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TRANSCRIPT
Vom Simulator zur Ak/vität im Gehirn: das EU-‐Projekt MAN4GEN Chris&an Windischberger Medizinische Universität Wien
Flying is Safe • Air travel is the safest mode of transporta/on • Accident rates have subsided to the lowest level
Ascend, Airbus 2011
What are the issues? • Technical failures have reduced significantly • Crews are trained to safely deal with most common failures • Mismanagement of threats, crew errors and lack of situa/on awareness remain upstream
Percentage of all commercial aviation accidents (ICAO, 2013)
“Automa/on Addic/on” § A popular term describing an over-‐reliance on technology as the primary means of providing informa/on of resolving a problem
§ Dichotomy itself presents a challenge:
§ Crews need to rely on automa/on and envelope protec/on; safety, workload management, situa/on awareness benefit from automa/on
-‐ HOWEVER -‐
§ Simultaneously, they must maintain “manual flying skills”
§ “manual” can refer to modes with varying levels of human input to control the aircraS.
“Automa/on Addic/on”
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§ Causes of Faults
§ Automa/on could fail or give erroneous informa/on
§ Crews may misinterpret perfectly-‐opera/ng systems
§ Complexity of modes may cause misinterpreta/on by crews
§ Training of automa/on failures depends on simulator capability (only what the crew has programmed)
§ We are extremely limited in simula/ng auto-‐flight failures (no regulatory drive)
§ Basic premise s/ll exists:
Aviate, Navigate, Communicate
Man4Gen Manual Opera&ons of 4th Genera&on Airliners
GOAL: to iden/fy the common thread behind the events that lead to airplane upsets and accidents, and to recommend short-‐term changes to opera/onal procedures, training and aircraS systems technology in order to mi/gate this threat to avia/on safety Achieved through:
• Analysis of unexpected and challenging situa/ons • Understanding breakdown of situa/on awareness • Developing and performing experiments related to unexpected events • Analyzing system monitoring, decision-‐making and manual control • Development of recommenda/ons for training, procedures and system design
Man4Gen -‐ A European Consor/um
Manual Operations of 4th Generation Airliners• European Union Research• Budget of €4.7 Million• 3 years (2012-2015)
Non-‐Invasive Brain Mapping Electro-‐physiological Methods
• Electroencephalography (EEG) • Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
Metabolic/vascular Methods
• Transcranial Doppler Sonography (TCD) • Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) • Positron Emission Tomography (PET) • Func/onal Magne/c Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
fMRI vs. MRI
MRI studies brain anatomy.
Functional MRI (fMRI) studies brain function.
Haemoglobin
Haemoglobin
Heme
Time instance [TR=300ms]
Haemodynamic Response
0 6 12 18 24 30
Sig
nal I
nten
sity
[a.u
.]
Blocked fMRI Experiment
off on off on off on off
Stim
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Stim
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Stim
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Bas
elin
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Time
Ac/va/on Mapping
Ac/va/on Mapping
MR Scanner
h_p://usa.healthcare.siemens.com/magne/c-‐resonance-‐imaging/3t-‐mri-‐scanner/magnetom-‐spectra
h_p://www.nichtlus/g.de
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?
timeP/BMATCH | MISMATCH ?
Task 2RWY 10 cleared for take off.
Wind 160/23.
[ 0.0 | 11.5 | 19.9 | 23.0 ]
P/B
RWY 10 cleared for take off.Wind 160/23.Task 1
[ H/W | T/W | - | - ]
P/B
M4G-‐ANT. Monitoring and an/cipa/on.
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M4G-‐ANT. SPM Results.
M4G-‐MR. Mental rota/on task.
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M4G-‐MR. SPM Results (SMT, IIT)
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Instrument Interpretation
Shepard-Metzler Mental Rotation
M4G-‐MR. SPM Results (SMT vs IIT)
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M4G-‐MR. Conclusion.
– Low correla/on (and n.s.) between MR and II performance p > 0.25, rho = -‐0.24 or +0.30
– Poten/al neurobiological basis: common but also dis/nct brain networks • Instrument interpreta/on: fusiform gyrus, temporal-‐parietal junc/on • Mental rota/on: parietal regions, striatum
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M4G-‐DM. Decision making task.
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M4G-‐DM. Interven/on -‐ Manual -‐ Missed.
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Take Home Messages
Methodological Results – fMRI allows for task designs that work as experimental proxies for real world avia/on skills
– Heterogeneity in brain ac/va/ons exist between subjects but robust overlap within group, indica/ng similar cogni/ve strategies, making pilots a highly useful study popula/on for cogni/ve (neuro)science
Phenomenological Results – M4G-‐ANT: Ac/va/on of ventral striatum supports embodied cogni/on models
– M4G-‐MR: Low and unreliable correla/on between II and MR performance can be linked to heterogeneity in underlying brain networks
– M4G-‐DM: Deac/va/on in regions can be linked to missed response
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This research is funded as part of the FP7 2012 Aeronautics and Air Transport programme under EC contract ACP2-GA-2012-314765-Man4Gen
Man4Gen Partners:
www.man4gen.eufmri.at