© 2006 IARC

VOC Emissions:Correlation between testing methodologies

Dr. M Pharaoh, Dr. G.J.Williams, Ms. P Madden, Mr. N Reynolds

W M G, University of Warwick

M.Griffin (JLR)

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© 2006 IARC

ContentsContents

Background to the PARD programme and objectives Test programme, vehicles and micro-chamber

Correlation: micro-chamber vs 1m3 chamber vs Vehicle Need

Basic Comparison: overview of experimentation

Experimentation. Decay work, flow rate work, temperature work

Qualitative comparison

Future Work VDA 276

Modelling, increasing complexity of system parameters.

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© 2006 IARC

PARD Programme backgroundPARD Programme background

• The Premium Automotive Research and Development (PARD) Programme consists of a portfolio of research and development projects.

• Programme set up in 2003 with project deliverables to be achieved by 2010

• It is aimed at enhancing the manufacturing and design capabilities of automotive supplier companies, particularly in the West Midlands.

• The programme is supported by the Regional Development Agency, Advantage West Midlands together with numerous partner companies, including a lead partner, Jaguar & Land Rover.

• The International Automotive Research Centre was set up in the University’s Warwick Manufacturing Group to host the programme

• Project extension programme established early 2007 to run through to

March 2008

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© 2006 IARC

Background – PARD VIAQ ProjectBackground – PARD VIAQ Project

Objectives

Characterise vehicles and interior trim components against VIAQ limits

Identify realistic solutions to address any departures from VIAQ requirements.

Recommend suitable VIAQ test methodology and component performance specification.

Ensure effective dissemination of information to the project partners.

Achievements

Initial component evaluations have shown direct correlation with vehicle assessments

Assessment methodology has been developed for both vehicles and components.

Outputs from project work will be used within JLR materials specifications

A facility has been established to provide detailed analyses for project partners

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© 2006 IARC

Objectives for PARD ExtensionObjectives for PARD Extension

Determine correlation between accelerated microanalysis and recognised industry standards to measure component and materials emissions levels.

Conduct detailed investigation to minimise VOC emissions from identified components

Extend engagement to other potential partners and respective supply chains

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© 2006 IARC

VIAQ driversVIAQ drivers

Legislative

The last 3 years have seen increased focus in this area and regulatory requirements for 2008 for certain markets looks inevitable.

From April 1st, 2007, JAMA Voluntary Agreement for vehicle interior air quality

- 13 VOC’s (volatile organic compounds) to be monitored at 40°C.

China has signalled an intent to introduce VIAQ legislation (based upon JAMA voluntary agreement for 2007/2008 implementation)

Other Industries legislate in this area (e.g. construction industry)

Competitive

Concern exists regarding excessive exposure to VOCs causing occupant illnesses

National voluntary codes of conduct and anticipated legislation

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© 2006 IARC

Single µ- CTE Chamber Assembly

Sample tube

Flow controlling device•10 – 500 ml/min

Air/gas manifold supplying all 6 μ-Chambers

Heated block•Temps. up to 120°C

Micro-chamber•Diameter 45 mm•Depth 28 mm•Volume ~45 cm3

Heated air/gas supply

• The µ-CTE contains 6 Chambers in Total

Either as a cell or chamber

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© 2006 IARC

CorrelationCorrelation

Many tests available. Ease supplier load.

Ultimately want to be able to predict the performance of the vehicle from u-cte and VDA 276 type results.

Minimise VOC levels and ‘take control’ of odour.

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© 2006 IARC

Data ComparisonData Comparison

u-cte vs 1m3 chamber vs vehicle. Emission rate over time compared to volumetric analyses.

Effect of air flow over material surface

Re-adsorption onto surfaces

local material in-homogeneities

Temperature variation

Manufacturing process

Effect may vary with volatile type

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© 2006 IARC

Basic EquationBasic Equation

VDA 276. 1m3 full component data =

u-cte data for test temperature and surface air flow

x % for each substrate layer

x % for air exchange

x % reduction for age of materials (decay)

humidity effects

Test time differential

Mechanism for emission and surface interactions

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© 2006 IARC

Surface Interactions Surface Interactions

Still air: surface boundary layer

Bulk Material:- Density- Surface area- Molecular weights

Surface air flow

Bulk diffusion

Air Diffusion

Rapid Removalof VOCs

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Decay Data: Foams – 40CDecay Data: Foams – 40C

Time Decay of VOC from BI foam at 40deg

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 24 48 72 96

Time / hrs

No

rmal

ised

em

issi

on

rat

e

acetone

THF

Benzethaneamine

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© 2006 IARC

Decay Data: PVC coverings – 40CDecay Data: PVC coverings – 40C

Normalised decay

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1 6 11 16 21

day

no

rmal

ised

em

issi

on

rat

e

Acetone

Phenol

Dodecane

Isooctanal

acetone - start

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© 2006 IARC

Temperature Data: VOCs Temperature Data: VOCs

Effect of Temparature on the Emission of Selected Alkanes

0.E+00

5.E+06

1.E+07

2.E+07

2.E+07

3.E+07

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65

Temperature

Em

issi

on

Rat

e as

Pea

k A

rea

Decane

Undecane

Dodecane

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© 2006 IARC

Temperature Data: VOCs and RateTemperature Data: VOCs and Rate

Normalised Values of no. of VOCs and Emission rate

0%

200%

400%

600%

800%

1000%

1200%

1400%

1600%

25 40 60

Temperature

No

rmal

ised

Val

ues

No. of VOCs - start 44

Emission Rate

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© 2006 IARC

Temperature data: types of VOCTemperature data: types of VOC

No. of VOC vs Ret time

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Ret time

VO

C n

o.

60C

25C

40C

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© 2006 IARC

Qualitative Comparison: EasyQualitative Comparison: Easy

U-cte vs large chamber

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© 2006 IARC

Virtual FluxVirtual Flux

Steady stateperiod

Nom

inal

cha

mbe

r co

ncen

trat

ion

Time during test

Sample conditioningperiod

VOC levels minusAir exchange

Oven conditioning

sampling

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© 2006 IARC

Data ConclusionsData Conclusions

u-cte gives good reproducibility

decay data shows a strong dependence on the material properties, more than VOC molecular weight

strong temperature dependence: 2 x no. of volatiles, particularly of high Molecular weight and 10 x VOC emission rate

temperature effect of different test methods

sampling and storage protocol: potential for rapid decay means storage prior to testing in very important

manufacturing variability, our work shows there is a need for improved control of VOCs during production

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© 2006 IARC

Future Work Future Work

extensive test programme about to start on 1m3 chamber with the focus on VDA276

detailed work looking at greater depth on determining parameters: temperature, air flow, decay and material properties

fluid dynamics and diffusion modelling of the system

OEM consortium in place to develop common approach to testing

Supplier work

Continuing assessment of supplier materials

Follow on looking at manufacturing variability

Development of low VOC materials

© 2006 IARC

Environmental CompetenceEnvironmental Competence ProjectProject

Premium Automotive Premium Automotive

Research and Development ProgrammeResearch and Development Programme