Vocabulary-Nature

Vocabulary-Nature will improve your word-power.

Take down the words which you find for the first time.

• Amphibious…At home equally on land and in water

• Gregarious…Living or moving in flocks or herds

• Hibernation…the dormant condition in which the plants and animals pass the winter

• Deciduous…trees which lose their leaves annually

• Ruminant…A cud-chewing animals (e.g. a cow)

• Rodent…A gnawing animal e.g. a rat

• Quadruped…A four-footed animal

• Marsupials…Animals which carry their young in a pouch e.g. kangaroo

• Humus…Soil composed largely of decayed vegetable matter

• Alluvium…Soil washed down or carried away by rivers

• Insecticide…A preparation for killing insects

• Parasite…A plant or animal growing on another

• Annual…Lasting for a single year

• Biennial…Lasting for two years

• Perennial…Lasting for many years

• Embryo…That part of the seed which develops into the plant

• Germ… That part of the seed which develops into the plant

• Radicle…That part of the embryo which develops into the root

• Plumule… That part of the embryo which develops into the stem

• Germination…The process by which the young plant begins to grow

• Transpiration…The process by which the plants excess water through their leaves

• Assimilation…The process by which the plants manufacture food

• Respiration…The process by which the plants and the animals breathe

• Absorption…The process by which the plants take up mineral salts in solution through

their roots

• Stomata…Tiny opening on the under surface of leaves through which the plants breathe

• Chlorophyll…The green coloring matter in the leaves of plants.

•Cambium…A slimy substance between wood and bark of a stem •Stipules…A two leaf-like appendages at the base of few leaves •Tendril…A spiral shoots of a plant which winds itself round another body for support •Pollination…The process by which the pollen dust is transferred •Fertilization…The entrance of pollen grains into the ovules in the ovary •Dibble…An instrument for making holes in the soil for seeds •Naturalist…One who studies plants and animal life •Offal…The parts of animal killed for foods which are rejected waste •Ore…Rock from which metal is extracted •Spoor…The track of a wild animal •Venison…The meat of deer •Mutton…The meat of Sheep •Inflorescence…A cluster of flowers on a branch •Cotyledon…The seed-leaves of the embryo •Mono-cotyledonous…Plants with one seed-leaf e.g. corn •Di-cotyledonous…Plants with two seed-leaf e.g. lime •Rhizome…A thick underground stem •Vertebrate…An animal with back-bone •Invertebrate…An animal without back-bone •Kernel…That which is in inside of the nuts •Core…the central part of a fruit •Fauna…The animal of a certain region •Flora…The plants and other vegetation of a certain region

•Chrysalis…The last through which an insect passes before it becomes a perfect insect •Drought…Absence of rain for a long timeVocabulary-Nature is the list of words related to Nature.

Words : Numbers

In this page, the words denoting number have been given for your reference.

This is a list of words which you may need in your writing or speaking.

• Covey…A small number of birds

• Pack…A number of wolves

• School…A number of whales

• Gam… A number of whales

• Herd…A number of swine feeding or driven together

• Pack…A number of submarines

• Nest…A number of snakes living in the same place

• Flock…A number of sheep

• Rookery…A number of seals

• Rookery…A number of rooks

• Nest…A number of rabbits living in the same place

• Bevy…A number of quails

• School …A number of porpoises

• Gam…A number of porpoises

• Drove…A number of ponies driven together

• Muster…A number of peacocks

• Team…A number of oxen or horses harnessed together

• Troop…A number of monkeys

• Shoal…A number of mackerel

• Swarm…A number of locusts

• Troop…A number of lions

• Leap…A number of leopards

• Bevy…A number of larks

• Flight…A number of insects moving together

• Pack…A number of hounds

• Stud…A number of horses kept for riding, racing, and breeding

• Drove…A number of horses driven together

• Shoal…A number of herrings

• Gaggle…A number of geese

• Catch …A number of fish taken in a net

• Haul…A number of fish taken in a net

• Troop…A number of cavalry soldiers

• Herd…A number of cattle feeding or driven together

• Flight…A number of birds moving together

• Swarm… A number of bees

• Flight…A number of bees moving together

• Hive…A number of bees living in the same place

• Bevy…A number of beautiful girls

• Pack…A number of asses

• Swarm…A number of ants

• Nest…A number of ants living in the same place

• Nest … A number of rabbits living in the same place

• Nest … A number of snakes living in the same place

• Barren…A number of mules

• Brood… A number of chickens hatched at the same time

• Litter… A number of pigs, dogs, cats brought forth at one birth

• Kindle… A number of kittens

• Poultry… A collection of fowls, ducks etc…

• Cast… A couple of hawks

• Skein… a number of wild geese or swans in flight

• Zoo… A collection of wild animals

• Menagerie… A collection of wild animals

• Vivarium… A collection of wild animals

• Congregation…A number of people at church

• Audience…A number of people listening to a concert or a lecture

• Spectators…A number of people looking on at a foot-ball match

• Crowd… A number of people collected together in a street

• Gathering…A number of people gathered together for a purpose

• Assembly… A number of people gathered together for a purpose

• Society… A number of people gathered together for a purpose

• Coterie…A group of people who get together to work forsome cause

• Mob…A number of disorderly people

• Rabble… A number of disorderly people

• Canaille… A number of disorderly people

• Horde…A number of savages

• Choir…a number of singers in a church

• Host…A collection of angels

• Troupe…A number of artists, dancers, acrobats

• Company…A number of actors

• Staff…A number of servants

• Tribe… A number of persons of the same race or characters

• Cortege…A number of people following a funeral

• Bevy…A number of beautiful girls

• Army…A number of soldiers

• Troop… A number of soldiers

• Battalion… A number of soldiers

• Regiment… A number of soldiers

• Crew…a number of sailors manning a ship

• Gang…A number of workmen, prisoners, thieves etc…

• Gang…A number of slaves

• Coffle… A number of slaves

• Posse…A number of constables called to enforce the law

• Jury…A number of jurymen engaged in a case

• Panel… A number of jurymen engaged in a case

• Bench…A number of Judges or bishops

• Board…A number of directors of a company

• Anthology…A collection of poems

• Library …A collection of books

• Collection… A number of pictures, curiosities etc…

• Rope…A collection of pearls

• Bouquet…A collection of flowers

• Bunting…A collection of flags

• Chest…. A collection of drawers

• Fleet…A number of buses

• Fleet…A number of ships

• Fleet…A number of Lorries

• Convoy…A number of merchant ships protected by warships

• Herbarium…A collection of dried plants

• Cluster…A number of nuts

• Cluster… A number of grapes on a bunch

• Clump…A number of trees

• Forest… A large collection of trees

• Stack…A collection wood

• Stack… A collection of hay

• Stack…A collection of corn piled together

• Hamlet…A cluster of houses in a village

• Constellation…A number of stars grouped together

• Pencil…A collection of rays

• Clutch…A collection of eggs

• Suite…A set of furniture, rooms etc…

• Skein…A quantity of woolen thread

• Batch…A quantity of bread baked at the same time

• Shock…A mass of hair

• Fell…A mass of hair

• Claque…A number of hired applauders

• Truss…A bundle of hay

• Set…a collection of tools

• Carillon…A set of bells placed together for a tune to be played on them

• Bale…A quantity of cotton

• Bale…A quantity of wool

• Tuft…A quantity of grass

• Sheaf…A bunch of corn-plants

• Sheaf…A collection of arrows

• Hand… A bundle of bananas

• Group…A number of islands

• Crate…A collection of fruits

• Crate… A collection of crockery

• Field…A number of athletes

• Nest…A number of machine-guns • Nest… A number of shelves

Vocabulary : Traders

• Tanner…One who converts raw hide into leather

• Cutler…One who makes or deals in cutting instruments, e.g. knives

• Scavenger….One who cleans the street

• Charwomen…A woman employed to clean inside a building

• Confectioner…One who sells sweets and pastries

• Crimp…One who entraps men to serve in the army

• Croupier…One who collects the bets and pays out to the winner in the gambling club

• Janitor…One who takes care of a building

• Poulterer…One who sells fowls, ducks, turkeys etc…

• Cashier…One who pays out money at a bank

• Teller… One who pays out money at a bank

• Upholsterer…One who makes and sells cushions and covers for motor-cars

• Usurer…One who lends money at an exorbitant rate

• Cartographer…One who draws maps

• Philatelist…One who collects postage stamps

• Conjuror…One who performs tricks by sleight of hands

• Prestidigitator… One who performs tricks by sleight of hands

• Juggler… One who performs tricks by sleight of hands

• Funambulist…One who walks on ropes

• Acrobat…One who performs daring gymnastic feats

• Grazier…One who pastures cattle for the market

• Huckster…One who travels from place to place selling miscellaneous articles

• Pedlar… One who travels from place to place selling miscellaneous articles

• Chapman… One who travels from place to place selling miscellaneous articles

• Hawker… One who travels from place to place selling miscellaneous articles

• Potter…One who makes pots, cups etc…

• Tinker…One who goes place to place mending pots

• Shoemaker…One who mends shoes

• Cobbler… One who mends shoes

• Colporteur…One who travels from place to place selling religious articles

• Peripatetic…A teacher who travels from place to place to give instructions

• Invigilator…One who watches over students taking an examination

• Curator…A person in charge of museum

• Almoner…A hospital welfare officer

• Librarian…The person in charge of library

• Principal…The head of a college

• Mayor…The head of a town council or corporation

• Pawnbroker…One who lends money and keeps goods as security

• Scrivener…One who draws up contracts and also lends money on interest

• Shipwright…One who builds ships

• Stevedore…One who loads and unloads ships

• Wheelwright…One who makes wheels for carriages and carts

• Auctioneer…One who sells articles at public sales

• Undertaker…A tradesman who manages funerals

• Veterinarian…One skilled in the treatment of diseases of animals

• Stenographer…One who writes shorthand

• Poet…One who writes poetry

• Novelist…One who writes novels

• Author…One who writes books

• Lexicographer…One who compiles a dictionary

• Stationer…One who sells paper, ink, pen and other writing materials

• Taxidermist…One who preserves the skin of the animals

• Ethnologist…One well versed in the science of human races

• Anthropologist…One who studies the evolution of mankind

• Psychologist…One who studies the working of the human-mind

• Chandler…One who makes and sells candles

• Plumassier…One who works or deals in feathers for apparel

• Bursar…The treasurer of a college or a university

• Purser…An officer in charge of the stores and accounts on a ship

Vocabulary : Professions

• Oculist…One who attends to the diseases of the eye

• Optician…One who tests eyesight and sell spectacles

• Physician…One who attends to sick people and prescribes medicines

• Druggist…One who compounds and sells drugs

• Pharmacist… One who compounds and sells drugs

• Surgeon…One who treats disease by performing operations

• Dentist…One who attends to the teeth

• Chiropodist…One skilled in the care of hands and feet

• Masseur…One who treats diseases by rubbing the muscles

• Obstetrician…A physician who assists women in child-birth

• Accoucheur… A physician who assists women in child-birth

• Chauffeur…One who drives a motor-car

• Engineer…One who attends to an engine

• Doctor… One who attends to sick people and prescribes medicines

• Captain…The person in charge of a ship

• Admiral…The commander of a fleet

• Sculptor…One who carves in stone

• Lapidary…One who cuts precious stone

• Lapidist… One who cuts precious stone

• Journalist…One who writes for the newspaper

• Reporter… One who writes for the newspaper

• Correspondent… One who writes for the newspaper

• Compositor…One who sets type for books

• Architect…One who draws and plans the design of the building

• Draughtsman…One who draws plans

• Florist…One who deals in flowers

• Fruiterer…One who deals in fruits

• Drover…One who deals in cattle

• Costermonger…One who sells fruits or vegetables

• Ironmonger…One who sells iron and hardware

• Herbalist…One who deals in medicinal herbs

• Fishmonger…One who deals in fish

• Furrier…One who deals in furs

• Brazier…One who works in brass

• Glazier…One who works in glass

• Vintner…One who deals in wines

• Plumber…One who works mending water pipes

• Stoker…One who attends to the fire of steam engine

• Cooper…One who makes barrels

• Navvy…One employed to do excavating works

• Milliner…One who makes and sells ladies hats

• Haberdasher…One who sells small articles such as ribbons or thread or laces

• Draper…One who deals in cloths and other fabrics

• Mercer…One who deals in silk

• Jockey…A professional rider in horse races

• Farrier…One who shoes horses

• Ostler…One who looks after horse in an inn

• Hostler… One who looks after horse in an inn

• Geologist…One who studies rocks and soils

• Archaeologist…One who study the past through the objects left behind

• Astronomer…One who studies the stars

• Pilot…One who flies an aero plane

• Aviator… One who flies an aero plane

• Collier…One who works in a coal-mine

Vocabulary-Government

• Democracy…Government of people of the people, for the people and by the people

• Autocracy…Government by a sovereign with uncontrolled authority

• Despotism… Government by a sovereign with uncontrolled authority

• Aristocracy…Government by the nobility

• Bureaucracy…Government by the departments of state

• Oligarchy…Government by a few

• Plutocracy… Government by the wealthy

• Hierarchy… Government by priests or ecclesiastics

• Hagiarchy… Government by priests

• Hagiocracy… Government by priests

• Theocracy… Government by divine guidance

• Episcopacy… Government of the church by the bishops

• Stratocracy… Government by a military class

• Kakistocracy… Government by the worst citizens

• Autonomy…The right of self-government

• Politics…The science of Government

• Revolution…A radical change in the Government

• Referendum…To decide the political question by the direct vote of the electorate

• Interregnum…The period between two reigns

• Regent…One who governs the kingdom during the infancy, absence of the sovereign

• Consort…The wife or husband of the king or queen

• Census…An official numbering of the population

• Statistics….Facts and figures

Vocabulary-Marriage

• Monogamist…One who has only one wife or husband at a time

• Bigamist…One who marries second wife or husband while the first legal spouse is alive

• Polygamist…Man who has more than one wife at a time

• Polyandrist…Woman who has more than one husband at a time

• Misogamist…A hater of marriage

• Celibate…One who vowed to a single or unmarried life

• Divorce…Legal dissolution of marriage of husband and wife

• Alimony…Payment of money allowed to wife on legal separation from the husband

• Widower…A man whose wife is dead

• Dowry…The property that the new wife brings to her husband

• Widow…A woman whose husband is dead

• Fiancé…One engaged to be married

• Fiancée… One engaged to be married

• Betrothed… One engaged to be married

• Affianced… One engaged to be married

• Trousseau…A bride‟s outfit

• Banns…Proclamation of intended marriage

• Elope…To run away with lover in order to get married

Vocabulary-Places

• Aviary…The place where birds are kept

• Apiary…The place where bees are kept

• Aquarium…The place where fishes are kept

• Hutch…The place where rabbits are kept

• Sty…The place where pigs are kept

• Insectariums…The places for keeping or breeding insects

• Igloo…The shelter for an Eskimo

• Chalet…The shelter of a Swiss peasant

• Dowar…The shelter of an Arab

• Tepee…The shelter of an American India

• Wigwam… The shelter of an American India

• Caravan…The shelter of a gipsy

• Kraal…A Zulu village

• Kabitka…The shelter of the Kirghis

• Kennel…The place where dogs are housed

• Stable…The place where horses are housed

• Pen…The shelter for a cow

• Byre… The shelter for a cow

• Dovecot…The house or a box in which live pigeons or doves

• Burrow…The dwelling place for animals underground

• Den…The home of a lion

• Drey…The home for the squirrels

• Lair…The resting place of a wild animal

• Form…The house of a hare

• Eyrie…The nest of a bird of prey

• Aerie… The nest of a bird of prey

• Dispensary…The place where medicines are compounded

• Hospital…The place for the treatment f sick people

• Monastery…The residence for monks or priests

• Convent…The residence for nuns

• Dairy…The place where milk is converted into butter and cheese

• Bakery…The place where bread and cakes are made

• Abattoir…The place where animals slaughtered for the market

• Brewery…The factory for manufacturing beer

• Distillery…The place liquors are produced

• Laundry…The place where cloths are washed and ironed

• Garage…The place for housing cars

• Hangar…The place for housing aero planes

• Hotel…The place where the travelers can get lodging

• Inn… The place where the travelers can get lodging

• Restaurant…The place where the people can get food or refreshment

• Cabaret…The variety show performed in a restaurant

• Caboose…The kitchen in a ship

• Church…The Christians‟ place of worship

• Galley… The kitchen in a ship

• Hostel…The house for the residence of the students

• Library…The place where books are kept

• Archives…The place where the Government records are kept

• Factory…The place where the manufacturing is going on

• Laboratory…The place where the scientific experiments are conducted

• Incinerator…The place the wastages are reduced to ashes

• Gymnasium…The place where the athletic exercises are performed

• Herbarium…The place where the dried plants are kept

• Museum…The place where the treasures of arts, curiosities etc...are preserved

• Cache…The place where the treasures of arts are hidden

• Granary…The place for storing grain

• Depot…The place where the goods are stored

• Garret…The upper room or storey immediately under the roof

• Tannery…The place where the leather is tanned

• Barracks…The building for the accommodation of soldiers

• Cantonment…The place where the soldiers are quartered

• Mint…The place where the money is coined

• Observatory…The place where the astronomical observation are taken

• Orchard…The place where fruit-trees are grown

• Orphanage…The place where the orphans are housed

• Reformatory…An institution for reforming the young offenders

• Quadrangle…The square courtyard bounded by buildings

• Avenue…A wide road lines with trees on both sides

• Boulevard… A wide road lines with trees on both sides

• Cul-de-sac…The Street only opens at one end

• Mosque…the Muslims‟ place of worship

• Reservoir…The place where water is collected and stored

• Resort…The place frequented for the reasons of pleasure or health

• Casino…The place where gambling is going on

• Crèche…The place where the children are cared for while their parents are at work

• Paddock…The place adjoining race-course where the horses are kept for racing

• Booth…A covered stall at a fair

• Scullery…the place where the plates and other utensils are washed up

• Dock…The place where the ships are repaired

• Quay…The place the ships are loaded or unloaded

• Dormitory…The sleeping room in an institution

• Refectory…The refreshment hall in a monastery

• Kindergarten…The school for infants and young children

• Glyptotheca…The room where the sculptures are preserved

• Vivarium…The place where the animals are kept alive (ZOO)

• Bunker…The receptacle for storing coal

• Scuttle… The receptacle for storing coal

• Caddy…The small box in which tea is kept

• Butt…The large cask for holding wine

• Hogshead… The large cask for holding wine

• Cellar…An underground place for storing wine or other provisions

• Portfolio…A portable case for holding papers or drawings

• Decanter…An ornamental glass for holding wine

• Creel…A basket in which the fishermen puts his fish

• Reticule…The lady‟s handbag or workbag

• Ewer…The large jug or pitcher for holding water for the washbasin

• Cruet…The small bottle for holding sauces for the dining table

• Sheath…A case in which the blade of a sword is kept

• Scabbard… A case in which the blade of a sword is kept

Vocabulary-Church

• Diocese…The district under the jurisdiction of a bishop

• Cathedral…The principal church in the diocese

• Aisle…The passage between the pews in a church

• Sexton…One who has the charge of church building

• Verger…One who leads people to their seats in a church

• Offertory…The money given by the congregation at the church service

• Crypt…A chapel or vault beneath a church usually used for the burial of the dead

• Encyclical…A letter from the Pope to all Roman catholic

• Vestry…A room attached to the church in which vestments are kept

• Vestry…A room attached to the church in which the church officials are meeting

• Presbytery…The residence of a priest or minister or vicar

• Manse… The residence of a priest or minister or vicar

• Vicarage… The residence of a priest or minister or vicar

• Rectory… The residence of a priest or minister or vicar

• Chorister…One who sings in the choir

• Lectern…A reading desk from which the scriptures are read

• Pulpit…The stand from which the preachers delivers his sermon

• Crosier…A bishop‟s staff

• Mitre…A bishop‟s cap

• Vestments…The garments of parsons and choristers

• Cassock…A long loose gown worn by priests and choristers

• Surplice…A loose white vestment worn over cassock

• Rochet…A vestment like a surplice worn by bishops

• Cope…A cloak like vestment worn by priests at processions or solemn ceremonies

• Chalice…The cup used in the Eucharist

• Celebrant…The priest officiating at the Holy Communion

• Canopy…A rich covering carried over a priest in procession

• Clergy…The body of ministers ordained to work in a church

• Laity…The people as distinct from the clergy

• Synod…A council of clergymen

• Font…The vessel or basin containing water for baptism

• Dean…The head of a cathedral

• Archdeacon…A clergy man next in the rank after the bishop

• Deacon…One in the lowest degree of holy orders in the Anglican Church

• Halo…The circle of light seen in the pictures around the head of Jesus Christ and other

holy people

• Aureole… The circle of light seen in the pictures around the head of Jesus Christ and

other holy people

• Chaplain…A clergymen assigned to a regiment, a warship, prison or a public institution

• Missionary…One who goes to the heathen countries to spread the gospel of Jesus Christ

• Matins…Morning service of the Anglican Church

• Vespers…Evening service

• Evensong… Evening service

• Atheist…One who does not believe in the existence of God

• Agnostic…One who believes that man can not have knowledge of God but only of

natural elements

• Apostate…One who renounces his religious vows and forsakes his religious principles

• Proselyte…One who is converted from one religion to another

• Monotheist…One who believes in a single God

• Polytheist…One who believes in many Gods

• Bigot…One intolerantly devoted to a particular creed

• Blaspheme…To utter profane language against God or anything Holy

• Heresy…Holding opinion contrary to the true doctrine of the church so as to cause a

division

• Sacrilege…Violating or profaning religious things

• Iconoclast…A breaker of church images or ornaments

• Nave…The central or the main part of a church

• Chancel…the eastern end of a church

• Chapel…A portion of a large building with an altar of its own where services can be held

for a small number of people

• Acolyte…One who assists at services by lighting candles

• Censer…A vessel for burning incense

• Stipend…The salary of a clergyman

• Instinction…Method of administering Holy Communion by dipping the bread into the

wine and offering both at once • Glebe…the land furnishing part of the church revenue

Vocabulary-Death

• Asphyxia…Death due to deprived of air

• Corpse…The dead body of human being

• Carcass…The dead body of an animal

• Mortuary…The place where the dead bodies of human beings are temporarily placed

• Carrion…The decaying flesh of animal

• Morgue…The place where the dead bodies are placed for identification

• Cremation…Disposal of dead body by burning

• Embalm…To preserve the dead body from putrefaction

• Winding-sheet…The cloth which is wrapped round a dead body

• Exhume…To dig up a corpse

• Bier…The frame on which a dead body is conveyed

• Pyre…A pile of wood on which a dead body is burned

• Hearse…A vehicle for taking dead body to a cemetery

• Cemetery…The place the dead bodies are interred

• Post-mortem…An examination of dead body

• Autopsy… An examination of dead body

• Posthumous…Occurring after death

• Epitaph…An inscription on a tomb

• Crypt…A vault beneath a church for burial

• Sarcophagus…A stone coffin

• Catacombs…underground caves with burying places for the dead

• Mausoleum…A very expensive and elaborately built tomb

• Euthanasia…The practice of putting painlessly to death

• Obituary…An account in the news paper about the funeral of the deceased

• Intestate…To die, without leaving a will

• Legacy…The property left to someone by a will

• Requiem…The mass for the dead

• Cortege… The mass for the dead

• Suicide…The act of killing oneself

• Homicide…The act of killing a human being

• Infanticide…Murder of a new-born child (infant)

• Fratricide…The act of killing one‟s brother

• Sororicide… The act of killing one‟s sister

• Matricide… The act of killing one‟s mother

• Patricide… The act of killing one‟s father

• Parricide… The act of killing one‟s parents

• Regicide… The act of killing the king

• Resurrection….Rising from the dead

• Cenotaph…A monument set up for the person who are buried elsewhere

• Electrocuted…Killed by an electric current

Vocabulary-Instruments

• Thermometer…An instrument measuring heat or cold

• Barometer… An instrument for measuring the pressure of air

• Anemometer… An instrument for measuring the force or variations of air

• Microscope… An instrument for making small objects appear large

• Telescope… An instrument for seeing distant objects

• Telephone… An instrument for transmitting the voice to the distant places

• Microphone… An instrument for increasing the volume of the voice

• Periscope… An instrument for enabling the persons inside the submarine to see objects

above the surface of the water

• Seismograph… An instrument for detecting earthquake

• Camera… An instrument for taking photographs

• Speedometer… An instrument for measuring the speed of the motor-cars and other

vehicles

• Metronome… An instrument for beating time during musical performance

• Micrometer… An instrument for measuring minute distances

• Manometer… An instrument for measuring gases

• Litho scope… An instrument for distinguishing precious stones

• Gyro graph… An instrument for measuring revolutions

• Ammeter… An instrument for measuring electric current

• Binoculars… An instrument for viewing distant objects • Udometer… An instrument for measuring rain

Vocabulary-Medicine

• Epidemic…A disease affecting many persons at the same time and at the same place

• Pandemic…A disease widely epidemic

• Endemic…A disease confined to a particular district or a place

• Sporadic…A disease affecting widely scattered groups of people

• Antiseptic…A substance which destroys or weakens germs

• Cocaine…A substance used by a dentist to deaden the gum and nerve

• Chloroform…A substance used in surgery to produce unconsciousness

• Anesthetic…Ant medicine which produces insensibility

• Anodyne…A medicines which alleviates pain

• Cicatrices…The mark or scar left after the wound is healed

• Cicatrix… The mark or scar left after the wound is healed

• Toothpaste…The power or paste used to cleanse the teeth

• Dentifrice… The power or paste used to cleanse the teeth

• Antidote…A medicine to counteract poison

• Stethoscope…An instrument used by doctors for listening to the heart-beats

• Immune…Free or exempt from infection

• Isolate…To place apart to prevent from infecting others

• Narcotic…A medicine for producing sleep

• Opiate… A medicine for producing sleep

• Emetic…A medicine for causing vomiting

• Quarantine…Confinement to one place to avoid spreading infections

• Amputate…To cut off a part of person‟s body which is infected

• Panacea…A cure for all diseases

• Convalescent…gradual recovery from illness

• Ambulance…A vehicle to carry sick people to the hospital

• Anemia…Want of blood

• Pulmonary…Affecting lungs

• Deodorant…a substance to keep down evil smells

• Diagnose…To be able to tell the nature of the disease by the symptoms

• Prognosis…A forecast of the result of a disease

• Fumigate…To disinfect by smoke

• Pathology…The science of the diseases of the human-body

• Culex…The mosquito which transmits filarial

• Anopheles… The mosquito which transmits malaria • Stegomyia… The mosquito which transmits yellow fever

Vocabulary-Science

• Polytechnic…An institution for the education in the Arts and Sciences

• Astronomy…The study of all heavenly bodies and the earth in relation to them

• Agriculture…The art of tilling the soil

• Horticulture…The art of cultivating and managing gardens

• Agronomics…The Science of land management

• Genealogy…The science of family descent

• Archaeology…The study of ancient building and prehistoric remains

• Paleography…The study of ancient writings

• Calligraphy…The art of beautiful hand-writing

• Metallurgy…The art of metal working

• Numismatics…The study of coins

• Mathematics…The study of numbers

• Surveying…The art of measuring lands

• Trigonometry…The science of triangles

• Taxidermy…The art of preserving skins

• Pyrotechnics…The art of making fire-works

• Chromatics…The science of colors

• Rhetoric…The art of elegant speech and writing

• Elocution…The art of effective speaking

• Astrology…The art of telling the future by the study of the stars

• Anthropology…The study of mankind

• Ethnology…The science which deals with the varieties of human-kinds

• Anatomy…The science of the structure of the human-body

• Physiology…The science which deals with the way in which the human-body works

• Technology…The scientific study of industrial arts

• Psychology…The study of the human-mind

• Physiognomy…The study of human face

• Biology…The study of living matter

• Botany…The study of plants

• Zoology…The study of animals

• Geology…The study of rocks and soils

• Ornithology…The study of birds

• Oology…The study of eggs

• Orology…The study of mountains

• Philology…The study of languages

• Etymology…The study of origin and history of words

• Astronomy…The study of stars • Limnology…The study of lakes

Vocabulary : Arts

• Polytechnic…An institution for the education in the Arts and Sciences

• Astronomy…The study of all heavenly bodies and the earth in relation to them

• Agriculture…The art of tilling the soil

• Horticulture…The art of cultivating and managing gardens

• Agronomics…The Science of land management

• Genealogy…The science of family descent

• Archaeology…The study of ancient building and prehistoric remains

• Paleography…The study of ancient writings

• Calligraphy…The art of beautiful hand-writing

• Metallurgy…The art of metal working

• Numismatics…The study of coins

• Mathematics…The study of numbers

• Surveying…The art of measuring lands

• Trigonometry…The science of triangles

• Taxidermy…The art of preserving skins

• Pyrotechnics…The art of making fire-works

• Chromatics…The science of colors

• Rhetoric…The art of elegant speech and writing

• Elocution…The art of effective speaking

• Astrology…The art of telling the future by the study of the stars

• Anthropology…The study of mankind

• Ethnology…The science which deals with the varieties of human-kinds

• Anatomy…The science of the structure of the human-body

• Physiology…The science which deals with the way in which the human-body works

• Technology…The scientific study of industrial arts

• Psychology…The study of the human-mind

• Physiognomy…The study of human face

• Biology…The study of living matter

• Botany…The study of plants

• Zoology…The study of animals

• Geology…The study of rocks and soils

• Ornithology…The study of birds

• Oology…The study of eggs

• Orology…The study of mountains

• Philology…The study of languages

• Etymology…The study of origin and history of words

• Astronomy…The study of stars • Limnology…The study of lakes

Vocabulary-Opposites

• Legible…Writing that is easy to read

• Illegible…Writing that difficult to decipher

• Literate…Able to read

• Illiterate…Unable to read

• Edible…Fit for eating

• Inedible….Unfit fir eating

• Eligible…Fit to be chosen or selected

• Ineligible…unfit to be chosen or selected

• Audible…Loud enough to be heard

• Inaudible…Not loud enough to be heard

• Legitimate…Born of married parents

• Illegitimate…Born of unmarried parents

• Imports…Goods brought into a country

• Exports…Goods carried out of country

• Migrate…To move from one country to another

• Emigrate…One who leaves his country to settler in another

• Immigrant…One who comes to a foreign country to settle there

• Repatriate…To send back a person to his own country

• Expatriate…To banish for one‟s country

• Patriotism…Love of one‟s country

• Tariff…A list of duties payable on exports or imports

• Invoice…The list of goods dispatched with quantity and price to the purchaser • Consignee…One to whom goods are dispatched

Vocabulary-Negatives

• Impenetrable…That which can not be pierced or penetrated

• Impregnable…That which can not be taken by assault

• Impassable…That which can not be passed

• Invincible…That which can be conquered

• Invulnerable…That which can not be wounded or injured

• Irreducible…That which can not be lessened

• Irreparable…That which can not be repaired or remedied

• Irreplaceable…That which can not be replaced in case of loss

• Inimitable…That which can not be imitated

• Ineffaceable…That which can not be rubbed out

• Indelible…That which can not be rubbed out

• Indestructible…Incapable of being destroyed

• Infallible…Incapable of making errors

• Incorrigible…Incapable of being redeemed form evil

• Incombustible…Incapable of being burnt

• Inevitable…That which can not be prevented or avoided

• Inexplicable…That which can be made plain or understood

• Imperishable…Enduring for all times

• Impervious…Not admitting the passage of waters

• Inanimate…Not endued with animal life

• Indispensable…Absolutely necessary or that which can not be dispensed with

• Irrelevant…Not to the point

• Immortal…Unable to die

• Immovable…that which can not be moved

• Inaudible…That which can not be heard

• Invisible…That which can not be seen

• Aphonia……Total loss of voice

• Contumacy…Willful resistant to the lawful authority • Antic…A fantastic trick

Vocabulary : Characters

• Optimist…One who looks on the bright side of things

• Pessimist… One who looks on the dark side of things

• Philanthropist…One who devotes his services for the love of mankind

• Misanthrope…A hater of mankind

• Misanthropist… A hater of mankind

• Minion…One who becomes the favorite of a distinguished person and serves him

• Cynic…One who sneers at the believes of his fellow men

• Somnambulist…One who walks in his sleep

• Somniloquist…One who talks in his sleep

• Ventriloquist…One who has the art of speaking in such a way that the sounds seem to

come from another person

• Egoist…One who delights to speak about himself

• Altruist…One who devotes his life for the welfare and interests of other people

• Fugitive…One who runs away from justice

• Refugee…One who takes refuge in a foreign country

• Alien… One who takes refuge in a foreign country

• Exile…One who is banished from his country

• Incendiary…One who maliciously set fires to building

• Kleptomaniac…One who has irresistible tendency to steal

• Bibilioklept…One who steals books

• Iconoclast…One who breaks images and church ornaments

• Martyr…One who dies for a noble cause

• Recluse…One who retires from society to live a solitary life

• Hermit… One who retires from society to live a solitary life

• Volunteer…One who offers his services of his own free will

• Conscript…One who is compelled by law to serve as a soldier

• Recruit…A soldier or a sailor newly enlisted

• Novice…One new to anything

• Tyro… One new to anything

• Neophyte… One new to anything

• Zoophilist…A lover of animals

• Amateur…One who engages in any pursuit for the love of it and not for any gain

• Fruitarian…One who feeds on fruits

• Vegetarian…One who eats only vegetable-foods

• Cannibals…One who feeds on human flesh

• Itinerant…One who journeys from place to place

• Pedestrian…One who journeys on foot

• Pilgrim…One who journeys to a holy place

• Mendicant…One who goes from placer to place begging alms

• Beggar… One who goes from placer to place begging alms

• Demagogue…A leader of people who can sway his followers by his oratory

• Sophist…One who‟s reasoning is clever but false

• Pedant…One who makes a display of his learning

• Connoisseur…One who special skills on judging arts, music etc…

• Raconteur…An expert at story telling

• Eavesdropper…One who listens to the conversations of others

• Patriot…One who loves his country and serves it

• Prophet…One who foretells events

• Epicure…One devoted to pleasures of eating and drinking

• Sybarite…One given up to luxurious living

• Voluptuary…One given up to sensual pleasures and bodily enjoyment

• Hypocrite…One who pretends to be what he is not

• Imposter… One who pretends to be what he is not

• Mountebank…One who pretends to know about everything

• Charlatan… One who pretends to know about everything

• Quack… One who pretends to know about everything

• Mimic…One who imitates the voice and gestures of others

• Interpreter…One who translates the speaking of others

• Linguist…One who knows many languages

• Ambidexter…One who can use both his hands

• Host…One who entertains others

• Hostess… One who entertains others

• Chaperon…One who accompanies a young lady to the public places

• Protégé…One who is under the protection of others

• Ward… One who is under the protection of others

• Prospector…one who searches for minerals and mining sites

• Courier…A messenger sent in great haste

• Coxswain…One who steers a boat

• Contortionist…An acrobat who bends his body into various shapes

• Misogamist…A hater of marriage

• Misogynist…A hater of women

• Valetudinarian…A man who is over anxious about his health

• Heckler…One who worries a candidate for an election by awkward questions

• Canvasser…One who tries to get votes for the election-candidate

• Orthoepist…An authority on pronunciation

• Ingrate…An unthankful person

• Emissary…One sent out on a mission

• Antiquary…A person who collects things belonging to the ancient times

• Numismatist…One who collects coins

• Predecessor…One who has been before in office

• Successor…One who takes over an office after another person

• Assassin…One who kills political persons

• Accomplice…A partner in a crime

• Coadjutor…One who works along with another person

• Contemporary…One who is living at the same time as another

• Obscurant…One who is opposed to intellectual progress

• Pantophagist…One who eats all kinds of foods

• Dipsomaniac…One who has irresistible desire for alcoholic drinks

• Alcoholic… One who has irresistible desire for alcoholic drinks

• Teetotaler… One who has irresistible desire for alcoholic drinks

Vocabulary-Military

• Aggression…An unprovoked attack by an enemy

• Belligerents…Nations carrying on warfare

• Conscriptions…Compulsory enrolment as soldiers and sailors

• Casualties…The killed or wounded in battle

• Convoy…A number of ships traveling together under escort for the sake of safety

• Contraband…Smuggling of goods and engaging in prohibited traffic

• Espionage…the act or the practice of spying

• Evacuate…To remove from one place to another to avoid the destruction of war

• Embargo…An order prohibiting the ships to leave the ports

• Mobilize…to make troops and ships for war services

• Invade…To enter another country as an enemy

• Neutral…Taking neither side in a struggle

• Alien…An illegal foreigner in a country

• Intern…To keep citizens in confinement

• Ammunition…Shells, bombs and other destructive items

• Ordnance…heavy guns and army store-items

• Bayonet…A knife fixed on to the end of a gun

• Parole…A promise given by the prisoner if given a temporary release

• Puttees…Long cloths bound round the legs of soldiers from ankle to knee

• Reveille…Music for awakening the soldiers in the morning

• Arsenal…A place where naval or military weapons are made or stored

• Parachute…An apparatus which opens like an umbrella to enable a person to drop

safely from an aircraft

• Volley…A shower of bullets

• Salvo…The firing of many guns at the same time to mark an occasion

• Cavalry…Horse-soldiers

• Infantry…Foot-soldiers

• Fusillade…A number of fire arms discharged continuously

• Reconnoiter…To make an examination of enemy territory

• Armistice…An agreement to stop fighting

• Capitulate…To surrender to an enemy on agreed terms

• Annihilate…To reduce to nothing

• Amnesty…A general pardon of offenders

• Battalion…the main division of an army

• Besiege…To surround a place with the intention of capturing it

• Recruit…A soldier recently enlisted for services

• Leave…A soldier‟s holiday • Furlough… A soldier‟s holiday

• Bulletin…official report on the progress of the war

• Diplomacy…The art of conducting negotiations between nations

• Garrison…A body of soldiers stationed in the fortress to defend it

• Garrison…The fortified fortress

• Bandolier…A broad belt worn across the chest with pockets for carrying ammunitions

• Conscript…A person who is forced by the law to become a soldier

• Guerilla war…An irregular war conducted by scattered bands

• Manoeuvre…Movement of ships or troops in order to secure an advantage over the

enemy

• Commandeer…to seize for military use

• Demobilize…To release from army

• Bivouac…An encampment in the open air

• Bivouac…To camp in the open air without tent

• Canteen…A place where soldiers can buy drinks and other refreshments

Vocabulary-Literature

• Diary…A book in which the events of each day are recorded

• Dictionary…A book containing the words of a language with their definitions in an

alphabetical order

• Directory…A book of names and addresses

• Ledger…A book of accounts showing debits and credits

• Encyclopedia…A book containing information on all branches of knowledge

• Album…A book with blank pages for putting pictures etc…

• Catalogue…A list of books in a library

• Bibliography… A list of books in a library

• Glossary…A list of explanation for the important words

• Memoirs…A written account, usually in a book form, of the interesting experiences of

one‟s life

• Watermark…The trade mark of the maker seen on paper

• Wiseacre…One who pretends to have a great deal of knowledge

• Epitome…A brief summary of book

• Excerpt…An extract from a book of writing

• Caption…The heading of the chapter in a book

• Axiom…A statement which is accepted as true without proof

• Agenda…A list of headings to be executed in a meeting

• Jargon…Language which is confused

• Manifesto…A declaration of plans put forward by a candidate for an election

• Expurgate…To remove the offensive portions from a book

• Extant…Still in use

• Frontispiece…A picture facing the title of the book

• Copyright…The exclusive right of an author or his heirs to publish or sell copies of his

books

• Erratum…An error in printing

• Facsimile…An exact copy of handwriting or a picture

• Criterion…A principle by which anything is judged

• Extempore…Delivered without previous preparation

• Impromptu… Delivered without previous preparation

• Prologue…A short speech by a player at the beginning of a play

• Epilogue… A short speech by a player at the end of a play

• Plagiarism…Passing of another author‟s works as one‟s own

• Eulogy…A writing or a speech in praise of a person

• Encomium… A writing or a speech in praise of a person

• Autograph…A person‟s own handwriting

• Autobiography…A record of one‟s life written by himself

• Biography…The history of life of a person

• Comedy…A humorous play having a happy ending

• Tragedy…A play with sad or tragic end

• Dirge…A mournful song for the dead

• Elegy…A poem of lamentation especially for the dead

• Dialogue…a conversation between two persons

• Soliloquy…Speaking to oneself

• Lucubration…Study by night

• Alliteration…A succession of the same initial letters in a passage

• Memorandum…A note to help the memory

• Inventory…A list of articles pr goods available at a time

• Peroration…The concluding part of the speech

• Harangue…A vehement speech indented to excite passions

• Gesticulate…To make expressive gestures while speaking

• Hackneyed…Language that is very much used

• Enunciate…To pronounce the words distinctively

• Dramatist…One who writes a play

• Playwright… One who writes a play

• Acrostic…A poem in which the first letters of each line, taken in order, form a name or a

sentence

Vocabulary-Miscellaneous

• Bilingual…One fluent in two languages

• Ephemeral…Lasting only for a day

• Verbatim…Word for word

• Petrify…To change to stone

• Pulverize…To reduce to powder

• Extravagant…Wasteful in spending

• Memorize…To learn by heart

• Incognito…Traveling under a name other than one‟s own

• Malleable…Capable of being drawn out

• Ductile… Capable of being drawn out

• Miscellaneous…Consisting of several kinds

• Monopoly…The exclusive right to buy or sell a commodity

• Insolvent…Unable to pays one‟s debts

• Layette…The outfit of a new born baby

• Fragile…that can be easily broken

• Dicerptible…Capable of being separated or torn asunder

• Imminent...Close at hand

• Mercenary…Serving for money

• Dipsomaniac…Irresistible craving for alcoholic drinks

• Gyneolatry…Excessive devotion to female sex

• Palisade…A fence of stakes or iron, etc…

• Sinecure…A job for which one is paid, but which one has few or no duties

• Codicil…An appendix to a will

• Orthography…Correct spelling

• Cacography…Bad spelling

• Queue…A line of people waiting for something

• Stile…Steps to enable one to get over a fence

• Amnesia…Loss of memory

• Aphonia…Loss of voice

• Aphony…Loss of voice

• Howdah…A seat on the back of an elephant

• Shunting…To turn a train on side track

• Effluent…The liquid which comes out from a sewerage tank

• Winnow…To separate the husk form the grain

• Stanchion…A bar or pair of bars for confining cattle in a stall

• Effigy…The likeness or representation of a person especially on coins or medals

• Waif…A forsaken or neglected child who has no home and spends most of its time on

the streets

• Ferrule…An iron ring placed at the end of a staff to prevent it from splitting

• Carnivorous…Living on flesh

• Herbivorous…Living on grass and vegetables

• Graminivorous…Living on grass

• Piscivorous…Living on fish

• Omnivorous…Living on both animal flesh and grass

• Gavel…The chairman‟s hammer

• Baton…A stick used by the music conductor or a policeman

• Yolk…the yellow part of an egg

• Albumen…the white part of an egg

• Chevron…The stripes on the sleeves of policemen in the services to denote their ranks

• Viaduct…A bridge carrying a road across a river or valley

• Alloy…A mixture of metals, especially when an inferior metal is mixed with one of richer

metal

• Canopy…A rich-covering over the bed in a procession

• Careen…To lay ship on its side in order to clean it

• Nostalgia…Home-sickness or sentimental longings for the past

• Menu…The list of various items to be served at a meal

• Recipe…Directions for preparing certain dishes

• Casein…The part of milk from which cheese is made

• Versatile…Able to adapt oneself to many situations

• Jetsam…Goods thrown overboard in order to make a ship lighter

• Flotsam…Goods found floating after ship wreck

• Jamboree…A joyful gathering of youth groups

• Carillon…a set of bells so arranged that tunes of songs or hymns can be played on them

• Caricature…A picture of a person or thing drawn in such a highly exaggerated manner

as to cause laughter

• Alias…A name taken on by a person but which is not his real name

• Mosaic…A picture produced by putting together small pieces of glass or marbles

• Strop…Leather for sharpening razors

• Valise…A leather traveling-bag carried in the hand

• Roster…A list showing the order in which certain persons have to perform their duties

• Pannier…One of pair of baskets slung over the back of a donkey

• Amulet…A thing worn by few people as a charm against evil

• Skeleton…The bony framework of the body

• Chassis…The framework of a car

• Awning…A covering of canvas, tarpaulin etc… to shade windows and the doors from the

sun

• Embezzle…To put one‟s use the money of another with which one is entrusted

• Parsimonious…To be over particular about spending of money

• Ullage…The space which for safety is left unfilled in a cask or vessel before it is sealed

• Niche…A hollow space in a wall for a statue

• Indemnify…To compensate for loss or damage

• Arraign…To bring a person before a court of law to answer a charge leveled against him

• Dock…An enclosure for prisoners in a courthouse • Felloe…The whole rim (or one of the segments of the rim) of a wheel

Glossary

Active:

In an active clause or active sentence, the grammatical subject is the person or thing

that performs the action given in the verb.

Example:

Clinton wrote the book.

COMPARE: PASSIVE.

Adjective:

A word that describes a noun or a pronoun

Example:

He is an intelligent boy.

Adjective Phrase:

A group of words where the main word is an adjective and which does the function of an

adjective.

Example:

It was not strong enough.

Adverb:

A word that describes or gives more information about a verb or an adjective or another

adverb

Example:

He ran quickly.

This is an extremely expensive car.

Adverbial Clause:

A type of subordinate clause that says when, how, where etc… something happens.

Example:

Before I went to school this morning, I did my homework.

Adverbial Phrase:

A group of words that says when, how, where etc...

Example:

With a great deal of noise, they went around the town.

Affirmative sentence:

A statement that is positive, not negative.

Example:

He has achieved this honor.

Agent:

A person or a thing that performs the action described in the verb.

Usually it is the subject in an active clause and comes after “by” in a passive clause.

Auxiliary verb:

The verbs be, have, and do when they are used with a main verb to form questions,

negatives, tenses, passive forms etc…

Modal verbs are also auxiliary verbs.

Example:

You be here till I come back.

REFER: MODAL VERB

Clause:

A group of words that contains a verb.

A clause may be a complete sentence or a part of sentence.

Example:

While I was in New York, He had gone to Japan.

Complement:

A word or a phrase that describes the subject or an object

Example:

Linda is a lawyer.

I found the food inedible.

Completion:

A completion is an adverbial phrase or a prepositional phrase which completes the

meaning of the verb

Example:

The disease originated in Britain.

(„The disease originated‟ will be incomplete)

Compound noun:

A compound noun consists of two or more words together used as a noun

Example:

The language-school is closed today.

Compound adjective:

A compound adjective consists of two or more words together used as an adjective

Example:

They were well-behaved.

Conditional clause:

A conditional clause usually starts with „if‟ but other but other patterns are possible

Example:

If you come with me, I am prepared to attend the wedding-function.

Conditional sentence:

A conditional sentence is a sentence which has a conditional clause.

Example:

If you come with me, I am prepared to attend the wedding-function.

Conjunction:

A word which connects two parts in sentence is called a conjunction.

The words such as and, but, if, while, after etc are called conjunctions.

Example:

You can come to this town after your father transferred to another town.

Countable noun:

A countable noun is a noun which can be counted.

It can be either singular or plural.

Uncountable noun does not have the plural form.

Example:

Three students have passed the examination.

COMPARE: UNCOUNTABLE NOUN

Determiner:

A word that goes in front of a noun to identify what the noun refers to

Example:

This pencil is not mine.

Direct speech:

Speech that is written using the exact words of the speaker, without any changes

Example:

Clinton said, “This university was the one in which he wanted to study”.

COMPARE: REPORTED SPEECH

Dynamic verb:

A verb that describes an action

Example:

He walked 15kms.

COMPARE: STATE VERB

Finite verb:

A verb that has a tense

Example:

They went to meet their master.

COMPARE: NON-FINITE VERB

Imperative clause:

An imperative clause uses the bare-infinite form of a verb for such things as giving order

and making suggestions

Example:

Go to bed.

Indirect speech:

Speech that is reported without using the exact words of the speaker

This is also called reported speech.

Example:

Clinton told us that Mr. John would not attend the function.

COMPARE: DIRECT SPEECH

REFER: REPORTED SPEECH

Infinite verb:

Infinite verb usually goes after „to‟.

The form may be either „to-infinite‟ or „bare-infinite‟.

Example:

He liked to sing in the function.

Intransitive verb:

A verb that take an object

Example:

She smiled.

COMPARE: TRANSITIVE VERB

Inversion:

Changing the usual word order so that the verb comes before the subject

Example:

The balloon went up.

Up went the balloon.

Linking verb:

A verb that connects the subject with its complement

Example:

He became a doctor as he wished.

Modal verb:

A verb that gives information about such things as possibility, necessity or obligation

Can, could, dare, may, might, must, need and ought are few of the modal verbs.

Example:

He may come.

Noun:

A noun refers to a person, a place, a thing, a quality etc…

Example:

Clinton is the chairman of this company.

REFER: PROPER NOUN

Noun phrase:

A group of words where the main word is a noun

Example:

We spoke to several small children.

Object:

The person or thing affected by the action of the verb.

Example:

I put the book back on the shelf.

COMPARE: SUBJECT

Participle:

The participle is the other versions of verbs.

Example:

Smoking is prohibited here.

Eaten by the remorse, he took doctor advices.

Past participle:

Past Participle is the „-ed‟ form of the verb.

Example:

He was liked by all of his friends.

Present participle:

The „-ing‟ form of the verb is called present participle

Example:

Smoking is prohibited here.

Proper noun:

The name of a particular person

Example:

Clinton is an old man.

Passive:

In a passive clause or a passive sentence, a grammatical subject is the person or a thing

that experiences the effect of the action given in the verb

Example:

This book was written by Clinton.

COMPARE: ACTIVE

Performative verb:

A verb that states the action that is performed when the speaker uses the verb

Example:

I promise I will do it tomorrow.

Personal pronoun:

The seven pronouns as such are personal pronouns. I, we, he, she, it, you and they are

they.

Example:

You can do it.

Possessive:

The possessive form of the verb ends either -„s or s‟.

Example:

This is Clinton‟s car.

The boys‟ books are damaged.

Preposition:

A word such as in, on, by or above that comes before a noun or a pronoun or a noun-

phrase is called preposition.

Example:

The pen is on the table.

Prepositional phrase:

A group of words that consists of a preposition and its prepositional object

Example:

Behind our house, you could find a tree.

Pronoun:

A word that is used instead of a noun or a noun-phrase

Example:

We are students of this college.

Qualifier:

A word or a phrase that goes front a noun or a noun-phrase to talk about the quantity of

something

Example:

A little water is enough for this plant.

Ten students have been elected.

Relative clause:

A kind of subordinate clause that describes a noun that comes before it in a main clause

Example:

My bicycle, which I have left before your house, is twenty years old.

Reflexive pronoun:

The type of pronoun which says about itself

Example:

He himself came forward to teach us English.

Relative pronoun:

A pronoun which is used at the beginning of a relative clause

Example:

I do not know who committed this mistake.

Reported speech:

Speech that is reported without using the exact words of the speaker

This is also called indirect speech.

Example:

Clinton told us that Mr. John would not attend the function.

COMPARE: DIRECT SPEECH

REFER: INDIRECT SPEECH

Reporting clause:

A statement that reports what people think or say is often divided into reporting clause

and reported clause

Example:

She said that the building was unsafe.

Reported clause:

A statement that reports what people think or say is often divided into reporting clause

and reported clause

Example:

She said that the building was unsafe.

Simple sentence:

A sentence consisting of one clause

Example:

You are welcome.

State verb:

A verb that is used to describe a state rather than an action

Example:

We believe that you are the best.

COMPARE: ACTIVE VERB

Subject:

The person or the thing that does the action of the verb

Example:

The animals are grazing in the field.

COMPARE: OBJECT

Subjunctive:

The subjunctive is the set of verb forms used, mainly in rather formal English to talk

about possibilities rather than a fact.

Example:

We recommend that he be given the job.

Transitive verb:

A verb that takes an object

Example:

She is holding a bunch of flowers.

Two-word verb:

The verb which contains two words

Example:

She looked after her parents.

Three-word verb:

The verb which contains three words

Example:

He looked up to his older brothers.

REFER: PREPOSITIUONAL VERB

Prepositional verb:

The verb which uses preposition

Example:

He looked up to his older brothers.

REFER: THREE-WORD VERB

Phrasal verb:

The verb which uses a phrase

Example:

He looked upto his older brothers.

REFER: PREPOSITIONAL VERB

Wh-word:

A word that is used in wh- questions

Example:

Who is your wife?

Wh-question:

A question that begins with wh-

Example:

Where are you going?

Yes/no question:

A question that can be answered with yes or no

Example: Do you like coffee?

Vocabulary-Universe

Space:

Space means the whole universe including the earth.

Outer Space:

Outer Space means all space other than the earth. Outer space is vast.

Milky Way:

Milky Way is our home galaxy. The Milky Way is faint band of light crossing the night sky.

It consists of stars in the Plane of our Galaxy. Milky Way is a spiral Galaxy about 100,000

light years in diameter, containing at least 100 billion stars, like our sun.

Galaxy:

The cluster or bunch of billions stars. There are about 100 billion galaxies in the universe.

Nebula:

Nebula is the cloud of gas and dust in the space. Nebula is the birth-place of stars.

Solar System:

Solar System comprises of the sun and the nine other planets which orbit the sun.

The Sun:

The Sun is the star at the center of the solar system. The Sun is about 4.7 billion years

old and is composed about 70% hydrogen and 30% helium with other elements making

up less than 1%. The Sun is at the distance of about 32,000 light years from the center

of the Galaxy. The diameter of the Sun is 1,392,000km.

Planets:

The Planets are large celestial bodies in orbit around a star (SUN), composed of rock,

metal or gas. There are nine planets in our solar system. They are: Mercury, Venus,

Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus and Pluto.

Meteors:

Meteor, the flash of light in the sky, popularly known as falling star or shooting star is

caused by a particles of dust. Meteoroid is a piece of rock or metal like substance from

space that reaches the earth‟s surface or the surface of other celestial body.

Satellites:

Satellites are small bodies that orbit a large one, either natural or artificial..

The Moon:

The Moon is the natural satellite of our earth and is its nearest neighbor in space.

Comets:

Comets are small icy bodies orbiting the sun, usually on a highly elliptical path.

Light Year:

One light year is the distance light travels in one year at nearly 3, 00, 00 km a second.

This is the speed of the light.

Eclipses:

Eclipse is the passage of an astronomical body through the shadow of another.

Lunar Eclipse:

The moon is said to be in eclipse when the earth comes between the moon and the sun

and this is called lunar eclipse.

Solar Eclipse:

The sun is said to be in eclipse when the moon comes between the sun and the earth and

this is called as Solar Eclipse.

Tides:

The tide is rise and fall of sea level due to the gravitational forces of the moon and the

sun. The rise in the water level is called as high tide and the fall is called as low or ebb

tide.

Atmosphere:

Atmosphere is the mixture of gasses that surrounds the Earth, prevented from escaping

by the pull of the Earth‟s gravity.

Climate:

Climate is the weather conditions at a particular place over a period of time.

Deserts:

Deserts are arid areas without sufficient rainfall and consequently without vegetations to

support human-life.

Earth-quake:

It is the shaking of the earth‟s surface as a result of the sudden release of stresses built

up in the earth‟s crust.

Volcano:

Volcano is a vent (small opening) in the earth‟s crust from which molten, rock, lava,

ashes and gases are ejected.

Oceans:

Oceans are the great mass of slat water.

River:

River is a long water course that flows down a slope along a channel.

Lake:

Lake is a body of still water lying depressed around without direct communication with the sea.

phobia

Aerophobia : Irrational fear of aero planes or flying

Pterophobia : Irrational fear of aero planes or flying

Zoophobia : Irrational fear of animals

Apiophobia : Irrational fear of bees

Melissophobia : Irrational fear of bees

Ornithophobia : Irrational fear of birds

Haemophobia : Irrational fear of blood

Haematophobia : Irrational fear of blood

Gephyrophobia : Irrational fear of bridges

Taphophobia : Irrational fear of burial alive

Ailurophobia : Irrational fear of cats

Gatophobia : Irrational fear of cats

Pacdophobia : Irrational fear of children

Pnigophobia : Irrational fear of choking

Psychrophobia : Irrational fear of cold

Cheimophobia : Irrational fear of cold

Cyrophobia : Irrational fear of cold

Claustrophobia : Irrational fear of confined places

Demo phobia : Irrational fear of confined places

Scotophobia : Irrational fear of dark places

Nyctophobia : Irrational fear of dark places

Achluophobia : Irrational fear of dark places

Lygophobia : Irrational fear of dark places

Necrophobia : Irrational fear of death or dead bodies

Thanatophobia : Irrational fear of death or dead bodies

Bathophobia : Irrational fear of depths or deep places

Xerophobia : Irrational fear of deserts or dry places

Cynophobia : Irrational fear of dogs

Dipsophobia : Irrational fear of drinking or drunkenness

Phobophobia : Irrational fear of fear

Pyrophobia : Irrational fear of fire

Ichthyophobia : Irrational fear of fish

Xenophobia : Irrational fear of foreigners

Dora phobia : Irrational fear of fur

Microbiophobia : Irrational fear of germs

Phasmophobia : Irrational fear of ghosts

Thermo phobia : Irrational fear of heat

Acrophobia : Irrational fear of heights

Hypsophobia : Irrational fear of heights

Cremonophobia : Irrational fear of heights

Hippo phobia : Irrational fear of horses

Nosophobis : Irrational fear of illness

Pathophobia : Irrational fear of illness

Traumatophobia : Irrational fear of injury

Entomophobia : Irrational fear of insects

Astrapophobia : Irrational fear of lightning

Keraunophobia : Irrational fear of lightning

Monophobia : Irrational fear of loneliness

Auto phobia : Irrational fear of loneliness

Cremiophobia : Irrational fear of loneliness

Mania phobia : Irrational fear of madness

Lyssophobia : Irrational fear of madness

Androphobia : Irrational fear of men

Musophobia : Irrational fear of mice

Onomatophobia : Irrational fear of a particular word

Phonophobia : Irrational fear of sound

Gerascophobia : Irrational fear of old age

Agoraphobia : Irrational fear of open space

Keno phobia : Irrational fear of going out in public

Topophobia : Irrational fear of particular place

Toxicophobia : Irrational fear of poisoning

Iophobia : Irrational fear of poisoning

Maleusiophobia : Irrational fear of pregnancy

Thalassophobia : Irrational fear of sea

Galeophobia : Irrational fear of sharks

Hypnophobia : Irrational fear of sleep

Ophidiophobia : Irrational fear of snakes

Lalophobia : Irrational fear of speaking

Glossophobia : Irrational fear of public-speaking

Taco phobia : Irrational fear of speed

Arachnophobia : Irrational fear of spiders

Dromophobia : Irrational fear of streets or crossing streets

Eragsiophobia : Irrational fear of surgery

Tomophobia : Irrational fear of surgery

Triskaidekaphobia: Irrational fear of the number thirteen

Keraunophobia : Irrational fear of thunder

Brontophobia : Irrational fear of thunder

Tonitrophobia : Irrational fear of thunder

Siderodromophobia: Irrational fear of trains

Hodophobia : Irrational fear of travel

Hydrophobia : Irrational fear of water

Aqua phobia : Irrational fear of water

Hygrophobia : Irrational fear of water

Gynophobia : Irrational fear of water

Helminthophobia : Irrational fear of worms

Scoileciphobia : Irrational fear of worms

Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia is the fear of long words

Didaskaleinophobia is the fear of going to school

Phobatrivaphobia is a fear of trivia about phobias

mania

Dipsomania : Addiction to alcohol

Bibliomania : Addiction to books

Gephyromania : Addiction to crossing bridges

Ailuromania : Addiction to cats

Demo mania : Addiction to being in the crowd

Ochlomania : Addiction to being in the crowd

Necromania : Addiction to being with dead-bodies

Thanatomania : Addiction to experiencing death

Cynomania : Addiction to being in the dogs

Narcomania : Addiction to drugs

Phagomania : Addiction to excessive eating

Sitomania : Addiction to excessive eating

Phyromania : Addiction to raising fire

Pyromania : Addiction to being amidst fire.

Anthomania : Addiction to flowers

Hippomania : Addiction to horses

Mythomania : Addiction to lying or exaggerating

Egomania : Addiction to talking about oneself

Abhulutomania : Addiction to personal cleanliness

Megalomania : Addiction to exercising one‟s power

Hedonpmania : Addiction to excessive pleasure

Theo mania : Addiction to religious studies

Entheomania : Addiction to religious studies

Pluto mania : Addiction to being rich

Chrematomania : Addiction to being rich

Erotomania : Addiction to excessive sex

Nymphomania : Addiction to excessive sex

Satyromania : Addiction to excessive sex

Monomania : Addiction to one idea or thing

Kleptomania : Addiction to stealing

Tomomania : Addiction to surgery or undergoing surgery

Logomania : Addiction to talking & talking

Verbomania : Addiction to talking & talking

Dromomania : Addiction to traveling

Hodomania : Addiction to traveling Porimania : Addiction to traveling