visual apparatus - masarykova univerzita · visual apparatus eyeball - bulbus oculi accessory...
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VISUAL APPARATUS
EYEBALL EYEBALL -- bulbus bulbus oculioculi
ACCESSORY VISUAL STRUCTURES ACCESSORY VISUAL STRUCTURES -- organa organa
oculioculi accessoriaaccessoria
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1. tunica
fibrosa
2. t. vasculosa
3. t. interna
Eyeball (AP diameter 24 - 26 mm)
Layers:
polus polus ant.ant.
polus polus post.post.
n. opticusn. opticus
axis axis opticusopticus
linea visus (visual axis)linea visus (visual axis)
seen object
fovea centralis
MRL
MRM
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1. tunica fibrosa
Sclera - post. 5/6
■ limbus sclerae
■ sinus venosus
■ lamina cribrosa
Cornea - ant. 1/6
■ limbus corneae
■ facies ant. et post.
fibrous skeleton of the eyeball
attachment of muscles
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2. tunica
vasculosa
Choroidea (2/3)
supplies the retina
pigmented – light-absorbing
vascular
Corpus ciliare
attachment for the lens
controls thickness of the lens
secretion of aqueous humor
■ corona et orbiculus
Iris
contractile diaphragm with a
central aperture – pupilla
■ facies ant. et post.
■ sphincter, dilator Processus ciliares
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increased convexity of the
lens – refraction suitable
for near vision
Innervation: E-W ncl. CN III
M. ciliaris
Accommodation of
the lens
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E-W ncl. CN III Symp.ncl.
M. sphincter pupillae
Miosis
M. dilatator pupillae
Mydriasis
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3. tunica interna
■ pars caeca:
Retina ■ pars optica
(rods, cones)
ora serrata
p. ciliaris p. iridica
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bipolar cells
photoreceptors
(rods and cones)
stratum pigmentosum
ganglion cells
N. opticus
Layers of the retina
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Photoreceptors:
Rods
120 million
primary source of visual information at
night
used in peripheral vision
Cones
7 million
detection of color
central fovea – responsible for central
vision
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Ophthalmoscopy
Macula lutea + fovea centralis
- the area of most acute vision
Discus (papilla) n.
optici
Fundus - OCULA DEXTRA (OD)
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A. et v. centralis retinae
1a,b a. et v. temporales
2a,b a. et v. nasales
1a
1b 2b
2a
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Chambers - camera bulbi ant. et post.
Aqueous humor - humor aquosus
A
P
Fibrae
zonulares
Sinus venosus sclerae
(canal of Schlemm)
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Lens
polus
ant. polus
post.
facies
ant.
facies
post.
aequator
axis 4 mm
capsula lentis
■ substantia lentis
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PRESBYOPIA
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Cataracts
loss of transparency
cloudiness
ageing process
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jelly-like substance with watery fluid
holds the retina in place
supports the lens
Vitreous chamber: vitreous
humor, vitreous body
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Extraocular muscles
Striated
■ m. rectus bulbi sup., inf.,
med., lat.
■ m. obliguus sup., inf.
■ m. levator palp. sup.
Non-striated
■ m. orbitalis (symp.) ■ mm. tarsales (symp.)
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Anulus tendineus
communis
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palpebra sup. et inf.
■ commisurae palpebr.
■ rima palpebrarum
■ angulus oculi med. et lat.
(canthus)
■ facies ant. et post.
Eyelids - palpebrae
Conjunctiva
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1 septum orbitale
2 tarsus sup. et inf.
3 lig. palp. med. et lat.
Structure of the eyelid
11
11
22
22
33 33
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skin
■ m. orbicularis oculi
■ septum orbitale +
tarsi
■ conjunctiva
Rivus lacrimalis
f. ant. f. post.
limbus
palpebr.
ant.
limbus
palpebr.
post.
cilia cilia
gll. ciliares gll. ciliares
gll. sebaceaegll. sebaceae
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Gll. tarsales
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Hordeolum (stye) Chalazion (tarsal
chalazion)
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Tunica conjunctiva
tun. conj. palpebrarum
■ tun. conj. bulbi
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Fornix conjunctivae sup. et inf.
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Glandula lacrimalis
> ductuli excretorii
> lacus lacrimalis
■ papillae lacrimales
■ puncta lacrimalia
■ canaliculi lacrimales
■ saccus lacrimalis
■ ductus nasolacrimalis
Apparatus lacrimalis
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11
11
22
22
33
33
Pars orbitalis
Pars palpebralis
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Angulus medialis:
lacus lacrimalis
■ caruncula lacrimalis
■ plica semilun. conjunctivae
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Blood supply A. opthalmica
aa. ciliares post. breves et longae
a. centralis retinae
aa. conjunctiv.
aa. ciliares ant.
aa. episclerales v. vorticosav. vorticosa
V ophtalmica sup.
V. ophtalmica inf.
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Illustrations and photographs were copied from:
Atlas der Anatomie des Menschen/Sobotta.
Putz,R., und Pabst,R. 20. Auflage. München:
Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1993
Netter: Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy.
Windows Version 2.0