Vocabulary ReviewVocabulary Review A. Three part subunit made up of a deoxyribose A. Three part subunit made up of a deoxyribose

sugar (5 carbon sugar), a phosphate group, and a sugar (5 carbon sugar), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.nitrogenous base.

B. A process in which DNA makes an exact copy of B. A process in which DNA makes an exact copy of itself. itself.

C. Process where RNA is made from DNA.C. Process where RNA is made from DNA. D. Process where proteins are made from RNAD. Process where proteins are made from RNA E. Three nucleotide sequence on mRNA that codes E. Three nucleotide sequence on mRNA that codes

for an amino acid.for an amino acid. F. RNA molecule that carries instructions/messages F. RNA molecule that carries instructions/messages

for assembling amino acids into proteins.for assembling amino acids into proteins. G. RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to G. RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to

ribosomes.ribosomes.

DNA and Protein SynthesisDNA and Protein Synthesis

REVIEW:REVIEW:

1) Protein- chain of amino acids used for cell1) Protein- chain of amino acids used for cell

structure & function.structure & function.

2) DNA- nucleic acid that holds information2) DNA- nucleic acid that holds information

for making proteins.for making proteins.

Watson & CrickWatson & Crick

- made first correct model of DNA (1953)- made first correct model of DNA (1953)

DNA Stands For…..DNA Stands For…..

DDeoxyriboeoxyriboNNucleic ucleic AAcidcid

Structure of DNAStructure of DNA

a) a) Double HelixDouble Helix- shaped as a twisted - shaped as a twisted ladder.ladder.

b) Sides composed of alternating sugars &b) Sides composed of alternating sugars &

phosphates.phosphates.

c) Each step is made of 2 nitrogen basesc) Each step is made of 2 nitrogen bases

- bases are joined by - bases are joined by weak hydrogen weak hydrogen bondsbonds..

- - BasesBases

- - PyrimidinesPyrimidines- thymine, cytosine- thymine, cytosine

- - PurinesPurines- adenine, guanine- adenine, guanine

- Bonding- Bonding

- Adenine – Thymine (A-T)- Adenine – Thymine (A-T)

- Guanine – Cytosine (C-G)- Guanine – Cytosine (C-G)

Base Pair RuleBase Pair Rule

One Side: ATA TCG TCA GGGOne Side: ATA TCG TCA GGG Other Side: Other Side:

STRUCTURE of DNA

Nucleotide:

-3 part subunit of DNA

-made of:

1) deoxyribose

2) phosphate

3) Nitrogen Base

DNA Structure ReviewDNA Structure Review

1. DNA stands for 1. DNA stands for ______________________________________________

2. What is the shape of DNA?2. What is the shape of DNA? 3. The two sides of DNA are held 3. The two sides of DNA are held

together by _____________ bonds.together by _____________ bonds. 4. Adenine always pairs with 4. Adenine always pairs with

______________.______________. 5. A nucleotide is made up of a 5. A nucleotide is made up of a

deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate, and deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate, and a ________________ base.a ________________ base.

DNA ReplicationDNA Replication

- used during cell division- used during cell division

- DNA makes an - DNA makes an exactexact copy of itself copy of itself

ProcessProcess

1) Enzymes break bonds between bases1) Enzymes break bonds between bases

2) DNA separates into 2 halves2) DNA separates into 2 halves

3) Free nucleotides pair with correct 3) Free nucleotides pair with correct basesbases

4) Nucleotides bond until 2 new DNA 4) Nucleotides bond until 2 new DNA strandsstrands

are formed.are formed.

DNA Replication

RNARNA( Ribonucleic Acid)( Ribonucleic Acid)

- active during protein synthesis- active during protein synthesis

Differences Between RNA & DNADifferences Between RNA & DNA

RNARNA DNADNA

SUGAR-SUGAR- RiboseRiboseDeoxyriboseDeoxyribose

BASES-BASES- Uracil (no thymine)Uracil (no thymine)ThymineThymine

A-A-UU, C-G, C-G A-A-TT, C-G, C-G

STRAND-STRAND- SingleSingle DoubleDouble

Types of RNATypes of RNA1) 1) mRNA (messenger RNA)mRNA (messenger RNA)

- carries genetic code from - carries genetic code from nucleus tonucleus to

ribosomesribosomes

2) 2) tRNA (transfer RNA)tRNA (transfer RNA)

- brings amino acids to mRNA at - brings amino acids to mRNA at the the

ribosomesribosomes

3) 3) rRNA (ribosomal RNA)rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

- produces enzymes to bond - produces enzymes to bond amino acidsamino acids

How Does DNA Make a How Does DNA Make a Protein?Protein?

Protein SynthesisProtein Synthesis1) 1) TranscriptionTranscription

- process of transferring genetic - process of transferring genetic information from DNAinformation from DNA

to RNAto RNA

2. Happens in the nucleus2. Happens in the nucleus

ProcessProcess

A) RNA nucleotides bond to correct bases of A) RNA nucleotides bond to correct bases of DNADNA

B) mRNA strand leaves nucleus & travels to B) mRNA strand leaves nucleus & travels to thethe

ribosomesribosomes

2) 2) TranslationTranslation

- process where amino acids are organized - process where amino acids are organized intointo

proteins.proteins.

CodonsCodons::

- combination of 3 bases on the mRNA- combination of 3 bases on the mRNA

- each codon codes for 1 amino acid- each codon codes for 1 amino acid

- some amino acids have more than one - some amino acids have more than one codon.codon. - some codons start & stop the mRNA - some codons start & stop the mRNA chain.chain.

CODON CHART

Translation ProcessTranslation Process

a) tRNA anticodons bond with codons of mRNAa) tRNA anticodons bond with codons of mRNA

b) The opposite end of the tRNA has an amino b) The opposite end of the tRNA has an amino acidacid

ExampleExample

mRNA codons-mRNA codons- AAUAAU AUC AUC GCU GCU

tRNA anticodons-tRNA anticodons- UUA UAGUUA UAG CGA CGA

c) linked amino acids are connected by a c) linked amino acids are connected by a peptide bondpeptide bond

d) tRNA anticodons release to retrieve anotherd) tRNA anticodons release to retrieve another

amino acidamino acid

TRANSLATION

Protein Synthesis ReviewProtein Synthesis Review

1. What is the first step of protein 1. What is the first step of protein synthesis?synthesis?

2. What is the second step of protein 2. What is the second step of protein synthesis?synthesis?

3. The three bases on the mRNA 3. The three bases on the mRNA strand are called _________________strand are called _________________

4. What does each codon code for?4. What does each codon code for?

Mutations- any changes in genetic material- any changes in genetic material

TypesTypes

1) 1) Gene MutationGene Mutation

- mutations that involve only - mutations that involve only oneone gene or gene or oneone base base

ExampleExample

Point Mutations(one base)Point Mutations(one base)::

a) a) SubstitutionSubstitution- when one base is - when one base is replacedreplaced

by another.by another.

b) b) FrameshiftFrameshift- when the entire - when the entire code shiftscode shifts

due to one base being addeddue to one base being added

or deleted.or deleted.

Point Mutation

Frameshift Mutation

2) 2) Chromosome MutationChromosome Mutation- mutation that affects multiple bases and/or- mutation that affects multiple bases and/or multiple genes.multiple genes.ExampleExamplea) a) DeletionDeletion- loss of all/part of a chromosome- loss of all/part of a chromosomeb) b) InsertionInsertion- addition of extra gene(s)- addition of extra gene(s)c) c) InversionInversion- location of genes are reversed- location of genes are reversedd) d) TranslocationTranslocation- part of a chromosome- part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches tobreaks off and attaches to another chromosome.another chromosome.

Chromosome Mutations