Viruses A. Viruses are not _______.

They are not made of _______ They cannot carry out ____________

activities unless they are in a ______ cell.

B. Viruses consist of a piece of genetic material (either ______ or ______) and a ________ coat. Some may have more complex coverings.

C. Viruses cannot be treated with __________ because they are not _______.

alivecellsmetabolic

host

DNA RNAprotein

antibioticsalive

Eubacteria 1. The three cell types of bacteria are

_________ (round-shaped) _________ (rod-shaped) _________

2. All eubacteria have a cell wall containing ______________

3. Gram __________ bacteria stain purple with Gram stain.

4. Gram _________ bacteria stain pink with Gram stain.

5. You cannot use the same ____________ against Gram (-) and Gram (+) bacteria.

coccusbacillusspiral

peptidoglycanpositive

negative

antibiotics

6. What are some ways bacteria are helpful?

• Making food products like yogurt and cheese

• Oil-eating bacteria can clean oil spills• Decomposers – help recycle nutrients

• Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

7. ___________ produced (and continue to produce) enough atmospheric oxygen to change our atmosphere to 21% oxygen.

8. What are some disease-causing bacteria?

Cyanobacteria

• strep throat bacteria

• E.coli

• salmonella – food poisoning

Protista Kingdom Protista is the most diverse of

the eukaryotic kingdoms. 1. Every eukaryote that is not a fungus,

plant, or animal is classified as a _________.

2. Protists can be animal-like, plant-like, or fungus-like.

3. Protists can be photosynthetic ___________ or ______________, free-living or parasitic, unicellular or multicellular.

protist

autotrophs heterotrophs

4. Algae are _____________________ and are major producers of atmospheric __________.

5. Some can cause disease. ________ is caused by the animal-like

protist Plasmodium, which is transmitted to humans by infected ___________.

Sleeping sickness is caused by the protist Trypanosoma, and is carried by Tsetse flies.

photosynthetic protistsoxygen

Malaria

mosquitoes

1. The major phyla of fungi are classified by their ___________ structures.

a. Ascomycota – ________ b. Zygomycota – _____________ c. Basidiomycota – ____________ and

toadstools 2. What are some harmful effects of

fungi?

reproductiveyeast

bread mold

mushrooms

• cryptococcal infections

• athlete’s foot and jock itch• Candida albicans can cause thrush and vaginal yeast infections

3. What are some beneficial uses of fungi?

• yeast is used for baking and beverage making

• Nitrogen-fixing fungi contribute to the Nitrogen cycle• Many types of fungi act as decomposers in food chains

• Mushrooms are quite tasty on pizza, in salads, and on a mushroom swiss burger

4. Fungi are nonmoving, eukaryotic _____________ that absorb their food from organic material.

5. Fungi can be saprophytic or parasitic. ______________ obtain their food from

dead organic material __________ live in or on another

organism causing harm to that organism.

6. The bodies of fungi consist of filaments

called _________, which intertwine into a thick mass called a ___________.

7. The cell walls of fungi are made of ________.

heterotrophs

saprophytes

parasites

hyphaemycelium

chitin

8. Most fungi reproduce both ________ and __________

9. . Fungi are classified into groups based on the reproductive structures they contain. The following table provides a brief look at the fungi.

sexually asexually