visitation capacity planning for publicvenues · national parks vs theme parks national parks •...
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Visitation Capacity Planning Visitation Capacity Planning for for PublicVenuesPublicVenues
ORCA ConsultingORCA ConsultingFebruary 6, 2008February 6, 2008
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ORCA Consulting ExpertiseORCA Consulting Expertise
VisitorCapacity &Circulation
VisitorCapacity &Circulation
Operations& Visitor Experience
Operations& Visitor Experience
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Operations/Visitor ExperienceOperations/Visitor Experience• Ease of operation• Cost efficiency• Revenue enhancement• Visitor satisfaction• Ancillary business
opportunities
• Operational insights• Visitor program
development• Staff development• Visitor amenities• Implementation
strategies
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Visitor Capacity and CirculationVisitor Capacity and Circulation
• Design and peak day attendance
• Visitor length of stay• Instantaneous visitor
counts• Visitor capacity• Wayfinding strategy
• Public space and support facility sizing and configuration
• Circulation• On-site transportation
capacity• Reservations and
ticketing strategy
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Major Categories of Leisure VenuesMajor Categories of Leisure VenuesPublic Sector• Nature & historic parks &
sites– National– International– Regional
• Urban public venues– Zoos & Aquariums– Museums, Galleries, Gardens– Visitor Centers– Concert & theatre venues
• Fairs & Expositions
Private Sector• Theme parks & attractions
• Resort destinations
• Sports venues
• Entertainment venues
• Traveling venues
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The Spectrum of The Spectrum of Leisure VenuesLeisure Venues
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National Parks
Theme ParksNon-profits
Private Sector
Increasing emphasis on revenues & profit
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Comparison of Management Objectives: Comparison of Management Objectives: National Parks vs Theme ParksNational Parks vs Theme Parks
National Parks• Provide unique
opportunities for visitors to experience priceless & one-of-a-kind resources
• Try to accommodate visitation, but not encourage more of it
Theme Parks• Provide exciting
experiences that simulate reality or fantasy
• Maximize attendance & profits through marketing and meeting visitors’ needs
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Comparison of Management Objectives: Comparison of Management Objectives: National Parks vs Theme ParksNational Parks vs Theme Parks
National Parks• Protect sensitive &
valuable resource
• Respond to a host of non-NPS stakeholders
Theme Parks• Renovate or replace
resources that are no longer cost-effective
• Comply with appropriate regulations, but plan & operate autonomously from outside influences
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Comparison of Management Objectives: Comparison of Management Objectives: National Parks vs Theme ParksNational Parks vs Theme Parks
National Parks• Operate the parks as
effectively as possible with limited funds / seek alternate funding sources
• Provide basic visitor services & amenities with little emphasis on revenues
Theme Parks• Provide capital &
operating revenues as needed to maximize attendance and profits
• Provide ample visitor services and amenities to maximize visitor comfort & profits
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Comparison of Management Objectives: Comparison of Management Objectives: National Parks vs Theme ParksNational Parks vs Theme Parks
National Parks• Manage visitor stay
time to mitigate congestion
• Provide a variety of experiences , ranging from high social densities to opportunities for solitude
Theme Parks• Increase visitor stay
time to maximize spending
• Plan for a balanced distribution of visitors across the key resources to maximize comfort and profits
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Impacts of Management Objectives Impacts of Management Objectives on Visitation Capacity Planningon Visitation Capacity Planning
• Capacity Limitations of key resources• Acceptable levels of crowding & congestion• Ability to develop & implement standards• Ability to develop & implement improvements• Level of visitor services• Visitor experience satisfaction• Planning sophistication
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Planning SimilaritiesPlanning Similarities
• Planning objectives may be different, but similar capacity planning approaches have been shown to be very effective
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Planning SimilaritiesPlanning Similarities
• Many problems can be solved by getting visitors out of their cars and onto alternative & fun transportation
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Planning SimilaritiesPlanning Similarities
• Need to provide for effective visitor information, orientation and wayfinding
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Capacity Planning TerminologyCapacity Planning Terminology
National (& other) Parks• Carrying Capacity• Sustainable Capacity• Recreation Capacity• Limits of Acceptable
Growth• VERP• PAOT
General Planning Terms• Attendance Capacity• Visitation Capacity• Admissions Capacity• Throughput Capacity• THRC, OSHRC• Instantaneous visitor
counts
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Importance of Importance of Visitation Capacity PlanningVisitation Capacity Planning
• Protection of valuable resources• Optimal utilization of key resources• Spend budgets cost-effectively• Manage “excess” recreational demand• Provide comfortable and enjoyable visitor
experience
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Effects of Excessive VisitationEffects of Excessive Visitation• Resource deterioration• Reduced visitor
experience quality• Reduced future
visitation through word of mouth
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Assessing the problemsAssessing the problems
• Each site is unique and requires a tailored solution approach
• Issues related to carrying capacity should be assessed holistically
• Local stakeholders should be engaged
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Mitigation Strategies for OvercrowdingMitigation Strategies for Overcrowding
• Establish & implement realistic carrying capacities– Consider both visitor experience and resource
protection• Identify opportunities to increase capacity
– Viewing areas at key resources– Add activity areas– Implement operating procedures
• Shift visitation into non-peak periods– Hours – Days – Seasons
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Managing the visitor experienceManaging the visitor experience
Visitor experience should be managed to sustain revenues and future attendance
• Set the stage for the visitors’ experience• Provide appropriate wayfinding• Eliminate circulation choke points• Develop an effective path network• Provide adequate amenities• Provide a variety of interpretive experiences
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SelfSelf--sustaining financial structuresustaining financial structure
• Often, critical site improvements cannot be implemented due to lack of funding
• Visitors are willing to pay a fair price for unique experiences
• Financial mechanisms are needed to ensure that a site can be sustained and preserved for future generations
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Attendance AnalysisAttendance Analysis
Annual Attendance Estimates
Annual Attendance Estimates
SeasonalityAnalysis
SeasonalityAnalysis
Daily Distribution of Annual AttendanceDaily Distribution of Annual Attendance
Attendance Design Criteria– Design Attendance Day – Peak Attendance Day – Hourly Visitor Arrivals – Inst Visitor Counts (PAOT)
Attendance Design Criteria– Design Attendance Day – Peak Attendance Day – Hourly Visitor Arrivals – Inst Visitor Counts (PAOT)
OperationalPlanning
OperationalPlanning
VenueProgramVenue
Program
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Instantaneous Visitor Count DistributionInstantaneous Visitor Count Distribution
Design Day Instantaneous Visitor Count(example: 20,000)
Design Day Instantaneous Visitor Count(example: 20,000)
Attractions/Exhibits/Entertainment(70% -- 14,000)
Attractions/Exhibits/Entertainment(70% -- 14,000)
FoodService(15%)
FoodService(15%)
Retail(5%)
Retail(5%)
Rest-rooms(1%)
Rest-rooms(1%)
PublicCirc.(9%)
PublicCirc.(9%)
Attraction Queues
Attraction Queues ExhibitsExhibitsAttractionsAttractions EntertainmentEntertainment
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Capacity Planning Methodology for ExhibitsCapacity Planning Methodology for Exhibits
# Visitors in Exhibits(example: 1,000)
# Visitors in Exhibits(example: 1,000)
Exhibit Design Criterion(25 sf per visitor)
Exhibit Design Criterion(25 sf per visitor)
Required Exhibit Space (2,500 sq. m.)
Required Exhibit Space (2,500 sq. m.)
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Typical Capacity Planning Standards Typical Capacity Planning Standards for Theme Parksfor Theme Parks
• Attraction Wait Times – Design Day: 15 / 45 minutes – Peak Day: 30 / 90 minutes
• Fast Food Wait Times: 5 / 15 min. Design Day
• Ticket Booths: 10 minutes Peak Day
• Restrooms: Zero Wait Peak Day
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Grand Canyon Example Grand Canyon Example -- Methodology for Methodology for Visitor Carrying Capacities of OverlooksVisitor Carrying Capacities of Overlooks
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Visitor Use at Yavapai Overlook AreaVisitor Use at Yavapai Overlook Area
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Example: Example: USS Arizona Memorial Visitor CenterUSS Arizona Memorial Visitor Center
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Example: Example: Statue of Liberty Monument ReopeningStatue of Liberty Monument Reopening
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Example: Example: U.S. Capitol Visitor CenterU.S. Capitol Visitor Center
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ConclusionConclusion
• Major planning consideration: provide memorable and comfortable visitor experiences