VITAMIN

ORGANIC COMPOUND:1.COMPONENT OF NATURAL FOOD DISTINCT FROM CH, FAT,PROTEIN, AND WATER2.PRESENT IN NORMAL FOODS IN MINUTE AMOUNT3.ESSENTIAL FOR DEVELOPMENT OF NORMAL TISSUE AND FOR NORMAL HEALTH, GROWTH, MAINTENANCE4.WHEN ABSENT CAUSE A SPECIFIC DEFICIENCY DISEASE5.CANNOT BE SYNTHESIZED BY THE HOST

THE VITAMINS HAVE NO CHEMICAL RESEMBLANCE TO EACH OTHER,BUT BECAUSE OF A SIMILAR GENERAL FUNCTION IN METABOLISMTHEY ARE CONSIDERED TOGETHER

ALPHABET NOMENCLATURE BASED ON THE CHEMICAL NATURE

Vitamins

• Organic compounds needed for growth and good health

• They are crucial in helping the body use nutrients and often function as coenzymes

• Only vitamins D, K, and B are synthesized in the body; all others must be ingested

• Water-soluble vitamins (B-complex and C) are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract – B12 additionally requires gastric intrinsic factor to

be absorbed

Vitamins

• Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) bind to ingested lipids and are absorbed with their digestion products

• Vitamins A, C, and E also act in an antioxidant cascade

Vitamins

• The word "vitamin" comes from vita, the Latin for "life". Everybody must eat a certain amount of vitamins to stay healthy.

• Vitamins are chemicals found in very small amounts in many different foods.

• If people live on a very limited range of foods they may not get their proper share of vitamins

VITAMIN

VITAMIN AVITAMIN DVITAMIN EVITAMIN K

THIAMINERIBOFLAVINPYRIDOXINE

PANTOTHENIC ACIDFOLIC ACID

CHOLINEBIOTIN

CYANOCOBALAMINASCORBIC ACID

FAT SOLUBLE WATER SOLUBLE

VITAMIN METABOLIC ACTIVITY DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMA (retinol, retinal. Retinoic acid) 1. OXIDATION-REDUCTION

ACTIVITY, VISUAL CYCLE2. NECESSARY FOR NORMAL

SYNTHESIS OF CHONDROITIN SULFATE

CATTLE AND PIG: SKIN CONDITION, XEROPHTHALMIA.

POULTRY: RETARDED GROWTH, HIGH MORTALITY

D (Ergocalciferol, Cholecalciferol)

ABSORPTION OF Ca FROM INTESTINE

NECESSARY FOR CALCIFICATION OF BONE MATRIX

YOUNG ANIMAL: RICKETS OLD ANIMAL:

OSTEOMALACIA

E (Alpha tocopherol) INHIBITS AUTOXIDATION OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS

MOST ANIMAL: FAIL TO REPRODUCE

YOUNG CATTLE AND LAMB: MUSCLE DEGERATION

CHICK: CEREBRAL DEGENARATION

K (Phylloquinine) NECESSARY FOR THE HEPATIC SYNTHESIS OF PROCONVERTIN

CHICKS: DELAYED CLOTTING TIME OF BLOOD

VITAMIN

SUMMARY OF THE METABOLIC ACTIVITIES OF VITAMINS

VITAMIN METABOLIC ACTIVITY DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMB1 (Thiamine) DECARBOXYLATION OF

PYRUVIC ACID TRANSKETOLASE

REACTION OF HEXOSEMONOPHOSPHATE SHUNT

EMACIATION, WEAKNESS, AND NERVOUS DISORDER (POLYNEURITIS OF CHICK)

B2 (Riboflavin) BIOSYNTHESIS OF FLAVIN NUCLEOTIDE (FAD, FMN)

OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTION

PIGS: RETARDED GROWTH, SKIN CONDITION, EYE DISEASES

CHICK: CURLED TOE PARALYSIS

NICOTINAMIDE COMPONENT OF PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES (DPN, TPN)

OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTION

PIGS: POOR GROWTH, ENTERITIS, DERMATITIS

DOGS: BLACKTONGUE

VITAMIN METABOLIC ACTIVITY DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMB6 (Pyridoxine) AMINO ACID

METABOLISM ACTIVE TRANSPORT

ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE

PIGS: ANEMIA AND CONVULSION

CHICK: SLOW GROWTH, CONVULSIONS

PANTOTHENIC ACID COMPONENT OF ACETYLCOENZYME A

ACYL CARRIER PROTEIN

PIGS: SLOW GROWTH, SKIN CONDITION, GOOSE STEP

CHICKS: SLOW GROWTH, DERMATITIS

FOLIC ACID CO-FACTOR IN ACTIVE METHYL or ONE CARBON METABOLISM

RARE IN FARM ANIMAL BUT WILL CAUSE ANEMIA AND POOR GROWTH

CHOLINE NECESSARY FOR SYNTHESIS OF LECITHIN

LIPID METABOLISM

SLOW GROWTH, FATTY LIVER

VITAMIN METABOLIC ACTIVITY DEFICIENCY SYMPTOM

BIOTIN NECESSARY FOR THE INCORPORATION OF CO2 INTO ORGANIC COMPOUND

DERMATITIS AND WEIGHT LOSS

B12 (Cyanocobalamin) GLUTAMIC ACID METABOLISM

SYNTHESIS OF NUCLEIC ACID

ALL ANIMAL: SLOW GROWTH, WASTING SICKNESS IN CATTLE

C (Ascorbic acid) OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTION

FARM ANIMALS DO NOT REQUIRE THIS VITAMIN

VITAMIN A(RETINOL, RETINAL RETINOIC ACID)

1913 McCOLLUM and DAVIS RAT FAILED TO GROW1931 KARRER ISOLATED FROM FISH OIL1940 SYNTHETIC BECOME COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE

VITAMIN A ESTER(STORAGE)

RETINOL(TRANSPOT)

RETINAL RETINOIC ACID

INACTIVE PRODUCT

VISUAL PIGMENT

LIGHT DARKSCOTOPSIN

VITAMIN A(RETINOL, RETINAL RETINOIC ACID)

PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE AND DEFICIENCY SYMPTOM1.VITAMIN A AND VISION

11-CIS-RETINOL(IN BLOOD)

TRANS RETINOL

11-CIS-RETINAL TRANS RETINAL + SCOTOPSIN

RHODOPSIN

IN DARK + SCOTOPSIN IN LIGHT

ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE

VIT A ISOMERASE

VITAMIN A(RETINOL, RETINAL RETINOIC ACID)

PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE AND DEFICIENCY SYMPTOM2.VITAMIN A IN REPRODUCTION

IN FEMALE: RETINOL OR RETINAL IS REQUIRED FOR MAINTENANCE OFTHE PLACENTA IN THE SECOND HALF OF GESTATION (22d). DEFICIENCYNECROSIS OF THE PLACENTAL DISK, RESORPTION OF THE FOETUSIN MALE: FAILURE OF SPERMATOGENESIS

PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE AND DEFICIENCY SYMPTOM3.SYNTHESIS OF MPS

ACTIVATION OF SULFAT MOLECULE WHICH IS ELEMENT OF MPSRESPIRATORYCOLD AND SINUS TROUBLEALIMENTARY TRACT DIARRHOEAGENITO-URINARY TRACTBLADDER STONEREPRODUCTIONABNORMAL REPRODUCTION

VITAMIN A(RETINOL, RETINAL RETINOIC ACID)

PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE AND DEFICIENCY SYMPTOM4.DEVELOPMENT OF BONE

ACTIVITY OF OSTEOCLAST AND OSTEOBLASTBLINDNESS IN CALVES (OPTIC NERVE)DEAFNESS IN DOGS (AUDITORY NERVE)

VITAMIN D(ERGOCALCIFEROL AND CHOLECALCIFEROL

1650 GLISSON (ENGLAND)1918 MELLANBY: RICKET IN DOG BY GIVING MILK ONLY1919 HULDSCHINSKY: RACHITIC CHILDREN BY ULTRAVIOLET RAY1931 ANGUS: ERGOSTEROLD2; 7-DEHYDROCHOLESTEROL D3

METABOLIC FUNCTION:1.ABSORPTION OF Ca AND P FROM INTESTINAL TRACT2.REABSORPTION OF PHOSPHATE FROM KIDNEY TUBULAR3.INCREASE ACTIVITY OF ENZYME PHYTASE IN RAT INTESTINE4.STIMULATE INCORPORATE OF P INTO PHOSPOLIPID OF INTESTINAL MUCOSA

VITAMIN D(ERGOCALCIFEROL AND CHOLECALCIFEROL

DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:RICKETENLARGED JUNCTION BETWEEN BONE AND CARTILAGES CURVATURE OF THE BONE IN SEVERE CASESOSTEOMALACIAREABSORPTIONPOULTRYBONES AND BEAK BECOME SOFT AND RUBBERY GROWTH RETARDED, LEG BECOME BOWED

POTENCY:CATLE, SHEEP, PIG D2 =D3POULTRY D2 1/35 D3

VITAMIN E(TOCOPHEROL, ANTI STERILITAS, ANTI OKSIDANT)

1920 MATTIL and CONKLIN: MILK + YEAST + Fe UNABLE BEAR YOUNG1922 BISHOP and EVANS: FACTOR X FOR NORMAL REPRODUCTION1936 EVANS: ISOLATED VITAMIN E FROM WHEAT GERM OIL

TOCOPHEROL TOKOS + PHERO

THERE ARE ABOUT 8 NATURALLY OCCURING TOCOPHEROL ANDTOCOTRIENOL, ALL HAVE THE SAME PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES.TOCOPHEROLS ARE YELLOW, OILY LIQUID, REMARKABLY STABLE TOHEAT AND ACIDS BUT NO ALKALINE.

VITAMIN E(TOCOPHEROL, ANTI STERILITAS, ANTI OKSIDANT)

TOCOPHEROLS ARE LARGELY FOUND IN WHEAT GERM OIL AND OTHERGERM OIL PORTION. IN ANIMAL BODY FOUND IN BODY FAT, IN HEARTMUSCLE, α-TOCOPHEROL FOUND IN MITOCHONDRIA

BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION: 1) PROTECTING OTHER NUTRIENT LIKE VIT A AS WELL AS SATURATED FATTY ACIDS FROM DESTRUCTIVE OXIDATION,2) PARTICIPATE IN NORMAL TISSUE RESPIRATION: a) CYTOCHROME REDUCTASE SYSTEM, b) PROTECT LIPID STRUCTURE OF MITOCHONDRIAFROM OXIDATION DESTRUCTION 3) AIDS THE NORMAL PHOSPORYLATIONOF CREATINE PHOSPHATE AND ATP 4) INVOLVE IN THE SYNTHESIS OFASCORBIC ACID, AND IN METABOLISM OF NUCLEIC ACID AND SAA

CONDITION ANIMAL TISSUE AFFECTED

PREVENTED BY

VITAMIN E

SELENIUM

REPRODUCTIVE FAILURE

FEMALE: RAT, HEN, TURKEY

VASCULAR SYSTEM OF EMBRYO

YES NO

EMBRYONIC DEGENERATION

EWE N O YES

STERILITY MALE : RAT, GUINEA PIG, HAMSTER, DOG, COCK

MALE GONADS YES NO

REPRODUCTIVE

VITAMIN E(TOCOPHEROL, ANTI STERILITAS, ANTI OKSIDANT)

VITAMIN E(TOCOPHEROL, ANTI STERILITAS, ANTI OKSIDANT)

CONDITION ANIMALTISSUE

AFFECTED

PREVENTED BYVITAMIN E SELENIUM

LIVER NECROSIS

RAT, PIG LIVER YES YES

ERYTHROCYTE DESTRUCTION

RAT, CHICK RBC HAEMOLYSIS

YES NO

BLOOD PROTEIN LOSS

CHICK, TURKEY

SERUM ALBUMIN YES YES

ENCEPHALO-MALACIA

CHICK CEREBELLUM YES NO

EXUDATHIVE DIATHESIS

CHICK TURKEY

CAPILLARY WALL

YES YES

KIDNEY DEGERATION

RAT, MONKEY, MINK

TUBULAR EPHITELIUM

YES YES

STEATITIS MINK, PIG, CHICK

DEPOT FAT YES YES

LIVER, BLOOD, CAPILLARIES, BRAIN

CONDITION ANIMALTISSUE

AFFECTED

PREVENTED BYVITAMIN E SELENIUM

NUTRITIONAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY

RABBIT, GUINEA PIG, DUCK, CHICK, TURKEY

SKELETAL MUSCLE

YES NO

STIFF LAMB LAMB, KID SKELETAL MUSCLE

YES YES

WHITE MUSCLE DISEASE

CALF, SHEEP, MOUSE, MINK

SKELETAL AND HEART MUSCLE

YES YES

MYOPATHY OF GIZZARD

TURKEY GIZZARD, HEART, SKELETAL MUSCLE

YES YES

VITAMIN E(TOCOPHEROL, ANTI STERILITAS, ANTI OKSIDANT)

NUTRITIONAL MYOPATHIES

VITAMIN E SOURCESFEED STUFFS α-TOCOPHEROL

(mg/100g)WHEAT 145SUNFLOWER SEED, WHOLE 13CLOVER, DEHYDRATED 10ALFALFA MEAL, DEHYDRATED 7-25

RICE, BROWN 1-2SWEET POTATOES 4-10BONE MEAL 0.05FISH MEAL 0.8-2.0

VITAMIN E(TOCOPHEROL, ANTI STERILITAS, ANTI OKSIDANT)

VITAMIN K(PHYLLOQUINONE, PRENYLMENAQUINONE, MENADIONE

1935 DAM: GREEN LEAVES HAEMORRHAGIC SYNDROME1939 DAM: PURIFIED COMPOUND WAS ISOLATED FROM ALFALFADANISH WORD

FACTORS AFFECTING REQUIREMENT:1) THE AVAILABILITY, 2) ITS STABILITY IN FEED, 3) INTESTINALSYNTHESIS, 4) ABSORBABILITY, 5) ITS DESTRUCTION IN GIT, 6) INTERFERENCE WITH METABOLIC ACTIVITY EG DICOUMAROL

CHEMICAL NATURE:PHYLLOQUINONE: IN ALL GREEN LEAFY MATERIALPRENYLMENAQUINONE: INTESTINAL MICROBIAL SYNTHESISMENADIONE: SYNTHESIS

VITAMIN K(PHYLLOQUINONE, PRENYLMENAQUINONE, MENADIONE

1.PLATELET FACTOR + PLASMA PROTEIN PLASMA THROMOPLASTIN

2.PLASMA THROMBOPLASTIN + PROTHROMBIN + CONVERTIN THROMBIN

3.FIBRINOGEN + THROMBINE FIBRIN + PEPTIDE

DEFICIENCY SYMPTOM:AVIAN SPECIES: HAEMORRHAGESRUMINANT: SWEET CLOVER POISONING

VITAMIN K(PHYLLOQUINONE, PRENYLMENAQUINONE, MENADIONE

VITAMIN K SOURCES

FEED STUFFS (mg/100g)

CABBAGE 250

CAUILIFLOWER 275

SPINACH 334

GRASS MEAL 20

SOYBEANS 190

WHEAT BRAN 80

VITAMIN C(ASCORBIC ACID

1928 SZENT GYORGYI: ORANGE JUICE, CABBAGE JUICE, ADRENAL CORTEX

HEXURONIC ACID

MAN, MONKEY, FRUIT BAT, GUINEA PIG: DIETARY SOURCE

VITAMIN C(ASCORBIC ACID

BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTION:1)COLLAGEN FORMATION, 2) CONVERTION FOLIC ACID INTO TETRA-HYDROFOLIC ACID (ACTIVE), 3) INVOLVED IN HYDROXYLATION OFPROLINE, LYSINE, AND ANILINE FOR NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY OF THEANIMAL, 4) AIDS IRON TO STAY IN REDUCED STATE

DEFICIENCY SYMPTOM:SCURVY, WEAKNESS, SWOLLEN TENDOR JOINT, DELAYED HEALINGOF WOUND. HAEMORRHAGIC GUMS

EIJKMANN – BATAVIA – POLYNEURITIS1926 JANSEN AND DONATH: PURE FORM1936 WILLIAMS: IDENTIFICATION OF THE STRUCTURE AND SYNTHESIS

CHEMISTRY OF THIAMINE:PYRIMIDINE AND THIAZOLE RINGHYDROXYL GROUP EASILY FORM ESTER WITH PHOSPHORUS OF ATP TPP

VITAMIN B1(THIAMINE, ANEURINE)

DEFICIENCY DISEASES:NUMBNESS OF THE LEGS—PAIN IN THE CALF MUSCLE—SEVERE EXHAUSTION—EMACIATITON—PARALYSISDIFFICULTY IN BREATHING, ENLARGEMENT OF THE RIGHT SIDEOF THE HEART—DECREASE HEART BEATPERIPHERAL NEURITIS—CONTRACTION OF THE FEET AND SEVEREWEAKNESS OF THE WRISTSTHE BRAIN MAY BE AFFECTED—CEREBRAL BERIBERIPOLYNEURITIS (UNTHRIFITINESS—PARALYSIS—CONVULSION)BIRDS:CHARACTERISTIC PARALYSIS OF THE NECK MUSCLE—STAR-GAZING ATTITUDE

PIRUVATE – LACK OF COCARBOXYLASE – LACTIC ACID

VITAMIN B1(THIAMINE, ANEURINE)

BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTION:

THIAMINE, IN THE FORM OF THIAMINE DIPHOSPHATE (THIAMINEPYROPHOSPHATE—TPP) IS THE COENZYME FOR DECARBOXYLATIONOF KETO ACID

SOURCES:YEAST, GRAINS, EGG YOLK, LIVER, KIDNEY

VITAMIN B1(THIAMINE, ANEURINE)

VITAMIN B2(RIBOFLAVIN

)

IN THE EARLY DAYS, IT WAS BELIEVED THAT THE ANTIBERIBERIFACTOR REPRESENTED A SINGLE VITAMINAFTER THIAMINE WAS ISOLATED, IT BECAME CLEAR THAT AT LEASTTWO FACTORS WERE INVOLVED, A HEAT LABILE (TRUE ANTIBERIBERIVITAMIN) AND HEAT STABLE (RAT GROWTH). THE LATER FOR SOMETIMEWAS THOUGHT TO BE ONLY ONE SUBSTANCE—VITAMIN B2 (GREATBRITAIN)—VITAMIN G (US)—LATER IDENTIFIED AS RIBOFLAVIN,PYRIDOXIN, NICOTINIC ACID AND PANTOTHENIC ACID)

EGG WHITEOVOFLAVINMILKLACTOFLAVINLIVER HEPATOFLAVINRIBOFLAVIN— DIMETHYL-ISOALLOXAZINE AND RIBOSE

VITAMIN B2(RIBOFLAVIN

)

RIBOFLAVIN: PROSTHETIC PART OF SOME ENZYME (CYTOCHROMEREDUCTASE, DIAPHORASE, XANTHINE OXIDASE, L/D AA OXIDASE,HISTAMINASE etc—OXIDATION REDUCTION IN CELL RESPIRATION(ESSENTIAL ENZYME FOR GROWTH AND TISSUE REPAIR

DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:CHEILOSIS, SOMATITIS, GLOSITIS, DERMATITIS, CURLED TOE PARALYSIS

SOURCES:WIDELY DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT THE PLANT AND ANIMALKINGDOM. MILK, LIVER, KIDNEY, HEART ARE EXCELLENT SOURCESANAEROBIC FERMENTING BACTERIA VERY RICH SOURCES

NIACIN AND NIACINAMIDE

FORMERLY: NICOTINIC ACID and NICOTINIC ACID AMID1914 FUNK: ISOLATED FROM RICE POLISHING1935 WARBURG and CHRISTIAN: COMPONENT OF NADP1938 ELVEHJEM et al.:NIACINAMIDE ISOLATED FROM LIVER WASABLE TO CURE BLACK TONGUE IN DOGSNIACIN: PELAGRA-PREVENTIVE FACTOR

CHEMICAL NATURE:

NIACIN AND NIACINAMIDE

BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTION:COMPONENT OF 2 COENZYMES: 1)DPN ( or COENZYME I, NAD)2)TPN (or COENZYME II = NADP)PRIMARY ACTION OF THESE TWO COENZYMES IS TO REMOVEHYDROGEN FROM SUBSTRATE AS DEHYDROGENASE ENZYMESAND TRANSFER HYDROGEN TO ANOTHER SUBSTRATE

DEFICIENCY SYMPTOM:BLACK TONGUE (FOWLS)PELLAGRA ( SLOW GROWTH, POOR HAIR & SKIN CONDITION,VOMITING, DIARRHOEA, TICKENING OF LARGE INTESTINE, HIGHWHITE CELL COUNT IN BLOOD

NIACIN AND NIACINAMIDE

SOURCES:GOOD SOURCE: YEAST, LEAN MEAT, LIVER, POULTRYMEDIUM SOURCE: MILK , TOMATOE, GREEN LEAVETRYPTOPHANNIACIN (60 mg1mg)

PYRIDOXINE(VIT B6, ADERMIN, VIT

H)

1934 GYORGY: PART OF VIT B COMPLEX RESPONSIBLE FORDERMATITIS IN RATSCALINESS OF PAW AND MOUTH1938 KERESTEZY: ISOLATION AND SYNTHESIS1945: PYRIDOXAL AND PYRIDOXAMINE

METABOLIC FUNCTION:COENZYMES FOR DECARBOXYLATION, DEAMINATION OFSERINE AND THREONINE, TRANSAMINATION, TRANSULFURATION,DESULFURATION OF CYSTEINE

DEFICIENCY SYMPTOM:CHICK: CONVULSIONHEN: REDUCE EGG PROD AND HATCHABILITYPIG: ANOREXIA, ROUGHNESS OF HAIR, GOOSE STEP, CONVULSION

SOURCES:YEAST, MAIZE, WHEAT, MILK, EGG, GREEN LEAF

PYRIDOXINE(VIT B6, ADERMIN, VIT

H)

PANTOTHENIC ACID

PURIFIED FROM LIVER AND YEAST ALONG WITH PYRIDOXINEADSORPTION CHROMATOGRAPHYPYRIDOXINEFILTRATE PANTOTHENIC ACID1938 WILLIAMS: ISOLATED1940 MERK & Co: SYNTHESIZED

CHEMICAL NATURE:CONDENSATION PRODUCT OF ALANINE AND PANTOIC ACID(OH AND CH3 SUBSTITUTED BUTYRIC ACID)

PANTOTHENIC ACID

BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTION:PROSTETIC GROUP OF Co A (REVERSIBLE ACETYLATIONREACTION ON CH, FAT, and AA METABOLISM FUNDAMENTAL IMPORTANCE IN THE METABOLISM OF ALL CELLS

DEFICIENCY SYMPTOM:AFFECT MAINLY ON 3 TISSUES: 1) NERVE (LESION AND DEMYELINATION, 2) ADRENAL GLAND (CoA IS PRECURSOR OFCHOLESTEROLSTEROID HORMON, 3) SKINDERMATITISIN CHICK: RETARDED GROWTH, DERMATITIS, FATTY LIVERCONDITION, SUBCUTANEOUS HAEMORRHAGE, “GOOSE STEP WALK”

SOURCES: GOOD:EGG YOLK, KIDNEY, LIVER, YEASTFAIR: SKIMMED MILK, SWEET POTATOE, MOLASSES

FOLIC ACID(FOLACIN)

1931 WILLS: MACROCYTIC ANEMIA OF PREGNANT WOMAN INBOMBAYNAMES PREVIOUSLY APPLIED: VIT M (haematopoetic factor for monkey),VIT B6 (chick growth factor), FACTOR R (bacterial growth factor), and VIT B10, VIT B11THE NAME FOLIC ACID WAS PROPOSED BY MITCHELL, 1941 FORA COMPOUND ISOLATED FROM SPINACH NECESSARY FOR GROWTH OF Streptococcus faecalis R

FOLIC ACID(FOLACIN)

BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTION:CARRIER FOR SINGLE CARBON GROUP EITHER FORMYL (-CHO),FORMATE (H.COOH), OR HYDROXYMETHYL (-CH2OH)

FOLIC ACID(FOLACIN)

DEFICIENCY SYMPTOM:PIG: MACROCYTIC ANEMIA, LIPOPENIACHICK: POOR GROWTH, POOR FEATHERING, DEPIGMENTATION,ANEMIC, PEROSIS

VITAMIN B12(CYANOCOBALAMIN)

1926 MINOT and MURPHY: EFFICACY OF LIVER IN THE TRATMENTOF PERNICIOUS ANEMIA1948 RICKES (US) and PARKER (ENGLAND): ISOLATEDVIT B12ANIMAL PROTEIN FACTOR

CHEMICAL NATURE:CYANIDE GROUP COULD BE REPLACED BY A VARIETY OF ANION egHYDROXYL (HYDROXY COBALAMIN/B12a), NITRITE (NITROCOBA-LAMIN/B12c)

METABOLIC FUNCTION:METABOLISM OF ONE CARBON GROUPCONVERSION OF RIBOSE TO DEOXYRIBOSEERYTHROCYTE PRODUCTION

BIOTIN

RAT FED RAW EGG WHITE DEVELOPED ECZEMA-LIKE DERMATITIS1942 DUVIGNEAUD PUBLISHED ITS STRUCTURE1943 HARRIS SYNTHESIS d-BIOTIN

BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTION:COENZYME FOR CARBOXYLASES, WHICH CATALYZE CO2 FIXATIONOr CARBOXYLATION, eg ACETYL-CoA CARBOXYLASE WHICH CATALYZETHE REACTION OF CARBOXYLATION IN THE FIRST STEP OFNON-MITOCONDRIAL PATHWAY FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS

DEFICIENCY:SCALY DERMATITIS, ANOREXIASOURCE:ROYAL JELLY, LIVER, YEAST, MOLASSES,PEANUT