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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voynich_manuscript

Voynich manuscript

Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University

One of the foldout pages in the Voynich manuscript

Type Codex

Date Early 15th century[1][2]

Place of origin Possibly Northern Italy[1][2]

Material Vellum

Size 23.5 by 16.2 by 5 cm (9.3 by 6.4 by 2.0 in)

Voynich manuscriptFrom Wikipedia, the f ree encyclopedia

The Voynich manuscript is an

illustrated codex hand-written in an

unknown writing system. The vellum on

which it is written has been carbon-dated

to the early 15th century (1404–1438),

and it may have been composed in

Northern Italy during the Italian

Renaissance.[1][2] The manuscript is

named after Wilfrid Voynich, a Polish

book dealer who purchased it in 1912.[3]

Some of the pages are missing, with

around 240 still remaining. The text is

written fr om left to right, and most of the pages have illustrations or diagrams.

The Voynich manuscr ipt has been

studied by many professional and

amateur cryptographers, including

American and British codebreakers from

both World War I and World War II.[4]

No one has yet succeeded in deciphering

the text, and it has become a famous case

in the history of cryptography. Themystery of the meaning and origin of the manuscript has excited the popular imagination, making the

manuscript the subject of novels and speculation. None of the many hypotheses proposed over the last

hundred years has yet been independently verified.[5]

The Voynich manuscript was donated by Hans P. Kraus[6] to Yale University's Beinecke R are Book and

Manuscript Library in 1969, where it is catalogued under call number MS 408.[7][8]

Contents

1 Description

1.1 Codicology

1.2 Text

1.2.1 Extraneous writing

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1.3 Illustrations

1.4 Purpose

2 History

3 Authorship hypotheses

3.1 Fabrication by Voynich

3.2 Other theories

4 Language hypotheses

4.1 Ciphers

4.2 Codes

4.3 Steganography

4.4 Natural language

4.5 Constructed language

4.6 Hoax

4.7 Glossolalia

5 Historical decipherment claims

5.1 William Romaine Newbold

5.2 Joseph Martin Feely

5.3 Leonell C Strong

5.4 Robert S Brumbaugh

5.5 John Stojko

5.6 Leo Levitov

6 Cultural impact

7 See also

8 References

9 Further reading


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A page showing characteristics of the

text

10 External links

escription

Codicology

The manuscript measures 23.5 by 16.2 by 5 centimetres (9.3 by 6.4 by 2.0 in), with hundreds of vellum pages collected into eighteen quires. The total number of pages is around 240, but the exact number

depends on how the manuscript's unusual foldouts are counted.[8] The quires have been numbered from 1 t

20 in various locations, with numerals consistent with the 1400s, and the top righthand corner of each recto

(righthand) page has been numbered from 1 to 116, with numerals of a later date. From the various

numbering gaps in the quires and pages, it seems likely that in the past the manuscript had at least 272

pages in 20 quires, some of which were already missing when Wilfrid Voynich acquired the manuscript in

1912. There is strong evidence that many of the book's bifolios were reordered at various points in its

history, and that the original page order may well have been quite different from what it is today.[9][10]

The binding and covers are not original to the book, but date to during its possession by the Collegio

Romano.[8]

Every page in the manuscript contains text, mostly in an unknown script, but some have extraneous writing

in Latin script. Many pages contain substantial drawings or charts which are colored with paint. Based on

modern analysis, it has been determined that a quill pen and iron gall ink were used for the text and figure

outlines; the colored paint was applied (somewhat crudely) to the figures, possibly at a later date.[10]

Text

The bulk of the text in the manuscript of 240 pages is written in an

unknown script, running left to right. Most of the characters are

composed of one or two simple pen strokes. While there is some

dispute as to whether certain characters are distinct or not, a script of

20–25 characters would account for virtually all of the text; the

exceptions are a few dozen rarer characters that occur only once or

twice each. There is no obvious punctuation.[11]

Much of the text is written in a single column in the body of a page,

with a slightly ragged right margin and paragraph divisions, andsometimes with stars in the left margin.[8] Other text occurs in charts

or as labels associated with illustrations. There are no indications of

any errors or corrections made at any place in the document. The

ductus flows smoothly, giving the impression that the symbols were

not enciphered, as there is no delay between characters as would

normally be expected in written encoded text.

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The text consists of over 170,000 characters,[12] with spaces dividing the text into about 35,000 groups of

varying length, usually referred to as "words". The structure of these words seems to follow phonological o

orthographic laws of some sort, e.g., certain characters must appear in each word (like English vowels),

some characters never follow others, some may be doubled or tripled but others may not, etc. The

distribution of letters within words is also rather peculiar: some characters occur only at the beginning of a

word, some only at the end, and some always in the middle section. Many researchers have commented

upon the highly regular structure of the words.[13]

Some words occur only in certain sections, or in only a few pages; others occur throughout the manuscript

There are very few repetitions among the thousand or so labels attached to the illustrations. There are

practically no words with fewer than two letters or more than ten.[12] There are instances where the same

common word appears up to three times in a row.[12] Words that differ by only one letter also repeat with

unusual frequency, causing single-substitution alphabet decipherings to yield babble-like text. In 1962,

Elizebeth Friedman described such attempts as "doomed to utter frustration".[14]

Various transcription alphabets have been created to equate the Voynich characters with Latin characters in

order to help with cryptanalysis, such as the European Voynich Alphabet. The first major one was created

by cryptographer William F. Friedman in the 1940s, where each line of the manuscript was transcribed to

an IBM punch card to make it machine readable.[15]

Extraneous writing

Only a few words in the manuscript are considered not to be written in the unknown script:[16]

f1r : A sequence of Latin letters in the right margin parallel with characters from the unknown script.There is also the now unreadable signature of "Jacobj à Tepenece" in the bottom margin.

f17r : A line of writing in the Latin script in the top margin.

f70v–f73v: The astrological series of diagrams in the astronomical section has the names of ten of thmonths (from March to December) written in Latin script, with spelling suggestive of the medieval

languages of France, northwest Italy or the Iberian Peninsula.[17]

f66r : A small number of words in the bottom left corner near a drawing of a naked man. They have been read as "der musz del", a High German word for a widow's share. f116v: Four lines of writing written in rather distorted Latin script, except for two words in theunknown script. The words in Latin script appear to be distorted with characteristics of the unknownlanguage. The lettering resembles European alphabets of the late 14th and 15th centuries, but the

words do not seem to make sense in any language.[18]

It is not known whether these bits of Latin script were part of the original text or were added later.

Illustrations

Because the text cannot be read the illustrations are conventionally used to divide most of the manuscript

into six different sections. Each section is typified by illustrations with different styles and supposed subje

matter,[12] except for the last section, in which the only drawings are small stars in the margin. Following

are the sections and their conventional names:

Herbal: Each page displays one or two plants and a few paragraphs of text—a format typical of

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Joannes Marcus

Marci (1595–

1667) sent the

manuscript toAthanasius

Kircher in 1666.

parts were completed with improbable-looking details. In fact, many of the plant drawings in the herbal

section seem to be composite: the roots of one species have been fastened to the leaves of another, with

flowers from a third.[19]

Hugh O'Neill believed that one illustration depicted a New World sunflower, which would help date the

manuscript and open up intriguing possibilities for its origin; unfortunately the identification is only

speculative.[12]

The basins and tubes in the "biological" section are sometimes interpreted as implying a connection to

alchemy, yet bear little obvious resemblance to the alchemical equipment of the period.

Astrological considerations frequently played a prominent role in herb gathering, bloodletting and other

medical procedures common during the likeliest dates of the manuscript. However, apart from the obvious

Zodiac symbols, and one diagram possibly showing the classical planets, interpretation remains

speculative.[12]

History

Much of the early history of the book is unknown,[20] though the text and illustrations are all

characteristically European. In 2009, University of Arizona researchers performed radiocarbon dating on

the manuscript's vellum. The result of that test put the date the manuscript was made between 1404 and

1438.[2][21][22] In addition, the McCrone Research Institute in Chicago found that the paints in the

manuscript were of materials to be expected from that period of European history. It has also been

suggested that the McCrone Research Institute found that much of the ink was added not long after the

creation of the parchment, but the official report contains no statement to this effect.[10]

The earliest historical information about the manuscript comes from a letter found

inside the cover—written in 1666 to accompany the manuscript when it was sent by

Johannes Marcus to Athanasius Kircher—which claims that the book once belonged t

Emperor Rudolf II (1552–1612), who paid 600 gold ducats (~2.07 kg gold) for it. The

book was then given or lent to Jacobus Horcicky de Tepenecz (died 1622), the head o

Rudolf's botanical gardens in Prague.

The next confirmed owner is Georg Baresch, an obscure alchemist also in Prague.

Baresch was apparently just as puzzled as modern scientists about this "Sphynx" that

had been "taking up space uselessly in his library" for many years.[23] On learning tha

Athanasius Kircher, a Jesuit scholar from the Collegio Romano, had published a

Coptic (Egyptian) dictionary and "deciphered" the Egyptian hieroglyphs, Baresch sen

a sample copy of the script to Kircher in Rome (twice), asking for clues. His 1639

letter to Kircher is the earliest confirmed mention of the manuscript that has been

found so far.[24]

It is not known whether Kircher answered the request, but apparently, he was interested enough to try to

acquire the book, which Baresch refused to yield. Upon Baresch's death, the manuscript passed to his frien

Jan Marek Marci (1595–1667) (Johannes Marcus Marci), then rector of Charles University in Prague, who

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Wilfrid Voynich (1865–

1930) acquired the

manuscript in 1912

a few years later sent the book to Kircher, his longtime friend and correspondent.[24] Marci's 1666 cover

letter (written in Latin) was still with the manuscript when Voynich purchased it:[11]

Reverend and Distinguished Sir, Father in Christ:

This book, bequeathed to me by an intimate friend, I destined for you, my very dear

Athanasius, as soon as it came into my possession, for I was convinced that it could be read by

no one except yourself.

The former owner of this book asked your opinion by letter, copying and sending you a portion

of the book from which he believed you would be able to read the remainder, but he at that

time refused to send the book itself. To its deciphering he devoted unflagging toil, as is

apparent from attempts of his which I send you herewith, and he relinquished hope only with

his life. But his toil was in vain, for such Sphinxes as these obey no one but their master,

Kircher. Accept now this token, such as it is and long overdue though it be, of my affection for

you, and burst through its bars, if there are any, with your wonted success.

Dr. Raphael, a tutor in the Bohemian language to Ferdinand III, then King of Bohemia, told methe said book belonged to the Emperor Rudolph and that he presented to the bearer who

brought him the book 600 ducats. He believed the author was Roger Bacon, the Englishman.

On this point I suspend judgement; it is your place to define for us what view we should take

thereon, to whose favor and kindness I unreservedly commit myself and remain

At the command of your Reverence,Joannes Marcus Marci of Cronland

Prague, 19th August, 1666[11]

There are no records of the book for the next 200 years, but in all likelihood

it was stored with the rest of Kircher's correspondence in the library of the

Collegio Romano (now the Pontifical Gregorian University).[24] It probably

remained there until the troops of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy captured the

city in 1870 and annexed the Papal States. The new Italian government

decided to confiscate many properties of the Church, including the library of

the Collegio.[24] According to investigations by Xavier Ceccaldi and others,

ust before this happened, many books of the University's library were

hastily transferred to the personal libraries of its faculty, which were exempt

from confiscation.[24] Kircher's correspondence was among those books— and so apparently was the Voynich manuscript, as it still bears the ex libris

of Petrus Beckx, head of the Jesuit order and the University's Rector at the

time.[8][24]

Beckx's "private" library was moved to the Villa Mondragone, Frascati, a

large country palace near Rome that had been bought by the Society of

Jesus in 1866 and housed the headquarters of the Jesuits' Ghislieri

College.[24]

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Edward Kelley (1555–97)

might have created the

manuscript as a fraud.

Mathematician John Dee

(1527–1608) may have sold

the manuscript to Emperor

Rudolf around 1600.

Around 1912, the Collegio Romano was short of money and decided to sell some of its holdings discreetly

Wilfrid Voynich acquired 30 manuscripts, among them the manuscript that now bears his name.[24] He

spent the next seven years attempting to interest scholars in deciphering the script while he worked to

determine the origins of the manuscript.[11]

In 1930, after Wilfrid's death, the manuscript was inherited by his widow, Ethel Voynich (known as the

author of the novel The Gadfly and daughter of mathematician George Boole). She died in 1960 and left th

manuscript to her close friend, Miss Anne Nill. In 1961, Nill sold the book to another antique book dealer,Hans P. Kraus. Unable to find a buyer, Kraus donated the manuscript to Yale University in 1969, where it

was catalogued as "MS 408".[16] In discussions, it is sometimes also referred to as "Beinecke MS 408".[8]

Authorship hypotheses

Many people have been proposed as possible authors of the Voynich manuscript.

Marci's 1666 cover letter to Kircher says that, according to his friend, the

late Raphael Mnishovsky, the book had once been bought by Rudolf II,

Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia (1552–1612), for 600 ducats(66.42 troy ounce actual gold weight, or 2.07 kg). (Mnishovsky had died 2

years earlier, in 1644, and the deal must have occurred before Rudolf's

abdication in 1611—at least 55 years before Marci's letter.) According to

the letter, Mnishovsky (but not necessarily Rudolf) speculated that the

author was the Franciscan friar and polymath Roger Bacon (1214–94).[25]

Even though Marci said that he was "suspending his judgment" about this

claim, it was taken quite seriously by Wilfrid Voynich, who did his best to

confirm it.[24]

The assumption that Roger Bacon was the

author led Voynich to conclude that the

person who sold the manuscript to Rudolf

could only have been John Dee (1527–

1608), a mathematician and astrologer at the

court of Queen Elizabeth I of England,

known to have owned a large collection of Bacon's manuscripts. Dee and

his scrier (mediumic assistant) Edward Kelley lived in Bohemia for several

ears, where they had hoped to sell their services to the emperor. However,

this seems quite unlikely, because Dee's meticulously kept diaries do not

mention that sale.[24] If the Voynich manuscript author is not Bacon, a

supposed connection to Dee is much weakened. Until the carbon dating of

the manuscript to the 15th century, it was thought possible that Dee or

Kelley may have written it and spread the rumor that it was originally a

work of Bacon's in the hopes of later selling it.

Fabrication by Voynich

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Some pages of the manuscript fold

out to show larger diagrams.

Some suspected Voynich of having fabricated the manuscript himself.[26] As an antique book dealer, he

probably had the necessary knowledge and means, and a "lost book" by Roger Bacon would have been

worth a fortune. Furthermore, Baresch's letter (and Marci's as well) only establish the existence of a

manuscript, not that the Voynich manuscript is the same one spoken of there. In other words, these letters

could possibly have been the motivation for Voynich to fabricate the manuscript (assuming he was aware o

them), rather than as proofs authenticating it. However, many consider the expert internal dating of the

manuscript and the recent discovery of Baresch's letter to Kircher as having eliminated this

possibility.[24][26]

Other theories

Voynich was able, sometime before 1921, to read a name faintly written at the foot of the manuscript's firs

page: "Jacobj à Tepenece". This is taken to be a reference to Jakub Hořčický of Tepenec (1575–1622), also

known by his Latin name Jacobus Sinapius. Rudolph II had ennobled him in 1607; appointed him his

Imperial Distiller; and had made him both curator of his botanical gardens as well as one of his personal

physicians. Voynich, and many other people after him, concluded from this that Jacobus owned the

Voynich manuscript prior to Baresch, and drew a link to Rudolf's court from that, in confirmation of

Mnishovsky's story.

Jacobus's name is still clearly visible under UV light: however, it does not match the copy of his signature

in a document located by Jan Hurych in 2003.[27] As a result, it has been suggested that the signature was

added later, possibly even fraudulently by Voynich himself. Yet because the writing on page f1r might we

have been an ownership mark added by a librarian at the time, the difference between the two signatures

does not necessarily disprove Horczicky's ownership.

It has been noted that Baresch's letter bears some resemblance to a hoax that orientalist Andreas Mueller

once played on Kircher. Mueller sent some unintelligible text to Kircher with a note explaining that it had

come from Egypt, and asking Kircher for a translation: which Kircher, reportedly, produced at once. It has been speculated that these were both cryptographic tricks played on Kircher to make him look foolish: but

the Voynich manuscript is on such a vastly different scale to a few signs in a letter that this seems

somewhat out of scale for such an endeavor.

Raphael Mnishovsky, the friend of Marci who was the reputed

source of Bacon's story, was himself a cryptographer (among many

other things) and apparently invented a cipher that he claimed was

uncrackable (ca. 1618). This has led to the speculation that

Mnishovsky might have produced the Voynich manuscript as a

practical demonstration of his cipher and made Baresch his

unwitting test subject. Indeed, the disclaimer in the Voynich

manuscript cover letter could mean that Marci suspected some kind

of deception was at play. However, there is no definite evidence for

this theory.

In his 2006 book, Nick Pelling proposed that the Voynich

manuscript was written by the 15th century North Italian architect

Antonio Averlino (also known as "Filarete"), a theory broadly

consistent with the radiocarbon dating.[9]

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The Voynich manuscript is written in

an unknown script.

Richard SantaColoma has speculated that the Voynich Manuscript may be connected to Cornelis Drebbel,

initially suggesting it was Drebbel's cipher notebook on microscopy and alchemy, and then later

hypothesising it is a fictional "tie-in" to Francis Bacon's utopian novel New Atlantis in which some

Drebbel-related items (submarine, perpetual clock) are said to appear.[28]

Language hypotheses

There are many hypotheses about the Voynich manuscript's "language":

Ciphers

According to the "letter-based cipher" theory, the Voynich

manuscript contains a meaningful text in some European language

that was intentionally rendered obscure by mapping it to the

Voynich manuscript "alphabet" through a cipher of some sort—an

algorithm that operated on individual letters. This has been the

working hypothesis for most twentieth-century deciphering

attempts, including an informal team of NSA cryptographers led byWilliam F. Friedman in the early 1950s.

The main argument for this theory is that the use of a strange

alphabet by a European author is awkward to explain except as an

attempt to hide information. Indeed, even Roger Bacon knew about

ciphers, and the estimated date for the manuscript roughly coincides

with the birth of cryptography in Europe as a relatively systematic

discipline.

The counterargument is that almost all cipher systems consistent with that era fail to match what we see inthe Voynich manuscript. For example, simple monoalphabetic ciphers can be excluded because the

distribution of letter frequencies does not resemble that of any common language; while the small number

of different letter-shapes used implies that we can rule out nomenclator ciphers and homophonic ciphers,

because these typically employ larger cipher alphabets. Similarly, polyalphabetic ciphers, first invented by

Alberti in the 1460s and including the later Vigenère cipher, usually yield ciphertexts where all cipher

shapes occur with roughly equal probability, quite unlike the language-like letter distribution the Voynich

Manuscript appears to have.

However, the presence of many tightly grouped shapes in the Voynich manuscript (such as "or", "ar", "ol"

"al", "an", "ain", "aiin", "air", "aiir", "am", "ee", "eee", etc.) does suggest that its cipher system may makeuse of a ""verbose cipher"", where single letters in a plaintext get enciphered into groups of fake letters. Fo

example, the first two lines of page f15v (seen above) contain "or or or" and "or or oro r", which strongly

resemble how Roman numbers such as "CCC" or "XXXX" would look if verbosely enciphered. Yet, even

though verbose encipherment is arguably the best match, it still falls well short of being able to explain all

of the Voynich manuscript's odd textual properties.

It is also entirely possible that the encryption system started from a fundamentally simple cipher and then

augmented it by adding nulls (meaningless symbols), homophones (duplicate symbols), transposition ciphe

(letter rearrangement), false word breaks, and so on.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigen%C3%A8re_cipherhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leone_Battista_Albertihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyalphabetic_cipherhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophonic_cipherhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclator_cipherhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution_cipherhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Friedmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipherhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Atlantishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Baconhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_Drebbelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voynich_manuscript_excerpt.svg


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Codes

According to the "codebook cipher" theory, the Voynich manuscript "words" would actually be codes to b

looked up in a "dictionary" or codebook. The main evidence for this theory is that the internal structure and

length distribution of many words are similar to those of Roman numerals—which, at the time, would be a

natural choice for the codes. However, book-based ciphers are viable only for short messages, because the

are very cumbersome to write and to read.

Steganography

This theory holds that the text of the Voynich manuscript is mostly meaningless, but contains meaningful

information hidden in inconspicuous details—e.g. the second letter of every word, or the number of letters

in each line. This technique, called steganography, is very old, and was described by Johannes Trithemius

in 1499. Though it has been speculated that the plain text was to be extracted by a Cardan grille of some

sort, this seems somewhat unlikely because the words and letters are not arranged on anything like a regula

grid. Still, steganographic claims are hard to prove or disprove, since stegotexts can be arbitrarily hard to

find. An argument against steganography is that having a cipher-like cover text highlights the very

existence of the secret message, which would be self-defeating: yet because the cover text no less resemblean unknown natural language, this argument is not hugely persuasive.

It has been suggested that the meaningful text could be encoded in the length or shape of certain pen

strokes.[29] There are indeed examples of steganography from about that time that use letter shape (italic v

upright) to hide information. However, when examined at high magnification, the Voynich manuscript pen

strokes seem quite natural, and substantially affected by the uneven surface of the vellum.

Natural language

Statistical analysis of the text reveals patterns similar to those of natural languages. For instance, the wordentropy (about 10 bits per word) is similar to that of English or Latin texts.[30] In 2013, Diego Amancio et

al argued that the Voynich manuscript "is mostly compatible with natural languages and incompatible with

random texts".[31]

The linguist Jacques Guy once suggested that the Voynich manuscript text could be some little-known

natural language, written in the plain with an invented alphabet. The word structure is similar to that of

many language families of East and Central Asia, mainly Sino-Tibetan (Chinese, Tibetan, and Burmese),

Austroasiatic (Vietnamese, Khmer, etc.) and possibly Tai (Thai, Lao, etc.). In many of these languages, the

words have only one syllable; and syllables have a rather rich structure, including tonal patterns.

This theory has some historical plausibility. While those languages generally had native scripts, these were

notoriously difficult for Western visitors. This difficulty motivated the invention of several phonetic script

mostly with Latin letters but sometimes with invented alphabets. Although the known examples are much

later than the Voynich manuscript, history records hundreds of explorers and missionaries who could have

done it—even before Marco Polo's thirteenth century journey, but especially after Vasco da Gama sailed

the sea route to the Orient in 1499.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gamahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Polohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonal_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllablehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_(linguistics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroasiatic_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Tibetanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaintexthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Guyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_(information_theory)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stegotexthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardan_grillehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Trithemiushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steganographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numeralhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codebookhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_(cryptography)


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The first page includes two large red

symbols, which have been compared

to a Chinese-style book title.

The main argument for this theory is that it is consistent with all

statistical properties of the Voynich manuscript text which have

been tested so far, including doubled and tripled words (which have

been found to occur in Chinese and Vietnamese texts at roughly the

same frequency as in the Voynich manuscript). It also explains the

apparent lack of numerals and Western syntactic features (such as

articles and copulas), and the general inscrutability of the

illustrations. Another possible hint is two large red symbols on the

first page, which have been compared to a Chinese-style book title,

inverted and badly copied. Also, the apparent division of the year

into 360 days (rather than 365 days), in groups of 15 and starting

with Pisces, are features of the Chinese agricultural calendar ( jie qi,

節氣). The main argument against the theory is the fact that no one

(including scholars at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing)

has been able to find any clear examples of Asian symbolism or

Asian science in the illustrations.

In 1976, James R Child of the National Security Agency, a linguist

of Indo-European languages, proposed that the manuscript was

written in a "hitherto unknown North Germanic dialect".[32] He

identified in the manuscript a "skeletal syntax several elements of

which are reminiscent of certain Germanic languages", while the content itself is expressed using "a great

deal of obscurity".[33]

In late 2003, Zbigniew Banasik of Poland proposed that the manuscript is plaintext written in the Manchu

language and gave a proposed piecemeal translation of the first page of the manuscript.[34]

In February 2014, Professor Stephen Bax of the University of Bedfordshire made public his research into

using "bottom up" methodology to understand the manuscript. His method involves looking for and

translating proper nouns, in association with relevant illustrations, in the context of other languages of the

same time period. A paper he posted online offers tentative translation of 14 characters and 10

words.[35][36][37][38] He suggests the text is a treatise on nature written in a natural language, rather than a

code.

In 2014, Arthur O. Tucker and Rexford H. Talbert published a paper claiming a positive identification of 3

plants, 6 animals, and 1 mineral referenced in the manuscript to plant drawings in the Libellus de

Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis or Badianus manuscript, a fifteenth century Aztec herbal.[39] They argue th

these were from Colonial New Spain and represented the Nahuatl language, and date the manuscript to between 1521 (the date of the Conquest) to ca. 1576, in contradiction of radiocarbon dating evidence of th

vellum and many other elements of the manuscript. The analysis has been criticized by other Voynich

Manuscript researchers,[40] pointing out that—among other things—a skilled forger could construct plants

that have a passing resemblance to existing plants that were heretofore undiscovered.[41]

Constructed language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuatlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Spainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libellus_de_Medicinalibus_Indorum_Herbishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper_nounhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bedfordshirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Agencyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Scienceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_calendarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_(grammar)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voynich_Manuscript_(3).jpg


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A floral illustration on page 32. The

colors are still vibrant.

The peculiar internal structure of Voynich manuscript words led William F. Friedman to conjecture that th

text could be a constructed language. In 1950, Friedman asked the British army officer John Tiltman to

analyze a few pages of the text, but Tiltman did not share this conclusion. In a paper in 1967, Brigadier

Tiltman said,

"After reading my report, Mr. Friedman disclosed to me his belief that the basis of the script

was a very primitive form of synthetic universal language such as was developed in the form of

a philosophical classification of ideas by Bishop Wilkins in 1667 and Dalgarno a little later. Itwas clear that the productions of these two men were much too systematic, and anything of the

kind would have been almost instantly recognisable. My analysis seemed to me to reveal a

cumbersome mixture of different kinds of substitution."[11]

The concept of an artificial language is quite old, as attested by John Wilkins's Philosophical Language

(1668), but still postdates the generally accepted origin of the Voynich manuscript by two centuries. In

most known examples, categories are subdivided by adding suffixes; as a consequence, a text in a particula

subject would have many words with similar prefixes—for example, all plant names would begin with

similar letters, and likewise for all diseases, etc. This feature could then explain the repetitious nature of thVoynich text. However, no one has been able yet to assign a plausible meaning to any prefix or suffix in th

Voynich manuscript.[42]

Hoax

The bizarre features of the Voynich manuscript text (such as the

doubled and tripled words), and the suspicious contents of its

illustrations support the idea that the manuscript is a hoax. In other

words, if no one is able to extract meaning from the book, then

perhaps this is because the document contains no meaningfulcontent in the first place. Various hoax theories have been proposed

over time.

In 2003, computer scientist Gordon Rugg showed that text with

characteristics similar to the Voynich manuscript could have been

produced using a table of word prefixes, stems, and suffixes, which

would have been selected and combined by means of a perforated

paper overlay.[43][44] The latter device, known as a Cardan grille,

was invented around 1550 as an encryption tool, more than 100

ears after the estimated creation date of the Voynich manuscript.Some maintain that the similarity between the pseudo-texts

generated in Gordon Rugg's experiments and the Voynich

manuscript is superficial, and the grille method could be used to

emulate any language to a certain degree.[45]

In April 2007, a study by Austrian researcher Andreas Schinner published in Cryptologia supported the

hoax hypothesis.[46] Schinner showed that the statistical properties of the manuscript's text were more

consistent with meaningless gibberish produced using a quasi-stochastic method such as the one described

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptologiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardan_grillehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Rugghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoaxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffixhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character_and_a_Philosophical_Languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilkinshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Dalgarnohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilkinshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tiltmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Friedmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voynich_Manuscript_(32).jpg


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A page from the biological section

showing "nymphs"

by Rugg, than with Latin and medieval German texts.[46]

The argument for authenticity is that the manuscript appears too sophisticated to be a hoax. While hoaxes o

the period tended to be quite crude, the Voynich manuscript exhibits many subtle characteristics which

show up only after careful statistical analysis. The question then arises as to why the author would employ

such a complex and laborious forging algorithm in the creation of a simple hoax, if no one in the expected

audience (that is, the creator's contemporaries) could tell the difference. Marcelo Montemurro, a theoretica

physicist from the University of Manchester who spent years analysing the linguistic patterns in the

Voynich manuscript, found semantic networks such as content-bearing words occurring in a clustered

pattern, and new words being used when there was a shift in topic.[47] With this evidence, he believes it

unlikely that these features were simply "incorporated" into the text to make a hoax more realistic, as most

of the required academic knowledge of these structures did not exist at the time the Voynich manuscript

was created. These fine touches require much more work than would have been necessary for a simple

forgery, and some of the complexities are only visible with modern tools.[48]

Glossolalia

In their 2004 book, Gerry Kennedy and Rob Churchill hint at the possibility that the Voynich manuscript may be a case of glossolalia,

channeling, or outsider art.[49]

If this is true, then the author felt compelled to write large amounts

of text in a manner which somehow resembles stream of

consciousness, either because of voices heard, or because of an urge.

While in glossolalia this often takes place in an invented language

(usually made up of fragments of the author's own language),

invented scripts for this purpose are rare. Kennedy and Churchill use

Hildegard von Bingen's works to point out similarities between theillustrations she drew when she was suffering from severe bouts of

migraine—which can induce a trance-like state prone to glossolalia

—and the Voynich manuscript. Prominent features found in both are

abundant "streams of stars", and the repetitive nature of the

"nymphs" in the biological section.

The theory is virtually impossible to prove or disprove, short of

deciphering the text; Kennedy and Churchill are themselves not

convinced of the hypothesis, but consider it plausible. In the

culminating chapter of their work, Kennedy states his belief that it is a hoax or forgery. Churchillacknowledges the possibility that the manuscript is a synthetic forgotten language (as advanced by

Friedman), or a forgery, to be preeminent theories. However he concludes that if the manuscript is genuine

mental illness or delusion seems to have affected the author.[49]

Historical decipherment claims

Since the manuscript's modern rediscovery in 1912 there have been a number of claims of successful

decipherment.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrainehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildegard_von_Bingenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness_writinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outsider_arthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediumshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossolaliahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Manchesterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voynich_Manuscript_(135).jpg


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William Romaine Newbold

One of the earliest efforts to unlock the book's secrets (and the first of many premature claims of

decipherment) was made in 1921 by William Romaine Newbold of the University of Pennsylvania. His

singular hypothesis held that the visible text is meaningless itself, but that each apparent "letter" is in fact

constructed of a series of tiny markings only discernible under magnification. These markings were

supposed to be based on ancient Greek shorthand, forming a second level of script that held the real conten

of the writing. Newbold claimed to have used this knowledge to work out entire paragraphs proving theauthorship of Bacon and recording his use of a compound microscope four hundred years before van

Leeuwenhoek. A circular drawing in the "astronomical" section depicts an irregularly shaped object with

four curved arms, which Newbold interpreted as a picture of a galaxy, which could only be obtained with a

telescope.[11] Similarly, he interpreted other drawings as cells seen through a microscope.

However, Newbold's analysis has since been dismissed as overly speculative[50] after John Matthews Man

of the University of Chicago pointed out serious flaws in his theory. Each shorthand character was assume

to have multiple interpretations, with no reliable way to determine which was intended for any given case.

Newbold's method also required rearranging letters at will until intelligible Latin was produced. These

factors alone ensure the system enough flexibility that nearly anything at all could be discerned from themicroscopic markings. Although evidence of micrography using the Hebrew language can be traced as far

back as the ninth century,[51] it is nowhere near as compact or complex as the shapes Newbold made out.

Close study of the manuscript revealed the markings to be artifacts caused by the way ink cracks as it dries

on rough vellum. Perceiving significance in these artifacts can be attributed to pareidolia. Thanks to

Manly's thorough refutation, the micrography theory is now generally disregarded. [52]

Joseph Martin Feely

In 1943, Joseph Martin Feely published Roger Bacon's Cipher: The Right Key Found , in which he claimed

that the book was a scientific diary. Feely's method posited that the text was a highly abbreviated medievalLatin written with a simple substitution cipher. He also claimed that the writer of the manuscript was Roge

Bacon.[16]

Leonell C Strong

Leonell C. Strong, a cancer research scientist and amateur cryptographer, believed that the solution to the

Voynich manuscript was a "peculiar double system of arithmetical progressions of a multiple alphabet".

Strong claimed that the plaintext revealed the Voynich manuscript to be written by the 16th-century Englis

author Anthony Ascham, whose works include A Little Herbal , published in 1550. The main argumentagainst this theory is that its claimed offsetting cryptography runs counter to all the complex internal

structures presented by the text.

Robert S Brumbaugh

Robert Brumbaugh, a professor of medieval philosophy at Yale University, claimed that the manuscript wa

a forgery intended to fool Emperor Rudolf II into purchasing it. The text is Latin, but enciphered with a

complex, two–step method.[16]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ascham_(author)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaintexthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonell_C._Stronghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareidoliahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicagohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Matthews_Manlyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_microscopehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorthandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greecehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnificationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Romaine_Newbold


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John Stojko

In 1978, John Stojko published Letters to God's Eye[53] in which he claimed that the Voynich Manuscript

was a series of letters written in vowelless Ukrainian.[54] However, the date Stojko gives for the letters, the

lack of relation between the text and the images, and the general looseness in the method of decryption all

speak against his theory.[54]

Leo Levitov

Leo Levitov proposed in his 1987 book, Solution of the Voynich Manuscript: A Liturgical Manual for the

Endura Rite of the Cathari Heresy, the Cult of Isis,[55] that the manuscript is a handbook for the Cathar rite

of Endura written in a Flemish based creole. He further claimed that Catharism was a survival of the cult o

Isis.[56]

However, Levitov's decipherment has been refuted on several grounds, not least of being unhistorical.

Levitov had a poor grasp on the history of the Cathar, and his depiction of Endura as an elaborate suicide

ritual is at odds with surviving documents describing it as a fast.[56]

Likewise, there is no known link between Catharism and Isis.

Cultural impact

Many books and articles have been written about the manuscript. The first facsimile edition was published

in 2005, Le Code Voynich: the whole manuscript published with a short presentation in French.[57]

The manuscript has also inspired several works of fiction, including The Book of Blood and Shadow by

Robin Wasserman, Time Riders: The Doomsday Code by Alex Scarrow, Codex by Lev Grossman, PopCo

by Scarlett Thomas, Prime by Jeremy Robinson with Sean Ellis, The Sword of Moses (2013) by Dominic

Selwood, The Return of the Lloigor by Colin Wilson, Datura, or a delusion we all see (Finnish version

2001) by Leena Krohn, "Assassin's Code" by Jonathan Maberry and "The Source" by Michael Cordy.

Between 1976 and 1978,[58] Italian artist Luigi Serafini created the Codex Seraphinianus containing false

writing and pictures of imaginary plants, in a style reminiscent of the Voynich manuscript.[59][60][61]

Contemporary classical composer Hanspeter Kyburz's 1995 Chamber work The Voynich Cipher

anuscript, for chorus & ensemble is inspired by the manuscript.[62]

See also

Asemic writingAutomatic writingBeale ciphersBook of SoygaCodex SeraphinianusCopiale cipher False document

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_documenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copiale_cipherhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Seraphinianushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Soygahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beale_ciphershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_writinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asemic_writinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanspeter_Kyburzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Seraphinianushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Serafini_(artist)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cordyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Maberryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leena_Krohnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Wilsonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Selwoodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sword_of_Moses_(novel)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Robinsonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlett_Thomashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopCohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Grossmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_(novel)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Scarrowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Wassermanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facsimilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharism


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False writing systemFictional languageOera Linda Book Rohonc CodexRongorongoUndeciphered writing systems

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from the original (video) on 9 March 2012. Retrieved November 6, 2011.

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3. Brumbaugh, Robert S. (1977). The World's Most Mysterious Manuscript . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

4. Hogenboom, Melissa, Mysterious Voynich manuscript has 'genuine message'

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(PDF). Beinecke Library.

11. Tiltman, John H. (Summer 1967). "The Voynich Manuscript: "The Most Mysterious Manuscript in the World"

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13. Zandbergen, Rene. "Analysis Section ( 3/5 ) - Word structure". www.voynich.nu. Retrieved 28 November 201414. Friedman, Elizebeth. 1962. "The Most Mysterious MS. - Still an Enigma". Washington D.C. Post, 5 August, E

E5. Quoted in Mary D'Imperio's "Elegant Enigma", p.27 (section 4.4)

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18. Palmer, Sean B. (2004). "Notes on f116v's Michitonese". Inamidst.com. Retrieved 2011-11-17.

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Defied Interpretation for Centuries. Inner Traditions International, Limited. pp. 12–. ISBN 978-1-59477-854-4

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21. Mysterious Voynich manuscript is genuine

(http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/europe/news/article_1516863.php/Mysterious-Voynich-manuscript-is-

genuine-scientists-find) - Evidence in 2009 showing that the manuscript is indeed old as had been suspected

Archived

(https://web.archive.org/web/20130928231907/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/europe/news/article_15

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32. Child, James R. (Summer 1976). "The Voynich Manuscript Revisited" XXI (3). NSA Technical Journal.

33. Child, Jim (2009-06-16). "Again, The Voynich Manuscript. 2007." (PDF). Web.archive.org. Archived from the

original (PDF) on 2009-06-16. Retrieved 2011-11-17.

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35. "600 year old mystery manuscript decoded by University of Bedfordshire professor". University of Bedfordshir

2014-02-14. Retrieved 2014-03-18.36. Bax, Stephen (2014-01-01). "A proposed partial decoding of the Voynich script" (PDF). Stephen Bax. Retrieved

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37. "Breakthrough over 600-year-old mystery manuscript". BBC News Online. 2014-02-18. Retrieved 2014-03-18.

38. "British academic claims to have made a breakthrough in his quest to unlock the 600-year-old secrets of the

mysterious Voynich Manuscript". The Independent. 2014-02-20. Retrieved 2014-03-18.

39. Tucker, Arthur O.; Talbert, Rexford H. (Winter 2013). "A Preliminary Analysis of the Botany, Zoology, and

Mineralogy of the Voynich Manuscript". HerbalGram (100): 70–75.

40. Pelling, Nick (14 January 2014). "A Brand New New World / Nahuatl Voynich Manuscript Theory…". Cipher

Mysteries. Retrieved 22 January 2014.

41. Grossman, Lisa (February 3, 2014). "Mexican plants could break code on gibberish manuscript". New Scientist

Retrieved 2014-02-05.42. Kahn, David (1967). The Codebreakers: The Story of Secret Writing (1st ed.). New York: Macmillan. pp. 870–

871.

43. Gordon Rugg. "Replicating the Voynich Manuscript". UK: Keele. Retrieved 2011-11-17.

44. McKie, Robin (25 January 2004). "Secret of historic code: it's gibberish". UK: The Observer. Retrieved

2009-01-17.

45. D'Agnese, Joseph. "Scientific Method Man (http://wired-vig.wired.com/wired/archive/12.09/rugg.html)". Wired

September 2004. Retrieved on March 10, 2008.

46. Andreas Schinner (April 2007). "The Voynich Manuscript: Evidence of the Hoax Hypothesis". Cryptologia 31

(2): 95–107. doi:10.1080/01611190601133539. ISSN 0161-1194. Retrieved 2007-08-22.

47. Montemurro, Marcelo A.; Zanette, Damián H. (20 June 2013). "Keywords and Co-Occurrence Patterns in the

Voynich Manuscript: An Information-Theoretic Analysis". PLOS ONE 8 (6): e66344.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066344.

48. Melissa Hogenboom (22 June 2013). "Mysterious Voynich manuscript has 'genuine message' ". BBC News.

Retrieved 22 June 2013.

49. Gerry Kennedy, Rob Churchill (2004). The Voynich Manuscript . London: Orion. ISBN 0-7528-5996-X.

50. "University of Pennsylvania archives". Archives.upenn.edu. 1926-09-06. Retrieved 2011-11-17.

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52. Kahn 1967, pp. 867–869

53. Stojko, John (1978). Letters to God's Eye: The Voynich Manuscript for the first time deciphered and translated

into English. New York: Vantage Press.

http://www.jtsa.edu/prebuilt/exhib/microg/index.shtmlhttp://www.archives.upenn.edu/people/1800s/newbold_wm_romaine.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7528-5996-Xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-22975809https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0066344https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://www.worldcat.org/issn/0161-1194https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Numberhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F01611190601133539https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t725304178~db=allhttp://wired-vig.wired.com/wired/archive/12.09/rugg.htmlhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2004/jan/25/arts.highereducationhttp://www.scm.keele.ac.uk/staff/g_rugg/voynich/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scientisthttp://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24987-mexican-plants-could-break-code-on-gibberish-manuscript.htmlhttp://www.ciphermysteries.com/2014/01/21/brand-new-new-world-nahuatl-voynich-manuscript-theoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Pellinghttp://cms.herbalgram.org/herbalgram/issue100/hg100-feat-voynich.html?ts=1390369202&signature=402e6a559a0e56b5343a6f4d002492fahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independenthttp://www.independent.co.uk/student/news/british-academic-claims-to-have-made-a-breakthrough-in-his-quest-to-unlock-the-600yearold-secrets-of-the-mysterious-voynich-manuscript-9141484.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News_Onlinehttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-26198471http://stephenbax.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Voynich-a-provisional-partial-decoding-BAX.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bedfordshirehttp://www.beds.ac.uk/news/2014/february/600-year-old-mystery-manuscript-decoded-by-university-of-bedfordshire-professorhttp://www.ic.unicamp.br/~stolfi/voynich/04-05-20-manchu-theo/http://voynichmanuscript.net/voynichpaper.pdfhttp://web.archive.org/web/20090616205410/http://voynichmanuscript.net/voynichpaper.pdfhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F01611190601133539https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0067310https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F0161-110191889932https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3926/is_200110/ai_n8973053/pg_1http://www-users.cs.york.ac.uk/~mbanks/pub/mjb503_report.pdfhttp://web.archive.org/web/20120305223855/http://www-users.cs.york.ac.uk/~mbanks/pub/mjb503_report.pdfhttp://www.santa-coloma.net/voynich_drebbel/voynich.htmlhttp://hurontaria.baf.cz/CVM/b12.htmhttp://www.voynich.nu/origin.htmlhttp://www.voynichcentral.com/users/philipneal/seventeenthcentury/raphael_sentence.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-5919-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?id=mBvnz9i0h8sC&pg=PA175http://www.voynich.nu/letters.html


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54. Zandbergen, Rene. "Voynich MS - History of research of the MS". www.voynich.nu. Retrieved 27 November

2014.

55. Levitov, Leo (1987). Solution of the Voynich Manuscript: A Liturgical Manual for the Endura Rite of the

Cathari Heresy, the Cult of Isis. Laguna Hills, California: Aegean Park Press.

56. Stallings, Dennis. "Catharism, Levitov, and the Voynich Manuscript". http://ixoloxi.com. Retrieved 28 Novemb

2014. External link in |website= (help)

57. Le Code Voynich, ed. Jean-Claude Gawsewitch, (2005) ISBN 2-35013-022-3

58. Corrias, Pino (February 5, 2006). "L'enciclopedia dell'altro mondo" (PDF) (in Italian). IT: La Repubblica: 39.

59. "Codex Seraphinianus". rec.arts.books. Google. Retrieved 2011-11-17.

60. "Codex Seraphinianus: Some Observations". BG: Bas. 2004-09-29. Retrieved 2011-11-17.

61. Berloquin, Pierre (2008). Hidden Codes & Grand Designs: Secret Languages from Ancient Times to Modern

Day. Sterling. p. 300. ISBN 1-4027-2833-6. Retrieved 2014-06-10.

62. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/18/arts/music-a-metaphor-powerful-and-poetic.html

Further reading

Manly, John Matthews (July 1921). "The Most Mysterious Manuscript in the World: Did Roger Bacon Write It and Has the Key Been Found?". Harper's Monthly Magazine (143): 186–197.Voynich, Wilfrid Michael (1921). "A Preliminary Sketch of the History of the Roger Bacon Cipher Manuscript". Transactions of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia 3 (43): 415–430.

Newbold, William Romaine (1928). The Cipher of Roger Bacon. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Manly, John Matthews (1931). "Roger Bacon and the Voynich MS". Speculum 6 (3): 345–391.doi:10.2307/2848508. JSTOR 2848508.Brumbaugh, Robert S. (1978). The Most Mysterious Manuscript: The Voynich 'Roger Bacon' Cipher

Manuscript . Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 0-8093-0808-8.D'Imperio, M. E. (1978). The Voynich Manuscript: An Elegant Enigma. Laguna Hills, CA: AegeanPark Press. ISBN 0-89412-038-7.D'Imperio, M. E. (1978). The Voynich Manuscript: An Elegant Enigma (PDF). Fort George G.

Meade, MD: National Security Agency/Central Security Service. OCLC 50929259. Retrieved2014-06-10.Stojko, John (1978). Letters to God's Eye. New York: Vantage Press. ISBN 0-533-04181-3.Levitov, Leo (1987). Solution of the Voynich Manuscript: A Liturgical Manual for the Endura Rite othe Cathari Heresy, the Cult of Isis. Aegean Park Press. ISBN 0-89412-148-0.Pérez-Ruiz, Mario M. (2003). El Manuscrito Voynich (in Spanish). Barcelona: Océano Ambar.ISBN 84-7556-216-7.Kennedy, Gerry; Churchill, Rob (2004). The Voynich Manuscript The Unsolved Riddle of an

Extraordinary Book Which Has Defied Interpretation for Centuries. London: Orion. ISBN 0-7528-5996-X.Goldstone, Lawrence; Goldstone, Nancy (2005). The Friar and the Cipher: Roger Bacon and the

Unsolved Mystery of the Most Unusual Manuscript in the World . New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-7679-1473-2.Pelling, Nicholas (2006). The Curse of the Voynich: The Secret History of the World's Most

Mysterious Manuscript . Surbiton, Surrey: Compelling Press. ISBN 0-9553160-0-6.Violat-Bordonau, Francisco (2006). El ABC del Manuscrito Voynich (in Spanish). Cáceres, Spain:Ed. Asesores Astronómicos Cacereños.Foti, Claudio (2010). Il Codice Voynich (in Italian). Roma: Eremon Edizioni. ISBN 978-88-89713-17-4.Amancio, Diego R. (2013). "Probing the Statistical Properties of Unknown Texts: Application to theVoynich Manuscript". PLOS ONE 8 (7): e67310. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067310.

https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0067310https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067310https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-89713-17-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9553160-0-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7679-1473-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7528-5996-Xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7556-216-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89412-148-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-533-04181-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50929259https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLChttp://www.nsa.gov/about/_files/cryptologic_heritage/publications/misc/voynich_manuscript.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_D%27Imperiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89412-038-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_D%27Imperiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8093-0808-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/2848508https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTORhttps://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2848508https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://books.google.com/books?id=tNcCAAAAYAAJ&lpg=PA415&dq=%22A%20Preliminary%20Sketch%20of%20the%20History%20of%20the%20Roger%20Bacon%20Cipher%20Manuscript%22&pg=PA415#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://www.harpers.org/archive/1921/07/0004969http://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/18/arts/music-a-metaphor-powerful-and-poetic.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4027-2833-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.ca/books?id=F9q8BAsXTWEC&pg=PA300&dq=Codex+Seraphinianus%2Bbase+21&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://www.math.bas.bg/~iad/serafin.htmlhttp://groups.google.com/group/rec.arts.books/msg/25e55b7771903c1d?rnum=1http://download.repubblica.it/pdf/domenica/2006/05022006.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2350130223https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_linkhttp://ixoloxi.com/http://ixoloxi.com/voynich/levitov2.htmhttp://www.voynich.nu/solvers.html


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Montemurro, Marcelo A.; Zanette, Damián H. (2013). "Keywords and Co-Occurrence Patterns in thVoynich Manuscript: An Information-Theoretic Analysis". PLOS ONE 8 (6): e66344.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066344.Stollznow, Karen (2014). "The Mysterious Voynich Manuscript". Skeptic Magazine 19 (2). Retrieve20 August 2015.

External links

The Voynich Manuscript(https://www.dmoz.org//Science/Anomalies_and_Alternative_Science/Voynich_Manuscript/) atDMOZThe Voynich Manuscript (http://beinecke.library.yale.edu/digitallibrary/voynich.html) from thedigital collection of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale UniversityThe Voynich Manuscript (http://www.archive.org/details/TheVoynichManuscript) online at InternetArchivecomplete pdf (53 MB) (http://awesta.sibirjak.ru/files/Voynich.pdf)René Zandbergen's Voynich Manuscript Page (http://www.voynich.nu/index.html) about the VoynicManuscript, including a Voynich MS - Pages / Folios (http://www.voynich.nu/folios.html) gallery,

and a bibliography (http://www.voynich.nu/refs.html)Cipher Mysteries (http://www.ciphermysteries.com/), Nick Pelling's historical cipher research siteVoynich Manuscript Mailing List HQ (http://www.voynich.net/)Voynich Manuscript Bibliography (http://www.voynich.net/reeds/bib.html) by Jim Reeds

Nature news article: World's most mysterious book may be a hoax(http://www.nature.com/nsu/031215/031215-5.html) A summary of Gordon Rugg's paper directedtowards a more general audienceGordon Rugg, "The Mystery of the Voynich Manuscript"(http://web.archive.org/web/20050910212025/http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&colID=1&articleID=0000E3AA-70E1-10CF-AD1983414B7F0000), Scientific

American, June 21, 2004Antoine Casanova, "méthodes d’analyse du langage crypté: Une contribution à l’étude du manuscritde Voynich" (http://voynich.free.fr/a_casanova_these_19mars1999.pdf), 'Université PARIS VIII', 19mars 1999The Voynich Code: The World's Mysterious Manuscript (https://web.archive.org/web/20120309095747/http://www.newyorkfestivals.com/winners/tvf2011wnners/pieces.php?iid=413203&pid=1), an Austrian documentary film on the manuscriptThe Unread: The Mystery of the Voynich Manuscript(http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/books/2013/07/the-unread-the-mystery-of-the-voynich-manuscript.html) from The New Yorker Voynich (http://openfontlibrary.org/en/font/voynich), a public-domain font based on Voynich 101,

which was used to digitally transcribe the text

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voynich_manuscript&oldid=707760943"

Categories: History of cryptography Scientific illuminated manuscripts Uncracked codes and ciphers

Manuscripts written in undeciphered writing systems Undeciphered writing systems

This page was last modified on 1 March 2016, at 17:09.Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may

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