voltaire xxiv

8/20/2019 Voltaire XXIV

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E D I T I O N D E L A P A C I F I C A T I O N

T H E W O R K S O F

VOLTAIRE A CONTEMPORARY VERSION

W ITH NOTES BY TOBIAS SMOLLETT, R EVISED AND MODERNIZED

NEW TRANSLATIONS BY W ILLIAM F. FLEMING, AND AN

INTRODUCTION BY OLIVER H. G. LEIGH

A CRITIQUE AND BIOGRAPHY

BY

T H E R T . H O N . J O H N M O R L E Y

F O R T Y - T H R E E V O L U M E S

ONE HUNDRED ANS SIXTY-EIGHT DESIGNS, COMPRISINGS REPRODUCTIONS

OF RARE OLD ENGRAVINGS, STEEL PLATES, PHOTOGRAVURES,

AND CURIOUS FAC-SIMILES

VOLUME XXIV

AKRON, OHIO

THE WERNER COMPANY

1!"


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I am a heritage because I

brine, you years of tboupbt


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and the lore of time

I Impart yet I can pot 5

I have traveled amor^ tbe

peoples of tbe eartb :

am a rover-^ Oft-tlrpes

I str^y fron? tbe /iresldex

of tbe or?s ubo loves and

cberisbe!o rpe-u"bo

n?e u"bep I an?

n?e va^ratft please send

n?e bon#e-an$%i$& n?y

brotbers-on tbe

sbelves of

'(^f/l


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6O0

/ )0H=3 historical studies


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in =olland, in F#5( =e promptly disavo


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4O+0I1 is one of the fe< happy authors


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0his congenial aRnity remarNably appears in that

eagerness


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8O60I6I6.

0= 7+6 O9 0= *O12

*I0=

3ummary ccount of


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the misfortune to encumber his head


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collections


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F& ncient and odern =istory

of our hemisphere,


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migrations, in


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than


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that those pretended descendants of 8orner made a

very bad use of the various advantages


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times fed on human esh *e must turn our eyes


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strained con"ectures

0he .ermans nearly resembled the .auls in their

morals : liNe them they sacriPced human victims

liNe them they decided their private disputes by

single combat the only diQerence


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of both sexes


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Introduction F#

0he sacN of 8onstantinople


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climes: and let us direct our Prst attention to a

people


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Its history,


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erides of abylon


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0he 8hinese &F

thinN


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la


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our common era, conMuered the


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bon@es : much less the


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tions of the most intelligent travellers, consist of a

standing army amounting to eight hundred thousand

men


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fortiPed places Other nations have fortiPed to


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to the most probable calculations, amounts to t


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&G ncient and odern =istory

is sold according to its


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0hough the 8hinese did not exercise their talents

in the invention of those destructive instruments,

they deserve no praise from that circumstance, as

they have maintained


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to turn the globe, on


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0he 8hinese &$

incapable to proceed further :


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them a tasN of the utmost diRculty very


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)dmiral nson;s 4oyage ) expresses great con-

tempt for 8hina, because the vulgar at 8anton

exerted all their artiPce to cheat the nglish ut

are


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they have seen the 8hinese peasants thro< them-

selves on their Nnees, to asN pardon of each other

for the stop of carriages,


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8O69>8I>3,


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+ecomte, and other missionaries aRrm, that the

8hinese had Nno


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this doctrine did not prevail, until happily established

after the incarnation by the +ord of life and death

It is supposed, that the men of letters among the

8hinese had no distinct idea of an immaterial .od

but it


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4ol &J-(

(J ncient and odern =istory

because they diQer from us in their system of meta-

physics *e should rather admire in them t


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o


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India, about one thousand years before 8hrist, and

infected all the eastern parts of sia 0his


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(G ncient and odern =istory

immortal, happens to die 0he 0artar princes never

speaN to him except on the bended Nnee =e is

supreme "udge of all points of controversy among

the lamas In a


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ecause the people are governed by their bon@es)

Indeed many of the learned themselves have fallen

into the error of materialism: but this has had

no eQect upon their morality 0hey thinN virtue is

so necessary to manNind, and so amiable in itself,

that there is no need for the Nno


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ing to the year of 8hrist G(G that as soon as he

reached the suburbs of the imperial city, the emperor

sent a colao to receive him, and caused the 8hristian

church to be built for his devotion 0his inscription

evidently appears to be one of those pious frauds


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in alabar, saying that 3t 0homas arrived in that

country in the Muality of a carpenter,


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arrive at India, or Indostan, a country not Muite so

extensive as 8hina, and better Nno


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almost every language of the Nno


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0he Indies JF

ignorant and their days


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duced in the gentlest climate but the origin of

almost everything is concealed from our Nno


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Indians being at all times a trading and industrious

people,


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It


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the face of these countries and this change extended

a great


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these our days Aou do not desire to examine in this

place


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overloaded


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second Boroaster, in the reign of arius, the son of

=ystaspes, did no more than bring this ancient relig-

ion to perfection It is in these maxims that


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0he name of 3atan,


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bitter enemy to the patriarch of 8onstantinople,

endeavored to gain over the tyrant 7hocas to his

interests by loading him


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7ersia, rabia, and ahomet J$

in every part of his character +ove, the necessary

conseMuence of a


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=e taught the rabians,


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al


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7ersia, rabia, and ahomet 5F

putes


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professors of false religion pretend to be)


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the era of his glory, as


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borhood of the 7ersian gulf =e had the boldness

to propose that they should embrace his religion

and


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conMuered, either to profess his religion or pay a

tribute,


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oppressed appear, and I am ready to maNe repara-

tion) man stood up, and demanded payment of

a sum that


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thirst after plunder, the same division of the spoil,

and every part of their conduct pointing to


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5G ncient and odern =istory

everything, and believed themselves created for

dominion ahomet;s last


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of lo< self-interest


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Omar, chosen his successor,


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yoNe of lexander 0hen fell that ancient religion

of the agi,


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ilies, or Ignicolae, remained at Ispahan, till the reign

of 3hah bbas,


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by 0ra"an, for "oining the 6ile and the 1ed 3ea,


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ussulman arms are al


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7ersia, rabia, and ahomet GF

founded the Ningdom of 8ordova 0he sultan of

gypt indeed shooN oQ the yoNe of the great caliph

of agdad and bd-er-1ahman, governor of 3pain,


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8haldaea, on the other side of the river uphrates

0he 0urNs say he laid the foundation of this city

the 7ersians assure us it


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If ever po


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7ersia, rabia, and ahomet G(

any of his predecessors,


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that the obliMuity of the ecliptic


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sensible and energic poetry


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that period 0here is not the least trace remaining

of any "argon that


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at 1ome, in the reign of 6ero and these


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implacable 0hey accused them of being the authors

of the conagration that destroyed one-half of 1ome

in the reign of 6ero It


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tianity and even if these cruel monuments relate

to 8hristians, to


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under this emperor some persons


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that he should Muestion them on the sub"ect ? >nhap-

pily, in this manner has history been


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severely chastised) 9rom this instance of drian;s

"ustice, some have fondly believed that he


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of their enemies, that, in several provinces they had

churches built upon the ruins of heathen temples


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erate enemy, persuaded iocletian to give orders for

demolishing the cathedral of 6icomedia,


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strengthen their interest, under this very iocletian,

and


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have continued to reign, that he might have had an

opportunity to destroy it in earnest, and if he


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OIOO>20I6

Italy #(

soldiers, for


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share their suQerings certain it is, iocletian, in the

last t


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and people of 1ome

0he reign of 8onstantine is a glorious era for

religion,


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not be agreeable to that people It is very evident,

that the murder of +icinius, his brother-in-la


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one party has described as the most criminal, and the

other as the most virtuous of manNind? If


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circus, all the chiefs of the 9ranNs, and the prisoners

he tooN in an expedition to the 1hine : such


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*e Nno< very


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reMuired very great revenues 0he credit of the

ranN,


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8onstantine received and determined the mutual

complaints and accusations


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his ) issi ominici)

=is son thalaric regulated the elections of the

popes, as


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unpolished language, and their manners, that


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did not reside in that city,


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credit of the popes increased in the desolation of

the city 0hey often acted as its fathers and com-

forters, but al


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Italy (

8=701 4I

3O>18 O9 0= 77+ 7O*1

1O, so often sacNed by arbarians, abandoned

by the emperors, hard pressed by the +ombards, and

incapable of restoring the ancient republic, could

no longer pretend to greatness It


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7ope .regory III


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the 9rench, on pain of excommunication, to besto<

it on the Nings of any other race *hen this bishop,

an exile from his o


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tions


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of those times


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from heaven, to 7epin and his children,


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is it probable that he should cross the mountains

t


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ncient and odern =istory

source of the mistaNe uthors of a later date,


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of aQairs


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produced diQerent opinions, and every opinion


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0hey convince us that all the disputes of the .reeNs


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themselves in their turn, by the same artillery

0roubles of this nature


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still more agrant, he ordered all paintings to be

destroyed =e demolished the statues and repre-

sentations of !esus 8hrist, as


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had been received in many churches, and particu-

larly at 1ome

0his emperor


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the oath of allegiance,


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and become sovereigns of 1ome by a much "uster

title than that of many emperors, but it is neither

probable nor true that the 1omans,


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hended all those nations


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piness in the en"oyment of liberty 0hese


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$ ncient and odern =istory

industry no to


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families of the empire are no< said to be descended :

a man


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ties of the 8hristian religion


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ioo ncient and odern =istory

treated this noble eQort at liberty as a rebellion =e

demanded of the trembling 3axons that they should

deliver up their general and understanding they

had allo


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disposed to return to their o


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obtained on the frontiers of 3pain, his rear-guard


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0=1O6

I0


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geous resolution =e determined to surprise 1ome,

and maNe sure of the pope;s person but the bishop

8harlemagne F%(


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the 1oman mpire,


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commissioners to sit upon his trial,


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0his donation may be "ustly ranNed


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must only be understood as the domains


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empress so famous for her courage and her crimes,

io ncient and odern =istory


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formed by the courage and fortune of 8harlemagne

but nothing contributed so much as the absurd con-

duct of the descendants

=e had no capital, though ix-la-8hapelle


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that the cro


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but not so good as 0ra"an or ntoninus, to


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and so continued to be after the death of 8harle-

magne: his reign alone had a gleam of politeness,


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ted for t


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Orleans: they never besto


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8harlemagne FF5

agobert and if the Ning of the 9ranNs had three


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Muished the conMuering rabs, and repulsed them to

.ascony, received, ho


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in his o


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force, that is, large boats at the mouths of all the

great rivers of his empire efore his time, such

vessels


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ilan, +yons, ries, and 0ours 3teel


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to forty deniers of silver and these deniers, though

they


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of silver 0his pound


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F&% ncient and odern =istory

other one hundred and t


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made in the ancient history of a celebrated professor

in the university of 7aris, in the ecclesiastical history

of 9leury, and in almost all useful authors *hen

they


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than by the price of necessaries, and I Pnd these


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conMueror could not sign his o


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established to teach these notes, one at et@, and the

other at 3oissons 0hey


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.risons, and to


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Muences of religion upon the evils


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8harlemagne F&5

began at 8onstantinople: she caused 0arasius, her

secretary of state, a layman, to be erected patriarch

0here had been formerly some examples of laymen

thus raised to bishoprics,


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images

It is a circumstance confessed by all "udicious


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of 9rance,


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example in all the unfortunate disputes


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in the ast, the Prst 8ouncil of 6ice had added, that

he proceeded from the 9ather after


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the name of false decretals they are said to have

been collated by a 3paniard called Isidore ercator

or 7iscator, or 7eccator 0hey


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by these false decretals for eight


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0hey made this prince believe, that in the code

digested in the reign of 0heodosius, there


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the prerogative to "udge manNind

In the same manner as the bishops disputed this

authority


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head of a party against 8harles artel 0he hero

caused the monN to be beheaded an execution


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ncient and odern =istory

admission into the order than that of being obedi-

ent to the abbot 0hey even freMuently received

grants of uncultivated grounds,


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for a military life, nothing hindered him from con-

ducting them in person 0rue it is, in the year %(,

a parliament complained to 8harlemagne of the great

number of priests


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0hey adopted the barbarous custom practised by the

.reeN emperors, of burning out their eyes, and it


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sucNing the


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at Prst exacted of their canons that they should

confess to them t


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seasons of the year 0he commandments of the

8hurch,


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the gyptians and the .reeNs, and in almost all the

8harlemagne F(#

celebrations of their mysteries arcus urelius,


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3candinavia and enmarN,


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ascendant 3ome missionaries from .aul, indeed,

rudely instructed a small number of those islanders

0he famous 7elagius, too @ealous a defender of

human nature,


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8harlemagne F($

in ngland,


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him


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aQairs of the public in order to live the life of a

recluse

8=701 DIII

3C>+ O9 0= 8>30O3 0=0 714I+ I6 0=

0I O9 8=1+.6

0= counts appointed by the Ning administered

"ustice in a summary manner ach had his sep-

arate district assigned to him and they


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4iguier, seven 3cabini or assessors, and a secretary,

6otarius 0he counts, in their several "urisdictions,

published the order of march in time of


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that


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0hese duels


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forms a volume speciPcally lighter than


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FJJ ncient and odern =istory

up the ring


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s


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in course of la


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FJG ncient and odern =istory

noblemen and plebeians of noblemen ab avo, or

persons


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8=701 DI4

+O>I3 0= O66I1

0= history of the great events of this


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but the emperor, partly by money, and partly by

promises, found means to gain over one-half of the

Italian army 6egotiations


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obtaining mercy, to be arrested : these met


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One of the sources of +ouis;s misfortunes, and

of the number of still greater disasters


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penetrated


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+ouis the ebonnaire F5F

I4 declaring on the side of the princes, his name

added great


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excommunicaturus veniet, excommunicatus abibit)

) 0hat if he came to excommunicate, he himself


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cate the throne ethinNs, in reading the disasters


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to this proposal,


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troops to march in +ent, and had called a parliament

on =oly 0hursday graces-verbal


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sons, +ouis and 7epin,


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8harlemagne to the church of 1ome

0his conPrmation is liable to the same doubts as

the gifts


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as


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F5 ncient and odern =istory

gave the


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to the cro


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*e should not then be surprised, that, a fe< years

after


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I shall no< return to +otharius,


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to the desolations of urope 0he provinces from

the lps to the 1hine


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0he emperor +otharius, after having thro


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lately s


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y his death,


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>nder him then the 1oman mpire


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cany,


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continued to dispose of the cronder the reign of 8harles the 9at, emperor and

Ning of 9rance, the desolations of urope


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reduced, at length, to depend upon the charity of

the archbishop of ent@ for the common necessaries

of life It is evident, that in these times the natural

order of succession


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factures of their o


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places


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ships, and made descents almost at the same time on

ngland, 9rance, and 3pain 0here


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these hundred and t


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church of 3t-.ermain-des-7res 6either the people

nor their saints made the least defence, and yet must

the conMuered indulge themselves in the pitiful

satisfaction of imaginary miracles


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F#% ncient and odern =istory

to taNe t


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mans in this expedition, pushed the siege


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raised the siege of 7aris, to invest the city of 3ens,

and pillage urgundy,


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already established : but after t


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1ollo, in $F&, demanded 6ormandy,


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1ollo, no< gro


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ngland

it


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people


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and a Ningdom more than ever divided into petty

sovereignties, most of them occupied by anes

lmost every year produced a succession of ne<

pirates,


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body of forces, gained a small advantage over the

enemy t this "uncture lfred, clothed in a shep-

herd;s tattered dress, ventured into the anish camp

as a player on the harp,


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to certain learned and enterprising men,


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occupations


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37I6 6 0= >33>+63 >1I6. 0= I.=0=

6 6I60= 860>1I3

*=6 I turn my eyes to


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superiority gained by the ussulmans in 3pain I

F% ncient and odern =istory

cannot say


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oors this second time 8ount !ulian found suRcient

reason, in being son-in-la< to *iti@a, to taNe up

arms against the reigning tyrant, and a bishop named

0ori@a "oined in the conspiracy


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ericN lost his life 3ome say that the 3aracens did

not observe their engagements


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liberty I cannot conceive


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him to govern sturias and some other neigh-

boring territories, on paying homage and tribute to

the ahometans and he even consented to furnish

one hundred beautiful young 1

3pain F (

time a custom among the rabs to exact such Nind

of tributes from their vassals, and to this day the

caravans, among the presents


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fter the death of this bd-er-1ahman, the emirs

or governors of the 3panish provinces aspired to

independency *e have already seen, under the

article of 8harlemagne, that one of them, named

Ibna +arabi, had the imprudence to call that con-

Mueror in to his assistance 6o< if there had really

been any 8hristian Ningdoms existing at that time in

3pain,


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tage for they laid siege to arcelona,


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the hundred damsels to the oors but


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*e must not


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on 9rance, they


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3o badly


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misunderstandings ended in nothing more than an

incursion of barbarians =o


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ter of a pontiQ


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formidable both at 1ome and at 8onstantinople the

masters of 7ersia, 3yria, the


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princes of the ahometan belief ut these princes

1I3

*=I+ the empire of 8harlemagne


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the ahometans and sometimes conMuering, some-

times conMuered, it might, by being continually used

to


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*hile the frontier of the .reeN mpire


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F$& ncient and odern =istory

8opronymus, dying indeed in their beds, but after a

bloody reign, as unhappy for the prince as for his

sub"ectsS 0he empress Irene, the Prst


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each other for having Nilled a heretic, repair to

the public prison to release from thence an oRcer,

surnamed ichael the 3tammerer,


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tude ichael the 3tammerer began his reign


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F$J ncient and odern =istory

secutions sho< us plainly that the people


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thousand of them


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rabs, on the other hand, pushed their conMuests

beyond rmenia, and into sia inor t length

ichael the younger, after a reign of cruelty and

misfortunes,


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its residence, are MuicNly repeopled by the continual

concourse from other neighboring nations 6either

the mechanic nor polite arts can be lost in a great

capital,


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It


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secretly established the foundation of the pontiPcal

grandeur

0heir po


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"udges of Nings, and the popes claimed "udicial

authority over the bishops but nothing can give

us a clearer insight into the numberless disputes

about authority, the farrago of religious supersti-

tion and


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his mistress 4alrada *hat follo


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acNno


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Italy and the 7opes &%F

sentence


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dered these examples freMuent

0he same 6icholas I excommunicated the second


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he gave him the sacrament at 1ome, made him s


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tus, excommunicated by the popes on the same occa-

sions, or even for marriages contracted bet


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diQerences +ouis the ebonnaire had been the Prst

example of the popon the


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to revolutions 0he emperor ichael III, being

dissatisPed


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governor of ilan, and scarcely in fact a 8hristian,

had


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dignities aptisms, the eucharist, liturgy, diocese,

parish, bishop, priest, deacon, monN, church, all


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teries,


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dying, 7hotius had the sNill to get himself reinstated

by the emperor asilius 7ope !ohn 4III received

him into his communion, acNno


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&% ncient and odern =istory

arch,


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this council, as


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&io ncient and odern =istory

eating- of eggs in +ent, the using of unleavened

bread in the eucharist, and several other customs

ut the grand point of division


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nelius 0acitus 0hey never mentioned the 1omans

but in the most contemptuous manner ishop +uit-

prand,


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but then good sense is found the same at all times,

and nothing has been more


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0he *estern mpire &F(

8=701 DDII

0= 300 O9 0= *3016 7I1 0O*13 0=

6 O9 0= 6I60= 860>1A

0= empire of the *est existed no< only in name

rnould, rnold, or rnolf, a bastard son of 8arlo-

man, made himself master of .ermany but Italy


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namely, one o@o, or o@on, Ning of ries 6o< at

that time, 9ormosus, the insigniPcant bishop of

unhappy 1ome, dared not to refuse the sacred unc-

tion to


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but yet had no other privilege left them than that of

besto


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and the rude forests of =ercynia should be made the

centre of the empire of 0itus and 0ra"an

It produced an eMual mixture of indignation and

contempt at 1ome,


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ll governments have their revolutions: there

could not be a more ama@ing one than that


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0= .16 7I1 6 I03 9I93

9O18,


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bishops of 1heims, +yons, eauvais, +angres, and

+aon laid claim to the royalties, or Nings; rights

0his assumed po


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efore the time of 8harlemagne, 0aRllo held the

&i ncient and odern =istory

duNedom of avaria on condition of homage and

this duNedom


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ing plundered avaria, and then returned loaded


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tuted militias and some say that he


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&&% ncient and odern =istory

8=701 DDI4

O0=O 0= .10 I6 0= 060= 860>1A

O0=O,


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reputed provinces of the empire but the anes

MuicNly shooN oQ their yoNe

Otho


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Cueen .erberga to hold her court


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at the same time, against the 3aracens and =un-

garians,


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nor yet under the Nings of +ombardy, nor during the

reign of 8harlemagne 0hey


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7ope 9ormosus, son of +eo the 7riest,


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strucN oQ by the hangman, three of the Pngers of

the right hand cut oQ, and the body cast into the

0iber


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all three of them notorious for their amours, bore

the principal s


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made a pope,


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Italy


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other than her chaplain

0he 7apacy before Otho &

It is said, this aro@ia after


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named Octavian 3porco, by the great interest his

family had in 1ome,


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respected the papal function, because they aspired

to that dignity themselves: in short, the public

opinion held the place sacred, ho


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8=701 DD4I

8O60I6>0IO6 O9 0= 1I.6 O9 O0=O, 6 O9 0=

300 O9 I0+A

O0=O entered Italy in $GF,


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signed by seven .erman bishops, Pve counts, t


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=e sent liNe


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the devil t


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council to council, +eo 4III


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did not yield till they


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&(J ncient and odern =istory

after


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Otho II marches to 1ome against his father

*hat a governmentS *hat an empireS nd


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deplorable calamities, nor more horrid barbarities

ut the villainies and misfortunes of these popes

are as obscure as themselves 0hese bloody trage-

dies


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&(G ncient and odern =istory

them all to be put to the s


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and taNen, and 8rescentius,


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employed in .ermany, a party


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&( ncient and odern =istory

pontiPcate of this enedict I^8 there


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called the 3alic, came to 1ome

6ever did any emperor exercise a fuller author-

ity =e banished .regory 4I and named for pope

one 3uiger, his chancellor, bishop of amberg,


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this authority, the popes


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some time, from a yoNe,


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9rance, in


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One lord o


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deserts, and the country depopulated by long fam-

ines

One


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*hen 9rance, Italy, and .ermany,


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they


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0he senates of those to


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to t


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the bbot, on account of the abbeys of 3t enis,

3t artin de 0ours, and 3t-.ermain-des-7res, and

a number of others


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assisted by prudence

*hile +ouis, this last Ning of the 8harlemagne

blood,


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9rance &J#

thus raised to the throne by his peers, did not ho1I3

9168 dismembered, lay languishing in her ob-

scure maladies, from the reign of 8harles the .ross,

to that of 7hilip I, great grandson of =ugh 8apet

that is, for nearly t


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at


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under an interdict by the pope,


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9rance &J$

ever lo< human reason might have been sunN in

those times, one


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him, if he did not clear himself, before his nuncios,

of a charge of simony brought against him and

another pope did actually excommunicate him

7hilip had taNen a disliNe to his


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shall Pnd him preaching the crusade

=o


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determined upon this marriage through the fear

of having a church dispute upon his hands Of all

the superstitions of those times, there


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emperors of the house of 3uabia and the popes, the

houses of n"ou and ragon, and those of ustria

and 9rance

&5& ncient and odern =istory

8=701 DDD

0= 8O6C>30 O9 67+3 6 3I8I+A A 9*

6O16 .60+6

*=6 8harlemagne tooN the name of emperor, that

title gave him nothing more than


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them the sovereignty of those countries 3everal

private lords shared the spoils of them


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to the metropolitan of 8onstantinople, and the others

to him of 1ome 0he manners tooN a tincture from

this diversity of people, governments, and religions,

and the natural genius of the inhabitants no longer

darted a single ray It no longer appeared liNe the

place


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&5J ncient and odern =istory

0his handful of foreigners reproached the besieged


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and enlisted sometimes in the service of the .reeN

emperors, sometimes in that of the princes of the

country, and sometimes in that of the pope: it

mattered not


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victory in favor of the .reeNs, and 3icily


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sovereign of pulia in his stead, in F%JG upon


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been so soon rent from it, and become a Pef to the

see of 1ome, at a time


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+eo ID, after having excommunicated them, tooN

it in his head to march against them, at the head

of an army,


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prisoner, into that very to


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6aples and 3icily &5$

pire


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pendent of the t


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acNno


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lords uNe 1obert having received a standard

from the pope, and become the champion of that

church


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bard race

In F%##, .regory 4I+,


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6orman gentlemen

*e must not be surprised at seeing so many Ning-

doms sending forth Nnights-errant,


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ert, during these troubles,


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8=701 DDDI

3I8I+A 6 0= 1I.=0 O9 +.0IO6 I6 0=0 I3+6

0= design of maNing the conMuest of the .reeN

mpire vanished at the death of 1obert ut his

family secured their establishments in Italy 8ount

1oger, his brother, remained master of 3icily uNe

1oger, his son, continued in possession of almost

all the country no< called by the name of the Ning-

dom of 6aples and ohemond, his other son,


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0he popes had assumed a right of sending legates

to all the states of 8hristendom,


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6o sooner had 8ount 1oger conMuered 3icily

from the ahometans and .reeNs, and settled the

+atin 8hurch in that island, than 7ope >rban II

sent a legate thither 0his country, indeed, seemed

of all others, to stand the most in need of a legate

to regulate the hierarchy, or church government,

among a people, of


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in the island of 3icily investing them


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did not then belong to him, could not give a name

3icily &G#

to the Ningdom 0his city had al


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the popes and the Nings,


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8onMuest of ngland &G$

and the arts began to revive a little in these beautiful

provinces

=aving no< seen in


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more considerable than that of the t


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only by performing great acts of cruelty, reduced

both enmarN and ngland under his sub"ection

in F%F# 0he native nglish


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Ning,


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throne of 9rance,


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that if he did it


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his t


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J ncient and odern =istory

pounds of the then nglish sterling money,


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aQected a


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Pfty-three years old 6o


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Ningdom to the 8hurch of 1ome, amounting to about

three livres of our money for each house,


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the father of that c@ar !araslau of


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renounced 8hristianity in F%F( and the inhabi-

tants of all the east coast of the altic 3ea


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"udgment of the rest of the 6orth

0he empire of 8onstantinople


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0he 3


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selves masters of it 0he pope exacted a tribute

from that island, not only on account of being for-

merly in possession of some patrimonies there, but

as pretending to be lord paramount of all the Ning-

doms conMuered from the inPdels 0he .enoese

paid this tribute at the beginning of the eleventh cen-

tury, but soon after they freed themselves from

it under the pontiPcate of +ucius II t length,

their ambition increasing


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of thirty years it


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urope &F

of the ninth century that these islanders, retiring

further into their


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matia, 3palatro, 1agusa, and 6aren@a 0heir doge,

about the middle of the ninth century, tooN the title

of duNe of almatia ut the republic


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37I6


400/423

oorish Ning


401/423

betray each other, and freMuently even made alliances


402/423


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them 0he title of emperor every


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brothers and sisters of the inheritance left them by

their father but 3ancho being murdered in one of

&G ncient and odern =istory

these un"ust expeditions, his brothers entered again

into the possession of their estates in F%#(

0here


405/423

girding on a scimitar 0his


406/423

8id overcame several petty oorish Nings, and, hav-

ing at last fortiPed himself in the city of lca@ar,

he there erected a little sovereignty

fter


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& ncient and odern =istory

princes


408/423

ric of 0oledo and 7ope .regory 4II, at the Ning;s

reMuest, made him prince of 3pain 0he 8hurch

reaped almost the


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of the 8id, in marrying Baid, daughter of enadat,

the ne< oorish Ning of ndalusia,


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divided among themselves

*hile 3pain


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=13I3 seem to be the fruit of a little Nno


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in F%&,


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ll that


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1eligion and 3uperstition &$(


415/423

in ngland, they believed that they only ate and

dranN the body and blood of 8hrist spiritually nd

in the odleian library there is a homily,


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in such a manner as to leave room at least to doubt,


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1eligion and 3uperstition &$5

there


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of the


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exercised human credulity It is pretended that the

emperor Otho III put his


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aimbourg should have considered that this fable

is related by authors


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idier, abbot of onte 8assino, and several other


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credit to it


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tion to the 1oman issal, resolved that they should

maNe the trial of Pre ll the la

voltaire xxiv

Documents