volcanoes “better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Volcanoes
“Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast”
--quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption
![Page 2: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Mercator projection
![Page 3: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Mercator projection
• A projection of the surface of a sphere onto a cylinder
![Page 4: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The Mercator projection
• Consider a small part of the surface near the equator
![Page 5: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Mercator projection
• The projection
![Page 6: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Mercator projection
• Consider a small part of the surface near the North pole
![Page 7: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The Mercator projection
![Page 8: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The Mercator projection
• The projection
![Page 9: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The Mercator projection
• The projection is much larger for polar regions!
![Page 10: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The Mercator Projection Map
![Page 11: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The Mercator Projection Map
Alaska isn’t really as big as it looks!
![Page 12: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Where are the volcanoes?
![Page 13: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Where are the volcanoes?
1) Mid-ocean ridges
![Page 14: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Where are the volcanoes?
1) Mid-ocean ridges
--in the middle of oceans (duh.)
--North Pacific doesn’t have one.
![Page 15: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Mid-Ocean Ridges
![Page 16: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Where are the volcanoes?
1) Mid-ocean ridges
2) Edges of some continents
![Page 17: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Where are the volcanoes?
1) Mid-ocean ridges
2) Edges of some continents
--Only one edge each
--Makes the Ring of Fire around the North Pacific
![Page 18: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Edges of continents
Ring of Fire
![Page 19: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Where are the volcanoes?
1) Mid-ocean ridges
2) Edges of some continents
3) Hot spots
![Page 20: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Where are the volcanoes?
1) Mid-ocean ridges
2) Edges of some continents
3) Hot spots
--Hawaii, Yellowstone, Pitcairn Islands
![Page 21: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Hot Spots
![Page 22: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Hot Spots
Older volcanoes show the plate has
moved over the hot spot
![Page 23: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Where are the volcanoes?
1) Mid-ocean ridges
2) Edges of some continents
3) Hot spots
4) Rifts
![Page 24: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Where are the volcanoes?
1) Mid-ocean ridges
2) Edges of some continents
3) Hot spots
4) Rifts
--New Mexico, East Africa
![Page 25: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Rifts
![Page 26: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Where are the volcanoes?
![Page 27: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Where are the volcanoes?
![Page 28: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Where are the volcanoes?
![Page 29: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Topographic Maps
![Page 30: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Topographic Maps
• A topographic map has lines at certain elevations
![Page 31: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Topographic Maps
• A topographic map has lines at certain elevations
--They make loops around hills, but never cross. Downhill is at right angles to lines
--Lines close together indicate steep slopes
--Contour interval is the height difference between two lines
--Relief is the difference from high to low on the map
![Page 32: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Topographic Maps
Steep slope—closely spaced
lines
![Page 33: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Topographic Maps
Gentle slope— lines are not
closely spaced
![Page 34: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Topographic Maps
Lines come together at a
cliff
![Page 35: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Lava flows downhill
• Magma contains:
![Page 36: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Lava flows downhill
• Magma contains:
--Melted rock
--Dissolved gasses
![Page 37: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Lava flows downhill
• Magma contains:
--Melted rock
--Dissolved gasses
How much silica?
![Page 38: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Lava flows downhill
• Magma contains:
--Melted rock
--Dissolved gasses
High silica= high viscosity
![Page 39: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Lava flows downhill
• Magma contains:
--Melted rock
--Dissolved gasses
High viscosity = slow lava!
![Page 40: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Lava flows downhill
• Magma contains:
--Melted rock
--Dissolved gasses Lots of gas= lots of pressure
![Page 41: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Lava flows downhill
• Magma contains:
--Melted rock
--Dissolved gasses Lots of pressure pyroclastic flows
![Page 42: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Lava flows downhill
• Magma contains:
--Melted rock
--Dissolved gasses Lots of pressure pyroclastic flows
“hot” “chunks”
![Page 43: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Lava flows downhill
• Magma contains:
--Melted rock
--Dissolved gasses
Lahars might be even more dangerous— mudflows from melted snow on the volcano
![Page 44: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Everything flows downhill
• Q: How far will it go?
![Page 45: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Everything flows downhill
• Q: How far will it go?
• A: It depends…
![Page 46: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Everything flows downhill
• Q: How far will it go?
• A: It depends…– Volume of material– Viscosity– Type of flow– Slope– Surface features
![Page 47: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
What can you do about it?
![Page 48: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
What can you do about it?
1) Be somewhere else.
![Page 49: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
What can you do about it?
1) Be somewhere else.
2) Maybe, if it’s a small flow…
![Page 50: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
What can you do about it?
1) Be somewhere else.
2) Maybe, if it’s a small flowa. Fireproof roofs—in case of pyroclastics
b. Cool lava with fire hoses to solidify it
c. Barriers could turn it aside
d. Drainage channels to channel it around structure
![Page 51: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Airborne Hazards
• How much gets tossed into the air?
• What gets tossed?
• How hard is it tossed?
![Page 52: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
How much gets tossed into the air?
• Measure the volume in cubic kilometers!
(km3)
![Page 53: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
How much gets tossed into the air?
• There is a huge variation in volume
• Small: up to 1 km3
• Medium: up to 10 km3
• Large: up to 100 km3
• Gigantic: hundreds of km3
![Page 54: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
![Page 55: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
What gets tossed?
Sizes of particles
• Tephra—general term for airborne pieces
• Volcanic bombs
• Lapilli
• Ash
![Page 57: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
What gets tossed?
Sizes of particles
• Tephra—general term for airborne pieces
• Volcanic bombs—largest chunks (>fist-sized)
• Lapilli—smaller chunks
• Ash—smallest particles (< 2mm, dust-sized)
![Page 58: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
What gets tossed?
Distance
• Different sizes of particles go different distances
• The smaller the particle, the farther it goes
Volcanic bombs < Lapilli < Ash
![Page 59: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
![Page 60: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
What gets tossed?
DamageVolcanic bombs—dangerous only if it hits you.
Lapilli—dangerous only if it hits you
Ash—damages lungs, motors, smooth surfaces, forms lahars
![Page 61: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
How hard is it tossed?
• Measured against the
VEI—the Volcanic Explosivity Index
![Page 62: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
How hard is it tossed?
• Measured against the
VEI—the Volcanic Explosivity Index
Ranges from:
0 (mild) to 7 (We’re all going to die!)
![Page 63: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
How hard is it tossed?
VEI is related to volumeVolume VEI
• Small: up to 1 km3 0-4
• Medium: up to 10 km3 5
• Large: up to 100 km3 6
• Gigantic: hundreds of km3 7
![Page 64: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
How hard is it tossed?
VEI is related to the type of magma
The higher the silica and dissolved gasses, the higher the VEI
![Page 65: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
How many are killed?
• How much gets tossed into the air?
• What gets tossed?
• How hard is it tossed?
• How many people live in the path of the flows and airborne debris?
![Page 66: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Volcanoes and the atmosphere
A volcanic eruption produces:
![Page 67: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Volcanoes and the atmosphere
A volcanic eruption produces:
a.
b.
c.
![Page 68: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Volcanoes and the atmosphere
A volcanic eruption produces:
a. Flows
b. Airborne debris
c. Gasses
![Page 69: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
August 21, 1986
• Lake Nyos, Cameroon—a crater lake.
• Carbon dioxide released by the volcano builds up in the waters
• When released, it flows down the hillside and smothers 1700 people
![Page 70: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Gasses from volcanoes
• Water vapor
• Carbon dioxide
• Hydrogen chloride
• Nitrogen
• Sulfur dioxide
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Gasses from volcanoes
• Water vapor
• Carbon dioxide
• Hydrogen chloride
• Nitrogen
• Sulfur dioxide
Normal components
of our atmosphere
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Gasses from volcanoes
• Water vapor
• Carbon dioxide
• Hydrogen chloride
• Nitrogen
• Sulfur dioxideContribute to
acid rain
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Gasses from volcanoes
• Water vapor
• Carbon dioxide
• Hydrogen chloride
• Nitrogen
• Sulfur dioxide
Contributes to global warming
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Gasses from volcanoes
• Water vapor
• Carbon dioxide
• Hydrogen chloride
• Nitrogen
• Sulfur dioxideContributes
to global cooling
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Gasses from volcanoes
• Water vapor
• Carbon dioxide
• Hydrogen chloride
• Nitrogen
• Sulfur dioxide
Cooling?Warming?
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Volcanic activity cools the Earth
Three ways:
•
•
•
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Volcanic activity cools the Earth
Three ways:
• Sulfur dioxide
• Ash
• Water vapor
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Volcanic activity cools the Earth
Three ways:
• Sulfur dioxide —forms tiny droplets of sulfuric acid in the upper atmosphere that reflect sunlight back to space
• Ash
• Water vapor
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Volcanic activity cools the Earth
Three ways:
• Sulfur dioxide —forms tiny droplets of sulfuric acid in the upper atmosphere that reflect sunlight back to space
• Ash—(same effect in upper atmosphere)
• Water vapor
![Page 80: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Volcanic activity cools the Earth
Three ways:
• Sulfur dioxide —forms tiny droplets of sulfuric acid in the upper atmosphere that reflect sunlight back to space
• Ash—(same effect in upper atmosphere)
• Water vapor —forms clouds in lower atmosphere that reflect sunlight back to space
![Page 81: Volcanoes “Better put jam in your pockets, ‘cause we’re toast” --quote from a scientist running from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081511/56649e465503460f94b3b09d/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
The year without a summer
• 1815; following the Tambora eruption
• Lakes in Pennsylvania froze over in July.
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Tungurahua NZ
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Arenal CR
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Fourpeaked AK
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Mayon, Phillipines
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Mayon, Phillipines
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Monitoring Volcanoes
• Did you ever get the feeling you are about to make a big mistake?
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Monitoring Volcanoes
• Did you ever get the feeling you are about to make a big mistake?
• Pay attention to that feeling.
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Monitoring Volcanoes
• Did you ever get the feeling you are about to make a big mistake?
• Pay attention to that feeling.
It could be that the purpose of your life is only to serve as a
warning to others
It hurts to admit when you make mistakes - but when they're big enough,
the pain only lasts a second.
Just because you've always done it that
way doesn't mean it's not incredibly stupid.
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Monitoring Volcanoes
Define:
Vulcanology
Seismology
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Monitoring Volcanoes
Define:
Vulcanology—the study of volcanoes
Seismology—the study of earthquakes
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Monitoring Volcanoes
Q: Why bother?
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Monitoring Volcanoes
Q: Why bother?
A: To tell people when to run away!
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Monitoring Volcanoes
Q: Why bother?
A: To tell people when to run away!
It is easier to save people than property.
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Monitoring Volcanoes
Q: Why bother?
A: To tell people when to run away!
It is easier to save people than property.
You can move vehicles and carry valuables, but don’t let the delay kill you.
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Monitoring Volcanoes
Think about a volcanic eruption.
What is happening?
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Monitoring Volcanoes
Think about a volcanic eruption.
Magma from below is forced up, releasing lava, gasses and airborne debris.
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Monitoring Volcanoes
• The changes that might occur before an eruption might include:
1)
2)
3)
4)
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Monitoring Volcanoes
• The changes that might occur before an eruption might include:
1) Swelling of ground surface
2) Gasses released
3) Minor earthquake activity
4) Change in local electrical and magnetic fields
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Monitoring Volcanoes
• The changes that might occur before an eruption might include:
1) Swelling of ground surface
2) Gasses released
3) Minor earthquake activity
4) Change in local electrical and magnetic fields
If you see excess heat produced, you might be too late
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Monitoring Volcanoes
• The changes that might occur before an eruption might include:
1) Swelling of ground surface
2) Gasses released
3) Minor earthquake activity
4) Change in local electrical and magnetic fields
Any of these changes can be measured and used to predict eruptions
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Monitoring Volcanoes
Some of the equipment includes:
• Clinometers
• Seismometers
• GPS systems
• Gas samplers
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Monitoring Volcanoes
Some of the equipment includes:
• Clinometers measure changes in slope.
• Seismometers measure tremors
• GPS systems measure changes in altitude
• Gas samplers sample gasses. Duh.
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Monitoring Volcanoes
• It is expensive.
• Only about ¼ of the world’s volcanoes have any monitoring at all.
USGS (US Geological Survey) and HVO (Hawaiian Volcano Observatory) --are the best in the world at vulcanology
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Monitoring Volcanoes
Steve ZipprichDenver South High School
Class of 2004
Attended UC Santa Clara to study vulcanology