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Seminar Report on VORTEC Micro Hydro Power Plant 2013-2014
Prepared by Sree Lakshmi Computers
INTRODUCTION
THE VORTEC MICRO HYDRO POWER PLANT
The VORTEC hydro power plant is a new way of harvesting the
enormous powers in rivers. The VORTEC technology is based on a different
principle than conventional hydro power systems. It uses the rotational motion
of the water, which occurs naturally in a vortex, to generate power. As
Seminar Report on VORTEC Micro Hydro Power Plant 2013-2014
Prepared by Sree Lakshmi Computers
compared to conventional hydro power systems, which utilize pressurized
water usually created by high drops.
For a new concept of micro hydropower plant with gravitational
vortex and turbine with rapidity steps has been modeled the water flow
through the conical channel in the absence and the presence of steps. In the
first case, the power lines appear as conical propellers. Axial and radial
velocity of the water is not zero only in the boundary layer. In the second case
the structure of the water flow is changes with the formation of swirls every
area of the blades. The water velocity increases rapidly as proximity to the
drain hole and strongly depends on water flow
Seminar Report on VORTEC Micro Hydro Power Plant 2013-2014
Prepared by Sree Lakshmi Computers
GRAVITATION WATER VORTEX POWER PLANT
The gravitational water vortex power plant is a type of micro hydro
power plant which is capable of producing energy using a low hydraulic head
of 0.7 - 3mtr (2ft 4in - 9ft 10in). The technology is based on a round basin
with a central drain. Above the drain the water forms a stable line vortex
which drives a water turbine.
Seminar Report on VORTEC Micro Hydro Power Plant 2013-2014
Prepared by Sree Lakshmi Computers
It was invented by an Austrian Engineer Franz Zotloterer while
attempting to find a way to aerate water without an external power source. In
Zotloterer’s system, the water’s vortex energy is collected by a slow - moving,
large - surface water wheel, making the power station transparent to fish.
There are no large pressure difference built up, as happens in normal turbines.
The cost of construction for such plant is half that of a conventional hydro
electric installation of similar yield; and the environmental impact is positive
instead of negative.
A gravitational water vortex plant functions differently from traditional
hydro electric facilities. It has a rotation tank equipped with a central outlet
above which a stable, symmetrical vortex forms. It then drives the turbine to
the gravitational force between the turbine and the outlet. With 20 rotations
per minute, the turbine powers the generator, which transfers the resulting
electricity to the power grid. The turbine therefore generates neither high
levels of pressure nor backflow water. Gravitation water vortex plants meet “
clean tech” specifications due to the fact that 97% of electricity production is
CO2 - free.
Seminar Report on VORTEC Micro Hydro Power Plant 2013-2014
Prepared by Sree Lakshmi Computers
DESIGN
The water passes through a straight inlet and the passes tangentially
into a round basin. The water forms a big vortex over the center bottom drain
of the basin. A turbine is withdrawing rotational energy from the vortex,
which is converted into electric energy by a generator.
The turbine’s theoretical energy conversion efficiency is 80%; a test
installation reported 73% efficiency, and after a year of use its operation cost
was approximately one US dollar per Watt of output.
Seminar Report on VORTEC Micro Hydro Power Plant 2013-2014
Prepared by Sree Lakshmi Computers
The inventor refers to the turbine’s aeration of the water, which helps
improve water conditions, while the reduced speeds of the turbine and the lack
of cavitations ensure that most types of fish can pass through the turbine
without danger, something which is much more difficult to achieve at normal
hydro plants that require additional structures for the fish migration.
Seminar Report on VORTEC Micro Hydro Power Plant 2013-2014
Prepared by Sree Lakshmi Computers
HOW IT WORKS
The aspect of the power plant reminds a bit of an upside - down
snail. The water passes through a large, straight inlet, and the passes
tangentially in to a round basin, forming a powerful vortex (whirlpool), which
finds its outlet at the center bottom of the shallow basin.
The turbine does not work on pressure differential but on the
dynamic force of the vortex. Not only does this power plant produce a useful
output of electricity, it also aerates the water in a gentle way.
The aim of invention is to create a hydro electric power plant that is
better and less expensive than previous embodiments. Said aim is achieved by
a hydro electric power plant which supports the formation of a suitable
gravitational vortex which tends to be formed also in the upper reaches
Seminar Report on VORTEC Micro Hydro Power Plant 2013-2014
Prepared by Sree Lakshmi Computers
directly in front of the turbine inlet of conventional river stations as a lost
vortex and is therefore prevented as much as possible there. The inventive
hydro electric plant, however, ensures that the necessary current - related
conditions are fulfilled for reinforcing the rotational movement of the water,
which is created when the water flows off, in an unimpeded manner into a
stable gravitational vortex without using pressure lines and directing devices.
A turbine that rotates in a coaxial manner within the gravitational vortex and
impinged upon along the entire circumferences thereof withdraws rotational
energy from the gravitational vortex, which is converted into electric power in
a generator.
In addition, the inventive hydro electric power plant allows the body of
water that is used for generating power to be aerated so as to enhance the self -
cleaning properties thereof and the water temperature to be reduced during the
summer while decreasing the tendency thereof to be covered with water
quality by achieving the water.
Seminar Report on VORTEC Micro Hydro Power Plant 2013-2014
Prepared by Sree Lakshmi Computers
Seminar Report on VORTEC Micro Hydro Power Plant 2013-2014
Prepared by Sree Lakshmi Computers
The electrical output derives from the amount of water (cubic
meter/sec)and the height of the drop inside the vortex (head).
Head in
meter
Amount in cubic meter/sec Electrical output in
KW
1 1 5
1 2 10
1 5 25
1 10 50
1.5 1 7.5
1.5 2 15
1.5 10 75
1.5 15 112.5
2 2 10
2 5 50
2 10 100
2 15 150
2 20 200
2.5 5 62.5
2.5 10 125
2.5 20 250
2.5 30 375
3 5 75
3 10 150
3 20 300
3 30 450
3 40 600
Seminar Report on VORTEC Micro Hydro Power Plant 2013-2014
Prepared by Sree Lakshmi Computers
THE CONCEPT AND THEORETICAL STUDY OF MICRO HYDRO
POWER PLANT WITH GRAVITATIONAL VORTEX
The micro hydropower plant proposed developed a new technology for
converting hydraulic energy into mechanical work of small rivers due to local
restructuring of water flow in spiral flow through a conical channel as a
gravitational vortex. In the vortex thus formed, at the different heights of the
conical channel are positioned steps of rotor blades with different diameters.
The step rapidity increases with the height of the conical channel in the axial
flow direction
It is known that in the case of a high power HPP, increasing output by
1% hydro turbine increase the power of several MW. Under the new concept
solves the problem of increasing the efficiency of hydraulic flow energy
conversion into electricity by using a hydraulic turbine with rapidity steps.
Thus, the small hydropower plant from Figure 1, consists of a foundation
ashore in the form of a cylindrical concrete spiral cases with tangential inlet
connection, which is deflected a part of the river. The spiral chamber is
equipped with a fixed Fink blade unit director with adjustable tilt. Under the
spiral chamber is placed a conical channel for the formation of the water flow
Seminar Report on VORTEC Micro Hydro Power Plant 2013-2014
Prepared by Sree Lakshmi Computers
as a gravitational vortex. In the bottom of the conical channel is made a
central drainage hole, positioned over a channel of escape. Between the
central drainage hole of the chamber and the running channel is connected to a
draft tube in the elbow. In the center of the spiral chamber and the conical
channel is positioned the hydraulic turbine with vertical shaft, kinematics
connected by a mechanism of angular velocity reduction and multiplication
gear with electric generator. The hydraulic rotor is performed in stages with
characteristic diameters of mobile blades which decreases along the entrance
to the chamber drain hole directly proportional to decreasing cross-sectional
diameter of the chamber in which are located. Each step of the rotor is
mounted on its axis of rotation. The axis are assembled telescopic and are
coupled to respective driving gears of the mechanism of reduction and
multiplication. The types of blades used in each step are chosen based on its
rapidity. For water flow in the gravitational vortex the most indicated are the
helical turbine stages with the hydrofoil profile. Can be used Francis turbine
steps with the form according to rapidity. Due to large variation of the
peripheral velocity along the blade, is necessary to twist the blade. The
mechanism of rpm reduction and multiplication gear consist of a number of
pairs of gears engaged with each other, equal to the number of steps of the
turbine, which, depending on turbine gear rpm, some pairs are used to reduce
Seminar Report on VORTEC Micro Hydro Power Plant 2013-2014
Prepared by Sree Lakshmi Computers
angular velocity and others to multiply up to the nominal velocity of the
electric generator. So that if one angular velocity of step turbine exceeds the
rated velocity of the electric generator, its axis of rotation of the driving wheel
is coupled to the pair that reduce this velocity to nominal angular velocity
value of the electric generator. If one angular velocity of step turbine is below
the rated velocity of the electric generator, its axis of rotation of the driving
wheel is coupled to the pair that multiply the velocity to nominal value of
electric generator angular velocity.
Seminar Report on VORTEC Micro Hydro Power Plant 2013-2014
Prepared by Sree Lakshmi Computers
Fig. shows. Section through the small hydropower plant using gravitational
vortex
Seminar Report on VORTEC Micro Hydro Power Plant 2013-2014
Prepared by Sree Lakshmi Computers
THE CONCEPT AND THEORETICAL STUDY OF MICRO
HYDROPOWER PLANT WITH GRAVITATIONAL VORTEX AND
TURBINE WITH RAPIDITY STEPS
For simulation of this flow we will rely on models of Binnie, Haris [12]
and Taylor [13], using the cylindrical coordinate system r, _, z. The plane z=0
will pass through the fluid outlet section at the top of conical channel. We
consider that remote from the channel wall (outside the hydrodynamic
boundary layer G) the fluid rotates as a solid body with angular velocity _.
Due to axial symmetry, all derivatives on _ in the Navier- Stokes equation is
canceled. To solution obtained in this case will be the exact solution of the
Navier-Stokes equations, given that the terms on these equations, which
would be lost when crossing the boundary layer equation following
simplifying assumptions it would go
away.
Seminar Report on VORTEC Micro Hydro Power Plant 2013-2014
Prepared by Sree Lakshmi Computers
In fig: - Representation of vortex flow of incompressible fluid through a
conical chamber:
G-hydrodynamic boundary layer flow conical chamber wall secondary
oriented to the top of the cone;
� - swirl intensity;
Q - water flow through the top of the cone;
Seminar Report on VORTEC Micro Hydro Power Plant 2013-2014
Prepared by Sree Lakshmi Computers
z, r, � - cylindrical coordinate system;
u, v, w - components of radial, circular and axial velocity
At large distance from the conical channel wall the flow occurs without
friction. For this reason for the radial pressure gradient we can write:
(1/ �p).( �p/�r)=rw2 (1) �������������������������������
Solving the problem in the boundary layer approximation, we admit that
the pressure gradient in accordance with the equation (1) exists in the liquid
layer near the wall, where it shows the phenomenon of friction. Following low
simulation software Mathcad 7 was found that water flow space is separated
into two areas. The first area includes within hydrodynamic boundary layer
adhering to the conical wall. The second area is the fluid flow outside the
boundary layer. The zones are bounded by the outer boundary layer _ limit.
Seminar Report on VORTEC Micro Hydro Power Plant 2013-2014
Prepared by Sree Lakshmi Computers
THE WATER FLOW IN CONICAL CHANNEL IN THE PRESENCE
OF THE TURBINE ROTOR
In the presence of the turbine rotor in steps, the flow structure changes
qualitatively. Rotor blades require boundary conditions of water velocities
equal to the velocities of their surfaces, speed is not known a priori, but the
settlement is determined depending on when torque resistance that opposes
the rotation shaft and velocity diagrams into and out of blades, due to absolute
velocity of the water entry into blades, blade profile, entry and exit angles of
the blades and blade fluid (Figure)
Explanatory drawing for the Euler turbine equation
Seminar Report on VORTEC Micro Hydro Power Plant 2013-2014
Prepared by Sree Lakshmi Computers
Structure of water flow through the conical channel in the presence of the
rotor blades stages
Seminar Report on VORTEC Micro Hydro Power Plant 2013-2014
Prepared by Sree Lakshmi Computers
ADVANTAGES
This leads to certain advantages of the VORTEC system especially in low
head (low drop) situations. Not only are they driven by a simple and reliable
technology, they are also easy to maintain, compact, and inexpensive. Water
vortex plants are also good news for the environment. Their construction will
restore the body of water (eg. River) on which they are built, benefiting nature
and the local community alike. The innovative technology behind these
facilities means that they pose no threat to fish population, as they are able to
bypass the rotor downstream and upstream. A further advantage is the
improved cleaning efficiency of natural micro - organisms thanks to the
higher oxygen levels resulting from the regular aeration of the water.
• The VORTEC can be used with a minimum head of 0.5m,
conventional hydro power has to have at least 2-5m head
• The VORTEC doesn’t need a dam, only so called directing walls,
which
means construction is much less demanding.
Seminar Report on VORTEC Micro Hydro Power Plant 2013-2014
Prepared by Sree Lakshmi Computers
• The VORTEC is designed to run on the minimum amount of available
flowing water. That means there is never stagnant water created. The
water comes out as it goes in.
• The VORTEC systems can be cascaded when there is only a little
amount of water available to create maximum electrical output.
• The VORTEC can produce from 2KW to 500KW constant usable
electrical power, depending on the flow of water available.
Water vortex plants have little impact on the local environment as most of
the construction work is below ground.
Seminar Report on VORTEC Micro Hydro Power Plant 2013-2014
Prepared by Sree Lakshmi Computers
PROPERTIES OF THE GRAVITATIONAL WATER VORTEX
The gravitation water vortex
• Increases the water surface area
• Maximizes the velocity of flow on the water surface area
• Disseminates homogeneously contaminants in the water
• Increase the contact surface of the disseminate contaminants for
micro organisms and water plants
• Aerates the water naturally, because of the high velocity of flow on
the water surface area and the increased water surface area, to
support the self - purification of water with micro organisms and
water plants
• Increase the heat of evaporation and so water can reduce the
temperature itself at rising temperatures in the summer.
• Builds up a peripheral zone of ice in the winter to isolate the center
of the vortex.
• Concentrates dense water in the ring - shaped centre to ensure the
survival of micro organisms as long as possible.
• Decelerates the flow of water, so it can be used as an active retention
pond.
Seminar Report on VORTEC Micro Hydro Power Plant 2013-2014
Prepared by Sree Lakshmi Computers
• Concentrate rotation energy in the ring - shaped centre and so it can
be used for a water power plant.
Seminar Report on VORTEC Micro Hydro Power Plant 2013-2014
Prepared by Sree Lakshmi Computers
CONCLUSION
As conclusion one can say that if river is available the VORTEC
micro hydro power plant is probably one of the cheapest and most
environmentally friendly solutions compared to other alternative energy
sources.
It was developed a new hydro power plants with gravitational
vortex and turbine with rapidity steps for hydraulic energy recovery of rivers
with falls and with small flows. For water flow in the gravitational vortex
the most indicated are helical turbine steps with hydrofoil profile. Can be
used Francis turbine steps with the form according to rapidity. Due to large
variation along the peripheral velocity of the blade is necessary twisting the
blade.
Seminar Report on VORTEC Micro Hydro Power Plant 2013-2014
Prepared by Sree Lakshmi Computers
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Zotlöterer, F., Hydroelectric plant, Patent No. RCT WO
2004/061295,A2.
2. Brochure Small Hydropower for Developing Countries –
European Small Hydropower Association,
3. Cooke, J. C., On Pohlhausen's method with application to a
swirl problem of Taylor, JAS, Vol.19, 1952, pp.486-490.