Viruses, Bacteria, Protists and Fungi

VirusesVocabularyVirus - tiny, nonliving, not cells, can multiply using a living hostHost – living organism that provides energy for virusesParasites – organisms that live on or in a host and cause them harmBacteriophage – virus that infects bacteriaVaccine – substance introduced into the body to stimulate production of chemicals to destroy viruses

Notes

All viruses destroy their host Vary in shape Similar structure

1) protein coat (protection)2) inner core (genetic material –

instructions for making new viruses)Protein on surface act as keys that will only match up with certain locks of hosts

Virus Multiplication1) attach to cell (lock and key)2) enters cell3) virus’s genetic material takes over

functions4) instructs cell to produce virus’s

proteins and genetic material5) proteins and genetic material

assemble into new viruses6) bursts open

Active Virus – takes over immediately Hidden Virus – hide, wait for right conditions,

then copy Spread in a variety of ways No cure, can ease discomfort with meds Treatment – rest, fluids, eat well-balanced

meals

BacteriaVocabularyBacteria – single-celled prokaryote (no nucleus) organismsFlagellum – long, whiplike structures, help with movementBinary Fission – 1 cell divides to form 2 identical cellsAsexual Reproduction – involves only 1 parent, offspring exactly like parentSexual Reproduction – 2 parents, combine genetic material, different from both parentsConjugation – sharing genetic material through a threadlike bridge, bacteria has new genetic material, then it divides through binary fission

Endospore – small, round, thick-walled, resting cells contain genetic material – helps bacteria survive harsh conditions. When conditions are suitable, it opens up, grows, multipliesPasteurization – process of killing bacteria in food using heatDecomposers – organisms that break down large chemicals in dead organisms

Notes Need flagella to move Vary in size 3 basic shapes – spherical, rodlike, spiral Must have source of food and a way to break it

down to release energy Food – autotrophs, chemically, heterotrophs Respiration – breaking down food to get

energy Reproduction – frequently in right conditions

What bacteria does for us~ Oxygen production~ Food production~ Environmental recycling (FBI)~ Environmental clean-up (oil spills)

~ Health and medicineBACTERIA CAN BE GOOD FOR YOU!!!!!!!

ProtistsVocabularyProtists – eukaryotes, cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungi (junk drawer) VERY DIVERSEProtozoans – animal-like protistsPseudopods – “false foot” temporary bulge of the cell – The BlobContractile Vacuole – structure that collects and removes water from the cellCilia – hairlike projections that help organisms moveSymbiosis – close relationship where at least 1 benefits

Mutualism – both partners benefit (type of symbiosis)Algae - plantlike protistsSpore – tiny cell that can grow into a new organism

Notes 3 types – Animal-like, Plantlike and

Funguslike Animal-like – heterotrophs, able to move

and obtain food, unicellular 4 groups of Animal-like (mostly grouped

by movement)Sarcodines

CiliatesFlagellates

Parasites

Sarcodines Move and feed by pseudopods (ex. Amoeba,

The Blob) Extend cytoplasm to move or engulf food Have contractile vacuoles to remove excess

water

Ciliates Use cilia to move and obtain food

(paramecium) Cilia act like tiny oars 2 contractile vacuoles >1 nucleus – large for everyday tasks

small for reproduction Reproduce asexually – binary fission or

sometimes conjugation Oral groove – “mouth”

Flagellates Use 1 or more flagella to move (Giardia) Live inside bodies of other organisms

Parasites Characterized by the way they live – not

movement Move in a variety of ways Feed on cells and body fluids of host

Plasmodium

Plantlike Protists - Algae Autotrophs Diverse – unicellular, multicellular, may live in

colonies, many colors Produce oxygen Food source 6 types – Diatoms, Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids,

Red Algae, Green Algae, and Brown Algae

Diatoms Unicellular Glasslike cell walls Food source for heterotrophs Move by oozing slime Used as scouring products or insecticide

Dinoflagellates Unicellular Stiff plates – like armor Variety of colors 2 flagella Glow in the dark

Euglenoids Unicellular Green Can be heterotrophs Fresh water

Red Algae Multicellular Deep in water Ice cream, hair conditioner Nutrient rich food

Green Algae Green pigments Most unicellular, can be multicellular in colonies Mostly in the water Closely related to land plants

Brown Algae Multicellular Most complex structure – blade, stalk/stipe,

bladder, holdfast

Funguslike Protists “sort of like”

animals – heterotrophsplants – cell wall

Use spores to reproduce Able to move at some point 3 types

Slime Mold brilliantly colored ooze to moveWater Molds and Downy Mildews live in moist places attack food crops

FungiVocabularyFungi – eukaryotes, cell walls, heterotrophs (absorb food), use spores to reproduce, need moist and warm places to growHyphae – threadlike tubes that make up the body of the fungusFruiting body – reproductive structures for fungiBudding – form of asexual reproduction for yeast (little mini-me)Lichen – mutualistic relationship between fungus and algae or autotrophic bacteria

Notes Range in size – tiny unicellular to large

multicellular Appearance of fungi depends on arrangement of

hyphae Absorb food through hyphae that grow into food,

digestive chemicals break down food and then “drinks” it up

Reproduce by making spores (million of them) Spores are surrounded by a protective covering

and can be easily carried through air or water

Reproduce asexually and sexuallyasexually – cells divide to form spores or

buddingsexually – hyphae of 2 fungi grow

together and exchange genetic material 3 groups of fungi

ClubSacZygote

Fungi….Provide food – yeast, mushroomsdecompose (FBI)cause disease – parasites (cricket)fight disease – penicillin

fungus-plant root association Lichen – pioneer organism, indicator of air

pollution