Website- www.jankritipatrika.com Email- jankritipatrika@gmail.com

Vol. 1, issue 11, January 2016 :1, 11, 2016

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A History of The Jan Natya Manch:

Plays for The People (Book by Arjun

Ghosh): Book Review by Mohammad

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This unusual book is divided into two parts. The first part of this book is historical and tells us the story from 1973 to till now. How street theatre evolved at that time in our country when there were many ups and down in the political and social scenario a comprehensive analysis has been given on that. On the other hand, the second part elaborates the experience of drama and street theatre and this section starts from chapter six. Overall this book has tried to give a detailed account of all information about Jana Natya Manch. How Janams street play worked for social change, is also trying to illuciated. G. P. Deshpandey has defined this book as a biography of Janam. In the earlier days, CPI (M) didnt have any strong cultural wing to propagate any strong form mobilizing social change; makeshift platform had been used with self-scripted play by Janam. The first chapter The early year (1972-80) explains the foundation year of Janam. This chapter also informs about the performance of all self-scripted street plays of Janam Machine, Gaon Se Sadak Tak, Hatyare, DTC Ki Dhandhli, Aurat, Samarth and Raja Ka Baja. How Janam started its journey with limited resources everything is elaborated here. In the next chapter, a factual scenario of emergency period has been portrayed. It was trying to portray that how government is imposing emergency. When Indra Gandhi disagreed to give resignation from the post of Prime Minister, Janam made skit Kursi, Kursi, Kursi. To show the excesses of the emergency, they produced Ab Raja Ki Bari Hai. The writer put an effort to show Janams communication motive during the emergency period. The writer also gives an account of producing many plays and their contexts like Machine (Hering India worker strike), Gaon Se Shahar Tak (Migrant labor searching for job), Hatyare (communal

rights), DTC Ki Dhandhali (Hike on bus fare by DTC), Aurat (based on working woman),

Samrath: Madari-Jamura (price hike) etc.

In the third chapter An Eventful Decade (1981 1988), the writer describes various activities. The writer states here: Janam needed to develop organizationally so as to attract talent

not only through its art but also through its commitment to a progressive politics. Asif Naqvi, Vijay Kalia, Sanya Sirohi Gupta were the new-comers at that time and their memories are also quoted here. This chapter also gives an informative part about communal separatism in Punjab and Janams activity. Some dialogues are here quoted from Veer Jaag Zara:

Man: O people, Punjab is burning Voices: Opposition parties are responsible. Man: Communalism is on the ascendancy. Voices: Opposition parties are responsible Man: Regionalism, Sectarianism, Secessionism is growing.

Voices: Opposition parties are responsible. Man: Poverty, Unemployment, Starvation, Corruption is on the rise, prices are touching

the sky, crops are failing, peasants are being ruined. Voices: Opposition parties are responsible. Opposition parties are responsible. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The author also makes an attempt to show Janams work on politics and communalism through putting some dialogues from their plays:

Jamura: Yes sir, from there turn right, then straight, then right again, then straight, then right again

Ring Master: Only right turns, no left turns! Jamura: No, no, no, no, never turn left. Or else you will reach Bengal. Jyoti Basu is in

government there. He has thrown Sampradayikta into the Bay of Bengal. Ring Master: Thrown it into the Bay? How did he have the audacity to be so cruel on an

innocent, helpless animal? Jamura: Let alone wild animals, if he gets to know that you are here to help

Sampradayikta, then he will kick you out. He is very strict in these matters.

In the next chapter Martyrdom and After (1989 1994) the post martyrdom (after the murder of Safdar Hashmi) works of Janam are elucidated. Safdar Hashmi was murdered at Jhandapur in Sahibabad during the performance of Halla Bol (1989). Janam decided to return

there and finished the interrupted play. It is also discuss that how Janam received help from different activists and artists. Author also studies Janams work during the period of 1990s (in changing political and economic climate).

The last chapter of the first section New Directions (1995 Present) this chapter is focused on the remarkable works of Janam and tries to explain the plays on communal violence,

globalization, displacement of working-class slums, and attacks on democratic rights (pp.18). This chapter explicates Janams response to communal riots of Gujarat (2002). Janam also used new techniques and improve their work.

The sixth chapter The experience of the streets gives well explanation of the

performances of Janam in different cities. It is also mentioned that Janams campaigns are only for creating awareness, not for influencing the mass opinion.

The chapter A Different Proscenium reveals the works of Janam and New Theatre. The activity of Habib Tanvir also has occupied valuable space. Author mentioned two plays while discussing this- Moterams Nonviolent Resistance (which is focused on the British Policies), Ek Aurat Hipeshiya Bhi Thi. This chapter also describes G. P. Deshpandeys Satyashodhak

and Brijiesh Sharmas Shambuk Vadh. Safdar Hashmi and Habib Tanveer jointly worked in many plays during this time. It is a good chronicle of street plays of that period.

The eighth chapter has told us about the new-comers of Janam. It has also given a new direction on how new talents can be utilized as collective creativity through showing the functionality of Janam. Along with this, it provides an insight to their economic condition. The experience of four decades is well arranged in this part.

In the ninth chapter Players, Spectators and Bazaars, Arjun Ghosh has shown a clear picture of

Janams struggle in Delhi. The life style of inhabitants in Delhi was different. At that time, Delhi was occupied by the people of different economic status upper middle and lower class. Slum areas were become the result of heavy population. Economically poor people were easy prey of the Govt. for gaining vote. In such circumstances, Janam had made an attempt to reach all kind of audiences and to make them aware. It has been also told how Janam selected proper place for performance to reach a wide number of people. It was quite challenging for them.

The tenth chapter has tried to explore the connection between the CPI (M) and Janam. He gives an account of the nature of their links and the degree of sovereignty of Janam. During the Cultural Revolution in China and the left movement, it has been described how Janam worked and helped them in disseminating the ideas and concepts of the party programs in Delhi.

In the end, the writer refers to how Janam sustained itself under different threats and challenges; how they overcome their financial crisis and performed in many festivals. He also quoted: I have demonstrated how in their use of street theatre the parties of the establishment make suitable alternations to street theatre. They put in place a top-down structure which is in consonance with their politics. He also briefed the scenario of Janam in both pre-independence and post-independence period. Arjun Ghosh also scanned the role of Janam in present day. Janams performances were become very popular and these were also used by the political opponents to attack others.

Overall, it can be clearly understood how culture can be used as an effective tool for political communication after reading this book. This book can be considered as a great contribution of Arjun Ghosh towards the history of drama and theatre. The effort made by Arjun Ghosh is really appraising. Anyone can have clear idea about writing a good biography on theatre after reading this particular book. It is an important asset for the people who are interested in theatre.

New Delhi: Sage Publication India, 2012. 293pp. Hardcover, 695 rupees.

Mohammad Aamir Pasha Ph. D. Scholar Centre for Journalism & Mass Communication Central University of Orissa, Koraput

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dgkuh ds vfUre pj.k rd i

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ISSN 2454-2725

dfork dk vuqokn % izf;k vkSj leL;k,

vuqokn dk ;g ;qx lk{kh gS fd vkt fdlh Hkh fodkl'khy ns'k dks ;fn fodflr ns'k

cukuk gS rks fcuk vuqokn&lk/kuk ds ;g LoIu lkdkj ugha gks ldrkA gekjs ns'k ds ,d ls

,d izfrf"Br Hkk"kkfon~] lekt'kkL=h] jktusrk rFkk lkfgR;dkjksa us bl fpjaru dFku ij fujUrj

cy fn;k gSA

dkO;kuqokn dh lEiw.kZ izf;k dks fuEufyf[kr vkjs[k }kjk le>k tk ldrk gSS &

ltZu ltZd

izs"kd1 ikB 1 xzfgrk 1 % izs"kd 2 ikB 2 x`ghrk 2

dfo dfork ikBd dfo dfork ikBd

O;k[;krk vuqoknd O;k[;krk

mijksDr vkjs[k ls ;g ckr Li"V gS fd vuqoknd nks Hkwfedkvksa dk fuokZg djrk gSA

L=ksr Hkk"kk esa jfpr ikB ewy dfork ds O;k[;krk ikBd dh Hkwfedk vkSj y{; Hkk"kk esa jfpr

ikB vuwfnr dfork ds ltZd dh Hkwfedk vkSj y{; Hkk"kk esa jfpr ikB vuwfnr dfork ds

ltZd dh HkwfedkA blh izdkj izfl) :lh fo}ku ykSVeSu ds vuqlkj & ikB xzg.k djus dh

n`f"V dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, blds fuEufyf[kr pkj oxZ cuk, tk ldrs gS &

fo"k; iz/kku n`f"V esa vuqoknd dh n`f"V dfork dh fo"k;&oLrq ij dsfUnzr jgrh gSA

mldk eq[; y{; gksrk gS ----- L=ksr Hkk"kk dh dkO;&fr dh fo"k;&oLrq dks y{; Hkk"kk dh

fr esa lEizsf"kr djukA lajpuk iz/kku n`f"V esa vuqoknd dh n`f"V dkO; dh lajpuk ij dsfUnzr

jgrh gSA blesa mldk y{; gksrk gS & dfork dh bdkb;ksa ds ijLij lEcU/kksa ij cy nsrs gq,

mudk fo'ys"k.k vkSj la'ys"k.k djuk rFkk la?kVukRed cukoV ds vk/kkj ij dkO;kuqokn izLrqr

djukA Hkkf"kd iz/kku n`f"V esa vuqoknd dh n`f"V dfork dh Hkkf"kd fo'ks"krkvksa ij dsfUnzr jgrh

gS ;Fkk & NUn ;kstuk] 'kCn&peRdkj] vyadkj&O;oLFkk vkfnA blh izdkj lkfgR;skj lUns'k

iz/kku n`f"V esa vuqoknd dh n`f"V dfork ds dkO; lUns'k dh vis{kk lkfgR;srj lUns'k ij

ISSN 2454-2725

dsfUnzr jgrh gSA og ewy dfork ds Hkhrj ds /kkfeZd] euksoSKkfud] lektoSKkfud vkfn roksa

dks vuwfnr dfork esa lEizsf"kr djus ij vf/kd cy nsrk gSA

bl izo`fk ds vk/kkj ij Hkh dkO;kuqokn dk oxhZdj.k lEHko gSA ysQsosj us dkO;kuqokn

ds fuEufyf[kr izdkj cryk, gSa & Lofufed vuqokn esa vuqoknd L=ksr Hkk"kk dh dfork dh

/ofu dks y{; Hkk"kk dh jpuk esa lEizsf"kr djrk gSA ,slk djrs le; og ewy vUo;kUrj djrk

pyrk gS] ij vuqokn esa iz/kkurk /ofu&O;oLFkk dh jgrh gSA 'kkfCnd vuqokn esa vuqoknd L=ksr

Hkk"kk dh dfork esa iz;qDr 'kCnksa dk 'kCn&izfr'kCn vuqokn izLrqr djrk gS] ftlds QyLo:i

ewy dfork dk Hkko&lkSUn;Z] vFkZ] O;atuk ,oa okD;&foU;kl vuwfnr dfork esa [kafMr gks tkrs

gSaA Nkafnd vuqokn esa vuqoknd L=ksr Hkk"kk dh dfork esa iz;qDr NUn ;kstuk dks vuwfnr jpuk

esa :ikUrfjr djus ds fy, vko';drk ls vf/kd ltx jgrk gSA blesa dHkh&dHkh vuwfnr

jpuk ,d rek'kk&lk cudj jg tkrh gsA blh izdkj dfork ds x|kuqokn esa vuqoknd dh

n`f"V eq[; :i ls dfork ds vFkZ&i{k ij jgrh gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa dgsa rks bl fof/k esa L=ksr

Hkk"kk dh dfork dk :ikUrj.k y{; Hkk"kk ds x| esa fd;k tkrk gSA blh izdkj ls rqdcanhijd

vuqokn esa vuqoknd L=ksr Hkk"kk esa iz;qDr NUn&;kstuk ds lkFk&lkFk rqdcUnh dks Hkh vuwfnr

jpuk esa LFkku nsrk gSA eqDr&NUnijd vuqokn esa vuqoknd ewy dfork dh lajpuk rFkk y;]

;fr vkfn dk cU/ku Lohdkj djrk gS ysfdu mldh NUn&;kstuk dk vfody vuqdj.k ugha

djrkA ,sls gh iquO;kZ[;kijd vuqokn esa vuqoknd ewy dfork dk dF; lqjf{kr j[krs gq,]

mlds :i dks ifjofrZr dj vuwfnr dfork dks vius

ISSN 2454-2725

tSls rq>s Lohdkj gks* ^t;rq gs daVd fpjaru*

nwljh fLFkfr % tgk ewy dfork ,oa vuwfnr dfork dk jpf;rk ,d gh O;fDr gksa] ;Fkk

%

ewy dfork vuwfnr dfork

jpf;rk jpf;rk

mnkgj.k % vKs; vKs;

eSaus ns[kk] ,d cwn ' I saw a drop'

rhljh fLFkfr % tgk ewy dfork ,oa vuwfnr dfork ds jpf;rk nks fHkUu O;fDr gksa]

;Fkk %

ewy dfork vuwfnr dfork

jpf;rk jpf;rk

mnkgj.k % 'ksDlfi;j cPpu

^eSdosFk* ^eSdosFk*

pkSFkh fLFkfr % tgk vuwfnr dfork Lo;a esa nwljh dfork ds fy, ewy dfork lzksr

curh gS] ;Fkk &

ewy dfork vuwfnr dfork vuwfnr dfork

y{; Hkk"kk lzksr Hkk"kk

jpf;rk jfp;rk jpf;rk

mnkgj.k % mej [kS;ke fQV~TtsjkYM lqfe=kuanu iar

ikapoh fLFkfr % tgk ewy dfork ,d ls vf/kd vuwfnr dforkvksa dk lzksr cu tk,]

;Fkk %

ISSN 2454-2725

ewy dfork vuwfnr dfork

jpf;rk jpf;rk

mnkgj.k % gksej cPpu

^eSdcsFk* 1 MkbMu

2 iksi

3 dkmij

Li"V gS fd dkO;kuqokn dh leL;k cgqLrjh; vkSj cgqvk;keh gSA bldk laca/k nks

Hkk"kkvksa dh VdjkgV] vuqoknd dh viuh le> vkSj vfHkfoU;kl] ewy dfork dh dkO;&oLrq

dk dkO;&oSf'k"V~; vkSj mudk ltZukRed varj.k ds lkFk gSA ;s lHkh lanHkZ dkO;kuqokn dh

leL;k dks tfVy :i ls my>k nsrs gSaA

vfHkyk"kk frokjh

,e- fQy] ih,p-Mh-

18] egkdky ?kkVh]

mTtSu e-iz-

eksckby % 09424489767

bZesy % dr.tiwariabhi1982@gmail.com

ISSN 2454-2725

e`PNdfVde~ dk lkekftd fp=.k

MkW0 Hkjr dqekj

vfrfFk izoDrk

lh0,e0ih0 dkyst] bykgkckn

bykgkckn foOkfo|ky;] bykgkckn

fpjdky ls gh lkfgR; vkSj lekt dk xgjk lEcU/k jgk gSA lkfgR; vkSj lekt ds

bl lEcU/k ds dkj.k gh ^^lkfgR; lekt dk niZ.k gSA** ;g mfDr lkfgR; txr~ esa izfl)

gqbZ gSA dksbZ Hkh dfo ;k lkfgR;dkj ftl ;qx vFkok lekt esa tUe ysrk gS] ftlesa mldk

kkjhfjd vFkok ekufld fodkl gksrk gS] og izR;{k vFkok ijks{k :Ik ls mlds }kjk jfpr

lkfgR; esa izfrfCkfEcr gksrk gSA rRdkyhu lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;k mldh jpuk esa vfHkO;Dr

gksrh gSA ,d vPNk lkfgR;dkj viuh jpuk kfDr vkSj dkO; kfDr ds }kjk lekt ds

izfrfuf/k ds :Ik esa gekjs lEEkq[k mifLFkr gksrk gSaA og viuk izfrfuf/kRo n`; ,oa JO;

nksuksa dkO;ksa ds }kjk djrk gSA n`; ,oa JO; dkO;ksa esa Hkh n`; dkO; j axeap ls lEcfU/kr

gksus ds dkj.k lekt ds vf/kd lfUudV rFkk lekt dks vR;f/kd izHkkfor djrk gSA JO;

dkO;ksa dk lekt ds lkFk lh/kk lEcU/k ugha gksrk] tcfd ukVdksa dk lekt ds lkFk lh/kk

lEcU/k gksrk gS] D;ksafd os izR;sd ?kVuk dks ik=ksa ds }kjk ltho :Ik esa izLrqr djrs gSaA

^e`PNdfVde~* :id ds v/;;u ds }kjk rRdkyhu lekt dk ;FkkFkZ fp= gekjs lEeq[k

mifLFkr gks tkrk gSA bl ukVd esa lekt ds gj oxZ dk fp=.k rFkk rR;qxhu lkekftd ]

vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd o lkaLd`frd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk Hkh lgh izfrfcEc ns[kus dks feyrk gSA

e`PNdfVd ds v/;;u ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd rRdkyhu lekt o.kZO;oLFkkijd FkkA

lekt pkj o.kksaZ esa foHkkftr FkkA pkjksa o.kksaZ eas czk.k dks lekt esa loksZPp LFkku izkIr FkkA

fofkV voljksa ij czk.kksa dks Hkkstu gsrq vkefU=r fd;k tkrk Fkk vkSj nf{k.kkfn n sdj

lEekfur Hkh fd;k tkrk FkkA izFke v~d esa lw=/kkj viuh iRuh ds ^vfHk:Ikifr* ozr dh

ISSN 2454-2725

lQYkrk ds fy, czk.k dks vkefU=r djrs gq, dgrk gS& ^^v| eS=s; vLekda

x`gsfkrqexz.khHkZoRok;Z%A vk;Z] lEiUua Hkkstua fu%liRua pA vfi p nf{k.kkfi rs Hkfo;fr**A2

fdUrq lHkh czk.kksa dh fLFkfr ,d lh ugha Fkh] dqN ,sls lEiUu czk.k Hkh Fks tks

fueU=.k vkSj nf{k.kkfn Hkh LOkhdkj ugha djrs FksA izdj.k ds vuqlkj v/;;u] v/;kiu]

;tu] ;ktu] nku vkSj izfrxzg ;s czk.k ds eq[; drZO; deZ FksA ;s pkjksa osnksa ds Kkrk

gksrs FksA r`rh; v~d esa kfoZyd ds bl dFku ls& vga fg prqoZsnfonksizfrxzkgdL; iq=%

kfoZydks uke czk.kk s]3 mi;qZDr dFku dh iqfV gksrh gSA ;Kksiohr czk.kRo dk izrhd

ekuk tkrk FkkA ;g mldk egnqidj.k gksrk FkkA4 ;Kksiihr ds egRo dk izfriknu nke

v~d esa Hkh izkIr gksrk gSaA pk#nr% vius iq= jksglsu ls dgrk gS&

vekSfDrdelkSo.kZa czk.kkuka foHkwk.ke~A

nsorkuka fir`.kka p Hkkxks ;su iznh;rsAA5

;Kksiohr fcuk eksrh dk rFkk lqo.kZ ls u cuk gqvk] czk.kksa dk vkHkwk.k gS] ftlls

nsork vkSj firjksa dk Hkkx fn;k tkrk gSA ;g dgdj pk:nRr ejus ls iwoZ vius iq= dks

;Kksiohr ds :Ik esa vfUre migkj iznku djrk gSA lkekftd izfrBk ds lkFk&lkFk

czk.kksa dks dqN fj;k;rsa Hkh izkIr FkhA n.M O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr mUgsa foksk NwV FkhA

lkekU; vijk/kksa esa mudks dksbZ ltk ugha nh tkrh Fkh ,slk izrhr gksrk gS] tcfd foksk

vijk/kksa ;Fkk gR;k vkfn esa Hkh nsk%fudklu dk n.M gh izkIr gksrk FkkA uoe v~d esa

pk#nRr ij olUrlsuk dk vfHk;ksx fl) gksus ij U;k;k/khk fudklu dk n.M nsrs gq,

dgrk gS&

v;a fg ikrdh foizks u o/;ks euqjczohr~A

jkVknLekkq fuokZL;ks foHkoSj{krS%AA6

o.kZO;oLFkk ds vuqlkj ;|fi czk.kksa dk eq[; dk;Z iwtk&ikB] v/;;u] v/;kiu gh

Fkk] fdUrq blls brj thfodksiktZu ds fy, vU; deksZa dh Hkh Ik;kZIr LorU=rk FkhA

ISSN 2454-2725

pk#nRr LOk;a czk.k gksrs gq, Hkh lkFkZokg Fkk] tcfd mlds firk lkxjnRRk rFkk firkeg

fou;nRr Hkh izfl) O;kikjh Fks] ftuls pk#nk dks izHkwr oSHko dh izkfIr gqbZ Fkh] fdUrq

vfrk; nkukhyrk ds dkj.k og vHkko dks izkIr gqvk FkkA kfoZyd pkjksa osnksa ds Kkrk

izfl) czk.k dk iq= Fkk] tks vius LokHkkfod deZ dk ifjR;kx dj pkSjdeZ djrk FkkA og

pk#nk tSls izfrfBr czk.k ds ?kj esa las/k yxkdj lQy pkSjdeZ djrk gSA7 dsoy

czk.k gh ugha vU; o.kZ Hkh vius o.kZ/keZ ls brj deZ Hkh djrs FksA ohjd tks fd tkfr ls

ukbZ Fkk] og viuh ;ksX;rk ds }kjk iz/kku uxjj{kd lsukifr ds nkf;Ro dk fuokZg djrk

FkkA8 pUnud ,d peZdkj Fkk] ftlus viuh izfrHkk vkSj Ikzkklfud {kerk ds cy ij u

dsoy uxj j{kd lsukifr ds in dks izkIr fd;k9] cfYd vkxs pydj blls Hkh mPpin

^i`Foh dk n.Muk;d*10 cukA LFkkojd tks fd kdkj dk nkLk Fkk] og vkxs pydj vius

vPNs vkpj.k ds dkj.k ^pk.Mkykas dk Lokeh* cu x;kA blh izdkj laokgd ckS)fHk{kq ckS)

eBksa dk dqyifr cuk;k x;k FkkA

bl izdkj mi;qZDr fuEu o.kksZa ds yksxksa ds jktdh; inksa ij vklhu gksus ls bl ckr

dk LIkV ladsr feyrk gS fd rRdkyhu le; esa jktdh; lsok o.kZxr] tkfrxr ;k nyxr

vk/kkj ij ugha nh tkrh FkhA mPPk izkklfud inksa ij O;fDr;ksa dh ;ksX;rk vkSj mudh

izkklfud {kerk dk /;ku j[kk tkrk Fkk] fdUrq bldk vFkZ ;g ugha fd tks yksx jktdh;

lsokvksa eas ugh Fks os Hkh vius tkfrxr deksZa dk ifjR;kx dj pqds FksA os vU; deksZa ds

lkFk&lkFk vius LokHkkfod o.kZxr drZO;ksa dk Hkh fuokZg djrs FksA fdlh Hkh deZ esa tkfr

,d cU/ku ds :Ik esa mifLFkr ugha FkhA dqN LFkkuksa ij tkfrxr JsBrk dk y{k.k vo;

fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA NBs vad esa pUnud vkSj ohjd dh vkilh dyg esa bldh >yd fn[kkbZ

iM+rh gSA pUnud ohjd dks mldh tkfr dk ifjpk;d ladsr nsrk gqvk dgrk gS& VwVs

gq, iRFkj ds VqdM+s dks gkFk esa j[kus okyk i q#kksa dh nk

ISSN 2454-2725

kh.kZfkykrygLr% iq#kk.kka dwpZxzfUFklaLFkkiu%A

drZjhO;ki`rgLrLRoefi lsukifrtkZr%AA12

pkjksa o.kksZa esa czk.kksa ds vfrfjDr {kf=; vkSj oS;ksa dk Hkh egRoiw.kZ LFkku FkkA {kf=;

izk;% /kuqfoZ|k esa fuiq.k ,oa drZO;ijk;.k gqvk djrs FksA oS; okf.kT; vkSj O;kikj ds {ks=

esa dkQh cyd fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA16 mPPko.kZ ds yksx fuEuo.kZ

ds yksxksa ij vklkuh ls foOkkl ugha djrs FksA kdkj dk psV tks fd fuEu o.kZ ls gS]

vius Lokeh dk vijk/k fNikus ls budkj djus ij mls u dsoy cUnh cuk;k tkrk gS]

cfYd ekjk&ihVk Hkh tkrk gSA psV cUnh x`g ls fdlh rjg NwVdj tc pk.Mkyksa ds le{k

oLkUrlsuk dh gR;k dk ;FkkFkZ izLrqr djrk gS rc pk.Mky Hkh mldh ;FkkFkZ ckr dks

v;FkkFkZ eku ysrs gSaA17 izkd`r tuksa dks osn i

ISSN 2454-2725

lekt esa fookg izFkk FkhA iq#k ,d ls vf/kd fookg dj ldrs FksA vUrtkZrh; fookg

dk fuks/k ugha FkkA pk#nRr vkSj kfoZyd tSls czk.kksa us xf.kdkvksa ls fookg fd;k FkkA

j[ksyh j[kus dh izFkk Hkh FkhA izdj.k esa kdkj dh cgu dk jktk ikyd dh j[ksyh ds :Ik

esa mYys[k feyrk gSA lekt esa ^lrh&izFkk* dk izpyu Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA nke vad esa

U;k;k/khkksa }kjk pk#nRr dks e`R;q n.M fn;s tkus dk lekpkj lqudj mldh ifrozrk iRuh

iznhIr fprk esa tyus dk ;Ru djrh gS]19 fdUrq lglk ltk ls nkskeqDr gqvk pk#nRr

vkdj mldh izk.kj{kk djrk gSA rRdkyhu le; esa lEHkor% insZ dh izFkk ugha Fkh] D;kssafd

/kwrk fcuk fdlh insZ ds gh lcds lkeus mifLFkr gksrh gSA ,d lkekftd cqjkbZ ds :Ik esa

e`PNdfVd dkyhu lekt esa ^nkl&izFkk* dk o.kZu Hkh izkIr gksrk gSA ml le; euq;

[kjhns vkSj csaps Hkh tkrs FksA [kjhns gq, euq; ^nkl* dgykrs FksA ;s vius ekfyd dh

lEifRr gksrs FksA olUrlsuk dh lsfodk enfudk blh izdkj dh nklh Fkh] tks ckn esa vius

izseh kfoZyd }kjk /ku nsdj eqDr djk;h tkrh gSA20 dHkh&dHkh Lokeh dh izlUurk ls Hkh

nklksa dks eqDr dj fn;k tkrk FkkA ;Fkk&vk;Z pk#nRr vius nkl LFkkojd dks

izlUurkok eqDr dj nsuk gS&^lqo`k vnklks Hkorq*A

lekt ij ^pkSjdeZ* dk izHkko Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA pkSjoxZ esa pkSjdeZ ,d dyk ds :Ik

esa fodflr gks pqdk Fkk] ;s vius vki dks ^LdUn* dk iq= dgrs FksA dudkfDr ^pkSjkkL=*

ds vkfn iz.ksrk vkSj vkpk;Z ekus tkrs FksA21 budh viuh ,d vkpkj lafgrk gksrh Fkh]

ftlds vuqlkj gh pkSjdeZ fd;k tkrk FkkA lsa/k yxkuk Hkh ,d fofkB dyk Fkh] ftlds

yxkus ds fofo/k rjhds FksA r`rh; vad esa kfoZyd ds dFku ls gesa lsa/k yxkus dh fof/k

vkSj mldh fofHkUUk vkd`fr;ksa dk Kku gksrk gS&

iO;kdkska Hkkdja ckypUnza

okihfoLrh.kZa LofLrda iw.kZdqEHke~A

ISSN 2454-2725

rRdfLeunsks nkZ;kE;kRefkYia

n`V~ok oks ;a ;f}Le;a ;kfUr ikSjk%AA22

vFkkZr~ f[kyk gqvk dey] lw;Z] ckypUnzek] ckoM+h] LofLrd vkSj iw.kZdqEHk bR;kfn lkr

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lEiUUk FkkA prqFkZ vad esa eS=s; olUrlsuk ds Hkou dh rqyuk dqcsj ls djrk gS]24 tks fd

mldh le`f) dk ifjpk;d gSA os;k dk gh ,d nwljk :Ik xf.kdk gksrk FkkA xf.kdkvksa

dk dk;Z eq[; :Ik ls u`R;&xku bR;kfn djuk gksrk Fkk u fd ;kSou dk O;kikjA lekt esa

budks fuEu n`fV ls ns[kk tkrk FkkA olUrlsuk ifo= rFkk mRre fopkjksa dh r#.kh gksrh

gqbZ Hkh lekt dh n`fV esa blfy, fxjh Fkh] D;kasfd mldk tUe ,d os;k ds ?kj esa gqvk

FkkA ,d LFkku ij kdkj dk psV mldks vius O;olk; dk Lej.k djkrk gqvk dgrk gS&

Rk#.ktulgk;fpUR;rka oskoklks

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ds leku xf.kdk gks] /ku ds }kjk ; djus ;ksX; kjhj /kkj.k djrh gksA blfy, gs Hkn zs!

fiz; vkSj vfiz; dk leku :Ik ls rqEgsa lsou djuk pkfg,*A lekt ds izfrfBr O;fDr Hkh

xf.kdkvksa ls lEcU/k j[krs FksA xq.kxzkgh xf.kdk, vius O;olk; ls lUrqV ugha FkhA os /ku

ISSN 2454-2725

dh vis{kk xq.kksa dk vknj djrh Fkh vkSj ^dqyo/kw* dk in izkIr djus dh psVk djrh jgrh

FkhaA olUrlsuk vkSj enfudk tSlh xf.kdkvksa us vius xq.kksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i gh lekt ds

izfrfBr O;fDr;ksa pk#nRr vkSj kfoZyd ls fookg dj ^dqyo/kw* dh mikf/k izkIr dh FkhA26

ml le; tq, dh izFkk Hkh FkhA tqvkfj;ksa ds vius fu;e Fks] viuh e.Myh FkhA ftlds

fu;eksa dk ikyu izR;sd tqvkjh ds fy, vfuok;Z FkkA tq, dk [ksy oS/k ekuk tkrk Fkk vkSj

;fn dksbZ ns; /ku ugha nsrk Fkk rks mls U;k;ky; }kjk olwy djk;k tkrk Fkk& ^jktdqya

xRok fuosn;ko%*A27 ^lfHkd* |wr hM+k dk v/;{k rFkk ^ys[k* |wrhM+k dk fyf[kr fooj.k

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fd rRdkyhu lekt o.kZO;oLFkk ds pkj etcwr LrEHkksa ij fVdk FkkA o.kksZa esa dgha ij

dBksjrk rks dgha ij mnkjrk ds fefJr Hkko fn[kkbZ nsrs gS aA izR;sd O;fDr viuh vfHk#fp

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ISSN 2454-2725

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lekt dkQh le`) fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA Lo.kZ flDdks dk izpyu] pkjksa leqnzksa dh lkjHkwr

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dh nqdkusa] olUrlsuk dk pdkpkaS/k dj nsus okyk /ku ,oa oSHko vkSj pk#nRr }kjk

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dh lwpd gaS] fdUrq bldk rkRi;Z ;g ugha fd lekt esa fu/kZurk ,oa nkfjnz; dk loZFkk

vHkko FkkA /kkfeZd n`fV ls lekt esa oSfnd/keZ ,oa oSfnd deZdk.M dh iz/kkurk fn[kkbZ

nsrh gSA dqN LFkkuksa ij ckS) fHk{kqvksa ,oa ckS)fogkjksa dk mYys[k feyrk gS tks fd lekt esa

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os;ky; bR;kfn lekt dks dyqfkr djus okyh dqN dqizFkk, ,oa laLFkk, Hkh fo|eku FkhA

pkSj deZ tks fd lekt }kjk vR;Ur fufUnr gS] mldks lkgl deZ] dyk vkSj fo|k ds :Ik

esa izLrqr djus okyk ^e`PNdfVde~* lEHkor% laLd`r lkfgR; dk vkfn :id gSA bl izdkj

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ISSN 2454-2725

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-: ashokpranjan@gmail.com

- +91 8476823333

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ISSN 2454-2725

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MkW0 twgh csxe

mnwZ foHkkx

lh0,e0ih0 fMxzh dkWyst

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lekt dk og misf{kr] kksfkr] ihfM+r oafpr o R;kT; oxZ gS ftls o.kZ O;oLFkk ds vekuoh;

fo/kku ds dkj.k lfn;ksa ls ukjdh; thou thus ij fook fd;k x;kA lkekftd vU;k;]

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[kkdj thou ;kiu djus dks ck/; gqvkA nfyr psruk lekt ds blh ihfM+r rFkk la=Lr oxZ

dh fonX/k osnuk dh vfHkO;fDr gSA nfyr psruk dks O;k[;kf;r djrs gq, vkseizdkk okYehfd

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lkekftd Hkwfedk dh Nfo ds frfyLe dks rksM+rh gS] og gS nfyr psrukA nfyr eryc ekuoh;

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jpuk dhA blh ijEijk dks vkxs c

ISSN 2454-2725

Qy&Qwy jgk gSA vius ys[ku ds }kjk va/kfooklksa] #f

ISSN 2454-2725

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ISSN 2454-2725

jgrs gSa rks dk gekjk dksbZ /kje&dje ugha gS dk ejth rqEgkjh lkQ&lkQ dg nks ekeh

fxMfxM+k jgh Fkh ^ckbZ th] ekQ dj nksA bruh cM+h gks xbZ exj vdy ugha vkbZ bldksA

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dks i

ISSN 2454-2725

Tokykeq[kh cudj7

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ISSN 2454-2725

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dh nkk vkSj fnkk i0` 70

3- iPphl pkSdk Ms

ISSN 2454-2725

bykgkckn foofo|ky;] bykgkckn

ISSN 2454-2725

^^MkW0 Hkhejko vEcsMdj vkSj nfyr fpUru**

MkW0 vfuy dqekj fgUnh foHkkx

lh0,e0ih0fMxzh dkyst byk0fo0fo0 bykgkckn

nfyr psruk dk vkjEHk 14oha 'krkCnh ls ekuk tkrk gS bl fo"k; esa loZizFke tks uke

vkrk gS og ejkBh ds izeq[k lar pks[kk ekyk dk gS rnqijkUr pkSngoha ls lksygoha lnh ds

e/; ejkBh ds vU; HkDr dfo;ksa ukenso] ,dukFk] leFkZ jkenkl] Kkus'oj vkfn ds

lkFk&lkFk HkfDr dkyhu lardfo;ksa esa dchj] jSnkl vkfn dk uke izeq[krk ls fy;k tkrk gS

ftUgksaus nfyr thou dh folaxfr;ksa rFkk =klfn;ksa ij {kksHk rFkk jks"k O;Dr djrs gq, viuh

jpukvksa ds ek/;e ls NqvkNwr] /kekZa/krk rFkk va/k fo'oklksa ij izgkj fd;kA 19oha 'krkCnh esa

nfyr psruk ds lUnHkZ esa lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ uke egkRek T;ksfrck Qqys dk gS ftUgksaus Lo;a

O;fDrxr thou esa o.kZ O;oLFkk ds gykgy dk iku fd;k FkkA mUgksaus nfyr oxZ esa nq%[k&nnZ

frjLdkj] vieku rFkk 'kks"k.k ls eqfDr ds fy, czk.kokn ds fo#) le>kSrkghu la?k"kZ dk

fcxqy ctkrs gq, 25 flrEcj 1873 bZ0 dks ^^lR; 'kks/kd lekt** dh LFkkiuk dh tks

dkykUrj esa nfyr psruk dk laokgd fl) gqvk ftlls izsj.kk xzg.k djrs gq, lsuk ls lsok

fuo`Rr gq, xksiky cqok oyaxdj us 1886 bZ0 esa ^^vuk;Z nks"k ifjgkj** rFkk f'kojke tkuok

dkacys us vLi`'; lekt oxZ] tSls laxBuksa dh LFkkiuk dj nfyr lekt esa tkx`fr ykus dk

ljkguh; iz;kl fd;kA blh izdkj fdlu Qkxqu cuvksM }kjk LFkkfir lUekxZ cks/kd

fujkfJr lekt laLFkk** rFkk foV~Byjke th f'kUns dh ^^vLi`';rk fuokj.k ifj"kn us nfyr

psruk dks tkZ iznku dhA

chloha 'krkCnh ds nwljs n'kd rd vkrs&vkrs lekt ds lks, gq, oxksZa esa tkx`fr dh

fdj.k QwVus yxh FkhA lekt ds nfyr oxksZa us vius vf/kdkjksa ds fy, tgkWa&rgkWa vkUnksyu

'kq: dj fn;s FksA cEcbZ ds nfyr oxksZa esa lcls vf/kd laLFkk es egkj tkfr ds yksx Fks vkSj

lcls tkx:d Hkh Mk0 vEcsMdj dk tUe blh egkj tkfr esa gqvk FkkA nfyr leqnk; dks

mldh xqykeh dk ,glkl djkus okyksa rFkk mUgsa ok.kh iznku djus okyksa esa tks uke lcls

eq[kj gksdj lkeus vkrk gS og uke gS ckck lkgc MkW0 Hkhejko vEcsMdj dkA nfyrksa esa

lkekftd psruk tkxzr djus rFkk mUgsa tuoknh turkaf=d vf/kdkjksa ,oa ewY;ksa ds izfr

laxfBr gksdj la?k"kZ ds fy, mRizsfjr djus dk Js; MkW0 Hkhejko vEcsMdj gks tkrk gSA nfyr

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foe'kZ rFkk lkfgR; dk dsUnzh; vk/kkj MkW0 Hkhejko vEcsMdj gSa] ftUgksaus ckSf)d] jktuhfrd]

,sfrgkfld] laxfBr vkUnksyuksa ,oa viuh vkstLoh i=dkfjrk }kjk fopkj/kkjkRed lkfgR; dh

uaho j[khA

nfyr oxZ esa tUe ysus ds dkj.k ckyd Hkhejko dks vius fo|ky; esa cgq/kk ml

vieku dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk ftldk mu fnuksa gj vNwr f'kdkj cukrk FkkA dbZ ckj mUgsa

Ldwy esa I;klk gh jguk iM+rk D;ksafd lkoZtfud dqvksa ;k uy ls ikuh ysus dk vf/kdkj mUgsa

ugha Fkk A muds lgikBh vifo= gks tkus ds Mj ls muds lkFk mBrs cSBrs ugha Fks vkSj

f'k{kd x.k& viuh ifo=rk dks lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy, mudh iqLrdsa Nwuk rks nwj muls loky

iwNuk rd xokjk ugha djrs FksA O;fDrxr thou esa vLi`';rk ds vekuoh; O;ogkj dk na'k

>syus okys MkW0 vEcsMdj ds eu esa ;g ckr xgjkbZ ls cSB xbZ Fkh fd tc rd lkekftd

vlekurk dks tUe nsus okyh o.kZ O;oLFkk dk mUewyu ugha gksrk fczfV'k jkt ls eqfDRk dk

dksbZ vFkZ ughaA lo.kksZa }kjk ncs ,oa dqpys yksxksa ds fy, cqus x, xqykeh ykpkjh ds tky dks

fNUu&fHkUu djuk MkW0 vEcsMdj dk eq[; y{; FkkA vius thou ds dVq vuqHkoksa ls mUgksaus

lh[kk Fkk fd nfyrksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj lerk ewyd lekt dh LFkkiuk }kjk gh lEHko gSA

^^MkW0 vEcsMdj lkekftd o vkfFkZd lekurk ds i{k/kj FksA os] lfn;ksa ls pyh vk jgh ml

dqO;oLFkk dks rksM+uk pkgrs FksA os ml lkekftd dq:irk ds f[kykQ yM+kbZ yM+uk pkgrs

FksA**1

MkW0 vEcsMdj vLi`';rk rFkk tkfr Hksn esa vUrj ugha le>rs FksA muds fy, ;s nksuksa

cqjkb;ka ijLij lEc) FkhA vr% tkfr dks u"V fd;s fcuk vLi`';rk dks u"V djuk lEHko

ugha] ,slk mudk ekuuk FkkA ^^MkW0 vEcsMdj tkfr dks egknkuo dgrs Fks] mudk dguk Fkk

fd vki ftl fn'kk esa Hkh tkvksxs] tkfr ogha vkidk jkLrk dkVsxhA mudk ;g Hkh ekuuk Fkk

fd ^^jktuhfrd ,oa vkfFkZd kfUr ls iw.kZ lkekftd kfUr gksuh pkfg,A**2 D;ksafd o.kZ

O;oLFkk vkSj tkfr izFkk us Hkkjr ds ,d fo'kky tu lewg dks fuf'pr :i ls vikfgt cuk

fn;k gSA MkW0 vEcsMdj dk ekuuk Fkk fd ekuo thou dh lkFkZdrk dsoy thfor jgus esa

ugha] ihNs gVuk] vkReleiZ.k djuk rFkk xqykeksa dk thou thuk Hkh thfor jgus dk ,d

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Hkkjr esa Hkh ;g ckr lgh gksxh ;k ;wjksi esa vrhr esa Hkh ,slk jgk gksxkA /keZ] lkekftd

izfr"Bk vkSj lEifRr rhuksa gh 'kfDr vkSj lRrk dk lzksr jgs gSa] ftudk bLrseky vkneh us

nwljksa dh Lora=rk Nhuus esa fd;k gSA fdlh le; nwljk rRo dsoy bruk gh varj gS A ;fn

Lora=rk vkn'kZ gS ;fn Lora=rk dk eryc ,d O;fDRk ij fdlh vU; O;fDr ds vf/kdkj dks

lekIr djuk gS rks ;g ugha dgk tk ldrk fd dsoy vkfFkZd lq/kkj gh yk, tkus pkfg,A

;fn fdlh le; esa ;k fdlh lekt esa 'kfDr vkSj vf/kdkj ds lzksr lkekftd ;k /kkfeZd gksa]

rks lkekftd vkSj /kkfeZd lq/kkjksa dh vfuok;Zrk Lohdkj dh tkuh pkfg,A**4 MkW0 vEcsMdj us

dgk Fkk & ^^;fn lektoknh lektokn dks ,d fuf'pr okLrfodrk esa cnyus ds bPNqd gSa]

rks mUgsa Lohdkj djuk gksxk fd lkekftd lq/kkj dh leL;k ewyHkwr leL;k gS vkSj os blls

cpdj ugha Hkkx ldrsA Hkkjr esa QSyh lkekftd O;oLFkk ,d ,slk ekeyk gS] ftlls

lektoknh dks fuiVuk gksxkA tc rd og ,slk ugha djsxk rc rd og viuh kfUr ugha

yk ldrkA**5 ckck lkgc MkW0 Hkhejko vEcsMdj ekuoh; ewY;ksa ij vk/kkfjr ,d ,sls lerk

ewyd lekt dh LFkkiuk djuk pkgrs Fks tks o.kZ foghu gks] ftlesa fo"kerk 'kks"k.k

neu&nyu rFkk vR;kpkj dks dksbZ LFkku u gksA ^^lekt jpuk dh bl iqjkuh bekjr dks

nq#Lr djus ds LFkku ij os mls iw.kZr% fxjkdj ubZ bekjr cka/kuk pkg jgs FksA vU; lekt

lq/kkjdksa esa vkSj vEcsMdj th esa ;gha ij vUrj gSA NksVs&eksVs mipkj ls fo"kerk dk ;g jksx

lekIr ugha gks ldrk ,slh mudh /kkj.kk FkhA lexz O;oLFkk dh iqujZpuk ds fy, mldh uhao

gh m[kkM+ nsuh t:jh gSA ,slk os ekurs FksA o.kZ vkSj tkfr O;oLFkk dh uhao ij fgUnw lekt

dh bekjr [kM+h gqbZ gSA bl uho dks [kRe dj lerk] cU/kqrk vkSj d#.kk dh uhao ij ubZ

bekjr [kM+h djuh gksxh ,slk mudk n`

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LFkkiuk dhA [ksydwn] okpuky; Ldwy] Nk=kokl lgdkjh cpr] m/kkj lfefr;kWa] ekfld

izdk'ku] lkaLd`frd dk;Ze bR;kfn bl lHkk ds dk;Zdyki FksA /khjs&/khjs bl lHkk dh 'kfDr

c

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egkM+ lR;kxzg ds i'pkr~ ukfld esa dkykjke efUnj izos'k ds fy, lR;kxzg dh ckck

lkgc us ?kks"k.kk dhA 2 ekpZ 1930 dks egkjk"V] dukZVd vkSj xqtjkr vkfn izns'kksa ls djhc

iUnzg gtkj yksx bdV~Bs gq,A efUnj ij ekspkZ x;kA ij efUnj ds njokts cUn FksA njokts

[kksys ugha x,A fQj ;s ekspkZ xksnkojh unh ds fdukjs x;kA ogka ,d fojkV lHkk gqbZA ckck

lkgc dk Hkk"k.k gqvkA nwljs fnu ls efUnj ds izos'k }kj ij lR;kxzg dk fu.kZ; fy;k x;kA

ekpZ 1930 ls vDVwcj 1935 rd dbZ ckj iz;Ru gq,A vUrr% efUnj ds njokts [kqy x;sA**10

bu lR;kxzg vkUnksyuksa }kjk nfyrksa esa psruk dk lapkj djds lkekftd kfUr ykuk MkW0

vEcsMdj ds thou dk izeq[k mn~ns'; FkkA

MkW0 Hkhejko vEcsMdj tkfr rFkk o.kZ O;oLFkk ds pO;wg dks rksM+dj ,d ,slh lekt

O;oLFkk dk;e djus ds bPNqd Fks]ftlesa lekt ds gj O;fDRk dks fcuk fdlh HksnHkko ds

fodkl ds leku volj izkIr gksaA vius bl y{; dh izkfIr ds fy, og turkaf=d O;oLFkk

dk leFkZu djrs gSaA muds vuqlkj& ^^tura= lkoZtfud thou thus dh i)fr gSA tura=

dh tM+sa O;fDr ds lkekftd lEcU/kksa esa [kkstuh iM+rh gSA turU= ,d ,slh 'kklu&iz.kkyh

gS] ftlds }kjk vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd {ks= esa fcuk jDr dh ,d cwan cgk, kfUrdkjh

ifjorZu yk;s tk ldrs gSaA**11 vkSj bl tura= dks LFkkf;Ro iznku djus ds fy, ftl rRo

dks og lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ ekurs gSa og gS ^^lkekftd psruk** D;ksafd ^^mudk ;g fo'okl Fkk

fd ^^lkekftd psruk** ds vHkko esa tura= viuh vkRek dks gh [kks cSBrk gSA tc rd

^^lkekftd tura=** ugha gksxk rc rd ^^lkekftd psruk** Hkh fodflr ugha gks ik,xhA

lkekftd turU= dk vxj vHkko gks rks