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Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.

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Page 1: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.

Page 2: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Outline• Cascades

– Mt. St. Helens– Mt. Rainier– Crater Lake– Mt. Shasta– Lassen

• Other eruptions– Yellowstone– Long Valley– Valles Caldera

Page 3: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley
Page 4: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Locations of U.S. Volcanoes

Page 5: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Subduction Zone Volcanoes

Page 6: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Cascades

• Subduction of Juan de Fuca plate beneath North America

• Water released from slab aids melting above

• Magma travels toward surface, some cools, other erupts

• 6-7 of these volcanoes have erupted in last 200 years

Page 7: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Cascades

Page 8: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Mt. St. Helens

• Very active over last 4000 years

• Eruptions ~ every century– Date past eruptions using old deposits

Page 9: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

St. Helens (pre-1980)

Page 10: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Mt. St. Helens 1980

• March: small magnitude earthquakes– Indicates magma moving– Also northern side bulge

Page 11: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Mt. St. Helens 1980

• April: 1.2 mi2 bulge rising 100 m

– Growing by 1.5 m/day

bulge

Page 12: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Mt. St. Helens 1980

• May 18th: – Magnitude 5.1

earthquake– Triggered

landside on north side

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Page 13: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Mt. St. Helens 1980

• May 18th: – Lahars forming after landslide

• Snow, ice near top of mountain

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Bridge destroyed by lahar

Page 14: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Mt. St. Helens 1980• May 18th:

– Lateral blast - pyroclastic flow

• Occurred after landslide removed pressure on side of mountain

• Destroyed area ~550 km2

• Timescale: minutes from earthquake

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Page 15: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Mt. St. Helens 1980• May 18th:

– Vertical eruption• Plinian eruption,

reached 12 mi (20 km) high

• 1 km2 ash

Page 16: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Mt. St. Helens, post eruption

• Rebuilding– Different shape– Lava dome builds

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Page 17: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Effects of 1980 eruption

• 62 deaths

• Significant stream/valley modification

• Clogged Columbia River, shipping channels

• Forest destruction

Page 18: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Mt. St. Helens FigsAsh removed in Idaho

Page 19: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Current Activity, Mt. St. Helens

• Sept. 23, 2004 - volcano started grumbling again– Earthquakes, uplifted crater floor, some steam

eruptions 9 days later

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Page 20: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Current Activity, Mt. St. Helens

• Growth of new lava dome

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Page 21: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Current Activity, Mt. St. Helens

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Steam plume, Jan3 2005

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New dome growth indicates magma moving to surface, producing steam

Oct 2004

Page 22: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley
Page 23: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Cascades

Page 24: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Mt. Rainier• Classified as most

dangerous volcano in U.S.– Large glacier system

– Frequent earthquakes

– Active springs

– Just outside Seattle-Tacoma

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Page 25: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Why So Dangerous?

• Could have eruption/landslide like St. Helens– Springs act to weaken structure

• Significant lahar potential

Page 26: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Previous Activity

• Mudflows date back 5,000+ years

• Most recent 500 years ago

• Significant population centers on lowlands (~100,000 people)

Page 27: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Activity

Page 28: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Cascades

Page 29: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Crater Lake

• Today popular tourist spot

Page 30: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Mt. Mazama 5677 B.C.

• Stratovolcano in Cascades• Major eruption of lava, pyroclastic debris

– Covered much of Pacific Northwest, Canada with thick layer

Page 31: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Crater Formation

• Magma chamber empties, leaves void• Top collapses

Page 32: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Crater Formation

• Magma chamber empties, leaves void• Top collapses

Page 33: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Lake Formation

• Forms over time• Small volcanic cone in center

Page 34: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Cascades

Page 35: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Mt. Shasta and Shastina

• 2nd and 3rd largest volcanoes in Cascades– Last eruption in 1786, at least 3x in last 750

years– Development ongoing in region

Page 36: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Mt. Shasta

Page 37: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Lahar paths

Page 38: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Pyroclastic Flow Danger

Note the increasing number of towns/developments in higher hazard zones

Page 39: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Cascades

Page 40: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Lassen Peak

• Actually lava dome forming in region of past large volcano

• Significant eruptions in 1914-1917– Lava flows, pyroclastic flows, ash cloud– Eruptions may have been helped by melting

snow adding to groundwater system

Page 41: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Lassen

Page 42: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Outside Cascades

• Significant caldera events in – Yellowstone– Long Valley– Valles

Page 43: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Yellowstone, WY

• Hotspot volcanism, makes tracks across U.S.

• Youngest volcanics at Yellowstone– Eruptions at 2 million, 1.3 million,

600,000 years ago– Catastrophic eruptions! (600,000

yr event - VEI 8)– Active system, geysers, geothermal

activity today

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Page 44: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Yellowstone event 600,000 years ago

• Erupted ~1,000 km3 of magma– Mt. St. Helens

1km3 of magma

• Created caldera 75 km long, 45 km wide

Page 45: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Long Valley Caldera

• Not traditional hotspot, but active magma system

• Large eruption ~760,000 years ago– Covered 1,500 km3 with pyroclastic flow

• “Activity” in 1980, more next time

Page 46: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Long Valley

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Page 47: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Valles Caldera• Associated with Rio Grande Rift

• Last eruption ~1 million years ago

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Page 48: Volcanic Hazards in the U.S.. Outline Cascades –Mt. St. Helens –Mt. Rainier –Crater Lake –Mt. Shasta –Lassen Other eruptions –Yellowstone –Long Valley

Next Time

• Volcanic eruption prediction efforts


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