%20%29/


6/21

Fhi+e as in-ivi-ua+s, c+ear+y, we -eve+op our own a4i+ities to con-uct ourse+ves in waysthat are 4oth inte++ii4+e to the others aroun- us, an- for the most part consi-ere- 4y them to 4e+eitimate, we remain unaware of 4oth the re+ations amonst our own menta+ activities an- those

4etween them an- our surroun-ins we are una4+e to turn aroun- on them, so to spea/, to ive anaccount of them to others% :t is our 4ein instructed4y others in such ways of accountin for ourown menta+ activities, i%e%, 4y them re+atin themse+ves to our actions in such a way as to -raw our

attention, in ver4a+ terms, to the re+evant re+ations, that we can come to free ourse+ves from ourown, imme-iate, impu+sive responses to events in our surroun-ins% :n others wor-s, it is throuhthe wor-s, the utterances, of others, that we can come to act in a vo+untary, conscious manner, in away in which we ourse+ves are responsi4+e, or 5answera4+e6, for our own con-uct%

:n +ine, then, with this emphasis on the thorouh+y socialnature of consciousness, : a+sowant to con-uct my further e9p+orations in the +iht of (ou+min6s 128 account of the wor-6setymo+oy in con with"scientia/nowin in )oman aw, i%e%, in -esinatin a witnessa4+e orwitnessin /nowin a+on with others% &s he sees it, for the +ast 3#0 years, since Descartes6s time, astrin of practica+, concrete terms, a++ havin unpro4+ematic, every-ay uses @ whether as ver4s Do

you min-7, as a-ver4s Di- you -o that conscious+y7, as a-Bectives (hat was a thouhtfu+ acton your partK @ have 4een converte-%%% into so many 4roa- an- enera+ a4stract nouns, whichhave then 4een construe- as names for the most persona+, private f+u9 of sensory inputs, /inestheticsensations, an- so on p%#3%

:n this transition a who+e fami+y of wor-s, whose historic use an- sense ha- to -o with thepu4+ic articu+ation of share- p+ans an- intentions has 4een ta/en over into phi+osophica+ theory asprovi-in a name for the most private an- unshare- aspects of menta+ +ife%%% (he term5consciousness6 has thus 4ecome the name for a f+u9 of sensory inputs that is seemin+y neithercon, since each in-ivi-ua+ suppose-+y has his or her own, norsciens, since the sensory f+u9 is

thouht of as 4uGGin an- 4oomin rather than conitive+y structure- or interprete- p%#!% 'utas (ou+min 128 points out*

Etymo+oica++y, of course, the term consciousness is a /now+e-e wor-% (his isevi-ence- 4y the atin form, "sci, in the mi--+e of the wor-% 'ut what are we toma/e of the prefi9 con" that prece-es it7 oo/ at the usae in )oman aw, an- theanswer wi++ 4e easy enouh% (wo or more aents who act Boint+y @ havin forme- acommon intention, frame- a share- p+an, an- concerte- their actions @ are as a resu+tconscientes% (hey act as they -o /nowin one another6s p+ans* they are 'ointly&no$ing% p%$!%

(hus, in the conscientiaview of consciousness that : want to e9p+ore here, i%e%, of it aswitnessa4+e /nowin a+on with others, to say that we are conscious in our actin, that we &no$what we are -oin in our actin, is to 4e a4+e to ive a ver4a+ account of our actions to those aroun-us who miht cha++ene us% (hat is* we can ver4a++y -escri4e the component acts that ma-e up theaction we have Bust comp+ete-, in terms 4oth of their re+ations to events in our surroun-ins an-their matterin to us, i%e%, their reasons, what we were tryin to -o in our -oin of them%

:n 4rief, to 4e conscious, is to posses a ver4a++y e9pressi4+e, ref+ective awareness of one6s

own menta+ processes% :n-ee-, it is in Bust thissense that .yots/y 128$ ta+/s of consciousness*

$


7/21

Fe use consciousness, he says, to -enote awareness of the activity of min- @ the consciousnessof 4ein conscious% & preschoo+ chi+- who, in response to the ?uestion, 5Do you /now your name76te++s his name, +ac/s this se+f"ref+ective awareness* He /nows his name 4ut is not conscious of/nowin it p%1=0%

ur proBect here, then, with respect to those of our utterances in which we ma/e use of thewor- consciousness or any of its conates, is in +ine with Fittenstein6s 12#3 proBect whenface- with a++ such phi+osophica++y pro4+ematic wor-s* Fhen phi+osophers use a wor- @/now+e-e, 4ein, o4Bect, :, proposition, name @ an- try to rasp the essence of thethin, one must a+ways as/ onese+f* is the wor- ever actua++y use- in this way in the +anuae"amewhich is its oriina+ home7 Fhat $e-o is to 4rin wor-s 4ac/ from their metaphysica+ to theirevery-ay use no%11$% &n- here our tas/ is precise+y simi+ar* to 4rin out into the open the rea++y?uite +are num4er of crucia+ -istinctions, 4oth in our responses to own actions an- in our responsesto the actions of others, we in fact ma/e spontaneous+y in 5oin on6 with our practica+, every-ayaffairs with the others aroun- us% :t is a /in- of 5phi+osophica+6 investiation that he+ps to set outwhat is possi4+e 4efore a++ new -iscoveries an- inventions Fittenstein, 12#3, no%1$, i%e%, the

usua++y unnotice-, spontaneous 4ac/roun- e9pectations an- anticipations, the responsivee9pressions, in terms of which we a++ 5o on6 with each other in our every-ay practica+ affairs%

5Insi*e '!& livin ac#iv#ies

Current+y, consciousness is treate- 4y many as a strane, private theater within us somewhere fromwithin which, as in-ivi-ua+s, we +ive out our +ives 'aars, 122=% However, when it isconceptua+iGe- in this way it seems to confront us with an unfathoma4+e mystery% Fhat, materia++y,cou+- possi4+e 4e the nature of such a specia+ 5inner space6 an- of the /in-s of activity that occur in

it7 Aany, c+ear+y, thin/ of it as 4ein a /in- of inner ca+cu+ation or computation% Fe can fin-such a view e9presse-, for instance, in Hauh+an- 1223 who, in commentin on the fact thatartificia+ inte++ience -i-n6t oriinate with computers or with a-vances in techno+oy, suests thatthis view of what thin/in is, arose out of a centra+ tra-ition in Festern phi+osophy, thin/in inte++ection essentia++y isrationa+ manipu+ation of menta+ sym4o+s viG%, i-eas pp%3"!

@ where what is meant 4y the rationa+ manipu+ation of menta+ sym4o+s is the reconfiurin ofa4stract structura+ or spatia+ patterns accor-in to an unam4iuous set of ru+es or princip+es% 'uthere, of course, Haue+an- isconcerne- with the oa+ : mentione- a4ove @ that of creatin aconsciousness, a min-, -e novo, e9 nihi+o, in somethin non"+ivin or non"human , i%e%, withanswerin the ?uestion* Fhat isconsciousness7

:t is not my purpose here to turn to a comprehensive criti?ue of this view an- of theCartesian metaphysics motivatin it, 4ut : -o, perhaps, nee- to point out that in the current c+imateof what is thouht of as the appropriate approach to the pro4+em of consciousness, the /in- ofinvestiation : am proposin is a somewhat strane an- unusua+ /in- of in?uiry% 'ut +et me presson, +et me 4ein to say somethin a4out the action guiding anticipationsour utterances can arouse%

&s 4oth .yots/y an- 'a/htin, in their own -ifferent ways note, a primary function ofwor-s, of our utterance of wor-s, is to evo/e spontaneous reactions in those to whom they area--resse-% (his is typifie- in the fo++owin remar/ a4out the function of wor-s, our utterin of

them, in the formation of our hiher socio"cu+tura+ menta+ processes* &++ the hiher psychic

=
http://wpshow%28%27wpendnote7%27%2C%20wpendnote7%20%29/http://wpshow%28%27wpendnote6%27%2C%20wpendnote6%20%29/


8/21

functions are me-iate- processes, an- sins are the 4asic means use- to master and direct them% (heme-iatin sin is incorporate- in their structure as an in-ispensa4+e, in-ee- the centra+, part of thetota+ process% :n concept formation that sin is the $ord, which at first p+ays the ro+e of means informin the concept 4ut +ater 4ecomes its sym4o+ 12$, p%#$, my emphasis % :n other wor-s, ininstructin our chi+-ren, we re+y on them respon-in in a -irect an- imme-iate manner,spontaneous+y, to certain of our e9pressions% Fhere, of course, in usin wor-s as the means in

masterin an- -irectin our hihr psychica+ functions, as the meansin formin concepts, we not Bustma/in conitive use of wor- shapes or patterns% Fith our chi+-ren we are usin e9aerate-estures, facia+ e9pressions, an- a4ove a++, tones of voice, a++ of which in 4ein intertwine- intoether with our wor-s provi-e the affective"vo+itiona+ or emotiona+"vo+itiona+ directives, or 4etter,anticipationsthat ive our actions theirpoint%

:n other wor-s, in the invisi4+e 5shape6 of the unfo+-in -ynamic of my +ivin re+ations toan o4Bect even in my simp+y spea/in of it, is the e9pression of an eva+uative attitu-e towar- it @an e9pression of the way in which it 5matters6 to me, the 5weiht6 or 5force6 it can e9ert in myspontaneous reactions to it% (hus even in my spea/in of an o4Bect @ that 5-o6 there, that 5foo- on

the p+ate6 here, that 5picture6 in the story 4oo/, those 5wor-s6 your father sai-, this 5?uote6 from'a/htin, etc%, : am never spea/in neutra++y, in-ifferent+y, with no particu+ar attitu-e, 4ut a+wayswith an intereste-"effective, emotiona+"vo+itiona+ attitu-e which e9presses %y its intonation, noton+y what is yet to"to"4e -etermine- a4out it, 4ut a+so how :, as a spea/er, e9pect another to respon-to my wor-s% Ior* (he wor- in +ivin conversation, suests 'a/htin 1281, is -irect+y,

4+atant+y, oriente- towar- a future answer"wor- itprovo&esan answer, anticipatesit an- structuresitse+f in the answer6s -irection% Iormin itse+f in an atmosphere of the a+rea-y spo/en, the wor- is atthe same time -etermine- 4y that $hich has not yet %een said %ut $hich is needed and in factanticipated %y the ans$ering $ord% Such is the situation of any +ivin -ia+oue p%80, myemphases%

&n- there is a fe+t tension at wor/ in +istenin to another, whi+e we wait for them to reachtheir 5point6% :n other wor-s, in +istenin to the pauses, the si+ences, in a person6s speech, we sensethat they are not a++ the same* some are c+ear+y pauses for further thouht, others are for -ramaticeffect, some whi+e waitin for sins from +isteners that they6ve 5ot it6, an- so on% n the otherhan-, a certain specia+ /in- of pause occurs when, c+ear+y, a spea/ fee+s that they have fina++ysuccee-e- in e9pressin a++ they ha- to say, when at +east they fee+ their utterance has e9presse- aninterate- who+e%

:t is in these moments, as 'a/htin 128$ points out, that there can 4e a chane in spea/in

su4Bects* (his chane can on+y ta/e p+ace 4ecause the spea/er has sai- or written everythinghewishes to say at a particu+ar moment or un-er particu+ar circumstances% Fhen hearin or rea-in,we c+ear+y sense the en- of the utterance, as if we hear the spea/erLs conc+u-in di!i% (hisfina+iGation is specific an- is -etermine- 4y specific criteria p%=$% (he 5invisi4+e6 fina+iGation of aspea/er6s utterance is heara%le as a transitory understanding within the unfo+-in re+ationa+-ynamics of our -ia+oica+ re+ations with that spea/er an- we re+ate to it accor-in+y* 4y 4einninour rep+y to it @ unti+ it occurs, a+thouh we may interrupt, an- say a++ /in-s of other thins, we +ac/the orientation re?uire- to inte++ii4+y respon-%

:n-ee-, in our reBoin-ers to each other6s utterances within an onoin -ia+oue, many othertransitory understandings are heara%lewithin the unfo+-in -ynamics of our re+ations with a

8


9/21

particu+ar spea/er% &s 'a/htin 128$ remar/s* each reBoin-er, rear-+ess of how 4rief an-a4rupt, has a specific ?ua+ity of comp+etion that e9presses a particu+ar position of the spea/er, towhich one may respon- or assume, with respect to it, a responsive position%%% 'ut at the same timereBoin-ers are a++ +in/e- to one another% &n- the sort of re+ations that e9ist amon reBoin-ers of-ia+oue @ re+ations 4etween ?uestion an- answer, assertion an- o4Bection, suestion an-acceptance, or-er an- e9ecution, an- so forth @ are impossi4+e amon units of +anuae wor-s an-

sentences, either in the system of +anuae in vertica+ cross section or within utterances on thehoriGonta+ p+ane p%=%

:n other wor-s, 4esi-es their conitive, representationa+ use, our wor-s can have anotheruse, an orientationa+ or re+ationa+ use* ur e9perimenta+ stu-y prove- that it was the functiona+ useof the wor-, or any other sin, as means of focusin one6s attention, se+ectin -istinctive featuresan- ana+yGin an- synthesiGin them, that p+ays a centra+ ro+e in concept formation%%% For-s an-other sins are those means that -irect our menta+ operations, contro+ their course, an- channe+ themtowar- the so+ution of the pro4+em confrontin us, says .yots/y 128$, pp%10$"10= %

Crucia+, then, in our relationswith the others aroun- us an- in our 4ein a4+e to instructour chi+-ren into 4ein mem4ers of our community, is our e9pressive"responsive use of our wor-s,our utterances, 4oth to inf+uence their 4ehaviour spontaneous+y, 4y e9ertin a -irect an- imme-iateeffect on how they -irect their attention, oraniGe an- shape their actions, an- so on, an- a+so, inin-icatin our 5motivations6 to them, what we are trying to -o in our -oins% (o un-erstan-MOQRT WRRXQY Z Z O [\\ZXZR O []RM] QZ ^O] _ ^R `[ []RM] QZ QO[Qb [even that is not enouh @ we must a+so /now its motivation% No psycho+oica+ ana+ysis of anutterance is comp+ete unti+ that p+ane is reache- .yots/y, 128$, p%#3%

Here, perhaps, iven .yots/y6s very -ifferent attitu-e to wor- meanin, i%e%, to our useofwor-s, is a suita4+e point to mention Nae+6s 128 famous e9p+oration of consciousness in his

paper* Fhat is it +i/e to 4e a 4at7 Ior he seems, at first siht, 4y raisin the ?uestion ofconsciousness in a -ifferent form @ that there is somethin that it is +i/e to %e that oranism @somethin that it is +i/eforthe oranism p%32 @ to 4e suestin a ?uite new approach to the

pro4+em* in terms of an o4Bective phenomeno+oy not -epen-ent on empathy or the imaination%%% oa+ wou+- 4e to -escri4e, at +east in part, the su4Bective character of e9periences in a formcomprehensi4+e to 4ein incapa4+e of havin those e9periences p%!0% :n other wor-s, as he putsit, 4ats c+ear+y have e9perience an- a point of view, an- we can e9perience them as e9hi4itin their5point of view6 on the wor+- in their actions @ we can e9perience the effortsof a wi++ at wor/%

'ut +et us +oo/ at the comp+e9ities of what is invo+ve- here at +itt+e more c+ose+y* Iirst+y, toconfront other living4eins, is to confront 4eins which, in relation to us, c+ear+y have, so to spea/,5a +ife of their own6 % 'ut there is a -ifference here 4etween 4ats another human 4eins* to as/*Fhat is +i/e to 4e a 4at7 is a ?uite -ifferent /in- of ?uestion from, Fhat is it +i/e to 4e amathematician7 Ior, we can as/ mathematicians to tellus, in a way that we cannot as/ a 4at% &n-they can at +east try to te++ us of the nature of theirwor+- accor-in to their own -eree ofe+o?uence in their o$n terms% Ior we can e9pect, when a--ressin mathematicians with such?uestions, that they wi++ respon- with various /in-s of +ivin, e9pressive reactions, to which we inturn wi++ 4e responsive%

2
http://wpshow%28%27wpendnote11%27%2C%20wpendnote11%20%29/http://wpshow%28%27wpendnote10%27%2C%20wpendnote10%20%29/http://wpshow%28%27wpendnote9%27%2C%20wpendnote9%20%29/


10/21

&n-, as we sha++ see, it is in the 5vo+itiona+ contours6 of the -ynamic unfo+-in of peop+e6sspontaneous responsiveness to events in their surroun-ins, in the se?uentia++y unfo+-in nature of

their (stperson living e!pressions, that they can -isp+ay their own uni?ue 5inner6 +ives to the othersaroun- them Johnston, 1223 Au+ha++, 1220 @ empathy or imaination on our part is not nee-e-%:n-ee-, it is on+y 5from within6 the +ivin interp+ay occurrin 4etween them an- us, that they cancommunicate to us what they 5thin/6 an- 5fee+6 a4out events in our common surroun-ins%

(hus, even when we are unmovin in space, as : intimate- a4ove, we can 4e sense- 4yothers as ma/in @ in-ee-, as intentionallyor effortfullyma/in @ e9pressive movements over time,e9pressive movements that, in an anticipatory fashion, reach out towar- the future%

F&'" -'&ches#&a#i'n #' -p'l$ph'n$

:n his use of the e9pression emotiona+"vo+itiona+ tone, 'a/htin is suestin that at every

moment, as we voice an unfo+-in utterance, there is an e+ement of persona+ choice as to the turnswe ta/e* (he wor- in +anuae is ha+f someone e+se6s% :t 4ecomes 5one6s own6 only $hen thespea&er populates it $ith his o$n intentions, his own accent, when he appropriates the wor-,a-aptin it to his own semantic an- e9pressive intention% Prior to this moment of appropriation, thewor- -oes not e9ist in a neutra+ an- impersona+ +anuae it is not, after a++, out of a -ictionary thatthe spea/er ets his wor-sK, 4ut rather it e9ists in other peop+e6s mouths, in other peop+e6s conte9ts,servin other peop+e6s intentions* it is from there that one must ta/e the wor-, and ma&e it one)so$n 'a/htin, 1281, pp%23"!, my emphases% :n-ee-, what ma/es a person6s wor-s their o$n$ords, are the efforts the intentions they e9ert, an- that we can sense them as e9ertin in theirspeech, to ma/e their ta+/ conform to a 5somethin6 they are tryingto e9press @ we can hear theseefforts5in6 their utterances, in the time"contour of the emotiona+"vo+itiona+ tone of their e9pressions%

(hus in the simp+e statements* 1 *want to te++ you somethin : $ant to te++ yousomethin 3 : want to te++yousomethin, an- so on, with many other -ifferent emphases, eachvolitionaltone, each emphasis, +ea-s you to re+ate or to orient yourse+f towar- me -ifferent+y in+istenin responsive+y to what : have to say% &n-, as : intentiona++y shape at +east some aspects ofthe unfo+-in time"contour of my utterances, so can you as a +istener, in 4ein continuous+y 5move-6or 5touche-6 in this way an- that, sense the 5inner6 turns : ta/e, the choices : ma/e at each choice

point inpopulatingthese very common, share- wor-s with myintentions%

et me try another simp+e e9periment*

a (he cat sat on the mat% (he mat was re-, the cat was4+ac/ @ : et the picture%%% so what7

'ut 4* (he cat%%% sat%%% on the mat%%% the mat%% was red%%% the cat%%% was %lac&%%% @ the4einnin of a host story, a -etective story7

C+ear+y, it is in arousin anticipations of the not"yet"sai- @ vaue an- un-ifferentiate- ones in thefirst case, an- more we++ -ifferentiate- ones in the secon- @ that the two very -ifferent ways ofintonin these wor-s arouse two very -ifferent transitory un-erstan-ins of these wor-s, two very

10


11/21

-ifferent ways of 5oin on6 from them% (he first arouses us to say* , : et the picture, 4ut%%% sowhat7 Fhi+e the secon- tanta+iGes us into suspensefu+ waitin for what wi++ come ne9t%

(here is thus in a++ our tru+y +ive-, an- thus answera4+e, acts @ if not in our mere+ytheoretica+ an- theoreticiGe- wor+- 'a/htin, 1223, p%0 @ what 'a/htin 1223 ca++s a

compe++ent ouht, that is, in settin itse+f up as somethin"to"4e achieve-, it sets up 4efore a5ca++6, an 5ure6, or 5enBoinment6 to action, a sense of somethin that is re?uire- or -eman-e- of theaction% &n- what we can 5see6 an- 5hear6 e9presse- in the emotionalvolitional toneof a person6se9pressions an- those of other 4eins an- thins are their effortsto rep+y to, to 4e answera4+e to,these ca++s%

:n-ee-, it is in the tempora+ unfo+-in of an utterance, as each new wor- uttere- ains itsin-ivi-ua+ity, %othin contrast with, andin re+ation to, the wor-s a+rea-y sai-, that an utterance isshape- or oraniGe- as e9pressive of a certain state of affairs% Ior there are no instant +i/e si+encesseparatin two successive wor-s in an utterance% (wo successive moments in an utterance, two

5passin or transitiona+ moments6 are not simp+y separate- 4y their +ualitative differences, 4y the-ifferences ma-e 4y a spea/er that are in-icative of a spea/er6s intentions, 4ut are a+so re+ate- toeach other in that the ear+ier parts of an utterance function to motivatethe +ater parts %

(hus, imaine a spea/er, an aca-emic +i/e any one of us, facin the tas/ of oraniGin a+on, sustaine-, an- comp+e9 utterance @ a ta+/ +i/e this, say% (hey face the tas/ of se?uencin eachcontri4utory"utterance in such a way that, on the one han-, it wi++ 5point6 towar- the u+timateconception of an interate- who+e, with each contri4utory"utterance 4ein respon-e- to, on theother han-, in terms of the who+e that is motivating% (his is on+y possi4+e, of course, if there issomethin in a person6s ta+/ that a++ows one to orient towar-, as 'a/htin 1281 puts it, that which

has not yet 4een sai-, 4ut which is nonethe+ess present, an- -eterminative of, the 5shape6, the time"contourin, of a spea/er6s utterance%

&n often emp+oye- metaphor to -escri4e the comp+e9+y oraniGe- unfo+-in of a person6shiher menta+ activities, is to -escri4e them as orchestrate-, as oraniGe- so that a num4er ofseemin+y in-epen-ent component performances -o not Bust acci-enta++y occur toether in any o+-or-er or se?uence +i/e car-s 4ein shuff+e- into a new arranement, 4ut occur in re+ation to acommon+yfeltsense, not on+y of where one has %een4ut a+so of where one is headed% Fe often saythat when we are un-erstan-in another person, we are 5fo++owin6 them @ 4ut if the approach hereis correct, it wou+- 4e 4etter to say that we are anticipatin them% (he unfo+-in tempora+

contourin of a person6s performance @ in music, the tempo @ is the ui-in e+ement% :nFittenstein6s 12#3 terms, if we are u+timate+y to achieve an un-erstan-in of another person6sutterances, 4y testin an- chec/in their 5point6 @ an- not misun-erstan- them @ we must at a +ower+eve+ /now how to o on no%1#!%

(he orchestration metaphor is, : thin/, a very powerfu+ one, an- very re+evant to the tas/face- 4y a sin+e spea/er, or sin+e thin/er concerne- to thin/ +oica++y or systematica++y, concerne-to -e+iver in a sin+e, interate- utterance, a sin+e interate- thouht @ as is my tas/ in -e+iverinthis ta+/%

11
http://wpshow%28%27wpendnote14%27%2C%20wpendnote14%20%29/http://wpshow%28%27wpendnote14%27%2C%20wpendnote14%20%29/http://wpshow%28%27wpendnote13%27%2C%20wpendnote13%20%29/http://wpshow%28%27wpendnote12%27%2C%20wpendnote12%20%29/


12/21

'ut once we move on into 'a/htin6s 128! wor/ on Dostoevs/y6s form"shapini-eo+oy p%2=, we sha++ fin- not on+y even reater comp+e9ity, 4ut a+so a ?ua+itative+y -ifferentform of oraniGation @ what, fo++owin Aer+eau"Ponty 12$8 : have ca++e- a chiasmic form oforaniGation, an- what 'a/htin 128! ca++spolyphonic%

:nstea- of a form of composition in which each voice is simp+y fitte- harmonious+y orsystematica++y into the who+e so far constructe-, po+yphony wor/s in terms of two or morein-epen-ent me+o-ic voices 4ein re+ate- to each other contrapunctua++y% (hus instea- of aninterate-, harmonious unity, we sha++ fin-, as 'a/htin 128! puts it, that what unfo+-s inDosteoves/y6s nove+s, is a plurality of independent and unmerged voices and consciousnesses, a

genuine polyphony of fully valid voices%%% not a mu+titu-e of characters an- fates in a sin+eo4Bective wor+-, i++uminate- 4y a sin+e authoria+ consciousness rather a plurality ofconsciousnesses, $ith e+ual rights and each $ith his o$n $orld, com4ine 4ut are not mere- in theunity of the event p%$% Fhere we can imaine the com4inin that occurs, as 4ein +i/e, say, thecom4inin occurrin in the optic chiasma, where the -ifferent points of view of our two eyes arecom4ine-, 4ut not mere-, to provi-e us with a 4o-i+y sense of -epth, i%e%, of thins 4ein near to,

or far from, us% :n other wor-s, 4y not 4ein mere-, 4ut 4y 4ein re+ate- in terms of their-ifferences, there is the creation of a uni?ue+y new relational dimension, a new way of re+atinourse+ves to our circumstances, a new way of 5seein connections6%

Ior 'a/htin, then, the orchestration metaphor is too continuous+y harmonious, is toohomoeneous or monophonic% Not on+y can we ta+/ -ia+oica++y, 4ut in our own inner speech wecan thin/ -ia+oica++y @ in terms, not on+y of many -ifferent voices with -ifferent 5+oica+6 points ofview, 4ut a+so with many -ifferent affective or emotiona+"vo+itiona+ tones% (hus, rather than the-ynamics of our consciousness 4ein of a harmonious, 5orchestrate-6 /in-, a unifie- activityoccurrin in a unifie- consciousness, we can imaine them as ta/in on a stran-e-, intertwine-,

po+yphonic oraniGation%

Phi+osophica++y, 'a/htin 128! is contrastin his po+yphonic account of consciousnesswith the faith in the se+f"sufficiency of a sin+e consciousness that he sees as a profoun-structura+ characteristic of the creative i-eo+oica+ activity of mo-ern times p%8, as an aspect ofthe ?uest for a unifie- truth% 'ut, as he points out* the sin+e an- unifie- consciousness is 4y nomeans an inevita4+e conse?uence of the concept of a unifie- truth% :t is ?uite possi4+e to imainean- postu+ate a unifie- truth that re?uires a p+ura+ity of consciousnesses, one that cannot in princip+e

4e fitte- into the 4oun-s of a sin+e consciousness, one that is, so to spea/, 4y its very nature full ofevent potentialan- is 4orn at a point of contact amon various consciousnesses% (he mono+oic

way of perceivin conition an- truth is on+y one of the possi4+e ways% :t arises whereconsciousness is p+ace- a4ove e9istence, an- where the unity of e9istence is transforme- into theunity of consciousness 'a/htin, 128!, p%81%

:f the attainment of a unifie- truth within a sin+e consciousness is impossi4+e, then what-oes that mean for us in sharin the +ivin our +ives with others7 :t means, : thin/, that we canachieve common un-erstan-ins, on+y from time to time, in practice% :t means that on+y at certainmoments -o we nee- everyone invo+ve- to move as one @ as one min-, or 4etter, as one 4o-y% :tmeans, : thin/, as 4oth .yots/y 128$ an- Fittenstein 1280 put it* (he oriin an- primitiveform of the +anuae ame is a reaction on+y from this can more comp+icate- forms -eve+op%

anuae @ : want to say @ is a refinement, 5in the 4einnin was the -ee-6 p%31% :n

1


13/21

other wor-s, as they 4oth see it, the 4einnins of our new ways of ta+/in an- thin/in, our uni?ueun-erstan-ins of the uni?ue peop+e an- circumstances we continua++y encounter in our -ai+y +ives,arise out our new, em4o-ie-, spontaneous+y e9presse-, ways of actin @ in the 4einnin was notthe wor-, 4ut our spontaneous responsiveness to our circumstances% ur em4o-ie- practices, which

4ein in our meetins with the others an- othernesses aroun- us, are primary% (hus* E p+uri4usunum out of many, one% is 4est, then, thouht of as a -ynamic unity of heteroeneity rather than a

unity of homoeneity Prioine, 1280 , an effortfu+ achievement rather than the natura++yoccurrin outcome of peop+e simp+y +ivin toether%

The #e"p'&al s#&!c#!&e '. '!& livin ac#ivi#ies,

!ni# anal$sis,/ an* 0l'sin #e phen'"ena/

et me straihtaway a-- here, that my concern with this /in- of 5/nowin from within6 thesituation resonates -irect+y with .yots/y6s 128= remar/s, on the -ifferences 4etween theana+ysis of a who+e into its separate elements, an- what he ca++s unitana+ysis% :n ma/in this most

important -istinction he notes* (he first of these forms of ana+ysis 4eins with the -ecompositionof the comp+e9 menta+ who+e into its e+ements%%% (he essentia+ feature of this form of ana+ysis is thatits pro-ucts are of a -ifferent nature than the who+e from which they are -erive-%%% Since it resu+ts in

pro-ucts that have lost the characteristics of the $hole, this process is not a form of ana+ysis in thetrue sense of the wor-% &t any rate, it is not 5ana+ysis6 vis a visthe pro4+em to which it was meant to

4e app+ie- p%!#, my emphasis%

&n- he continues* 'ecause it causes the researcher to inore the unifie- an- intera+nature of the process 4ein stu-ie-, this form of ana+ysis +ea-s to a profoun- -e+usion% (he interna+re+ationships of the unifie- who+e are rep+ace- with e9terna+ mechanica+ re+ationships 4etween twoheteroeneous processes%%% :n our view, an entire+y -ifferent form of ana+ysis is fun-amenta+ tofurther -eve+opment of theories of thin/in an- speech% (his form of ana+ysis re+ies on the

partitionin of the comp+e9 who+e into units% :n contrast to the term 5e+ement6, the term 5unit6-esinates a pro-uct of ana+ysis that possesses a++ the 4asic characteristics of the who+e p%!$ %

His -istinction here, then, 4etween the comp+e9, internal relationscharacteristic of a +ivinwho+e, an- the heteroeneous, e!ternal relationscharacteriGin a mechanica+ who+e, is crucia+ tomy who+e account here% &s he puts it, the nature of the who+e @ that ma/es possi4+e the meaninfu+use of our wor-s, our utterances, in shapin, -irectin, an- oraniGin peop+e6s 4ehavior, our owninc+u-e- @ is +ost in any ana+ysis of it into on+y e9terna++y re+ate- e+ements% :n fact, strict+y, to sti++ca++ the wor-"forms we arrive at as a resu+t of such an e9terna+ ana+ysis wor-s is, as he remar/s, isto ma/e ourse+ves victims of a profoun- -e+usion%

Ior .yots/y, then, each unit, each 5part6 of a +ivin who+e, retains as a microcosm a++ theessentia+ characteristics of the macrocosm% (his is c+ear+y not the case with the parts of amechanism% (he parts of a machine are, so to spea/, o4Bective parts, which have their owncharacter, irrespective of whether they are parts of the machine or not they owe none of theircharacteristics to their intrinsic re+ations with any of the other parts% 'ut the 5parts6 of a +ivin who+ecannot e9ist in iso+ation +i/e this, apart from a++ the others with whom, ?uite +itera++y, they have

rown into e9istence% :n-ee-, the +ivin who+e within which they have their 4ein has itse+f rown

13
http://wpshow%28%27wpendnote17%27%2C%20wpendnote17%20%29/http://wpshow%28%27wpendnote16%27%2C%20wpendnote16%20%29/http://wpshow%28%27wpendnote15%27%2C%20wpendnote15%20%29/


14/21

from a simp+e +ivin 5ce++6 into a rich+y structure- one in such a way that, at any one moment intime, a++ its 5units6 or 5parts6 owe, not Bust their character, 4ut their very e9istence 4oth to oneanother andto their re+ations with the 5parts6 of the system at some ear+ier point in time @ that is,their history is Bust as important as the 5+oic6 of their re+ations in their rowth% 'ecause of this, it isimportant to a--, it is impossi4+e to picture, i%e%, to represent, +ivin who+es in spatia+ -iarams, forsuch who+es contemp+ate- at a iven moment are a+ways incomp+ete% (hey are a+ways, even in a++

their 5parts6, a+ways on the way to 4ein other than they are% (hus a++ its 5units6 or 5parts6 @ if we areBustifie- in usin such ina-e?uate terms at a++ @ have, necessari+y, 4oth a tempora+ as we++ as aspatia+ aspect an- thus, 4y their very nature, 5point6 4oth from a past an- towar- a possi4+e futuresee Shotter, 128!, pp%!"!3%

:n-ee-, time an- tempora+ity are centra+ to the nature of peop+e6s +ivin activities, to theirmeaninfu+ e9pressions% (hus, to attempt to ana+yGe them into a se?uence of instantaneous spatia+confiurations, into a se?uence of separate, o4Bective parts, each lac&ing an intrinsic %efore an-after, wou+-, to repeat .yots/y6s comment a4ove, resu+t in pro-ucts that have +ost thecharacteristics of the who+e%

:nstea-, it is important for us to accept that in a++ +ivin activities, there is a+ways a /in- ofdevelopmental continuity invo+ve- in their unfo+-in, such that ear+ier phases of the activity arein-icative of at +east the style,thephysiognomy, i%e%, the uni?ue +ivin i-entity, of what is to come+ater% (here is a characteristic 5shape6 to their unfo+-in in time% (hus, Bust as acorns on+y row intooa/ trees an- not rose 4ushes, an- hens6 es on+y pro-uce chic/ens an- not ra44its, so a++ +ivinactivities, it seems, ive rise to what we miht ca++ identity preservingchanes or -eformations @their possi4+e en-s are a+rea-y 5there6 in their 4einnins% :n other wor-s, our spontaneous,e9pressive"responsive 4o-i+y activities, our wor-s in our utterin of them, a+ways 5point 4eyon-6themse+ves, towar- a +imite- set of possi4i+ities in the future% (hus, in havin internalrather than

e!ternalre+ations to their surroun-in circumstances +i/e this, they have an in-icative or mimetic,i%e%, agestural, re+ation to them even if their surroun-ins are invisi4+e to those witnessin on+y theactivities @ in other wor-s, rather than simp+y 5a--"on6 e9tras, they are a+ways 5participant parts6 ina +arer who+e% :t is the intrinsic -eve+opmenta+ continuity of a++ our +ivin activities that, to repeat,

provi-es us with the usua++y unnotice- 4ac/roun- of e9pectations an- anticipations we arouse ineach other 4y our responsive e9pressions, the spontaneous e9pectations an- anticipations in termsof which we a++ 5o on6 with each other in our every-ay practica+ affairs%

&n- it is this that ma/es it possi4+e for them to +in/ their actions in with our6s in aninte++ii4+e manner% Ior they a+so +ive out their +ives from $ithinthe same surroun-ins as us, an-

are, or can 4e, oriente- towar- the same features in the same way as ourse+ves% :n-ee-, it is a centra+part of what it is for us to 4e a mem4er of a +inuistic community, that we are a4+e to use toe9press a wor- with the anticipation that the others aroun- us wi++ respon- to our use of it Bust aswe e9pect% :f they -on6t, then we won-er whether they are in fact 5one of us6%

(his effect of our e9pressions, to 4e a4+e to 5point6 in at +east a partia++y specifie- manner,from a past towar- a future, is crucia+, as we sha++ see, in un-erstan-in how another6s wor-s can 4econstitutive of our own, conscious activities, an- is somethin ?uite inimica+ the Cartesian approachto chane an- movement% (hat approach, as is we++"/nown, consi-ers chane an- movement on+yas chanes in the confiuration of a set of in-epen-ent+y e9istin, e9terna++y re+ate-, in-epen-ent+y

e9istin elements, in .yots/y6s terms @ an account of chane that 4y its very nature, +oses a++ the

1!


15/21

phenomena that arise in our of our +ivin, e9pressive"responsive re+ations with the others an-othernesses aroun- us% Ior it is this non"representationa+, e9pressive"responsive use of our wor-sthat a++ows them to 4e 4oth the meansin formin our concepts, and to %e the mediational meansused in mastering and directing higher mental functions, or conscious+y performe- activities @ forin app+yin our wor-s to ourse+ves, we cannot not 4e spontaneous+y responsive to their use%

G'e#hes e%ac# sens'&ial i"aina#i'n

So far : have a +ot to say a4out .yots/y an- 'a/htin, 4ut what has a++ of this ot to -o with;oethe7 Fe++, : s+ippe- in at the 4einnin of my ta+/ that : wante- to e9p+ore the who+e i-ea of ourconsciousness as 4ein relationally structure-, from $ithin the conte!t of our living of our livestogether% &n- the main point of my presentation here to-ay, has 4een to try to show how much is infact 5seea4+e6 or 5heara4+e6 4y us as +ivin 4eins from $ithin the -ynamics of our enae-invo+vements with the others an- othernesses aroun- us%

:n-ee-, more than that* my aim has 4een to show how much is seen an- hear- an-spontaneous+y acte- upon 4y us, a++ the intrinsic re+ations a+rea-y e9istin 4etween +anuae an-thouht, +anuae an- action, an- so on, without our noticin the factsof these a+rea-y e9istinre+ations%

:n -oin this, in con-uctin this /in- of in?uiry, : have, of course, 4een heavi+y inf+uence-4y the +ater Fittenstein 12#3% &s he saw it, the tas/ here was not one of e!plainingsomethin ofwhich we were inorant% :t is not a matter of fin-in out any ne$ facts% :t re?uires 4rininsomethin that a+rea-y +ies open to view, 4ut resi-es unnotice- in the 4ac/roun- to our activities,

into the foreroun- @ the precise function, as : see it, that .yots/y 12$ assine- to ourutterances when they are use- to master an- to -irect our psychic functions p%#$% &n- Bust as theovera++ resu+t for a chi+-, who is su4Becte- to the appropriate /in- of instructive invo+vements in the+anuae intertwine- activities of his or her roup, comes to fee+ 5at home6 in the roup, an- to/now their 5way a4out6 an- how to 5o on6 in most practica+ affairs, so we too can ain a simi+arsuch innerun-erstan-in of this vast, previous+y unnotice- 4ac/roun- to our +ives% (hus, as hesai-, we are not concerne- to to hunt out new facts it is, rather, of the essence of our investiationthat we -o not see/ to +earn anythin new 4y it% Fe want to un-erstan- somethin that is a+rea-y in

p+ain view% Ior this is what we seem in some sense not to un-erstan- no%82%

'ut how miht such an in?uiry 4e con-ucte-7 &n- an even more pro4+ematic ?uestion*how shou+- its resu+ts 4e presente- in such a way that others can 4enefit from the resu+ts achieve-

4y another in-ivi-ua+7

(his, at +ast, is where ;oethe comes in* :n see/in the /in- of e9act inner un-erstan-inwe re?uire if we are to /now our 5way aroun-6 insi-e the immense +an-scape of our myria- uses of+anuae, Fittenstein was fo++owin ;oethe an- his metho- of attemptin to come to an innerrasp of the 5-eve+opmenta+ movement6 of p+ant forms as they metamorphose from see-+ins,throuh the fu++y rown p+ant, to the time when they a+so pro-uce see-s% &s Faismann 12$# putit, in#ogi&, Sprache, Philosopie, the wor/ on which he co++a4orate- with Fittenstein*

1#


16/21

ur thouht here marches with certain views of ;oetheLs which he e9presse- in theMetamorphosis of Plants%%% conception of the oriina+ p+ant imp+ies no hypothesis a4out the tempora+ -eve+opment of the veeta4+e /in-omsuch as that of Darwin% Fhat then is the pro4+em so+ve- 4y this i-ea7 :t is the

pro4+em of synoptic presentation% ;oethe6s aphorism 5&++ the orans of p+ants are+eaves transforme-6 offers us a p+an in which we may roup the orans of p+ants

accor-in to their simi+arities as if aroun- some natura+ centre%%% Fe fo++ow thissensuous transformation of type 4y +in/in up the +eaf thouh interme-iate formswith the other orans of the p+ant%

(hat is precise+y what we are -oin here% Fe are co++atin one form of +anuae withits environment, or transformin it in imaination so as to ain a view of the who+espace in which the structure of our +anuae has its 4ein pp%80" 81%

:n-ee-, to 4e a4+e, imainative+y, to move with ease, 4ac/war-s an- forwar-s, throuh the who+eun4ro/en, -eve+opmenta+ f+ow of a p+ant forms, we must, ;oethe c+aime-, participativelyun-erstan- the overa++ movement of a p+ant6s rowth in a process of e9act sensoria+ imaination%;oethe out+ine- the nature of this process thus*

:f : +oo/ at the create- o4Bect, in?uire into its creation, an- fo++ow this process 4ac/as far as : can, : wi++ fin- a series of steps% Since these are not actua++y seen toether

4efore me, : must visua+iGe them in my memory so that they form a certain i-ea+who+e% &t first : wi++ ten- to thin/ in terms of steps, yet nature +eaves no aps, an-thus, in the en-, : wi++ have to see this proression of uninterrupte- activity as awho+e% : can -o so 4y -isso+vin the particu+ar without -estroyin the impressionitse+f ?uote- in Hoffman, 1228, p%133%

(o see a -eve+opin who+e in this in-ivisi4+e way, is to see the various possi4+e ne9t steps in its-eve+opment as necessarysteps, i%e%, as 4ein open to further specification, 4ut on+y of an a+rea-yspecifie- /in-% :n see/in this /in- of e9actitu-e, ;oethe ha- in min- the /in- of thin/in weemp+oy in mathematics, where we can if we are sufficient+y e9pert have an inner vision of these?uence of steps re?uire- to ma/e a proof 4efore us, a++"at"once, as in our 4eho+-in of a visua++an-scape*

Irom the mathematician we must +earn the meticu+ous care re?uire- to connectthins in un4ro/en succession, or rather, to -erive thins step 4y step% Even wherewe -o not venture to app+y mathematics we must a+ways wor/ as thouh we ha- tosatisfy the strictest eometricians, he says ?uote- in&mrine, p%38 ?uote- in'ortoft, 122$, p%2%

'ut in a++ of this, ;oethe was not prepare- to con-uct his investiations in terms of theoriesor hypotheses% :f : am to 4e conscious+y articu+ate a4out these circumstances , +et the rea-er thin/ of me as a 4orn poet, who, in or-er to -o Bustice to his su4Bects, a+wayssee/s to -erive his termino+oy -irect+y from the su4Bects themse+ves, each time anew ?uote- in'ra-y, pp%2"3 ;oethe6s 'otanica+ Fritins, pp%1#2"$0% (o wor/ within a rea-y"ma-e

termino+oy wou+-, as he saw, resu+t on+y in a /in- of mosaic ma-e up of separate, se+f"containe-

1$


17/21

pieces it wou+- never create a sin+e oranic who+e somethin +i/e an utterance that one cou+-un-erstan- an- answer to%

Fe can stu-y a+rea-y comp+ete-, -ea- entities at a -istance, in a disengaged fashion,see/in to un-erstan- from their confiurations in a set of -isconnecte- instants, the pattern of past

events that miht have caused them to come into e9istence, an- 4y representin that pattern interms of an o4Bective, e9p+anatory theory% However, as em4o-ie- 4eins, a very -ifferent /in- ofun-erstan-in can 4ecome avai+a4+e to us, if we can a++ow ourse+ves to 4ecomes engaged withceratin of the entities aroun- us% Ior, in enterin into two"way -ynamic re+ationships with them,an-, in a++owin ourse+ves to 4e open to their movements, to their e9pressions, we can fin-ourse+ves spontaneous+y respon-in to them in ways ?uite impossi4+e for us with -ea- entities%

:n-ee-, in spontaneous+y respon-in ourse+ves to the effortfu+ time"contours e9presse- inthe actions of others, we can fin- ourse+ves un-erstan-in, not on+y how we are placedwith them,

4ut a+so how ne9t we mihtgo onwith them% 'ut these un-erstan-ins are on+y avai+a4+e to us from

within the -ynamics of the +ivin, em4o-ie-, engagedinter"activity occurrin 4etween us an- theothers an- othernesses aroun- us @ in-ee-, one thin that is specia+ a4out them is that these /in-s ofun-erstan-in 'ust happen to us, spontaneous+y, within the -ynamics of a two"way f+ow ofspontaneous+y responsive inter"activity as +on, that is, that its f+ow remains spontaneous+yresponsive an- thus un4ro/en% Fe cannot -e+i4erate+y see/ them%

(his -ifferent /in- of spontaneous+y occurrin, enae-, responsive un-erstan-in, thaton+y 4ecomes avai+a4+e to us from within our -ynamic, two"way re+ations with the others aroun- us,is not simp+y the in-ivi-ua+ &no$ing of facts, nor is it the in-ivi-ua+ &no$ing of a s&ill)y+e, 12!2it is a thir- /in- of moment 4y moment chanin felt &no$ingto -o with how toshapeor organie

our own 4ehaviourfrom $ithinour enaements with the others +i/e ourse+ves aroun- us% &s such,it is a /in- of /nowin which 4oth 1 ta/es into account an- is accounta4+e to those others, an-which, 4ecause of its anticipatory nature, provi-es us with a shaped and vectored senseof whereat any one moment we are, as we++ as where ne!tin that situation we miht o Shotter, 1223% :t isits action ui-in, anticipatory nature that ma/es this /in- of un-erstan-in of +ivin activities, ofe!pressions-, so very -ifferent from our un-erstan-in of the mere movements of -ea- thins%

C'ncl!si'ns: -e##in insi*e '!& '+n sha&e* +a$s '. +i#nessa(le )n'+in al'n +i#h '#he&s

Fhat we have -iscovere-, then, in our e9p+orations a4ove, is that 4y turnin ourse+ves outwar-,towar- others, rather than inwar-, towar- our own suppose- inner wor/ins, we have foun- aspectsof our re+ations with the others aroun- us that are crucia+ to us 4ecomin more conscious moreconscientia-in our re+ations with them% (hus, far from the others aroun- us 4ein 5other min-s6whose inner +ives are c+ose- to us, without our access to the emotiona+"vo+itiona+ tone e9presse- intheir responsive actions towar- us, we wou+- +ac/ the resourceswe nee- to refine or articu+ate the5inner structure6 of our own consciousnesses further% (his, then, is the inf+uence of other6sutterances on us, of their spo/en wor-s% (hey can e9ert a constitutive effect on our consciousnesses

@ especia++y the wor-s of our pre-ecessors an- ancestors, our parents another teachers, the writersan- artists aroun- us% :n-ee-, Bust as they ave themse+ves over to the 5ca++s6 e9erte- upon them 4ythe wor-s of others in their surroun-ins, so can we, if we ive ourse+ves over to their5ca++s6, come

to 4e inf+uence- 4y their wor-s in the same way @ the importance of .yots/y6s an- 'a/htin6s

1=


18/21

wor-s here, 4ein precise+y a case in point%

:n-ee-, .yots/y sees our consciousness, that is, our -e+i4erate an- vo+untary contro+ overour own 4ehaviour, as -eve+opin @ not simp+y 4y our ceasin to 4e spontaneous+y reactive toevents in our surroun-ins @ 4ut 4y our sti++ 4ein spontaneous+y responsive, 4ut 4y our +earnin to

master our o$n spontaneous reactions, 4y -e+i4erate+y ivin ourse+ves appropriate ver4a+instructions at appropriate moments% :t is surprisin to us, he remar/s, that tra-itiona+psycho+oy has comp+ete+y fai+e- to notice this phenomenon which we can ca++ mastering one)so$n reactions% :n attempts to e9p+ain this fact of 5wi++6 psycho+oy resorte- to amirac+e, to the intervention of a spiritua+ factor in the operation of nervous processes, an- thus trie-to e9p+ain the action 4y the +ine of most resistance, as -i-, for e9amp+e, James in -eve+opin histheory of the creative character of the wi++ .yots/y, 12$$, pp%33"3!, my emphasis%

:n this -ynamic view of consciousness, then @ -escri4e- as witnessa4+e /nowin a+onwith the others aroun- us @ to say that we are conscious in our actin is not simp+y to 5e9p+ain6 a

person6s actions in terms of a specia+ 5inner theater6 or 5inner wor/shop6 'aars, nor in terms of the5rationa+ manipu+ation of sym4o+s6 Haue+an-% :t is to e9p+icate the concept of consciousness interms of +ivin units of wor- meanin .yots/y, in terms of utterances 'a/htin, so that, as anaspect of our +ives with others, we can un-erstan-, and recount to others, the reasonsfor our ownmyria-, -ifferent uses of the wor- 5consciousness6 in an unconfuse- manner @ where we mustremem4er that a ver4a+iGation to 4e consi-ere- an utterance, it must 4e e9perience- as a meaninfu+who+e to which one can meaninfu++y respon-%

Primari+y, then, in actin conscious+y, we are actin we are not on+y actin vo+untari+y an--e+i4erate+y, as we ourse+ves re?uire, rather than as our circumstances re?uire, 4ut in so -oin, we

are contro++in our own initia+ spontaneous reactions to events in our surroun-ins 4y the +inuistic-irection of our own reactions% (hus an aspect of our 4ein a4+e to -o this, is our 4ein a4+e to+inuistica++y -escri4e the unitsinto which our actions are partitione-, an- to correct ourse+ves if weseem in pu4+ic+y share- terms to 4e actin incorrect+y% :n other wor-s, in actin conscientia inthis way, we can 5answer for ourse+ves6, offer 5Bustifications6 an- 5e9cuses6 for our actions, 5p+an6an- 5-e+i4erate6 on our actions, 5cu+tivate a critica+ conscience6, an- so on%

:n short, we can act in 4oth an 5accounta4+e6 an- 5recounta4+e6 manner that is, we canaccount to the others aroun- us, in ver4a+ terms, for our actions if so re?uire- @ thus to -emonstratethat others can 4e witnesses to our c+aims to /now $hatwe are -oin%

(o 4e a4+e to -o that, however, re?uires us to 4e ref+e9ive+y se+f"aware, not on+y of thefeatures in our surroun-ins to which we are 4ein attentive, inc+u-in the re+ations an-connections 4etween them we thin/ important, 4ut of many other aspects of our own innerfunctionin a+so% :n other wor-s, as a me-iatin sin that we use to master and directour ownresponses to the actions of the others an- othernesses aroun- us, our tas/ is to -escri4e thein-efinite+y many ro+es the wor- consciousness.as a unit of wor- meanin can p+ay in our+ives% (his is an enormous proBect an- in a short ta+/ +i/e this, : have 4een a4+e to ive on+y a few ofthe main reasons why we say that a person is actin conscious+y, rather than unconscious+y, orimpu+sive+y, or unthin/in+y, etc%

18


19/21

However, : hope that when it comes to thin/in a4out thin/in, an- its re+ations to+anuae, an- to the rest of our +ives, that : have 4een a4+e to show how +itt+e theories an-hypotheses are of importance, or at +east, how we cannot 4ein our thin/in with theories an-hypotheses* we must somehow et a rip on the a+rea-y e9istin, intrinsic re+ations 4etweenthin/in an- speech% r perhaps 4etter, : shou+- have sai-, e9p+icit+y formu+ate- an- -oe-+yfo++owe- theories, for as ;oethe 1288 note-* (he u+timate oa+ wou+- 4e to rasp that everythinin the rea+m of fact is a+rea-y theory%%% et us not see/ for somethin 4eyon- the phenomena @ theythemse+ves are the theory p%30=% :n-ee-, as we have a+rea-y seen, the simp+e fact of ca++in a

person6s voca+iGation an utterance, -epen-s on our sensin it an- respon-in to it as havin

constitute- an inten-e- who+e 4y a spea/er @ somethin that is not o4Bective+y visi4+e to a 3 r-"

person outsi-e o4server, uninvo+ve- with the 1st"person spea/er in ?uestion%

(he approach to consciousness, then, that : have ta/en here, is that consciousness is asocially responsivee+a4oration of our anima+ sensitivities to, an- awareness of, events occurrin in

our re+ations to the others an- othernesses in our surroun-ins% (hus, far from it 4ein a specia+,private, inner theater or wor/shop of the min-, its emerence -epen-s comp+ete+y on theintertwinin or intermin+in of our 5inner +ives6 with the 5inner6 +ives of those aroun- us% :n thisview, our consciousness then 4ecomes no more strane to us than the fact of our 5+ivinness6 @ a factthat is at once 4oth or-inary in the sense of 4ein very fami+iar to us in our -ai+y practica+ +ives, aswe++ as 4ein ?uite e9traor-inary to us in that we haven6t the faintest i-ea as to what ma/es the-ifference 4etween +ivin an- -ea- forms%

:n my ta+/, then, : have 4een tryin to reorient our current inte++ectua+ focus away fromconitive matters, away from our -e+i4erate+y p+anne- an- e9ecute- activities, an- towar- those

occurrences that happen to us over an- a4ove our wantin an- -oin ;a-amer @ a focus on ourspontaneous ways of actin, an- the anticipations an- e9pectations to which, in the course of theirf+ow, they ive rise% (o -o this, we must of necessity, try to 5et insi-e6 them as they occur we try to/now them, inte++ectua++y, 5from within6 in the same way as they are /nown spontaneous+y, fromwithin a person6s actin% (his tas/ of 5ettin insi-e6 our own share- ways of witnessa4+e /nowina+on with others, is somethin of a who++y new /in- of proBect for psycho+oica+ in?uiry%

1e.e&ences:

&mrine, I% 1228 (he metamorphosis of the scientist% :n D% Seamon an- &% gaBonc E-s% ;oetheLsFay of Science* a Phenomeno+oy of Nature, pp%33"#!% &+4any, N* State University of

New or/ Press%

'aars, '%J% 122= :n the (heater of Consciousness* the For/p+ace of the Ain-% New or/ an-9for-* 9for- University Press%

'a/htin, A%A% 1281 (he Dia+oica+ :maination% E-ite- 4y A% Ho+?uist, trans% 4y C% Emerson

an- A% Ho+?uist% &ustin, (9* University of (e9as Press%

12


20/21

'a/htin, A%A% 128! Pro4+ems of Dostoevs/yLs Poetics% E-ite- an- trans% 4y Cary+ Emerson%Ainneapo+is* University of Ainnesota Press%

'a/htin, A%A% 128$ Speech ;enres an- ther ate Essays% (rans% 4y .ern F% Ac;ee% &ustin, (9*University of (e9as Press%

'a/htin, A%A% 1223 (owar- a Phi+osophy of the &ct, with trans+ation an- notes 4y .a-im

ianpov, e-ite- 4y A% Ho+?uist% &ustin, (* University of (e9as Press%'ra-y, )%H% 1228 (he i-ea in nature* rerea-in ;oetheLs oranics% :n D% Seamon an- &% gaBonc

E-s% ;oetheLs Fay of Science* a Phenomeno+oy of Nature, pp%83"111% &+4any, N* StateUniversity of New or/%

Cape/, A% 12$1 (he Phi+osophica+ :mpact of Contemporary Physics% New or/* .an Nostran-%

Derri-a, J% 12=$ f ;rammato+oy% (rans% ;ayatri Spiva/%'a+timore* Johns Hop/ins UniversityPress%

;a-amer, H"; 000 (ruth an- Aetho-, n-revise- e-ition, trans 4y J% Feinsheimer j D%;%Aarsha++% New or/* Continuum%

;oethe, J%F von% 1288 Scientific Stu-ies New or/* Suhr/amp Pu4+ishers SS a4ove%

;oethe, J%F% von 12!8"12$0 ;oethes Fer/e Ham4erer"&usa4e% E-% E% (unG% 1! vo+s%Ham4er* C% Fener H& a4ove%

Haue+an-, J% 1223 &rtificia+ :nte++ience* the .ery :-ea% Cam4ri-e, A&* A:( Press%

He++er, E% 12# (he Disinherite- Ain-* Essays in Ao-ern ;erman iterature an- (hrouht %Cam4ri-e* 'owes an- 'owes%

Hoffman, N% 1228 (he unity of science an- art* ;oethean phenomeno+oy as a new eco+oica+-iscip+ine% :n D% Seamon an- &% gaBonc E-s% ;oetheLs Fay of Science* a Phenomeno+oyof Nature% &+4any, N%%* State University of New or/ Press%

James, F% 1820 Princip+es of Psycho+oy, vo+s% 1 j % on-on* Aacmi++an%

Johnston, P% 1223 Fittenstein* )ethin/in the :nner% on-on an- New or/* )out+e-e%

Aea-, ;%H% 123! Ain-, Se+f an- Society% Chicao* University of Chicao Press%

Aer+eau"Ponty, A% 12$8 (he .isi4+e an- the :nvisi4+e% Evanston, :+* Northwestern UniversityPress%

Au+ha++, S% 1220 n 'ein in the For+-* Fittenstein an- Hei-eer on Seein &spects% on-onan- New or/* )out+e-e%

Nae+, (% 128 Fhat is it +i/e to 4e a 4at7 )eprinte- in D% Hofsta-ter j D%C% Dennett e-s (he

Ain-6s :* Iantasies an- )ef+ections on Se+f an- Sou+% New or/ *'antam 'oo/s, pp%321"!1!, first pu4+ishe- in Phi+osophica+ )eview, 83% pp%!3#"!#1, 12=!%

)u--, &% 003 E9pressin the For+-* S/epticism, Fittenstein, an- Hei-eer% Chicao an- aSa++e* pen Court%

)y+e, ;% 12!2 (he Concept of Ain-% on-on* Aethuen%

Shotter, J% 1280 &ction, Boint action, an- intentiona+ity% A% 'renner E-% (he Structure of &ction %9for-* '+ac/we++, pp%8"$#%

Shotter, J% 128! Socia+ &ccounta4i+ity an- Se+fhoo-% 9for-* '+ac/we++%

Shotter, J% 00 Spontaneous responsiveness, chiasmic re+ations, an- consciousness* insi-e therea+m of +ivin e9pression% http*kkpu4paes%unh%e-uklB-skConsciousness%htm

0
http://pubpages.unh.edu/~jds/Consciousness.htmhttp://pubpages.unh.edu/~jds/Consciousness.htm


21/21

Shotter, J% 003 )ea+ presences* meanin as +ivin movement in a participatory wor+-% (heory jPsycho+oy 13!, pp%!3#"!$8%

.o+oshinov, .%N% 128$ Aar9ism an- the Phi+osophy of anuae% (rans% 4y % AateB/a an- :%)%(ituni/% Cam4ri-e, A&* Harvar- University Press, first pu4% 122%

.yots/y, %S% 12$ (houht an- anuae% Cam4ri-e, A&* A:( Press%

.yots/y, %S% 12$$ Deve+opment of hiher menta+ functions% :n &%N% eontyev, &%)% uria an-&% Smirnov e-s% Psycho+oica+ )esearch in the USS)% Aoscow* Proress Pu4+ishers%

.yots/y, %S% 12=8 Ain- in Society% Cam4ri-e, A&* Harvar- University Press%

.yots/y, %S% 128$ (houht an- anuae% Cam4ri-e, A&* A:( Press%

.yots/y, %S% 128= (hin/in an- Speech% :n (he Co++ecte- For/s of %S% .yots/y* .o+%1 E-ite-4y )%F% )ie4er an- &%S% Carton, an- trans+ate- 4y N% Ainic/% New or/* P+enum Press%

Fittenstein, % 12#3 Phi+osophica+ :nvestiations% 9for-* '+ac/we++%

Fittenstein, % 12=# Phi+osophica+ )emar/s, e-ite- 4y )ush )hees an- trans+ate- 4y )%

Hareaves an- )% Fhite% 9for-* '+ac/we++%Fittenstein, % 1280 Cu+ture an- .a+ue, intro-uction 4y ;% .on Friht, an- trans+ate- 4y P%

Finch% 9for-* '+ac/we++%

1

vygotsky bakhtin goethe2

Documents