àñvmdzm - shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/62648/8/08... · 2018. 7. 7. · 5...
TRANSCRIPT
àH$aU 1 bo
àñVmdZm 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 àmñVm{dH$àmñVm{dH$àmñVm{dH$àmñVm{dH$
_mZd hm g_mOerb àmUr Amho. Vmo Zoh_r g§K{Q>V g_mO H$éZ amhVmo. Amnbr
C{ÔîQ>o,JaOm,gm_m{OH$ C{Ôï>>o g_mZ AgUmè`m_Ü`o g_yhm§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. g_mOmV
g_m{OH$ JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mH$arVm _mZdmZo AZoH$ g§ñWm {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m AmhoV. CXm.
ì`mnma, H$maImZo, Am¡Úmo{JH$, e¡j{UH$ B. g§KQ>Zm {d{dY C{ÔîQ>o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r
g_mOmZo ñWmnZ Ho$boë`m AmhoV.
g_mOmMm {dH$mg hmoÊ`mgmR>r {ejUmMm \$ma _moR>m dmQ>m Amho. Ë`mgmR>r g_mOmZo
{ejU g§ñWm, emim, _hm{dÚmb`o B. g_mOmV {Z_m©U Ho$bobr AmhoV.
{d{dY joÌmVrb g§KQ>ZoV _mZdr KQ>H$ d ^m¡{VH$ KQ>H$m§Mr gwgyÌ Jw§\$U H$éZ Ë`m
g§KQ>ZoVrb C{Ôï>o gmÜ` Ho$br OmVmV. Ë`mH{$aVm àË`oH$ g§KQ>ZoV àemgH$s` g§KQ>Z,
ì`dñWmnZ, {Z`moOZ B. KQ>H$m§V `mo½` g§KQ>Z d {Z §ÌU amIUohr _hÎdmMo AgVo.
Amnë`m g§ñWoMr C{ÔîQ>o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r _mZdr KQ>H$m§Vrb nañna g§~§Y {H$§dm
Am§Va{H«$`m, ghH$m`©, g_Ýd`, Ë`m§Zm `mo½` _mJ©Xe©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r ZoV¥ËdmMr JaO AgVo.
Ë`mgmR>r ZoVm Am{U AZw`m`r `m§À`mVrb nañna g§~§Ym_wio Ë`m g§ñWoV gm_m{OH$
dmVmdaUmMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. Ë`m_Ü`o g§ñWoMr C{ÔîQo gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r àË`oH$mV CËgmh,
nañna ghH$m`m©Mo g§~§Y Ë`mVyZ AZw`m`m§Mo H$m`© g_mYmZ `mda Ë`m g§ñWo_Yrb
dmVmdaUmMr {Z_uVr hmoVo. ho dmVmdaU Iwbo qH$dm ~§{XñV ho VoWrb à_wI ZoVm Am{U
g^mgX/AZw m`r `m§À`m nañna g§~§Ymda VgoM Am¡nMm[aH$ d AZm¡nMm[aH$ g§~§Ymda
Adb§~yZ AgVo.
Aem àH$maÀ`m g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMm Aä`mg 1963 _Ü o hmbnrZ Am{U
H«$mâQ> `m§Zr Ho$bm Ë`m§Zr embo` g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMm Aä`mg H$éZ 6 àH$maÀ`m
dmVmdaUm§Mm emoY KoVbm.
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{ejH$ à{ejU hr EH${dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m n{hë`m XeH$mVrb EH$ g§doXZerb
g_ñ`m ~Zy nhmV Amho. {ejH$mbm à{ejsV H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmO JmdmoJmdr à{ejU
{dÚmb`o, _hm{dÚmb`o Am{U {dÚmnrR>o H$m ©aV AmhoV. ZdZdr _hm{dÚmb`o {Z_m©U hmoV
AmhoV. `m gd© KQ>H$m§Zm à{ejU åhUOo H$m` Am{U à{ejUmMo ì`mdgm{`H$ Am{U
ì`pŠVJV _hÎd H$m` Amho ho _m{hV Agmdo Ago dmQ>Vo. à{e{jV hmoÊ`mgmR>r AmO hOmamo
Vê$Um§Mr `m ì`dgm`mV `oÊ`mgmR>r YS>nS> dmT>V Amho. Ë`m_wio à{ejUmgmR>rMr àdoe
nÕVr hr nydunojm IynM ~Xbbr Amho. amÁ`ñVar` àdoe à{H«$ o_wio {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü`o `m
joÌm{df`r AmñWm, ào_ H$_r Pmë`mMo {XgyZ oVo.
_m{hVrÀ`m g§àofUmMo emñÌ Am{U H$bm AdJV Pmbr Va `m {ejH$m§Zm Amnbo
H$m`© Iè`m AWm©Zo à^mdrnUo H$aVm `oB©b. _m{hVrÀ`m `wJmV _m{hVrMo g§àofUmMo Zdo
emñÌ CX`mbm Ambo Amho. `m à{ejH$m§Zr bjmV KoVë`mg Ë`m§Zm ho emñÌ AmË_gmV
H$amdoM bmJob. åhUyZ {ejH$ à{ejUmMm Jm^m^yV KQ>H$ åhUoO g§àofU emñÌ hmo`.
{ejH$ à{ejU åhUOo {ejH$mÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ ì`mdgm{`H$ ^y{_Ho$Mm {dMma
H$ê$Z Ë`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr Agbobr j_Vm {dH${gV H$aÊ`mMo V§Ì hmo .
ho H$arV AgVmZmM {ejH$mMo ì`pŠV_Îd g§nÞ ~Zob `mH$S>o bj XoUo JaOoMo
Amho. `war A°Pmamoìh (Yuri Azarov) ZmdmÀ`m EH$m a{e`Z {ejUVÁkmZo Ë`m§À`m
""Teaching calling and skills'' `m J«§WmV {ejH$mÀ`m `m ^y{_Ho${df`r {b{hVmZm
åhQ>bo Amho.''
""To be a teacher is to be a member of special profession, The future
make up of a new generation of a country's citizen depends on teacher's
cultural, professional and general standards.''
`mMm AW© Agm H$s, {ejH$m§Mm ì`dgm` hm EH$ {deof ì`dgm` AgyZ Ë`mMm
à{V{ZYr {ejH$ `m {deof ì`dgm`mMm gXñ` AgVmo. XoemÀ`m ^mdr {nT>çm§Mr {Z{_©Vr
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H$aUmÀ`m {ejH$m§À`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ ì`mdgm{`H$ Am{U gd©gm_mÝ` XOm©daM ho Adb§~yZ
AgVo. {ejH$ à{ejU åhUOo {ejH$m§À`m {deof ì`dgm`mMr V`ma H$ê$Z KoUmar à{H«$`m
hmo`.
hr à{H«$`m _mÜ`{_H$ {ejH$ V`ma hmoVmZm H$er MmbVo, Ë`mM~amo~a _mÜ`{_H$
{ejUmMo _hÎd `m {df`r _m{hVr KoUo JaOoMo dmQ>Vo.
_mÜ`{_H$ {ejUmMo _hÎd
H$moUË`mhr XoemMr Wmoadr Ë`m XoemVrb _mZdr g§nÎmrdê$Z AmoiIbr OmVo. Á`m
XoemVrb _mZdr g§nÎmr gwOmU, gwg§ñH¥$V, g¥OZerb Am{U gwÑT> Amho Vmo Xoe lr_§V hmo .
{ejUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ _mZdmÀ`m A§Jr ho JwU g§nm{XV hmoD$ eH$VmV. Ë`mgmR>r AmYma^yV
{ejU hmo`.
ê$gmo {ejUm{df`r {b{hVmo -
""Plants are improved by cultivation and Man by Education'' {ejUm_wio
ì`{ŠVbm ì`ŠVr åhUyZ _mUygnU àmßV hmoVo. Vo {ejUmMr gwédmV _mÜ`{_H$
{ejUm_wioM. Vmo Amnë`m OrdZ_` B_maVrMm nm`m V`ma H$aVmo.
{ejU hm eãX ì`mnH$ AWm©Zo gd©Ì dmnabm Amho. {ejUmbm OrdZ^a MmbUmar
ghoVyH$ à{H«$`m Ago åhQ>bo Va _mÜ`{_H$ {ejUmbm `mM AWm©Zo B§J«OrV Secondary
Education Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
`m _mÜ`{_H$ {ejUmbm `mo½` AmH$ma XoUmam {ejH$ {VVH$mM à{e{jV {d{dY
j_Vm§Zr `wŠV Agbm nm{hOo. VgoM {ejH$mMo ì`pŠV_Îd A{YH$ g§nÞ H$go hmoB©b `mH$S>o
bj {Xbo nm{hOo.
{ejH$mÀ`m ì`pŠV_Îdm_Ü`o g§nÞVogmR>r {Za{Zamù`m j_Vm øm Agmì`m
bmJVmV. CXm. g§dmXj_Vm, ñd§`ì`dñWmnZ j_Vm, ghH$m`© j_Vm, g§Kf© ì`dñWmnZ
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j_Vm, ZoV¥Ëdj_Vm B. øm j_Vm {ejH$mÀ`m ì`pŠV_Îdmbm AmH$ma XoÊ`mgmR>r ^mdr
ì`dgm`mgmR>rMr _yb^yV ì`dgm` ZrVr Am{U ì`mdgm{`H$ H$m¡eë`o g§nmXZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r
Cn`moJr nS>VmV.
{ejH$mbm {dÚmÏ`mªMo _mZgemñÌ, AÜ`mnZmMr C{ÔîQ>o, AÜ`mnZmÀ`m nÕVr,
gm_m{OH$ Om{Udm, g§àofU H$m¡eë` B. ~m~VrV kmZ AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r
Ë`mbm XO}Xma à{ejUmMr {ZVm§V JaO Amho. AmOMr à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`o, {dÚmnrR>o
Am{U AÝ` à{ejU g§ñWm ho H$m_ H$arV AmhoV. Ë`mÑîQ>rZo {ejH$ à{ejUmMo _hÎd
{ejH$mbm Am{U Ë`m§Zm à{ejU XoUmè`m {d{dY KQ>H$m§Zm _mhsV AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
AmOÀ`m _mhsVr V§ÌkmZmÀ`m `wJmV ì`dñWmnZm_YyZ AZoH$ g§H$ënZm `m
{ejUjoÌmV `oV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio à{ejUmÏ`mª_Ü`o {d{dY j_Vm `m {dH${gV H$amì`m
bmJVmV, Ë`mVrb _hÎdmMr j_Vm hr ZoV¥Ëdj_Vm Amho. Ë`m j_VoMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mMr
AmO {ZVm§V Amdí`H$Vm Amho åhUyZ n«ñVwV g§emoYZ _hÎdmMo Amho. ZoV¥Ëd hm ì`pŠVJV
àm§V Amho. Ë`mbm AZoH$ Am`m_ AmhoV. VgoM ZoV¥Ëd {dH$gZerb Amho. ì`ŠVr BVam§er
hmoUmè`m XodmU KodmUrVyZ {_iUmè`m àË`m^aUmVyZ, g^modVmbÀ`m {dH$mgmVyZ gVV
ñdV:Mm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUV AgVmo. Ë`m_wio ZoVm ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUV AgVmo VgoM Vmo
~XbmMo à^mdr ì`dñWmnZ H$aV AgVmo.
`eñdr ZoV¥Îd JwUm§Vrb EH$ _hÎdmMr ~m~ åhUOo Ë`m ì`ŠVr_Ü`o H$mhr KQ>H$m§Mr
Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. CXm.
1. g§X^m©Mo AmH b$Z
2. dmñVdmMo ^mZ
3. ÐîQ>onUm
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ZoV¥ËdmMo j_Vm§Mm {dH$mg KS>dUo AË`§V _hÎdmMo AgVo. Am{U {ejH$
à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mg hm {ejH$ à{ejUmVyZ KS>{dUo JaOoMo Amho. H$maU
Vmo ^mdr {ejH$ Agë`mZo Ë`mbm {dÚmWu dJ© g_yhmMo ZoV¥Ëd H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo.
Xwgè`m eãXmV, ZoË`m§_Ü`o ^{dî`mV nmhÊ`mMr, `emg Amdí`H$ KQ>H$
AmoiIÊ`mMr VgoM H$_VaVm ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê`mMr j_Vm AgVo. ZoVo ho ZdmonH«$_dmXr VgoM
bmoH$m§Zm H$m`m©pÝdV H$aÊ`mV nwT>mH$ma KoUmao AgVmV. ZoË`m§Zm _yë`m§Mr Mm§Jbr OmU
AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
{ejUemñÌ _hm{dÚmb`mVrb dmVmdaU
{ejH$ à{ejUmVyZ ñdmñÏ`nyU© dmVmdaUmVyZ {ejH$ à{ejUmWv_Ü o ZoV¥Ëd
{dH$mg KS>dUo eŠ` AgVo. {ejUemñÌ _hm{dÚmb`m§Mm XOm© gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ
H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. `mgmR>r àñVwV g§emoYZmVyZ {ejUemñÌ _hm{dÚmb`mVrb
g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U {ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z `m_Yrb g§~§Y nm{hbobm
Amho.
{ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU ho {ZH$mon AgUo JaOoMo
AgVo. H$maU Aem dmVmdaUmVyZM {ejH$ à{ejUmMr C{ÔîQ>o `mo½`àH$mao gmÜ` Ho$br
OmVmV.
{ejH$ à{ejUmVyZ ^mdr emim§_Yrb ZoV¥ËdmMm {dH$mg gmYVm `oVmo.
{dZm AZwXm{ZV VÎdmdarb AZoH$ {ejUemñÌ _hm{dÚmb`mVyZ {ejH$ VgoÀm
{ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm d¡ pŠVH$ d gm_m{OH$ JaOmhr ^mJV ZmhrV. AemàH$mao {MÌ
{XgyZ `oV Amho. 21ì`m eVH$mV _m{hVrÀ`m wJmV JwUdÎmobm _hÎd Amho. Vr JwUdÎmm Oa
Zgob Va `mo½` à{ejU XoUo JaOoMo Amho. Ë`mgmR>r _mZdr g§~§Y ho A{Ve` _hÎdmMo
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AmhoV. g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU {ZH$mon amIÊ`mgmR>r H$m`©aV _mZdr KQ>H$mV ghH$m`©,
_mJ©Xe©Z {Z`§ÌU àemgZ `m KQ>H$m§Mo `mo½` g§KQ>Z H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.
amîQ´>>r` {ejH$ {ejU n[afX (N.C.T.E.) Zo XoIrb {ejH$ à{ejUmÀ`m
JwUmË_H$ {dH$mg hmoÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo {dMma Ho$bobm {XgyZ `oVmo.
{ejH$ n«{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U VoWrb {ejH$
à{ejUm{WªMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mg `m_Yrb g§~YmMm Aä`mg àñVwV g§emoYZmV H$aÊ`mV
Ambm Amho.
n«mMrZ H$mimV {ZgJm©À`m gm{ÝZÜ`mV {ejUmMr ì`dñWm hmoVr. VoWo {ejUmV
ñdV:Mo àemgZ hmoVo. Ë`mMm H$ma^ma AmMm`© d F$fr_wZrM Mmb{dV hmoVo. Ë`m_wio amOo
_hmamOo Ë`m àemgZmV H$moUVohr T>dim T>di qH$dm hñVjon H$arV ZìhVo. F$fr _wZtÀ`m
{dÛÎmonwT>o amOo _hmamOo ZV_ñVH$ hmoV hmoVo.
nmaV§Í`mMm H$mimV amÁ` H$Ë`mªÀ`m hmVmV {ejUmMo àemgZ Jobo.
{ejU ho OrdZmer g§~§YrV Agë`m_wio Ë`mMo Ü`o YmoaUo R>a{dUo d hr Ü`o
YmoaUo am~{dÊ`mmR>r XoemMr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[apñWVr, gm§n{ÎmH$ pñWVr, Amem AmH$m§jm, ho
gd© R>adyZ A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r e¡j{UH$ àemgZmMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. e¡j{UH$
n«emgZ d emioMm ^m¡{VH$ n[aga Mm§Jbm Agob Va Aem {ejU g§ñWmVrb
{dÚmWmªÀ`m_Ü`o ZoV¥Ëd JwUm§Mm {dH$mg hmoV AgVmo.
àñVyV g§emoYZm_Ü`o {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU
H$em àH$maMo AgVo d `m dmVmdaUmÀ`m VoWrb {ejH$ à{ejUmWuMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z
{dH$mgmda H$em àH$mao hmoVmo `mMm Aä`mg Ho$bobm Amho.
1.2 g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU - g§H$ënZm, ì`m»`m d AW©
g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU hr g§H$ënZm àW_ Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmVyZ {ejUmV Ambobr
Amho. AZoH$ gm_m{OH$ _mZgemókmZr Am{U g_mOemókm§Zr `m g§H$ënZoMm {dH$mg
KS>dyZ AmUbobm {XgyZ oVmo.
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g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU `m g§H$ënZobm Am¡Úmo{JH$ Am{U g§KQ>ZmË_H$ _mZgemó d
g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmJUyH$ `m joÌmV `m g§§H$ënZobm B{Vhmg Amho.
g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMm nm`m Wm°_g `m§Zr 1959 gmbr KmVbm. Ë`m§Zr
g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMr AmYw{ZH$ g§H$ënZm 1976 gmbr _m§S>br.
Wm°_g `m§Zr Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s -
1) EImÚm emioVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMm A§XmO hm Ë`m emioVrb àemgZmMr
daH$aUr nmhUr H$aVm ~m§YVm `oVmo.
2) emioÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r embo g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMm Aä`mg gmYZ åhUyZ
H$aVm `oVmo.
{d{dY g_mOemókmZr, _mZgemókmZr Am{U {ejUemñÌkmZr Am{U Vkm§Zr
g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmg§X^m©V {d{dY àH$maÀ`m ì`m»`m {Xboë`m AmhoV. H$mhr ì`m»`m
Imbrbà_mUo.
1) H$m°_}b ßbm§{gg ZoZoZoZo(1855) Mo åhUUo Amho H$s,
“Organizational climate is the result of interaction among persons
in the organization”
g§KQ>ZoÀ`m AmV H$m_ H$aUmè`m bmoH$m§_Yrb g§~YmMm n[aUm_ åhUOoM
g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Amho.
2) \$moaqhS> Or.E. (1864) À`m AZwgma
“Organizational climate is a process at operation level. The
essential variables that form part of the organizational properties are :
size, structure, system, complexity, leadership. pattern and goal”
AWm©V AmH$ma, én, nÕV ZoV¥ËdmMo àH$ma Am{U CÔoe ho g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMo
à_wI KQ>H$ AmhoV.
3) Om°ZgZ S>r. S>ãë`w (1870) `m§Zr g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmbm Imbrb eãXmV
ñnï> Ho$bo Amho. "g§KQ>ZoVrb gd© gXñ`m§Mo d ì`º$s_ËdmMo d¡{eîQ>o Am{U g§KQ>Z eº$s
{_iyZ g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU ~ZVo'.
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4) S>m°. e_m© E. Ama. (1970) `m§À`m AZwgma
"Organizational climate may be explained in terms of interaction
that takes place between organizational ingredients as they fulfill their
prescribed roles while satisfying their individual needs'.
AWm©V, "g§KQ>ZmÀ`m AmVrb bmoH$ Ooìhm Amnë`m d¡ {º$H$ Amdí`H$VoMr nyVu,
hoVy B. Amnë`m H$V©ì`mMo nmbZ H$aVmZm EH$ Xwgè`m§er ì`dhma H$aVmV Ë`mbmM
g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU åhUVmV.'
5) ~mD$Z EbZ (1867) À`m AZwgma
“Organizational climate is a eathetic pattern giving identity to sub
groups and the in living organizations”.
AWm©V - g§KQ>Zo_Ü`o H$m`©aV ì`º$s¨À`m g§~§YmMr ñdV§Ì AmoiI H$aUo åhUOoM
g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU hmo .
6) _mB©H$b (1963) AZwgma g§KQ>ZmMo {díbofU
“The process of analysis of school organization is done by
analyzing it in to component parts. The first is the organic nature of
what we are studying and the second is the fact that school does not
exist in isolation. ‘A school is a part of society and its purpose is to meet
need which are social as well as locational.”
AWm©V -
g§KQ>ZmÀ`m {díbofUmMr à{H«$`m g§KQ>Zobm {d^m{OV H$éZ Ho$br Omdy eH$Vo.
g§KQ>ZoVrb KQ>H$ ho ^mJ Ad`d`wº$ AmhoV d `mÀ`mer g§~§{YV Amho H$s Amåhr H$m`
Aä`mg H$arV Amho ? Xwgao nyU© VÏ` ho Amho H$s, g_mOmV {dÚmb` {H§$dm e¡j{UH$
g§ñWoMo Amnbo doJio ApñVËd amhV Zmhr Vmo g_mOmMm EH$ ^mJ AgVmo Am{U gm_m{OH$
qH$dm d¡ {º$H$ Amdí`H$VoMr qH$dm e¡j{UH$ d ì`mdgm{`H$ Amdí`H$VoMr nyVu H$aUo hm
Ë`m§Mm CÔoe AgVmo.
_mB©H$b doS>Z Zo {ejU joÌmVrb g§ñWm_Yrb g§KQ>ZoMo Mma _w»` ^mJ gyM{dbobo
AmhoV.
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1) Aä`mgmg§~§Yr Am{U Aä`mgnyaH$ g§KQ>Z - `mÀ`m A§VJ©V doimnÌH$,
{df`, AÜ`mnZ nÕVr {d{dY Aä`mg _§S>io, Aä`mgnyaH$ H$m`©H«$_m§Mo
g§KQ>Z B. g_mdoe hmoVmo.
2) {eñVrMo g§KQ>Z - {eñVrgmR>r {Z`_, {ejm qH$dm {eñVrÀ`m àVr
AÜ`mnH$m§Mr A{^d¥Îmr _w»`mÜ`mnH$ - {ejH$ `m§Mo `mo½` g§KQ>Z B. Mm
g_mdoe `mV Ho$bm Amho.
3) àemgH$s` g§KQ>Z -`m àH$mamV H$m`m©À`m {d^mOZmMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
`mV _w»`mÜ`mnH$ / àmMm`© {dÚmb` qH$dm _hm{dÚmb`mV Oo H$m ©
H$aVmV Vo àemgZmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo {dÚmÏ`mªZm gj_ ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r H$arV
AgVmV. Ë`mMo `mo½` g§KQ>Z hmoUo JaOoMo AgVo.
4) g§àofU - ~mø Am{U Am§V{aH$ g§KQ>Z - `m_Ü`o _w»`mÜ`mnH$ qH$dm
àmMm`© Amnë`m ghmæ`H$ {ejH$m§H$Sy>Z e¡j{UH$ H$m_ H$adyZ KoVmZm
{dMma {d_e© H$aVmV Am{U ì`dñWmnZ Am{U g_mOmVrb gXñ`m§er
g§nH©$ `mMo g§KQ>Z H$aVmV.
7) Q>°½`war d {bQ>drZ (1968)
`m§Zr EH$ nwñVH$ àH$m{eV Ho$bo `m_Ü`o dmVmdaU ~m§YUrMo ñdén Ë`m§Mr ì`m»`m
Am{U n« moJmda AmYm[aV {ZîH$f© _m§S>bo AmhoV.
dmVmdaUmMr g§H$ënZm 1939 bm hm eãX ApñVËdmV Ambm Agbm Var `m§Mr
g§nyU© ì`m»`m Am{U ñdén `mMr _m{hVr 1968 gmbr Q>°½`war d {bQ>drZ `m§Zr H$éZ
{Xbr.
8) go{ZS>a (1990) AZwgma -
"ì`{º$JV _mZdr _yë`o hr ~moYmË_H$ énmZo g§KQ>Zoda à^md Q>mH$VmV. H$s Á`m
~m¡{ÕH$ à^mdm_wio g§KQ>ZoMr Ü`o o d Ü`o nyVugmR>r bmJUmao `mo½` _mJ© gyM{dVmV.'
9) àrMS>© Am{U H°$a°{gH$ (1993)
àË`oH$ g§KQ>ZoVrb g^mgXm§À`m dV©Zmda g§KQ>ZoMo dmVmdaU Adb§~yZ AgVo.
10
"àË`oH$ g§KQ>ZoVrb A§VJ©V n`m©daU ho doJio AgVo H$s, Á`m_wio g§KQ>ZoVrb
g^mgXm§À`m dV©Zmda Am{U Ë`m§À`m YmoaUmda g§KQ>ZoVrb A§VJ©V dmVmdaUmMm n[aUm_
hmoVmo. '
10) A°e\$moW© (1994) åhUVmV, "àË`oH$ g§KQ>ZoVrb dmVmdaU d[að> Am{U H${Zð>
`m§À`m Am§Va{H«$`oda Adb§~yZ AgVo.'
11) {dë`_ (1996) `m§Zr Amnbr ì`m»`m g§KQ>ZoVrb g^mgXm_Ü`o AgUmao
dmVmdaU nmofH$ Amho H$s ~mYH$ `mdéZ Ho$bo Amho.
12) Ooåg (1997) `m§Zr Amnbr ì`m»`m g§KQ>Zm Amnë`m g^mgXm§À`m ^ë`mgmR>r
{H$VnV {dMma H$aVo `mda Ë`m g§KQ>ZoMo dmVmdaU Adb§~yZ AgVo `mda Ho$bobo Amho.
A) g§KQ>ZmË_H$ A§VJ©V dmVmdaU H$s, Oo Ë`m g§KQ>ZoVrb g^mgX AZw^dVmV.
~) Á`m dmVmdaUmMm Ë`m§À`m dV©Zmda à^md nS>Vmo Am{U Á`m dmVmdaUm_wio
g§KQ>ZoMr JwUd¡{eîQ>o d _yë`o ñnï> hmoVmV.
13) hmbnrZ Am{U H«$mâQ> (1963) `m§Zr {ejU g§ñWoVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$
dmVmdaUmMm emoY KoVbm. Ë`m§À`m _Vo g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU ho gm_m{OH$ dmVmdaU
Am{U e¡j{UH$ dmVmdaU `m§À`m {_lUmVyZ V`ma hmoVo.
ì`m»`m- "emioMo g§K{Q>V dmVmdaU ho g§K{Q>V ì`º$s_Ëdmà_mUo ~m§YVm `oVo, Ogo
ì`º$sbm ì`{º _Ëd AgVo Vgo àË`oH$ g§KQ>Zog dmVmdaU AgVo.' Aer H$ënZm Ë`m§Zr
_m§S>br.
darb ì`m»`m Am{U g§H$ënZoMm AW© `mdéZ Aä`mgmVyZ g§KQ>ZmË_H$
dmVmdaUmMo Imbrbn«_mUo d¡{eîQo gm§JVm `oVrb.
1) g§KQ>ZoV d[að> Am{U H${Zð> `m§À`m dV©Zmda qH$dm Am§Va{H«$`oVyZ dmVmdaUmMr
{Z{_©Vr hmoVo.
2) g§KQ>ZoVrb à_wI Am{U g^mgX `m§À`mVrb g§~¨Y {ZH$mon AgUo JaOoMo Amho.
3) g§KQ>ZoV H$m ©aV g^mgXm§Mo d¡ {º$H$ d gm_m{OH$ JaOm ^mJdÊ`mda g§KQ>ZmË_H$
dmVmdaU {ZH$mon d CËgmhnyU© dmVmdaUmV g^mgX H$m`© g_mYmZr AgVmV.
11
4) àË`oH$ g§KQ>ZoÀ`m dmVmdaUmV doJdoJionUm {XgyZ `oVmo.
WmoS>Š`mV àË`oH$ g§ñWoMr C{ÔîQo gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r _mZdr KQ>H$ Am{U ^m¡{VH$
KQ>H$m§Mo gwgyÌ Jw§\$U H$aUo / g§KQ>Z H$aUo åhUOo g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU.
CXm. {ejU g§ñWmV àmMm`© / _w»`mÜ`mnH$ {ejH$ - {dÚmWu, ì`dñWmnZ
_§S>i d g_mO `m_Ü`o nañna g§~Ym_wio Ë`m g§ñWoV EH$ àH$maMo gm_m{OH$ dmVmdaUmMr
{Z{_©Vr hmoVo. ho dmVmdaU àË`oH$ {ejU g§ñWo_Ü o doJio AgVo AWdm àË oH$ {ejU
g§ñWobm Ë`mMo ñdV:Mo g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU AgVo.
àñVwV g§emoYZmV g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMm emoY KoÊ`mgmR>r hmbnrZ d H«$m°âQ>
(1963) VgoM S>m°. _moVrbmb e_m© (1976) JwOamV `m§Zr emoYboë`m 8 KQ>H$m§À`m
AmYmao {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMm emoY KoÊ`mV
Ambobm Amho.
Vo KQ>H$ nwT>rbn«_mUo
gggg§§§§KQKQKQKQ>>>>ZmË_HZmË_HZmË_HZmË_H$ $ $ $ dmVmdaUdmVmdaUdmVmdaUdmVmdaUKQ>H$KQ>H$KQ>H$KQ>H$
1) 1) 1) 1) H$m`m©VH$m`m©VH$m`m©VH$m`m©V Z Z Z Z JwJwJ wJ w§§ §§VboboVboboVboboVbobo{{{{ejHejHejHejH$ $ $ $
(Disengement)
2) 2) 2) 2) {{{{ejH$mejH$mejH$mejH$m §§ §§À`mÀ`mÀ`mÀ`mH$m_mVrbH$m_mVrbH$m_mVrbH$m_mVrbAS>AS>AS>AS>WimWimWimWim
(Hindrance)
3)ñ3)ñ3)ñ3)ñ\\\\y$Vuy$Vuy$Vuy$Vu(Espirit)
4) 4) 4) 4) gbmoImgbmoImgbmoImgbmoIm / / / / _¡_¡_¡_¡ÌrnyUÌrnyUÌrnyUÌrnyU© g© g© g© g§§ §§~~~~§§ §§Y Y Y Y
(Intimacy)5) 5) 5) 5) ____w»`mÜ`mnHw»`mÜ`mnHw»`mÜ`mnHw»`mÜ`mnH$ $ $ $ / / / / àmMm`màmMm`màmMm`màmMm`m©© ©© §§ §§MrMrMrMrA{A{A{A{báVmbáVmbáVmbáVm
(Aloofness)
6)6)6)6)H$m`m©daH$m`m©daH$m`m©daH$m`m©da / / / / H$m_mdaH$m_mdaH$m_mdaH$m_mda ^a ^a ^a ^a (Production
Emphasis)
7)_7)_7)_7)_mZdrmZdrmZdrmZdrdmJUyHdmJUyHdmJUyHdmJUyH$ $ $ $
(Thrust)
8) 8) 8) 8) ghmZw yVrnyd©HghmZw yVrnyd©HghmZw yVrnyd©HghmZw yVrnyd©H
$ $ $ $ dV©ZdV©ZdV©ZdV©Z(Consideration)
12
1) 1) 1) 1) H$m`m©V Z Jw§Vbobo {ejH$$$$ (Disengement)
`m_Ü`o AmnUmg Ago {XgVo H$s, {ejH$ EH$Ì `odyZ Mm§Jbo H$m_ H$é eH$V
ZmhrV. Va EH$Q>o amhÿZ H$m_ H$aUo ng§V H$aVmV. g§K ^mdZm H$_r à_mUmV Ë`m§À`m dV©ZmV
{XgyZ `oVo.
2) 2) 2) 2) {ejH$m§À`m H$m_mVrb AS>Wim (Hindrance)
emioVrb / _hm{dÚmb`mVrb {ejH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m Zoh_rÀ`m AÜ`mnZ H$m`m©~amo~a
AZoH$ g{_Ë`m§_Ü o H$m_o H$aVmZm _w»`mÜ`mnH$, àmMm`© `m§À`m X~mdmImbr H$m_o H$amdr
bmJVmV. Ë`m_wio {ejH$m§À`m d¡ {º$H$ d gm_m{OH$ JaOm nyU© hmoV ZmhrV VgoM BVa
AZoH$ AS>MUr AgVmV.
3) 3) 3) 3) ñ\y$Vu (Espirit)
gd© {ejH$ CËgmhnyU© d Omo_mZo H$m`© H$aVmV. Ë`m§À`mV Cƒ ZsVr Y¡ © {XgyZ
`oVmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m d¡ {º$H$ d gm_m{OH$ JaOm nyU© hmoVmV Am{U Vo H$m`©g_mYmZr
AgVmV.
4) 4) 4) 4) gbmoIm / _¡ÌrnyU© g§~§Y (Intimacy)
`m_Ü`o {ejH$m§_Ü`o EH$_oH$m§_Ü`o _¡ÌrnyU© g§~Y AgVmV. CËgmh, AmZ§X d
_¡ÌrnyU© gm_m{OH$ g§~Y AgVmV. ghH$mar {ejH$m§_Ü`o K{Zð> g§~Y AgVmV.
darb Mma KQ>H$ `m {ejH$m§À`m dV©Zmg§~§{YV AmhoV. VgoM àmMm`mªÀ`m dV©Zm
g§X^m©V Mma KQ>H$ nwT>rb à_mUo.
5) 5) 5) 5) _w»`mÜ`mnH$ / àmMm`m©§Mr A{báVm (Aloofness)
`m_Ü`o _w»`mÜ`mnH$ / àmMm © ho Am¡nMm[aH$ d ì`º$s^md a{hV àmMm`mªMr
dmJUyH$ AgVo. {Z`_mZwgma OmUo YmoaUmZwgma OmUo `m JmoîQ>r OmñV ng§V H$aVmV. `mV
{ejH$m§er AZm¡nMm[aH$ Am{U g_moamg_moarb MMm© qH$dm g§~§Y Q>miVmV.
6) 6) 6) 6) H$m`m©da / H$m_mda ^a (Production Emphasis)
`m_Ü`o àmMm`© / _w»`mÜ`mnH$ {ejH$m§Mo ~maH$mB©Zo$ {ZasjU H$aUo, hþH$y_ XoUo,
H$m`m©da ^a, H$m`©àdUVm `mH$S>o A{YH$ bj XoVmV.
13
7) 7) 7) 7) _mZdr dmJUyH$ $ $ $ (Thrust)
`m_Ü`o àmMm © / _w»`mÜ`mnH$ ho ñdV:À`m CXmhaUmVyZ {ejH$m§Zm H$m`© àoaUm
XoVmV. `m_Ü`o {ejH$ ñQ>m\$Mo ~maH$mB©Zo {ZasjU ZgVo.
8) 8) 8) 8) ghmZw yVrnyd©H$ dV©Z (Consideration)
àmMm © / _w»`mÜ`mnH$ ghmæ`H$ {ejH$m§àVr ghmZw^yVrXe©H$ dV©Z d
_mZdVmdmXr Ñï>rH$moZ R>odVmV. {ejH$m§À`m _Vm§Mm {dMma H$aVmV.
darb 8 KQ>H$m§VyZ hmbnrZ d H«$m°âQ> (1963) VgoM S>m°. _moVrbmb e_m©
(1976) `m§Zr g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMo nwT>rbà_mUo 6 àH$ma emoYbobo AmhoV.
g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMo àH$ma
1) 1) 1) 1) _wŠV/Iwbo dmVmdaU (Open Climate)
_wº$ g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUm_Ü`o {ejH$ Amnë`m d¡ {º$H$ d gm_m{OH$
Amdí`H$VoMr nyVu H$aÊ`mV g\$b hmoVmV d ì`dgm`màVr g§Vwï> amhVmV. g§ñWoMo àmMm ©
/ _w»`mÜ`mnH$ {ejH$m§er _wº$ ì`dhma H$aVmV {ejH$ gwÕm Ë`m§Zm nyU© AmXa Am{U
gh`moJ XoVmV. Aem àH$maÀ`m dmVmdaUm_wio g§KQ>ZmË_H$ H$m`© Hw$ebVonyd©H$ MmbVo.
`m_Ü`o ZoV¥Ëd {Z{_©Vrbm g§Yr àmá hmoVo.
14
2) 2) 2) 2) ñdm`Îm g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU (Autonomous Climate)
ñdm`Îm / ñd`§em{gV dmVmdaU ho àmW{_H$ g_yhmVyZM OÝ_mbm `oVo. `m
g_yhmVrb EImXr ì`º$s Ë`m g_yhmMo ZoV¥Ëd H$aVmo. Vmo Ë`m ZoV¥ËdmMm Cn`moJ Ë`m g_yhmda
{Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r H$aVmo.
`m àH$maÀ`m dmVmdaUmV {ZVr{Z`_ / Zs{VY¡ © ho daÀ`m XOm©Mo AgVmV. `mVyZM
g§ñWoVrb bmoH$m§Zm g_mYmZ {_iV AgVo. `m dmVmdaUmV H$m`m©nmgyZ AWdm
H$V©ì`mnmgyZ hr g_mYmZ {_iVo. na§Vw Vo WmoS>o H$_r à_mUmV {XgVo.
3) 3) 3) 3) {Z`§{ÌV dmVmdaU (The Controlled Climate)
`m dmVmdaUmMo d¡{eïo> åhUOo ì`º$sbm ñdV:À`m H$m`m©Mr OmUrd AgVo. `m
dmVmdaUm_Ü`o {Z`§ÌU Agë`m_wio àË`oH$ ì`{º$À`m H$m_mMr gË`Vm {XgyZ `oVo. {Z`§{ÌV
dmVmdaUm_Ü`o Zs{V{Z`_ ho H$mQ>oH$moanUo nmibo OmVmV.
{ejH$m§À`m H$m`m©bm àoaUm d àe§gm {_iV Zmhr.
4) 4) 4) 4) n[a{MV g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU (Familiar Climate)
`m dmVmdaUmV àmMm`© / _w»`mÜ`mnH$ {ejH$m§er ñdV§Ì {_ÌdV ì`dhma H$aVmV. {OWo
{dÚmb`m_Ü`o EH$ g§K / n{admamgmaIo dmVmdaU AgVo. `mV Á`mà_mUo Hw$Qx¨~ à_þI
BVa gXñ`m§Zm EH$mM n[admamV AgÊ`mMr dmJUyH$ XoVmV. ZoV¥Ëd {Z{_©Vrbm dmd ZgVo.
5) 5) 5) 5) {nV¥H$ dmVmdaU (Paternal Climate)
`m àH$maMo g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUm_Ü`o àmMm`© / _w»`mÜ`mnH$m§Mo nyU© dM©ñd
AgVo. VemM àH$maMo H$m`© {ejH$m§Zm H$amdo bmJVo. _mÌ {ejH$ Amnbo Xm{`Ëd g§ _nUo
gm§^miVmo Ogo n[admamÀ`m _w»` ì`{º$bm n[adma gm§^miÊ`mgmR>r H$S>H$ amhmdo bmJVo
VgoM àmMm © / _w»`mÜ`mnH$ emioÀ`m / H$m°boOÀ`m {hVmgmR>r H$S>H$nUo H$m_ H$aVmV.
6) 6) 6) 6) ~§{XñV / H$m|XQ>> dmVmdaU (Closed Climate)
`m àH$maÀ`m g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUm_Ü`o _w»`mÜ`mnH$mZm / àmMm`mªZm
{ejH$m_Ü`o g§KQ>ZmÀ`m H$m`m©àVr H$moUVmhr CËgmh amhV Zmhr Va gd©M KQ>H$m§_Ü o
15
CXm{gZ VËd {XgyZ `oVo. `m_Ü`o àmMm © / _w»`mÜ`mnH$ {ejH$m§_Ü`o éMr KoV ZmhrV d
{ejH$ hr Amnë`m H$m_màVr bmnadmhr H$aVmV.
àñVwV g§emoYZmgmR>r g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMm emoY KoÊ`mgmR>r g§KQ>ZmË_H$
dmVmdaU nX{ZíM`Z loUrMm Cn`moJ H$éZ {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`m_Yrb
g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMm emoY KoVbobm Amho.
{ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU
{ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb dmVmdaU ho {ZH$mon hdo. H$moUË`mhr {ejU
g§ñWoV AJa _hm{dÚmb`mV g§ñWoMr Ü`o o ! C{ÔîQ>o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r _mZdr KQ>H$m§Mr d
^m¡{VH$ KQ>H$m§Mr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. `m XmoÝhr KQ>H$m§Mr gwgyÌ Jw§\$U H$éZ g§~{§YV
g§ñWoMr C{ÔîQo gmÜ` Ho$br OmVmV. Ë`mgmR>r g§ñWoV H$m`© H$aUmè`m _mZdr KQ>H$m§Mr
d¡ {º$H$ d gm_m{OH$ JaOm nyU© H$aUohr _hËdmMo AgVo. `mH$[aVm `mo½` ì`dñWmnZ
g§aMZm AgUo AË`§V JaOoMo AgVo. AWm©V {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mV Ü`o o gmÜ`
H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr {Z`_ d AmMma§{hVm {b{IV AWdm A{bIrV ñdê$nmV ApñVËdmV
AgVmV. CXm. `m_Ü o àmMm`© /{ejH$ à{ejH$, H$_©Mmar, {dÚmWu `m _mZdr KQ>H$m§Mo
g§KQ>Z H$aUo d Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z `mo½` JwUdÎmmnyd©H$ H$m`© H$adyZ KoUo d C{Ôï>màV OmUo
AemàH$mao {ejU g§ñWm_Ü`o {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mo g§KQ>Z H$amdo bmJVo. CXm. {dÚmÏ`mªZm
JwUdÎmmnyd©H$ g~b H$aÊ`mgmR>r darb _mZdr KQ>H$m§_Ü`o nañna g§~YmV Am¡nMm[aH$
g§~¨Y d AZm¡nMm[aH$ g§~§Y, n«ñWm{nV hmoUo JaOoMo AgVo. Am¡nMm[aH$ g§~¨YmV
{Z`_mZwgma H$m`m©Mr {d^mJUr, àemgH$s` g§KQ>Zm B. g_mdoe hmoVmo. EH$mM g§ñWoV H$m_
H$aUmè`m_Ü o AZm¡nMm[aH$ g§~Y {Z_m©U hmoVmV. Ë`m_Ü`o ghH$mar, {_Ì, K{Zð>Vm B.
g_mdoe hmoVmo. AemàH$mao Am¡nMm[aH$ d AZm¡nMm[aH$ g§~YmVyZ ì`º$sÀ`m d¡ {º$H$
JaOm Am{U gm_m{OH$ JaOm `mo½` à_mUmV ^mJVmV d Ë`m g§~§YmVyZ gm_m{OH$ dmVmdaU
V`ma hmoVo.
16
hmbnrZ d H«$m°âQ> (1963) `m§Zr {ejU g§ñWoVrb dmVmdaUmMm Aä`mg H$éZ
Ago ñnï> Ho$bo Amho. g§ñWoVrb dmVmdaU åhUOo g§ñWoMo ì`pŠV_Îd hmo . Á`mà_mUo
àË`oH$ ì`{º$bm ì`pŠV_Îd AgVo Vgo àË`oH$ g§ñWobm dmVmdaU AgVo.
g§ñWoVrb dmVmdaU hr EH$ Jw§VmJw§VrMr g§H$ënZm Amho. S>çwB©À`m _Vo {dÚmÏ`mªMo
AÜ`mnZ Ë`mg n«má e¡j{UH$ AZw^dmZwgma hmoVo d e¡j{UH$ AZw^dm§Mr JwUdÎmm VoWrb
dmVmdaUmda Adb§~yZ AgVo.
Mm§Jë`m d ñdmñWnyU© dmVmdaUmMo AZoH$ g§emoYH$m§Zr AZoH$ KQ>H$ gm§{JVbobo
AmhoV dmVmdaUmV nwT>rb KQ>H$ Amdí`H$ AmhoV.
1) g§K^mdZm
2) nañnam§{df`r Am{Ë_`Vm
3) bmoH$emhr {ZU© à{H«$`m
4) gdmªMo {_ÌËdmMo Am§Vag§~§Y
5) gw mo½` àË`m^aU
6) Iwbo g§àofU
7) àemgZr` bd{MH$Vm
8) nañna {dídmg
9) g§Kfm©Mo gw mo½` g_mYmZ
10) g_ñ`m {ZdmaU nÕVrMm Adb§~
11) àoaUm
12) gw mo½` {Z`omOZ
13) g¥OZerbVog dmd AgUo
14) g§KH$m`m©Mr ^mdZm
15) gw mo½` ZoV¥Ëd d {X½Xe©Z
16) gdmªMo gh^m{JËd
17) H$m`© g_mYmZ AmË_moÞVrMr ^mdZm B.
17
g§ñWoVrb (g§KQ>ZoVrb) dmVmdaU ñdmñWnyU© Agmdo åhUOo g§ñWo_Yrb gdmªMo
d¡ {º$H$ d gm_m{OH$ JaOm ^mJyZ H$m`m©Mo g_mYmZ {_iVo. Ago dmVmdaU {Z_m©U
H$aÊ`mgmR>r ZoV¥Îd nwadÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar àmMm`© / _w»`mÜ`mnH$m§Mr Agbr Var
àË`oH$mZoM Ago _¡ÌrnyU© d Iwbo dmVmdaU {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mg hmV^ma bmdbm nm{hOo. VaM
àË`oH$ g§ñWoV ñdmñWnyU© dmVmdaUmMr {Z{_©Vr hmoD$ eH$Vo.
Aem àH$maÀ`m dmVmdaUmVyZ {ejH$ à{ejUmWuMm ZoV¥Ëd {dH$mg KS>dUo
An{ojV Amho. AmOMm {ejH$ à{ejUmWu CÚmMm ^mdr {ejH$ AgVmo Ë`mÀ`mOdi
{dÚmÏ`m©Mo d ghH$mar {ejH$m§Mo ZoV¥Ëd H$aÊ`mgmR>r Mm§Jë`m {ejH$ à{ejU g§ñWmVrb
dmVmdaUmMm AZw d {ejH$ n«{ejUmWvZm {_iUo JaOoMo Amho. {ejH$ ZoV¥ËdmgmR>r
Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o j_Vm AgUo JaOoMo Amho. Ë`mH$[aVm ZoV¥ËdmÀ`m nwT>rb j_Vm§Mo {ejH$
à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVyZ {dH$mg hmoUo JaOoMo Amho.
1.3 ZoV¥ÎÎÎÎdddd j_Vm
Competency `m B§J«Or eãXmMm eãX H$moem_Ü`o {Xbobm AW© fitness,
capacity, sufficiency, Legal power Agm Amho.
`m{R>H$mUr {ejH$ {ejUmÀ`m g§X^m©Zwgma j_Vm åhUOo {ejH$mbm ñdV:Mr
^y{_H$m, ZoV¥Ëd `mo½` àH$mao ~OmdÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mÀ`m A§Jr Agboë`m eº$sMo qH$dm nmÌVoMo
nyaogo à_mU hr nmÌVm ì`{º¨$À`m A§Jr OÝ_OmV Agy eH$Vo qH$dm gamdmZo / à`ËZmZo Vr
H$_dVm oVo.
j_Vm§Mm gamd, à{ejU, g§Yr d n¹$dVm `m_wio hiyhiy {dH$mg hmoV AgVmo.
AemM ZoV¥Ëd j_Vm§Mm {dH$mg Amnë`mbm {ejH$ à{ejUmVyZ KS>dyZ AmUUo
Ano{jV AgVo.
ZoV¥Ëd hr g§H$ënZm g¨H$sU© d ì`mnH$ Aer Amho.
1.4 ZoV¥ÎdmMr g§H$ënZm
EImÚm ì`dgm`mV, g§ñWoV, Hw$Qw>§~mV, emioV {dÚmWu dJm©V {d{eï> C{Ôï> gmÜ`
H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ooìhm AZoH$ ì`º$s EH$Ì `oVmV Voìhm ì`º$s g_yhmÀ`m à`ËZm§Mr
18
n[aUm_H$maH$Vm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r d Ë`mÀ`m à`ËZm§Zm `mo½` {Xem XoÊ`mgmR>r à^mdr ZoË`mMr
Amdí`H$Vm AgVo.
{ejUmÀ`m g§MmbZ H$m`m©V ZoV¥Ëd hr g§H$ënZm A{^àoV Amho. ì`dgm`m_Ü`o gd©
KQ>H$m§Zm H$m`©àd¥Îm H$aUmam _hËdmMm KQ>H$ åhUOo ZoV¥Ëd hmo .
ZoV¥ËdmÀ`m H$mhr ì`m»`m nwT>rbn«_mUo gm§JVm oVrb.
ì`m»`m
1) qH$W S>opìhg (1998)
"{ZpíMV C{ÔîQ>o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r BVam§Zm àd¥Îm H$éZ àmoËgm{hV H$aÊ`mMr
`mo½`Vm åhUOo ZoV¥Ëd hmo .'
2) Aë\$moS>© d ~oÅ>r (1999) `m§À`m AZwgma
"X~mdmMm dmna Z H$aVm Amnë`m ghH$mè`mH$Sy>Z, g_yhmH$Sy>Z Ë`m§À`m ñdoÀN>oZo
Ano{jV H¥$Vr H$éZ KoÊ`mMr j_Vm åhUOo ZoV¥Îd hmo .'
3) MoñQ>a ~ZmªS>© (1982)
ZoV¥Îd åhUOo ì`º$sÀ`m dV©ZmMo Ago JwU H$s, Á`m_wio Vmo BVa ì`{º$Zm Ë`mÀ`m
g§K{Q>V à`ËZm_Ü`o _mJXe©Z H$aVmo.
4) am°` Am{U ~ohbtJ (1984)
"Leadership is the process of influencing the activities of an
organized group toward goal achievement'.
AWm©V -
"ZoV¥Îd åhUOo C{Ôï>m§À`m nyV©VogmR>r g§K{Q>V g_yhmbm à^m{dV H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m
hmo`.'
Richards and Engle (1986)
"Leadership is about articulating visions, embodying values, and
visions, embodying values, and creating the environment within which
things can be accomplished.'
19
AWm©V - "ZoV¥Ëd åhUOo {d{eï> Ñï>rH$moZmMr {Z{_©Vr _yë`m§Mr àñWmnZm d
gm_y{hH$ à`ËZ `eñdr hmoÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` dmVmdaU {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m hmo .'
O°H$moãg Am{U O°H$sg (1990)
"ZoV¥Ëd åhUOo gm_y{hH$ à`ËZm§Zm (AW©nyU© {Xem) CÔoí`nyU© {Xem XoÊ`mMr à{H«$`m
VgoM C{Ôï>m§À`m nyV©VogmR>r EopÀN>H$ à`ËZm§Mr gdmªJrU dmT> H$aUo åhUOo ZoV¥Ëd hmo`.'
B©. EM. eoBZ (1992) (E.H. Schein)
Leadership is the ability to step outside the culture..... to start
evolutionary change processes that are more adaptive.” "ZoV¥Ëd åhUOo g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>r~mho~a OmdyZ gm_y{hH$ OrdZmer ghO
OwiUmè`m CËH«$m§V ~Xbm§Mr à{H«$`m hmo .'
S´>mW Am{U nmbg (1992) (Drath & palus)
"Leadership is the process of making sense of what people are
doing together so that people will understand and be committed'.
"bmoH$ gm_y{hH$ OrdZmer ~m§Ysb ahmdoV d Amnë`m à`ËZm§Mr Ë`m§Zm OmU
Agmdr `mÑï>rZo gm_y{hH$ à`ËZm§Zm AW©nyU© OmUrd XoÊ`mMr à{H«$`m åhUOo ZoV¥Îd hmo .'
hmD$g BQ>. Ab. (1999) House et. al.
"Leadership is the ability of an individual to intluence, motiveate,
and enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success
of the organization. '
"g§KQ>ZoMo `e d n[aUm_H$maH$Vm `mV à^mdr gh`moJmMr ì`{º$JV j_Vm
d¥ÕtJV H$aUo ào[aV H$aUo d BVam§Zm H$m`©àdU H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m åhUOo ZoV¥Ëd hmo`.'
H$moPog Am{U nm°ñZa (2002) Kouzes & Posner
"Leadership is a relationship between those who aspire to lead
ad those who choose to follow.'
"ZoV¥Ëd åhUOo ZoV¥Ëd H$aÊ`mMr BÀN>m AgUmao d AZwH$aU H$aÊ`mMr BÀN>m
AgUmao KQ>H$ `mVrb nañna g§~§Y hmo .'
20
ìh°boÝPw`bm (2007) Valenzuela
"Leadership is the ability of developing and communicating a
vision to a group of people that will make that vision true.'
"gm_y{hH$ OrdZmMm X¥{ï>H$moZ dmñVdmV CVa{dÊ`mgmR>r g_yhmbm Amdí`H$ Ñï>r
XoÊ`mMr {dH$gZerb d gwg§dmXr à{H«$`m åhUOo ZoV¥Ëd hmo .'
ë`w{gAa (2004)ë`w{gAa (2004)ë`w{gAa (2004)ë`w{gAa (2004) _Ü`o ZoV¥Ëd e¡br~m~V {dMma _m§S>bm
"ZoVo AZw m§ mer Am§Va{H«$`m gmYV AgVmZm Amnë`m A§JMo ñdm^m{dH$ JwU,
H$m¡eë`o Am{U dV©Z `m dmnam§Mm {_bm\$ åhUOo ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z/e¡br hmo .'
ZoV¥ËdmVrb dV©UyH$sMo gmVË`nyU© bjUo ho ZoË`m§Mo d¡{eîQ>ç AgVo.
Zm°W© hmD$g (2004) `m§Zr gy{MV Ho$bo H$s, doJdoJù`m g§X^m©V ZoVm Amnë`m
AZw`m§ mer H$gm dmJVmo ? `m ~m~VrV e¡br Ñï>rH$moZmZo ZoV¥ËdmMm Aä`mg ì`mnH$ Ho$bobm
Amho.
`mnydu ZoV¥ËdmMm Omo Aä`mg Pmbm Ë`m_Ü`o dV©Z hr g§km {XgVo. nU AmYw{ZH$
boIZmV e¡br hr g§km {XgVo XmoÝhtMm AW© VmoM Amho.
WmoS>Š`mV dasb ì`m»`m§Mm {dMma H$aVm ZoV¥ÎdmMr d¡{eîQo nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm
`oVrb.
1.4.1 ZoV¥ÎÎÎÎdmMr d¡{eîQo
1) ZoV¥Ëd hr AZw m`m§Zda à^mdmMr à{H«$`m Amho.
2) ZoV¥Ëd hr ~m¡{ÕH$ à{H«$`m Amho.
3) ZoV¥Ëdmbm AZw`m`r Agmdo bmJVmV.
4) ZoV¥Îd à{H«$`oV ZoVm Am{U AZw`m`r `m§À`m_Ü`o H$m`©g§~§Y Agbo nm{hOoV.
5) ZoV¥ÎdmV ZoVm Am{U AZw m`r `m§À`m_Ü o {dídmg Agbm nm{hOo.
6) ZoVm Amnë`m AZw`m`m§Mm AmXe© Agmdm
7) g_yhmbm Amdí`H$ Ñï>r XoÊ`mMr d {dH$gZerb d gwg§dmXr à{H«$`m AgVo.
8) gm_y{hH$ OrdZmV gm_y{hH$ à`ËZm§Z AW©nyU© {Xem XoÊ`mMr VmH$V ZoV¥ËdmV AgVo.
21
9) ZoVo gm_y{hH$ OrdZmer ~m§{YbH$s AgUmao AgmdoV.
10) ZoV¥ËdmÛmao A{^àoaU, _mJ©Xe©Z, g§KQ>Z Am{U {ZX}eZ H$obo OmVo.
11) ZoV¥Ëdm_Ü`o gd© AZw m`mÀ`m _Vm§Zm / {dMma§mZm g_mZ dmJUyH$ {Xbr nm{hOo.
12) ZoË`m§H$S>o g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mMo, n[apñWVrMo `mo½` AmH$bZ H$aÊ`mMo d Ë`mdaVr
`mo½` {ZU©` KoÊ`mMr gj_Vm AgUo JaOoMo AgVo.
13) ZoË`mOdi ghH$mè`m§À`m CÎm_ H$m_{JarMr XIb KoUo Am{U àË`m^aU XoÊ`mMr
j_Vm AgVo.
14) ZoË`mbm CÎm_ àemgZ d ì`dñWmnZmMo kmZ AgVo.
Z°H$ (2005) Zo XoIrb _hm{dÚmb`m§Zr ZoV¥Îd {dH$gZmgmR>r à{gÕ ì`ŠVtMr
ì`m»`mZo Am`mo{OV H$amdr. Jar~ {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r g§JrV, H$bm Ago {d{dY H$m`©H«$_
Am`mo{OV H$éZ {ZYr Jmoim H$amdm, Ë`mM~amo~a H$a_UwH$sMo H$m`©H«$_, n`m©daUr`
H$m`©H«$_, dmX{ddmX, gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$m`©H«$_, {Z~§YboIZ, EImÚm _m{gH$mMo g§nmXZ Ago
H$m`©H«$_ _hm{dÚmb`m§Zr Am`mo{OV H$amdoV.
_hm{dÚmb`m_Ü`o EZ.Eg.Eg.`w{ZQ>, EZ.gr.gr.`w{ZQ>, {d{eï> _{hbm EZ.Eg.
Eg. Agmdo. amï´>r` gU d CËgdmbm {dÚmÏ`mªZm _hm{dÚmb`mV `oUo A{Zdm © Agmdo.
eŠ` Pmë`mg Am§VaamÁ`m_Ü`o {dÚmÏ`mªMr gm§ñH¥${VH$ AXbm~Xb H$amdr. àË`oH$
_hm{dÚmb`m_Ü o ÑH$lmì` gm{hË` AgmdoV.
_hm{dÚmb`m_Ü`o g§Kf© ì`dñWmnZ, ES²>g OZOmJ¥Vr, dm°bnmoñQ>g© ho H$m ©H«$_
EZ.Eg.Eg. H$Sy>Z H$adyZ ¿`mdoV. {d{dY emIoVrb CXm. AmQ>©g², gm`Ýg, H$m°_g© `m
emIoVrb {dÚmÏ`mªZr EH${ÌV `odyZ H$m`©H«$_ Am`mo{OV H$amdoV. {dÚmÏ`mªZm AÜ`mnZmV
gh^mJr H$éZ ¿`mdo, Ë`mM~amo~a Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z {d{dY àH$ën H$adyZ ¿`mdoV. VgoM
{dÚmÏ`mªZm {d{dY joÌ^oQ>rgmR>r KodyZ Omdo. _mJ©Xe©Z d g_ynXoeZ `m§Mo H$m`©H«$_, {e~rao
Am`mo{OV H$amdrV. `moJm à{ejUgwÕm _hm{dÚmb`mZo Am`mo{OV H$amdoV.
_hm{dÚmb`mMo e¡j{UH$ ghbgwÕm Xadfu Am`mo{OV H$amdoV.
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1.4.2 ZoV¥Ëdm{df`H$ {gÕm§V
à^mdr ZoV¥ËdmgmR>r H$mhr {d{eï JwU à^mdrZoË`mÀ`m A§Jr AgUo ho _mÝ` H$aUo
åhUOo ZoV¥ËdmÀ`m JwUmda AgUmam {gÕmÝV _mÝ` H$aUo hmo`. dmñV{dH$ nmhVm ZoV¥Ëd ñnï>
H$aÊ`mgmR>r hm EH$_od {gÕmÝV ZgyZ, BVahr {gÕmV ZoV¥ËdmÀ`m ñnîQ>rH$aUmgmR>r dmnabo
OmVmV Vo nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.
1) JwU {df`H$ {gÕm§V
`m {gÕ¨mVmZwgma `eñdr ZoË`mOdi H$mhr emar[aH$, _mZ{gH$ Am{U ì`{º$_Ëd
{df`H$ JwU AgVmV. nU hm {gÕmV H$mhr àH$aUmVM Iam _mZVm `oVmo H$maU gd©M
à^mdr ZoË`m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmMo ahñ` `m {gÕmVmda {dg§~yZ ñnï> H$aVm oV Zmhr. CXm _hmË_m
Jm§Yr
2) ZoV¥Ëd dV©UyH$ {df`H$ {gÕm§V
Á`m nÕVrZo ZoVm H$m_ H$aVmo Ë`mMr Amnë`m AZw m§ mer dV©UyH$ H$go AgVo ?
Ë`mda hm {gÕ¨mV AmYm[aV Amho `m {gÕmVmda Á`m g§emoYH$mZo g§emoYZ Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zm Ago
AmT>ibo H$s, ZoË`m§Mr dV©UyH$ XmoZ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ AmO_mdVm oVo.
A) H$_©Mmar H|$ÐrV dV©UyH$ - `m_Ü`o H$_©Mmè`m§Mo {hV d JaOm `m§Mm OmñVrV OmñV
{dMma Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio gh^mJ `wº$ ì`dñWmnZmV dmT> hmodyZ Ë`mMm n[aUm_
ZoË`mÀ`m H$m`©j_VoV {XgyZ `oVmo.
Am) CËnmXZ H|$ÐrV dV©UyH$ : H$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUr Ago dmVmdaU {Z_m©U Ho$bo OmVo H$s,
Á`m_wio H$m_mMo ñdén ì`d[ñWV g§K{Q>V Ho$bo OmVo. `m_Ü o g_Ýd` gmYbm
OmVmo. Ë`mMo ñdén AemàH$mao {Z`§{ÌV Ho$bo OmVo H$s H$_©Mmè`m§Zm H$m` H$m_
H$amd`mMo ? H$go H$amd`mMo ? `mMm CbJS>m hmoVmo.
3) n[apñWVr{df`H$ {gÕm§V
`m {gÕm§VmZwgma ZoV¥Ëd H$aÊ`mMr Hw$dV ì`º$sÀ`m g_m`moOZ H$m¡eë`mda
Adb§~yZ AgVo. n[apñWVrMm doY KoUo, n[apñWVr da n[aUm_ H$aUmè`m KQ>H$m§Mm
Aä`mg H$éZ Ë`m§Mm ZrQ> AW© bmdUo d Ë`mà_mUo OéarMo Cnm``moOZm H$aUo B. KQ>H$m§Mm
23
`m {gÕmÝVmV g_mdoe hmoVmo. n[apñWVr_Ü o ^m¡{VH$ KQ>H$, g§ñWm, JQ>mMr C{ÔîQ>ço d
g§ñWoMr g§ñH¥$Vr VoWrb gm_m{OH$ Zs{V{Z`_, na§nam, _yë`o `m gdmªMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
ZoV¥Ëd ñnï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVmhr EH$ {gÕmV nwaogm Zmhr. åhUyZ g§emoYZmZwgma
gd© g_mdoeH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ ZoV¥ËdmMm {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo. d[ab VrZ {gÕmVmÀ`m
Am§Va{H«$`oVyZ ZoV¥Ëd hr g§H$ënZm CJ_ nmdVo. Vo KQ>H$ nwT>rbà_mUo :
1) ZoVm d Ë`mÀ`m A§Jr Agbobo {d{eï JwU
2) AZw`m`m§Mo {d{eï> àíZ, JaOm, Ñï>rH$moZ B.
3) n[apñWVr
`m J¥hrVH$mbm àUmbr nÕVr Ago åhUVmV AmOH$mb gm_m{OH$ emóm§Mo ~aoMgo
{gÕmV àUmbr nÕVrda Adb§~yZ AmhoV.
g§KQ>Zo_Yrb ZoË`m§À`m A§Jr AgUmao ì`{º$JV JwU
ZoV¥Ëd hr ì`mnH$ g§H$ënZm Amho. ZoË`mMo H$m`© qH$dm ^y{_H$m EImÚm
g§KZm`H$mgmaIo AgVo. ZoË`mbm g§KQ>ZoMr C{ÔîQ>o nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r ghH$mè`m§Mr JaO
AgVo. Aem ghH$mè`m§_Ü`o {d{dY ñd^md, d¥Îmr {dMmam§À`m bmoH$m§Mo ZoV¥Ëd Ë`mbm H$amdo
bmJVo.
EH$ àH$maMo ì`dñWmnH$mMr y{_H$m Ë`mbm nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r ZoË`m_Ü o Imbrb
JwU AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
24
darb AmH¥$Vr _Yrb {d{eï> JwUm§da ZoË`mMo ZoV¥Ëd Adb§~yZ AgVo. ZoË`m
{df`H$ qH$dm à^mdr ZoV¥ËdmH$[aVm AZoH$ Vkm§Zr d g§emoYH$mZr 100 EH$ JwUm§Mr `mXr
{Xbobr Amho.
Ë`mVrb darb AmH¥$Vr à^mdr ZoV¥ËdmH$[aVm {H$_mZ JwUm§Mr `mXr {Xbobr Amho.
Ë`m gd© JwUm§Mm {dH$mg à{ejUmVyZ hmoD$ eH$Vom.
1.4.3 ZoV¥ÎdmMo _hÎd
àË`oH$ ì`dgm` / g§KQ>Zm AWdm {ejUg§ñWm B. _Ü o à^mdr ZoV¥Ëdm{edm`
g§ñWoMr C{ÔîQ>o gmÜ` hmoUo AeŠ` Amho. Ë`mgmR>r ZoV¥ËdmMo _hËd g§~{YV g§ñWobm d
g_mOmbm n`m© mZo Xoembm Ë`mMr AË`§V JaO AgVo.
ZoV¥Ëd JwU
{Z`moOH$
g§KQ>H$
g_Ýd`H$
{X½Xe©H$
{ZU©` à{H«$`m
H$m`©àoaH
{Z`§ÌU
g§doXZerb
_yë`_mnZ H$aUmam
25
Imbrb AmH¥$Vr_YyZ ZoV¥Ëd _hËd ñnîQ> Ho$bobo Amho.
darb AmH¥$Vr_YyZ ZoV¥ËdmMo _hËd bjmV `oVo. g§KQ>ZoVrb ZoV¥Ëdm_wio g_mOmMr
C{Ôï>m§Mr nyVu hmoVo. g_mOmbm àJVrÀ`m {XeoZo _mJ©Xe©Z, g§KQ>Z d àoaUm {_iVo. `m gd©
KQ>H$m§Mm {dH$mg gmYÊ`mgmR>r CÎm_ / à^mdr ZoV¥ËdmMo _hÎd AZÝ`gmYmaU Amho.
1.4.4 ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z / e¡btMo àH$ma
ZoV¥Ëd dV©ZmV ZoË`mÀ`m JwUm§Mm, j_Vm, H$m¡eë`o Am{U dV©Z `m§Mm {_bm\$
åhUOo ZoV¥Ëd e¡br AWdm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z hmo .
`mnydu ZoV¥ËdmMm Aä`mg Pmbm Ë`m_Ü o dV©Z hr g§km {XgVo. nU AmYw{ZH$
boIZmV e¡br hr g§km {XgVo. `m Xmohm|Mm AW© EH$M Amho. ZoV¥Ëd e¡br / dV©Zm~m~V Mma
doJdoJio Ñï>rH$moZ AmhoV.
ZoV¥Ëd _hÎd
{d{dY H$m`m©V EH$gyÌVm
gwg§dmX gmYZo
ì`dgm`mer {Zð>m
g~brH$aU
_mZdr g§~§Y OmonmgUo
g_mOmMr C{Ôï>o nyU© H$aUo
{ dÚmÏ`mªZm àoaUm XoUo
gm_m{OH$ JaOm§Mr nyVu
CÎm_ _mJ©Xe©Z
{ dÚmÏ`mªZm àoaUm XoUo
26
1) Am`mo dm {dÚmnrR> e¡br Ñ{ï>H$moZ hm Ñï>rH$moZ gdm©V OwZm Amho.
2) Xwgam Ñï>rH$moZ {_{eJZ {dÚmnrR> A_o[aH$m
3) Amo{hAmo amÁ` {dÚmnrR> A_o[aH$m
4) ãboH$ Am{U _m±Q>Z `m§Mo ì`dñWmnH$s` Omio (Grid)
darb ZoV¥Ëd e¡brÀ`m 4 Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ Aä`mg H$éZ Imbrb n«H$maMo ZoV¥Ëd
e¡brMo àH$ma gy{MV Ho$bobo AmhoV. Ë`m§ZmM ZoV¥Ëd e¡brMo àH$ma åhUVmV. Vo
nwT>rbà_mUo:
Hw$Q>© bo{dZ d ghH$mè`m§Zr ì`dñWmnH$m§À`m ZoV¥Ëd e¡brda g§emoYZ Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zm
XmoZ àH$ma AmT>ibo.
1) EH$m{YH$ma ZoV¥Ëde¡br qH$dm dV©Z
`m àH$mam_Ü`o ZoVm ñdV: {ZU©` KoVmo. H${Zð>m§Zm Amkm XoUo, hþHy$_ JmO{dUo, d
H${Zð>m§Mo n`©dojU d ~maH$mB©Zo [ZarjU H$aUo B. Jmoï>r `m e¡brV {XgyZ `oVmV.
2) bmoH$emhr ZoV¥Ëde¡br
`mMr d¡{eîQ>ço gdm©Zw_Vo {ZU©`m§Zm àoaUm d gm§[KH$ H$m`m©bm _hÎd AgVo. `m_Ü o
H${Zð>m§À`m _Vm§Mm {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo. `m n«H$mam_Ü`o H${Zð>m§Mo n`©dojU ZgVo.
3) ~XbVr ZoV¥Ëde¡br (Transformational Leadership)
Zm°W© hmD$g 2004 `m§Zr g§emoYZmVyZ Ago gw{MV Ho$bo H$s, ~XbVr ZoV¥Ëde¡br
g§KQ>ZoVrb ^mdZm, Zs{V_yë` XyyaJm_r Ü`o o, JaOm `mda ~XbVo ZoV¥Ëd g§H$ënZm Adb§~yZ
Amho.
`m_Ü`o ~XbV OmUmè`m j_Vm§da OmñV bj AgVo.
S>mD$Z Q>Z (1973) "~XbVo ZoV¥Ëd' hm eãX. hm eãXà`moJ àW_ "ao~b
{bS>a{en H${_Q>_ÝQ> A°ÝS> H$[aî_m BZ E [aìøë`wEeZ àmogog' `m Ë`m§À`m nwñVH$mV
AmT>iVo.
AmOn`ªV 1/3 g§emoYZ ~XbVr ZoV¥Ëd e¡br `mda Pmbobr {XgyZ `oVmV. Ago
Ho$.~r. bmo Am{U S>ãby Eb JmS>©Za `m§Zr 2001 _Ü`o XmIdyZ {Xbo.
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Oo. E_. ~Z©g d ~r. E_. ~mg `m§Zr Á`m H$ënZm _m§S>ë`m Ë`mdaVr `m
g§H$ënZoMm Aä`mg Adb§~yZ Amho.
`yb (2002) åhUVmV AmXmZ àXmZmË_H$ ZoV¥Ëd e¡br Am{U ~XbVo ZoV¥Ëd
e¡br `m XmoÝhr e¡br AZw m`mda à^md nmS>Ê`mgmR>r dmnaVmV. VgoM AZw`m`mda ZoË`m§Mm
à^md H$gm nS>Vmo ? ho OmUyZ `m dV©ZmMm Aä`mg H$aVmV.
4) A{Z`§{ÌV ZoV¥Ëd / Iwbo ZoV¥Ëd
`m àH$maÀ`m ZoË`m_Ü`o ~XbUmao AmXmZ - n«XmZmË_H$ dV©ZmMr d¡{eîQ>o {XgyZ `oV
ZmhrV. `m_Ü`o ZoVm hm Ho$di Zm_Ymar amhVmo. H$moUVohr _mJ©Xe©Z H$arV Zmhr g§KQ>Zm
Am{U ~møeº$s `m§À`m_Yrb g§nH©$ _mÜ`_ AgVmo.
Á`mdoir JQ>mVrb bmoH$ AË`§V ~w{Õ_mZ AgVmV d Ë`m§Zm Amnbr y{_H$m Am{U
O~m~XmarMr nyU© OmUrd AgVo. Amdí`H$ kmZ d H$m¡eë`o Ë`m§À`mOdi AgVmV VoìhmM
hr e¡br `eñdr hmody eH$Vo.
~XbVo ZoV¥Îd dV©Z nwT>rb dV©Zmda Adb§~yZ AgVo. Ë`m dV©Zmdê$Z H$mhr ZoV¥Ëd
e¡brMo àH$ma {XgyZ `oVmV Vo nwT>rbn«_mUo :
A) AmXe©dV dV©Z
`m àH$maÀ`m ZoË`m§da AmXe©dmXr à^md AgVmo. `m àH$mamVrb ZoVm hm
AZw`m`mgmR>r AË §V AmXe© AgVmo, Ë`mÀ`m Odi Cƒ XOm©Mr Zs{V_yë o
AgVmV VgoM ZoVm Amnë`m AZw m`m§Zm XyaÑï>r d Ü`o m§Mr OmUrd H$éZ XoV
AgVmo.
~ ) CËñ\y$V© àoaUm
Á`m ZoË`m_Ü`o `m àH$mamMm JwU AgVmo Vo AZw`m`m§Zm Cƒ Anojm gmÜ`
H$am`bm ào[aV H$aVmV. gm§{KH$ ^mdZoMm {dH$mg H$aVmV. àoaUmXm`r d
àmoËgmhZna ^mfU H$aVmV d AZw m`m§Zm Ysa XoUmao eãX dmnaVmV.
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H ) ~m¡{ÕH$ CÎmoOZ XoUmao ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z
`m àH$mamVrb ZoVo AZw`m`m§À`m Zd {Z{_©Vrbm àmoËgmhZ XoVmV.
Zm{dÝ`mÀ`m AZwH$aUmbm àmoËgmhZ XoVmV. éT> Jmoï>tZm AmìhmZ XoÊ`mg ^mJ
nmS>VmV.
S ) ì`{º$JV gmamgma {dMma H$aUmao ZoV¥ÎÎÎÎd e¡br
`m àH$mamVrb ZoVo AZw m`m§À`m ì`{º$JV JaOm EHy$U KoVmV, Ë`mZwgma
g„m XoVmV VgoM _XVrMo AZwHy$b dmVmdaU {Z_m©U H$aVmV.
5) AmXmZ àXmZmË_H$ dV©Z
`m_Ü`o XmoZ àH$maMo dV©Z {XgyZ `oVo.
A) AZw`m`m§À`m H$m_mÀ`m AZwf§{JH$ ~jsg XoVmo. AZw m`r Oo H$aVmV Ë`mMo
_yë`_mnZ ~jsg énmZo Ho$bo OmVo. `mV ZoV¥ËdmMm hmM à`ËZ AgVmo.
~) AndmXmZo ì`dñWmnH$ dV©Z : {d{eï> H$m`m©gmR>r Ooìhm H$mi _`m©Xm AgVo,
{ZpíMV à_mUHo$ qH$dm H$mhr {d{eï> R>a{dboë`m Jmoï>r `m§Mr nyV©Vm hmoV
Zmhr. H$m_ Ë`m§À`m _`m©Xo~mhoa Omdy bmJVo. Aemdoir d[að> A{YH$mar
hñVjon H$aVmo Vmo gwYmaÊ`mgmR>rM g_sjU H$aVmo ZH$mamË_H$ à~bZ XoVmo.
`m_Ü`o XmoZ CnàH$ma nS>VmV.
1) g{H«$` dV©Z d 2) {Z[îH«$` dV©Z
g{H«$` dV©ZmMo d¡{eîQ>o Ago H$s, MyH$ Vm~S>Vmo~ gwYmabr OmVo.
Am{U {ZîH«$s` dV©ZmÀ`m àH$mamV Á`mdoir à_m{UV Jmoï>r qH$dm à{H«$`m
An`er R>aVmV. Ë`mMdoiobm `m {Z{îH«$` dV©ZmMm ZoVo dmna H$aVmV.
6) g§K ZoV¥Ëd (Zm°W© hmD$g 2004)
`m§Zr ì`m»`m nwT>rbà_mUo Ho$br Amho.
Á`m bmoH$m§Mr g_mZ Ü`o o AgVmV VgoM hr Ü o o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$_oH$mer
g_Ýd` gmYZmè`m H¥$Vr H$aVmV. Aem nañnam§da Adb§~yZ AgUmè`m OZ g_wXm`mÀ`m
ZoV¥Ëdmg g§K ZoV¥Ëd Ago åhUVmV.
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~XbË`m OJmV doJmZo hmoUmè`m gwYmaUm ~mOmanoR>oVrb doJdmZ ~Xb, J«mhH$m§À`m
~XbË`m JaOm CËnm{XV dñVy§Mo Aënm`wfr `m_wio g§KQ>Zm§Zm Ë`m§À`mVrb OZg_yhmdaVr
Adb§~yZ amhmdo bmJVo Am[U `mgmR>r ZoV¥Ëd Mm§Jbo AgUo AË §V JaOoMo Amho. ZoV¥ËdmMr
H$m`©o AË`§V Jw§VmJw§VrMo AgVmV.
AemàH$mao dasb gd© ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z àH$mam§À`m Aä`mgmVyZ Ago {XgyZ `oVo H$s,
H$moUË`mhr joÌmVrb ZdrZ ~XbË`m g§KQ>Zm§À`m H$m`©j_Vm d g§KQ>ZoMm {dH$mg
gmYÊ`m_Ü`o ZoË`mMo `moJXmZ A{Ve` _hÎdmMo Amho.
gd©gm_mÝ` nUo {ejU joÌmVrb ZoV¥ËdmMm {dH$mg gmYÊ`mgmR>r {ejH$ ZoV¥ËdmMm
{dMma H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. ~XbË`m OJmV àË`oH$ joÌmVrb ZoV¥ËdmV ~Xb H$aÊ`mgmR>r
ZoË`m§Odi _hÎdmMr ZoV¥Ëd j_Vm AgUo JaOoMo Amho.
1.4.5 {ejH$ ZoV¥ÎÎÎÎd {dH$mg
H$m`© d O~m~Xmar `m_Ü o EH$mH$s / ì`{º$JV ZoV¥ÎdmÀ`m _`m©Xo_wio Ago _moR>çm
à_mUmV AmT>iyZ Ambobo Amho H$s ,{deofV: `w. Eg. E. H°$ZS>m, Am°ñQ>o{b`m `m Xoem_Ü o
{ejH$ ZoV¥ÎdmÀ`m àH$mam_Ü`o ~Xb Pmbobo {XgyZ Ambo.
A_o[aHo$_Ü`o Joë`m XeH$mV {ejH$ ZoV¥Ëd H$m`©H«$_ _moR>çm à_mUmV dmT>bobo
AmhoV. VgoM {ejH$ ZoV¥ËdmMr g§H$ënZm g§emoYH$mZr Am{U ì`dgmB©H$m§Zr _moR>çm
n«_mUmV ñdrH$mabr Amho.
{ejH$ ZoV¥Ëd åhUOo {dÚmWu dJ© g_yhmMo ZoV¥Îd Am{U embo {ZU©`mV A{YH$ma
XoÊ`m~m~V Amho.
{ejH$ ZoV¥ÎÎÎÎdmMr ì`m»`m - {ejH$ ZoV¥Ëdm~m~VÀ`m ì`m»`m AZoH$ VÁkm§Zr {Xboë`m
AmhoV. {H$ Á`m ZoV¥Îdm~m~VÀ`m nma§nm[aH$ _Vm§er doJionU Xe©dVmV.
dmñbo (2006) `m§Mr ì`m»`m {ejH$ ZoV¥Îd åhUOo "Amnë`m {dÚmWu g_yhmg d
ghH$mar {ejH$m§Zm ~XbÊ`mg d ZoV¥Îd pñdH$maÊ`mg àd¥Îm H$aUo hmo`.'
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_m°ba Am{U H°$PoZ_o a (2001) `m§Mr ì`m»`m
"{ejH$ ZoV¥Îd åhUOo {ejH$ Omo dJm©V Am{U dJm©~mhoa ZoV¥Îd H$aVmo, Am{U
{dÚmWu, ghH$mar {ejH$ d ZoVo `m§À`m g_yhmer g§~§Y OmoS>Vmo. Am{U gwYm[aV e¡j{UH$
H¥$VrH$S>o BVam§Zm di{dVmo Vo {ejH$ ZoV¥Îd hmo`.'
`m ì`m»`oV Ago {XgyZ `oVo H$s, ZoV¥ËdmÀ`m nma§n[aH$ {dMmam§À`m CbQ> darb
ì`m»`oV {ejH$ ZoV¥Ëdmg gm_y{hH$ ñdénmV _mZbo Amho. H$s Á`m_Ü`o gd© {ejH$ {_iyZ
EH$Ì H$m`© H$[aV Agë`mZo Ë`mÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmMm {dH$mg hmoVmo d Vo VÁkhr hmoVmV.
1.4.6 {ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Îd dV©Z {dH$mg
{d{dY àH$maÀ`m ì`dgm` H$m`m©V AZoH$ ì`º$s, H$_©Mmar, A{YH$mar åhUyZ ^mJ
KoV AgVmV `mÑï>rZo ì`dgm` H$m`m©V ^mJ KoUmè`m gd© ì`º$s åhUOo EH$ ì`º$s g_yh
R>aVmo. n«Ë`oH$ ì`dgm`mV àemgZmMr ì`dñWmnZmMr JaO AgVo. H$maU {Z`mo{OV C{ÔîQ>o
gmÜ` H$aÊ`mH$[aVm Ë`m_Yrb H$m`©aV ì`{º$§Zm `mo½` _mJ©Xe©Z, H$m_mMr dmQ>Ur d Ë`mMr
àË`oH$mH$Sy>Z A§_b~OmdUr B. Jmoï>tMm {dMma H$aUo H«$_àmá AgVo. hr gd© H$m ©o
ZoË`m_m\©$V Ho$br OmVmV. ì`dgm`mVrb ZoV¥ËdmMm n[aUm_ d à^md ì`dgm`mVrb {d{dY
ì`º$s¨À`m H$m`m©da, H$m`©nÕVrda, dV©Zmda d {dMma H$aÊ`mda {XgyZ `oVmo.
Ho$di amOH$maUmVM ZoV¥Ëd AgVo Ago Zìho Va àË`oH$ ì`dgm`mV g§KQ>ZoV,
CnH«$_mV ZoV¥ËdmMr JaO AgVo. CXm. Am¡Úmo{JH$ CnH«$_mV hr _w»` ì`dñWmnH$ g§KQ>ZoMo
ZoV¥Ëd H$aV AgVmo. Ë`mMà_mUo {d{dY {d^mJ à_wI hr Amnmnë`m {d^mJmMo ZoV¥Ëd
H$arV AgVmV.
ZoV¥Ëd hm g§MmbZmMmM EH$ ^mJ Amho. g§MmbZm_Ü`o JQ>mbm qH$dm g_yhmbm
g§K{Q>V H$éZ C{Ôï>nyVuÀ`m {XeoZo MmbZm XoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. ZoV¥Ëd ho ì`dñWmnZ
H$m`m©Vrb EH$ _hÎdmMo VËd Amho.
ì`dñWmnZ d ZoV¥Ëd `m XmoÝhrhr JwUm§Mr nyV©Vm EH$mÚm ì`dñWmnH$m_Ü`o AgobM
Ago ZgVo.
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`mdéZ g§KQ>ZoV ì`dñWmnH$s` H$m¡eë`mà_mUoM CÎm_ ZoV¥Ëd j_Vm§Mr
Amdí`H$Vm AgVo.
{ejU à{H«$`oV gVV Am§Va{H«$`m KS>V AgVmV. Ë`m Am§Va{H«$`o_wio g_yh OrdZ
JVr_mZ ~ZVo. ì`º$sda {d{dY g§ñH$ma hmoVmV Am{U Ë`mVyZ ì`{º$À`m dV©ZmV ~Xb hmoV
AgVmV dJ© g_yhmV AÜ``ZmÏ`mªda OmUrdnyd©H$ g§ñH$ma Ho$bo OmVmV. e¡j{UH$ n[agamV
g_yhmMo _hËd AZÝ` gmYmaU Amho.
{ejH$ hm {dÚmWu dJ© g_yhmMm ZoVm AgVmo. Ë`mMà_mUo BVa ghH$mar, H$_r
AZw^dr {ejH$m§Mm Vmo _mJ©Xe©H$, {dÚmÏ`mªMo `mo½` _yë`_mnZ H$aUmam, {ZU©` à{H«$`oV
gh^mJ KoUmam d {df`m~m~V VÁk BË`mXr Jmoï>tMo ZoV¥Ëd {ejH$mH$S>oM AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r
Ë`mÀ`m CÎm_ ZoV¥Ëd dV©ZmMm {dH$mg hmoUo JaOoMo Amho.
àñVwV g§emoYZmVyZ {ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mgmMo à_mU
emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bobm Amho. S>m°. Om°Z ñ_rW `m§Zr ZoV¥Ëd dV©ZmÀ`m j_Vm§Mm
nX{ZíM`Z loUrÛmao emoYbobo 8 j_Vm nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.
ZoV¥ËdZoV¥ËdZoV¥ËdZoV¥Ëd dV©ZmÀ`mdV©ZmÀ`mdV©ZmÀ`mdV©ZmÀ`mj_Vmj_Vmj_Vmj_Vm
1) 1) 1) 1) gggg§§§§d oXZerbVmdoXZerbVmdoXZerbVmdoXZerbVm(Empathy)
2) 2) 2) 2) àË`m^aUàË`m^aUàË`m^aUàË`m^aUj_Vmj_Vmj_Vmj_Vm
(Feedback) ) ) )
3) 3) 3) 3) gggg§§§§nmXZnmXZnmXZnmXZj_Vmj_Vmj_Vmj_Vm
(Achievement)
4) 4) 4) 4) ì`dgm`mì`dgm`mì`dgm`mì`dgm`m{{{{df`rdf`rdf`rdf`r
{{{{ZðZðZðZð>m >m >m >m (Commitment)
5) 5) 5) 5) H$m ©j_VmH$m ©j_VmH$m ©j_VmH$m ©j_Vm(Performa
nce)
6) 6) 6) 6) g~brH$aUg~brH$aUg~brH$aUg~brH$aU(Empower
ment)
7) 7) 7) 7) gggg§§§§àofUàofUàofUàofU(Communicat
ion)
8)8)8)8)àoaUmàoaUmàoaUmàoaUm XoUmamXoUmamXoUmamXoUmamàoaHàoaHàoaHàoaH$ $ $ $
(Motivation)
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1) g§doXZerbVm (Empathy)
`m_Ü`o {ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm à{ejUmVyZ ZoV¥ËdmMm {dH$mg KS>V AgVmo. `m
KQ>H$mV Xwgè`m§Mo AZw^d AZw^dÊ`mMr Hw$dV, Ë`mM~amo~a ghH$mè`m§À`m g_ñ`m d
JaOm OmUyZ KoÊ`mMr j_Vm.
2) àË`m^aU j_Vm (Feedback)
`m_Ü`o ZoË`m_Ü`o AZw`m`m§{df`H$ JwU J«mhH$Vm, bmoH$m§Zm AmoiIUo, g§K ^mdZm
`mo½` àË`m^aU XoUo B.
3) g§nmXZ H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm / g§nmXUyH$ j_Vm (Achievement)
^mdZm§Mo AmXmZ àXmZ AZw`m`rZm OwÝ`m {dMmamVyZ Zì`m {dMmamH$S>o ào[aV H$aUo.
Zì`m Jmoï>tMm g§nmXZ H$aÊ`mg àd¥Îm H$aUo.
4) ~m§{YbH$s / ì`dgm`m{df`r {Zð>m (Commitment)
ì`dgm`m{df`r AmdS> {Zð>m O~m~XmarMm pñdH$ma Z¡{VH$Vm AZw m`m_Ü o
{dídgZr` ^mdZm {Z_m©U H$aUo B. nmÌVm AgUo.
5) H$m`©j_Vm (Performance)
AZw`m§Zm C{Ôð>màV didUo, àË`oH$ d¡ {º$H$ ghH$mè`m§À`m H$m`©j_Vo{df`r
doimodoir Zm|X KoUo CËgmh d Amem, {dídmg {Z_m©U H$aUo, {ZU© j_Vm B.Mm g_mdoe
hmoVmo.
6) g~brH$aU (Empowerment)
g§KQ>ZoVrb BVa g^mgXm§Zm ZoV¥ËdmMr g§Yr {Z_m©U H$aUo Ë`m§À`m Amem,
AmH$m§jm, JaOm§Mm {dMma H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm, gÎmoMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU B. j_Vm Amdí`H$
AmhoV.
7) g§àofU (Communication)
g§^mfU H$m¡eë` `m_Ü`o g§KQ>ZoVrb gwg§dmX dmT>dUo CXm. EImXm KQ>H$ H$Wm /
qH$dm à{VH$ énmZo g_OmdyZ XoÊ`mMr j_Vm dº¥$Ëd d g§^mfU H$m¡eë` j_Vm.
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8) àoaUm XoUmam àoaH$ (Motivation)
g§KQ>ZoMr AWdm g§ñWoMr C{ÔîQ>o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZw m`m§Zm ào[aV H$aUo d
AZw`m§Mr_Yrb gwá JwUm§Mm \$m`Xm {H§$dm Cn`moJ C{Ôð>m§er qH$dm _yë`m§er OmoS>Uo `mo½`
H$m_m~Ôb ~jsg XoUo em{ãXH$ A{^Z§XZ H$aUo B.
{ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd {dH$mg à{ejUmVyZ KS>Uo JaOoMo AgVo H$maU
AmOMm à{ejUmWu hm CÚmMm {ejH$ ZoV¥Ëd H$aÊ`mg g_W© AgUo `mMr OmUrd H$éZ
XoUo _hËdmMo Amho.
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnyaer g§b{¾V H$moëhmnya {OëømV 10 {ejUemñÌ
_hm{dÚmb`mn¡H$s (8 {ejUemñÌ _hm{dÚmb`o) EH$ dfm©Mm {ejH$ à{ejU
Mmb{dUmao ~r.ES>. _hm{dÚmb o d XmoZ (~r.E.~r.ES²>. EH$mpË_H$ {ejUemñÌ
_hm{dÚmb`o) Aem {ejUemó _hm{dÚmb`mVyZ {ejH$ à{ejUmMo H$m`© MmbVo.
àñVwV g§emoYZm_Ü`o {ejUemó _hm{dÚmb`m§Vrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U
{ejH$ à{ejUmWuMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mg `mMm emoY KoVbobm Amho. VgoM g§KQ>ZmË_H$
dmVmdaU Am{U {ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mgmMo à_mU `m_Yrb g§~§Y
emoYbobm Amho.
1.5 àñVwV g§emoYZmMr JaO
AmO OmJ[VH$saUmÀ`m àdmhmV {ejUmMr ì`mnH$Vm dmT>V Mmbbobr Amho.
Ë`mM~amo~a {ejH$ à{ejU d {ejH$s noemV àdoe KoUmè`m§Zr XO}Xma n«{ejU KoVbo
nm{hOo. Á`m Aä`mgH«$_mÛmao Am{U à{ejUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ì`{º$bm AÜ`mnH$s`
ì`dgm`mgmR>r d H$m`m©gmR>r KS>{dbo OmVo. Ë`m {ejUmbm d Aä`mgH«$_mbm {ejH$
à{ejU Ago åhUVmV. gmh{OH$M à{ejUmWuda VoWrb dmVmdaUmMm n[aUm_ hmoVmo. `m
à{ejUmVyZ {ejUemñÌmMm n[aM`, AW©, Ü o d C{ÔîQ>o, AÜ``Z AÜ`mnZmVrb
à{H«$`m Ë`m§Mo ñdén, {gÕ§¨mÝV {d{dY à{H«$`m, _yë`_mnZ nÕVr, embo ì`dhma `m§Mm
emóewÕ n[aM` Ë`m§Mr `WmW© OmUrd H$éZ {Xbr OmVo. Mm§Jë`m {ejH$mbm ZoV¥ËdmgmR>r
Amdí`H$ j_Vm§Mm {dH$mg H$aUo CXm. AÜ`mnZ H$m¡eë` {dH${gV H$aÊ`m~amo~a ghH$mar
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{ejH$m§Mm _mJ©Xe©H$, {dÚmWudJ© g_yhmÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmgmR>r Amdí`H$ JwUmMm {dH$mg d
V`mar H$éZ KoUo ho {ejH$ n«{ejUmMo C{Ôï> hmo`. nU {ejH$ n«{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb
g§KQZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMm {ejH$ à{ejUmWudarb n[aUm_ åhUOo VoWrb _mZdr KQ>H$
åhUOoM àmMm`©, {ejH$ à{ejH$, H$_©Mmar `m§À`mVrb Am¡nMm[aH$ d AZm¡nMm[aH$
g§~ ¨YmVyZ Ë`m _hm{dÚmb`rZ dmVmdaUmMm g§~Y {ejH$ à{ejUmWuer oV AgboZo Vo
dmVmdaU {ZH$mon d e¡j{UH$ AgUo JaOoMo Amho. Ë`mVyZM {ejH$ ZoV¥ËdmMr {Z{_©Vr hmoV
Agë`mZo _hm{dÚmb`rZ à{ejUmVyZ Mm§Jë`m dmVmdaUmMm n[aUm_ ^mdr {ejH$m§gmR>r
Cn`wº$ d H$m`© g_mYmZ H$aUmam Agmdm.
{ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`m_Yrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmg§X^m©V Iyn H$_r
Aä`mg Pmbobm Amho.
VgoM {ejH$ n«{ejUmWuÀ`m ZoV¥Ëd dV©Zm~m~VrV g§emo{YV gm{hË`mMo Aën
à_mU {ejUmVrb `m joÌmÀ`m àJVrÀ`m JaOoda ^a XoVo {ejH$ à{ejUmWu hm ^mdr
{ejH$ AgVmo Am{U ^{dî`H$mimVrb à^mdr d Mm§Jë`m d n[aUm_H$maH$ {ejH$
ZoV¥ËdmÀ`m j_Vm§Mm {dH$mg {ejH$ n«{ejU KoV AgVmZmM hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
åhUyZ {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmg§X^m©V Am{U
n«{ejUmWuMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mg `m g§X^m©V A{YH$m{YH$ {dH$mg g§emoYZmË_H$ Aä`mg
hmoUo JaOoMo Amho.
àñVwV g§emoYZmVwZ hr JaO nyU© H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bobm Amho. àñVwV g§emoYZmVyZ
àË`oH$ {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMm Am{U {ejH$
à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mgmMo à_mU `m_Yrb g§~§Y emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bobm
Amho.
1.6 g§emoYZ g_ñ`oMo eãXm§H$Z
{ejH$ n«{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U {ejH$
à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mg - EH$ Aä`mg.
àñVwV g§emoYZ {df`mVrb g§km§Mo ñnï>rH$aU nwT>rbà_mUo.
35
{ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`o
{ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mV ~r.ES²>. d ~r.E.~r.ES²>. _hm{dÚmb`m§Mm
g_mdoe hmoVmo.
~r.ES²>. _hm{dÚmb`o
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya (_hmamï´>) er g§b{¾V H$moëhmnya {OëømVrb
nXdrZ§Va _mÜ`{_H$ emim§_Ü`o {ejH$ hmoÊ`mMo à{ejU XoUmao _hm{dÚmb`o Á`m§Mm
H$mbmdYr EH$ dfm©Mm AgVmo Aer _hm{dÚmb`o.
~r.E.~r.ES>². _hm{dÚmb o
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya (_hmamï´>) er g§b{¾V H$moëhmnya {OëømVrb ~mamdr
(H$bm) Z§Va Mma dfm©Mm à{ejU H$mbmdYrV {ejH$ hmoÊ`mMo à{ejU XoUmao
_hm{dÚmb`.
{ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU
H$moUË`mhr {ejU g§ñWoVrb C{ÔîQ>o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mo g§KQ>Z
H$amdo bmJVo. Ë`mà_mUoM {ejH$ à{ejU XoUmè`m _hm{dÚmb`mV _mZdr KQ>H$ Am{U
^m¡{VH$ KQ>H$m§Mo gwgyÌ Jw§\$Z H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo. Ë`mMà_mUo {ejH$ à{ejU
_hm{dÚmb`mV àmMm`©, A{Yì`m»`mVo, H$_©Mmar, {ejH$ à{ejUmWu BË`mXr_Ü o
KQ>H$m§V nañna g§~YmVyZ EH$ àH$maMr gm_m{OH$ dmVmdaUmMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. Ë`mbmM Ë`m
{ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Ago åhUVmV. `m g§KQ>ZmË_H$
dmVmdaUmMo KQ>H$ nwT>rbà_mUo
1) H$m`m©V Z Jw§Vbobo {ejH$ / A{Yì`m»`mVo (Disengagement)
{ejH$ EH${ÌV {_iyZ {_giyZ H$m_ Z H$aVm EH$Q>o amhÿZ H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr ng§Vr
Xe©dVmV. Ë`m§À`mV g§K{Q>VnUm H$_r à_mUmV {XgyZ `oVmo.
2) A{Yì`m»`mË`m§À`m H$m_mVrb AS>Wim (Hinderance)
{ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb {ejH$ à{ejH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m Zoh_rÀ`m
AÜ`mnZ H$m`m©~amo~a AZoH$ g{_Ë`m§_Ü`o H$m_o H$aVmZm _w»`mÜ`mnH$ d àmMm`© `m§À`m
36
X~mdmImbr H$m_o H$amdr bmJVmV. Ë`m_wio {ejH$m§À`m d¡ {º$H$ d gm_m{OH$ JaOm nyU©
hmoV ZmhrV VgoM d¡Mm[aH$ _V^oX H$m_mVrb Q>mimQ>mi H$aUmao AÜ`mnH$ BË`mXr AZoH$
AS>MUr AgVmV.
3) ñ\y$Vu (Espirit)
gd© {ejH$ à{ejH$ / A{Yì`m»`mVo CËgmhnyU© Am{U Omo_mZo e¡j{UH$ H$m ©
H$aVmV. Ë`m§À`mV Cƒ ZsVsY¡ © {XgyZ `oVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m d¡ º$sH$ d gm_{OH$ JaOm
^mJVmV d Vo H$m © g_mYmZr AgVmV.
4) gbmoIm / _¡ÌrnyU© g§~Y (Intimacy)
{ejH$m§_Ü`o CËgmh d AmZ§X Am{U EH$_oH$m§V _¡ÌrnyU© g§~Y AgVmV. ghH$mar
{ejH$m§_Ü`oo K{Zï> g§~§Y AgVmV.
darb Mma KQ>H$ qH$dm CnMmMÊ`m `m {ejH$ à{ejH$ / A{Yì`m»`mË`m§À`m
dV©Zmg§~[YV AmhoV. VgoM àmMm`mªÀ`m dV©Zm g§~§{YV nwT>rb Mma CnKQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe
hmoVmo.
5) àmMm`mªMr {ejH$ à{ejH$m§er {H$§dm A{Yì`m»`mË`m§er A{báVm/AbJVm
(Aloofness) àmMm © / _w»`mÜ`mnH$ {Z`_mZwgma OmUo, YmoaUmZwgma OmUo OmñV ng§V H$aVmV.
Am¡nMm[aH$Vm AgVo. `m_Ü`o àmMm`© - ghH$mar àmÜ`mnH$m§er AZm¡nMm[aH$ AWdm
g_moamg_moarb MMm© / g§~Y Q>miVmV.
6) H$m`m©da / H$m_mda ^a / ~b (Production Emphasis)
àmMm © gd© {ejH$m§Moo ~maH$mB©Zo {ZarjU H$aVmV. H$m`m©da ^a XoVmV, hþHy$_ XoUo
B. KQ>H$m§Mm `m_Ü`o g_mdoe hmoVmo. H$m`m©bm OmñV _hËd XoUo ng§V H$aVmV.
7) _mZdr dmJUyH$ (Thrust)
n«mMm`© ñdV:À`m CXmhaUmVyZ {ejH$m§Zm H$m © àd¥Îm H$aVmV. Ë`m§Mo ~maH$mB©Zo
{ZarjU Z H$aUo BË`mXr JmoîQ>r {XgyZ `oVmV.
37
8) ghmZw y{Vnyd©H$ dV©Z (Consideration)
àmMm © ho Amnë`m ghH$m`mªMo {dMma / _Vm§Mm AmXa H$aVmV. {ejH$m§À`m
d¡ {º$H$ JaOm Am{U Ë`m§À`m g_ñ`m§~m~V _mZdVmdmXr Ñï>rH$moZ R>odVmV.
{ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mg
àñVwV g§emoYZmV {ejH$ à{ejUmWu åhUOo Oo nXdr d nXdrì`wÎma {ejU àmá
Ho$ë`mZ§Va {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mV _mÜ`{_H$ {ejH$ hmoÊ`mMo à{ejU KoV AmhoV
Ë`m§Mm {dMma Ho$bm Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo ~r.E.~r.ES²>. (EH$mpË_H$) à{ejU KoV Agbobo
eodQ>À`m dfm©Vrb {ejH$ à{ejUmWu H$s Oo gZ 2007 - 2008 `m e¡j{UH$ dfm©V
à{ejU KoV hmoVo.
darb {ejH$ à{ejUmWuMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mg emoYÊ`mgmR>r ZoV¥Ëd dV©ZmÀ`m 8
j_Vm§Mm g_mdoe Ho$bm Amho Ë`m nwT>rbà_mUo
{ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mg emoYÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rb 8 KQ>H$m§Mm
nX{ZpíM`Z loUrÛmao emoYboë`m gj_Vm Imbrbà_mUo
1) g§doXZerbVm (Empathy)
ZoVm åhUyZ gdmªZm g_OmdyZ KoUo CXm. {ejH$ ZoV¥ËdmMm {dÚmÏ`mªZm g_OmdyZ
KoUo. Ë`m§Mr _Vo Ë`m§À`m JaOm Ë`m§À`m nmVirda OmdyZ g_OmdyZ KoÊ`mMr j_Vm.
2) àË`m^aU j_Vm (Feedback)
JwU J«mhH$Vm, H$m¡VwH$ H$aUo B. j_Vm ZoË`mH$S>o AgmdoV `mo½`doir àË`m^aU XoUo
CXm. {dÚmÏ`mªZo g§nmXZ Ho$boë`m `e Ë`m~Ôb Ë`mbm ~jsg / em~mgH$s XoUo B. j_Vm.
3) g§nmXZ j_Vm (Achievement)
^mdZm§Mo AmXmZ-àXmZ, ZdrZ Jmoï>r {Z_m©U H$aUo OwÝ`m {dMmamVyZ Zì`m
{dMmamH$S>o AZw`m§Zm di{dUo Ë`m§Zm C{Ôï> g§nmXZ H$aÊ`mg àd¥Îm H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm
ZoË`mOdi AgUo JaOoMo AgVo.
38
4) ~m§{YbH$s / O~m~Xmar (Commitment)
g§ñWo~Ôb AWdm emio~Ôb {Zð>m / O~m~Xmar KoÊ`mMr j_Vm {ZU©`mer Z_«nUo
ahmUo B.
5) H$m`©j_Vm (Performance)
ZoË`m_Ü`o AZw m`m§À`m H$m`©j_Vo~Ôb d¡ {º$H$ Zm|Xr KoUo. AZw m`m_Ü`o CËgmh
d Amem {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm.
{ejH$m§Zr Mm§Jë`m H$m`©j_VoÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªMr `mo½` Zmo§X ¿`mdr d Ë`m§À`m_Ü`o
AmË_{dídmg dmT>{dUo B. j_Vm.
6) g~brH$aU j_Vm (Empowerment)
ZoVo Amnë`m gÎmoMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU H$aVmV. Mm§Jë`m Jmoï>rgmR>r g§Yr {Z_m©U H$aVmV.
g§KQ>ZoVrb àË`oH$ ì`{º$À`m JaOm / BÀN>m `mMr OmUrd AgVo. CXm. {ejH$ ho
{dÚmÏ`mªZm ZoV¥ËdmgmR>r H$mhr g§KZm`H$ H$mhr H$m_o dmQy>Z XoUo d Ë`m§Zm g§Yr {Z_m©U
H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm.
7) g§àofU / g§^mfU (Communication)
ZoVm d Ë`mMo dº¥$Ëd CÎm_ AgUo, Ë`mMà_mUo g§KQ>ZoVrb àË`oH$ ì`{º$er
gwg§dmX gmYÝ`mMo H$m¡eë` CXm. {ejH$ {dÚmÏ`mªZm H$Wm / g§dmX `mo½` àH$mao gmYZ d
H$_rV H$_r eãXmV ñnîQ> H$aVmo. Aer g§àofU j_Vm ZoV¥Ëdmg AgUo AË`§V JaOoMo Amho.
8) àoaUm (Motivation)
{ejH$m§Zr {dÚmÏ`mª_Yrb gwá JwUm§Mm \$m`Xm C{Ôð>m§er d _yë`m§er OmoS>Uo.
{dÚmÏ`mªMm {dH$mgmgmR>r àoaUm XoÊ`mMr j_Vm
darb 8 j_Vm§_YyZ {ejH$ à{ejUm§WvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mgmMo à_mU
emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. `m j_Vm Ë`m§À`m_Ü`o {H$Vr à_mUmV {ejH$ à{ejUmVyZ
{dH${gV hmoVmV. `mMo à_mU nX{ZíM`Z loUrÛmao {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
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1.7 g§emoYZmMo _hËd
àñVwV g§emoYZmMo _hËd nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm `oB©b.
1) {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMr _m{hVr àmMm`©,
A{Yì`m»`mVo, à{ejUmWu d nmbH$ `m§À`mgmR>r Cn`wŠV$ R>aUma Amho.
2) {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMm {ZH$mon {dH$mg
gmYÊ`mgmR>r àñVwV g§emoYZmMo {ZîH$f© Cn`wŠV$ R>aUma AmhoV.
3) {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U {ejH$
à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mg `m_Yrb g§~Ym{df`r _m{hVr hmoÊ`mgmR>r
àñVwV g§emoYZmMo {ZîH$f© Cn`wº$ R>aUma AmhoV.
4) {ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z j_Vm {df`H$ OmUrd àñVwV g§emoYZmVyZ
{ejUemó _hm{dÚmb`mVrb {ejH$ à{ejUmWu_Ü`o {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mg ghmæ`
hmoB©b.
5) àñVwV g§emoYZmMo {ZîH$f© ho {ejH$ à{ejUmWu _Yrb CÎm_ ZoV¥Ëd e¡br
~XbmgmR>r Cn`wº$ R>aUma AmhoV.
6) {ejH$ à{ejU H$m`©H«$_mV AmYw{ZH$ AÚ`mdV ZdrZ CnH«$_, VgoM Zd{dMma
àdmhm§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo `m g§emoYZmMo {ZîH$f© Cn`wŠV$ R>aUma
AmhoV.
1.8 g§emoYZmMr C{ÔîQ>o
àñVwV g§emoYZmMr C{ÔîQ>o nwT>rb à_mUo.
1) {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMm emoY KoUo.
2) {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Zm§Mm emoY KoUo.
3) {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`m_Yrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U {ejH$
à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mg `m_Yrb g§~Y emoYUo.
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3.1) ~r.ES²>. d ~r.E.~r.ES²>. à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$
dmVmdaU Am{U nwéf d ór {ejH$ à{ejUmWu§Mm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mgmMo
à_mU emoYUo.
3.2) ~r.ES²>. à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U
nXdràmá d nXì`wÎma {ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mg à_mU
emoYUo.
3.3) ~r.E.~r.ES²>. à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U
{ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mgmMo n«_mU emoYUo.
3.4) ~r.ES²>. d ~r.E.~r.ES²>. à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$
dmVmdaU Am{U àW_ AÜ`mnZ nÕVr ^mfm (_amR>r, qhXr, B§J«Or B.)
{df` KoVboë`m à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mgmMo KoVboë`m
à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mgmMo à_mU emoYUo.
3.5) ~r.ES²>.d ~r.E.~r.ES²>. à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$
dmVmdaU Am{U àW_ AÜ`mnZ nÕVr gm_m{OH$ emóo (B{Vhmg, ^yJmob,
AW©emó, dm{UÁ` B.) {df` KoVboë`m à{ejUmWvMo ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z
{dH$mgmMo à_mU emoYUo.
3.6) ~r.ES²>. à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U àW_
AÜ`mnZ nÕVr emó ({dkmZ d J{UV B.) {df` KoVboë`m
à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mgmMo à_mU emoYUo.
4) ~r.ES²>. Am{U ~r.E.~r.ES²>. à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb {ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm
ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mg à_mUm§Mr VwbZm H$aUo.
5) {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U {ejH$
à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mgmMo n«_mU `m{df`r {e\$magr H$aUo.
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1.9 eyÝ` n[aH$ënZm
1) {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U {ejH$
à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mg `m_Ü`o gmW© g§~Y ZgVmo.
2) {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`m§Vrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U nwéf d ór
{ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mg `m_Ü`o gmW©$ g§~Y ZgVmo.
3) {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`m§Vrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U nXdràmá d
nXì`wÎma {ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mg `m_Ü`o gmW©H$ g§~Y ZgVmo.
4) {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`m§Vrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U àW_ AÜ`mnZ
nÕVr ^mfm (_amR>r, qhXr, B§J«Or B.) {ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mg
`m_Ü`o gmW©$ g§~§Y ZgVmo.
5) {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U àW_ AÜ`mnZ
nÕVr gm_m{OH$ emóo (B{Vhmg, ^yJmob, AW©emó, dm{UÁ` B.) {df` {ejH$
à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd {dH$mg `m_Ü`o gmW©$ g§~Y ZgVmo.
6) {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U àW_ AÜ`mnZ
nÕVr {dkmZ ({dkmZ d J{UV B.) {df` {ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z
{dH$mg `m_Ü o gmW©$ g§~Y ZgVmo.
7) ~r.ES²>. Am{U ~r.E.~r.ES²>. {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb {ejH$
à{ejUmWu§Mm ZoV¥Ëd {dH$mgmV gmW©$ \$aH$ ZgVmo.
8) ór / _{hbm {ejUemó _hm{dÚmb`mVrb {ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z
{dH$mg Am{U ór-nwéf (Co-education) _hm{dÚmb`mVrb {ejH$
à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mgmV gmW©$ \$aH$ ZgVmo.
9) {ejUemñÌ _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U {ejH$
à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mg `m_Ü`o gmW©$ g§~§Y ZgVmo.
42
1.10 g§emoYZmMr J¥{hVHo$
àñVwV g§emoYZ nwT>rb J¥{hVm§da AmYmabobo Amho.
1) àË`oH$ {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmV doJionUm
AgVmo.
_mZdr KQ>H$m§V nañna Am¡nmMm[aH$ d AZm¡nMm[aH$ g§~Y AgVmV. CXm. àmMm ©
- A{Yì`m»`mVo ({ejH$ à{ejH$) - H$_©Mmar - {ejH$ à{ejUmWu `m§À`m_Yrb
nañna g§~YmVyZ EH$ àH$maMo gm_m{OH$ dmVmdaU V`ma hmoVo. `mbmM Ë`m {ejH$
à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Ago åhUVmV.
AemàH$mao àË`oH$ {ejH$ n«{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mV ñdV:Mo g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU
AgVo.
hmbnrZ Am[U H«$mâQ> Zr (1963) gm§{JVbo Amho e¡j{UH$ dmVmdaU +
gm_m{OH$ dmVmdaU = g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU
ho àË`oH$ {ejU g§ñWoV doJio dmVmdaU {XgyZ `oVo.
2) {ejH$ à{ejUmWv_Ü`o ZoV¥Ëd j_Vm AgVmV.
àñVwV g§emoYZmVyZ ZoV¥Ëd dV©ZmÀ`m j_Vm§À`m {dH$mgmMo à_mU nX{ZíM`Z
loUrÛmao emoYbobo AmhoV.
1.11 g§emoYZmMr _`m©Xm
àñVwV g§emoYZmÀ`m _`m©Xm nwT>rbn«_mUo gm§JVm `oVrb.
1) ho g§emoYZ {edmOr {dÚmnrR> H$moëhmnya (_hmamï´>) er g§b{¾V H$moëhmnya
{OëømVrb ~r.ES>. d ~r.E.~r.ES²>. _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU
Am{U {ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mgmMo à_mU `m {df`mnwaVoM
_`m©{XV Amho.
2) ho g§emoYZ g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaUmMo 8 KQ>H$m§nwaVoM _`m©{XV Amho.
3) ho g§emoYZ {ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©ZmÀ`m 8 j_Vm nwaVoM _`m©{XV Amho
Am{U ~r.ES²>. d ~r.E.~r.ES². _hm{dÚmb`mVrb {ejH$, à{ejUmWu Oo gZ
43
2007-2008 `m e¡j{UH$ dfm©_Ü`o {ejH$ à{ejU KoV hmoVo Ë`m§À`m nwaVoM
_`m©{XV Amho.
4) ho g§emoYZ gZ 2007 - 2008 `m e¡j{UH$ dfm©V {edmOr {dÚmnrR> H$moëhmnya
(_hmamï´>) `m§À`mer g§b¾rV Agboë`m 10 {ejH$-à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVyZ
(H$moëhmnya {OëømVrb XmoZ ~r.E.~r.ES²>. _hm{dÚmb`o Am{U 8 ~r.ES²>.
_hm{dÚmb o) àmMm`©, {ejH$ à{ejH$ / (A{Yì`m»`mVo) Am{U VoWrb {ejH$
à{ejUmÏ`m©nwaVoM _`m©{XV Amho.
1.12 g§emoYZmMr H$m ©nÕVr
àñVwV g§emoYZ dV©_mZ n[apñWVrer {ZJS>rV Agë`mZo gd}jU nÕVrMm Adb§~
H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. H$moëhmnya {OëømVrb 10 {ejUemó _hm{dÚmb`mVrb
g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU nmhÊ`mH$arVm nX{ZíM`ZìXmao {ejH$ à{ejH$ (A{Yì`m»`mVo)
H$Sy>Z _m{hVr g§H${bV Ho$br. VgoM {ejH$ à{ejUmWvÀ`m H$Sy>Z ZoV¥Ëd dV©Zmg§~Yr
nX{ZíM`Z loUrÛmao _m{hVr g§H${bV Ho$br.
gmYZo
1) g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU nX{ZíM`Z loUr
2) ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z KQ>H$m§Mo _mnZ H$aUmar nX{ZíM`Z loUr.
Z_yZm {ZdS>
H$moëhmnya {OëømVrb 2 ~r.E.~r.ES². (Mma df} EH$mpË_H$ Aä`mgH«$_)
_hm{dÚmb`o d 8 ~r.ES². (EH$ dfm©Mm Aä`mgH«$_) _hm{dÚmb`mVrb gd© {ejH$
à{ejH$ (A{Yì`m»`mVo) Am{U VoWrb gd© {ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm Z_yZm {ZdS>rV
g_mdoe Ho$bobm Amho.
44
1.13 àH$aUrH$aU
àH$aU n{hbo - àmñVm{dH$
`m àH$aUm_Ü`o {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U
VoWrb {ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©ZmÀ`m KQ>H$m§Mm Chmnmoh H$aÊ`mV Ambobm Amho.
g§emoYZ g_ñ`oMo eãXm§H$Z, _hËd, C{ÔîQ>o, n[aH$ënZm d AhdmbmVrb {d{dY
àH$aUo `m§Mm Chmnmoh H$aÊ`mV Ambobm Amho.
àH$aU Xwgao: g§~§{YV gm{hË`mMm AmT>mdm
`m àH$aUm_Ü`o g§emoYZ g_ñ`oer {ZJS>rV g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U ZoV¥Ëd
dV©Z `m {df`mg§X^m©Vrb gm{hË`mMm AmT>mdm KoÊ`mV Ambobm Amho.
àH$aU {Vgao : g§emoYZmMr H$m`©nÕVr
`m àH$aUm_Ü`o g§emoYZmgmR>r dmnabobr nÕVr g§emoYZ gm_J«r Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r
dmnabobr gmYZo, Z_wZm {ZdS> d gm§p»`H$sMr _m{hVr {Xbr Amho.
àH$aU Mm¡Wo : g§emoYZ gm_J«rMo {díbofU d AW© {Zd©MZ.
`m àH$aUm_Ü`o à{VgmXH$m§H$Sy>Z àmá Pmboë`m gm_J«rMo gmaUrH$aU, {díbofU,
AW©{Zd©MZ H$éZ AÝd`mW© bmdÊ`mV Ambobm Amho.
àH$aU nmMdo : g§emoYZmMm gmam§e, {ZîH$f© d {e\$maer
`m àH$aUm_Ü`o àñVwV g§emoYZmMm gmam§e, {ZîH$f© d {e\$maer VgoM nwT>rb
Aä`mgmgmR>r gyM{dboë`m {df`m§Mm g_mdoe Ho$bobm Amho.
1.14 g_mamon
`m àH$aUm_Ü`o g§emoYZ g_ñ`oMo eãXm§H$Z, JaO / _hËd, C{ÔîQ>o, n[aH$ënZm d
AhdmbmVrb {d{dY àH$aUo `m§Mm Chmnmoh H$aÊ`mV Ambobm Amho.
nwT>rb àH$aUmV {ejH$ à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVrb g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dmVmdaU Am{U
{ejH$ à{ejUmWvMm ZoV¥Ëd dV©Z {dH$mg `m g§X^m©V Chmnmoh Ho$bobm Amho.