vinidex pvc pipe manual - water planning -...

VINIDEXPVC PIPE MANUAL

01 Introduction...................................................... page 202 Materials ........................................................... page 9

Different Types of PVC.............................. page 1004 Design.............................................................. page 48

Standards (AS 1477)................................... page 50Flow Charts.............................. starting at page 62Flow Chart for PN12 .................................. page 67About PVC Fittings .................................... page 78Temperature Rating Tables..............pages 79& 80Celerity (Velocity of Shock Waves) ........... page 89

05 Installation...................................................... page 9706 Product Data ................................................ page 120

Pipe Dimensions........................................ page 123

NB. Ctrl-Shift-N to move to a page number in Acrobat.

PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe

i n t r o d u c t i o n

introduction.1

Contents

Introduction 3

Manufacture 4

Quality Assurance 6

Research and Development 6

introduction.2 PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe


Limitation of LiabilityThis manual has been compiled by Vinidex PtyLimited (“the Company”) to promote betterunderstanding of the technical aspects of theCompany’s products to assist users in obtainingfrom them the best possible performance.

The manual is supplied subject toacknowledgement of the following conditions:

• The manual is protected by copyright and maynot be copied or reproduced in any form or byany means in whole or in part without priorconsent in writing by the Company.

• Product specifications, usage data and advisoryinformation may change from time to time withadvances in research and field experience. TheCompany reserves the right to make suchchanges at any time without further notice.

• Correct usage of the Company’s productsinvolves engineering judgements which can notbe properly made without full knowledge of allthe conditioned pertaining to each specificinstallation. The Company expressly disclaimsall and any liability to any person whethersupplied with this publication or not in respect ofanything and of the consequences of anythingdone or omitted to be done by any such personin reliance whether whole or partial upon thewhole or any part of the contents of thispublication.

• No offer to trade, nor any conditions of trading,are expressed or implied by the issue of contentof this manual. Nothing herein shall override theCompany’s Condition of Sale, which may beobtained from the Registered Office or any SalesOffice of the Company.

• This manual is and shall remain the property ofthe Company, and shall be surrendered ondemand to the Company.

• Information supplied in this manual does notoverride a job specification, where such conflictarises, consult the authority supervising the job.

© Copyright Vinidex Pty Limited

ABN 42 000 664 942

introduction.3PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe


From Modest Beginnings toAustralia’s Leader

Vinidex Pty Limited is Australia’slargest manufacturer of PVC pipes.

From its modest beginnings inSydney in 1960, the company hasgrown dynamically with factoriesnow located in Sydney, Melbourne,Launceston, Perth, Brisbane andTownsville. Supply depots aremaintained in Adelaide, Darwin andMildura.

Vinidex pipe and fitting systems areused in a broad cross-section ofmarkets including:

• Water, wastewater and drainage

• Irrigation

• Mining, and industrial

• Plumbing

• Gas

• Communications

• Electrical

• Power

Vinidex is the most experiencedcompany in Australia in the supplyof PVC pipes for mains waterreticulation and was the first toproduce a rubber ring jointedpressure pipe. Early Vinidex rubberring joint installations include:

1966, with the Victorian Rural WaterCommission (previously State Riversand Water Supply Commission)

1967, with the New South WalesDepartment of Public Works forwater supply projects.

Vinidex pressure pipe and fittingsare manufactured from high qualityPVC polymer.

Vinidex specifications exceed therequirements of the various nationaland state specifying authorities andStandards Australia.

Vinidex pressure pipe and fittingscombine the unique physicalproperties of PVC polymer with themost advanced manufacturingtechniques and will continue to meetthe exacting demands of the watersupply industry in Australia and agrowing number of overseascountries, well into the 21st century.

PVC Pipe - World Leader

PVC pipe is the world’s most widelyused medium for conveyance offluids.

After centuries of use of ancientmaterials such as clay, lead, ironand more recently steel andasbestos cement, PVC has, in acomparatively short 50 years,invaded all of the traditionalapplications of these materials tobecome the premier pipe material,measured by length or value, in theworld today.

The product has well recognisedadvantages of immunity to

corrosion, chemical and micro-/macro-biological resistance,hydraulic superiority, ease ofhandling and installation togetherwith toughness and flexibility towithstand abuse. Its widespreadapplications are largely attributableto these features.

Pipe applications fall into two broadcategories primarily determined bythe dominance of either internalpressure or external loading overdesign. They are referred to as‘pressure’ or ‘non-pressure’applications.

This manual covers pressureapplications with particularemphasis on general water supply.Other applications include irrigation,industrial and pumped seweragemains. It provides state-of-the-artinformation on materialcharacteristics and performance,pipe selection and system designprocedures, installationrecommendations and detailedproduct specification data for bothpipe and fittings. To date this is themost comprehensive technicalmanual published in Australia onPVC pressure pipe systems.

introduction.4

MANUFACTUREBasically, PVC products are formedfrom raw PVC powder by a processof heat and pressure. The two majorprocesses used in manufacture areextrusion for continuous objectssuch as pipe and moulding fordiscrete articles such as fittings.

Modern PVC processing involveshighly developed scientific methodsrequiring precise control overprocess variables. The polymermaterial is a free flowing powderwhich requires the addition ofstabilisers and processing aids.Formulation and blending are criticalstages of the process and tightspecifications are maintained forincoming raw materials, batchingand mixing. Feed to the extrusion ormoulding machines may be direct, inthe form of “dry blend”, or pre-processed into a granular“compound”.

Extrusion

Polymer and additives (1) areaccurately weighed and (2) eitherautomatically dispensed into themixing plant or stored for later use.High speed mixing (3) is used toblend the raw materials into auniformly distributed dry blendmixture. A mixing temperature ofaround 120°C is achieved byfrictional heat. At various stages ofthe mixing process, the additivesmelt and progressively coat the PVCpolymer granules. After reachingthe required temperature, the blendis automatically discharged into acooling chamber which rapidlyreduces the temperature to around50°C, thereby allowing the blend tobe pneumatically or mechanicallyconveyed to intermediate storage (4)where even temperature and densityconsistency are achieved.

The heart of the process, theextruder (5), has a temperature-controlled, zoned barrel in whichrotate precision “screws”. Modernextruder screws are complexdevices, carefully designed withvarying flights to control thecompression and shear, developedin the material, during all stages of

the process. The twin counter-rotating screw configuration used byall major manufacturers offersimproved processing.

Feedstock is metered into the barreland screws which then convert thedry blend into the required “melt”state by heat, pressure and shear.During its passage along the screws,the PVC passes through a number ofzones which compress, homogeniseand vent the melt stream. The finalzone increases the pressure toextrude the melt through the headand die set (6) which is shapedaccording to the size of the piperequired and flow characteristics ofthe melt stream. The design of thehead and die assembly is importantas uniform flow is necessary inorder to avoid decomposition of thePVC material.

Once the pipe leaves the extrusiondie, it is sized by external vacuum orinternal air pressure. The length ofthe sizing sleeve (7) isapproximately three times the pipediameter. This is sufficient toharden the exterior layer of PVC andhold the pipe diameter during finalcooling in a controlled water bath(8).



Figure 1.1 Typical Pipe Extrusion Line

(Figure 1.1)

Raw Material Weighing Mixing Batching Extruder Head & Die Sizing Bath

introduction.5PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe

The barrel is charged with therequired amount of plastic by thescrew rotating and conveying thematerial to the front of the barrel.The position of the screw is set to apredetermined “shot size”. Duringthis action, pressure and heat“plasticise” the material which, nowin its melted state, awaits injectioninto the mould.

All this takes place during thecooling cycle of the previous shot.After a preset time the mould willopen and the finished mouldedfitting will be ejected from themould.

The mould then closes and themelted plastic in the front of thebarrel is injected under highpressure by the screw now acting asa plunger. The plastic enters themould to form the next fitting.

After injection, recharge commenceswhile the moulded fitting goesthrough its cooling cycle.

The pipe is pulled through the sizingand cooling operations by the pulleror haul-off (9) at a constant speed.Speed control is very importantwhen this equipment is usedbecause the speed at which the pipeis pulled will affect the wallthickness of the finished product. Inthe case of rubber ring jointed pipethe haul-off is slowed down atappropriate intervals to thicken thepipe in the area of the socket.

An in-line printer (10) marks thepipes at regular intervals, withidentification according to size,class, type, date and extrudernumber.

An automatic cut-off saw (11) cutsthe pipe to the required length.

A belling machine forms a socket onthe end of each length of pipe (12).There are two general forms ofsocket. For rubber-ring jointed pipe,a collapsible mandrel is used,whereas a plain mandrel is used forsolvent jointed sockets. Rubber ringpipe requires a chamfer on thespigot which is executed either atthe saw station or belting unit.

The finished product is stored inholding areas for inspection andfinal laboratory testing and quality

acceptance (13). All production istested and inspected in accordancewith the appropriate AustralianStandard or to specificationsrequired by the purchasing authority.

After inspection and acceptance, thepipe is stored to await final dispatch(14).

For oriented PVC (OPVC) pipes, theextrusion process is followed by anadditional expansion process whichtakes place under well defined andcarefully controlled conditions oftemperature and pressure. It isduring the expansion that themolecular orientation, which impartsthe high strength typical of OPVC,occurs.

Injection Moulding

PVC fittings are manufactured byhigh pressure injection moulding.In contrast to continuous extrusion,moulding is a repetitive cyclicprocess, where a “shot” of materialis delivered to a mould in each cycle.

PVC material, either in dry blendpowder form or granular compoundform, is gravity fed from a hoppersituated above the injection unit, intothe barrel housing a reciprocatingscrew.


Haul Off Print Station Saw Automatic Belling Unit Crating Dispatch

introduction.6 PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe


QUALITY ASSURANCEVinidex is committed to thephilosophy of Total QualityManagement. All Vinidexmanufacturing sites are certified toAS/NZS ISO 9002, “ Qualitysystems- Model for qualityassurance in production, installationand servicing.”

Vinidex was the first PVC pipemanufacturer in Australia to beawarded the prestigiousStandardsMark product certification.Since that time, StandardsMarkcertification has been achieved by allVinidex locations in Australia forproducts to various AustralianStandards, including AS/NZS1477:1999, PVC pipes and fittingsfor pressure applications.

From the raw materials entering thefactory to the delivery of the finishedproduct, the Vinidex emphasis onquality and customer serviceensures performance that exceedsthe requirements of industry andstandards.

Raw Material

All raw materials for Vinidexproducts must meet detailedspecifications and suppliers arerequired to conform to strict qualityassurance standards.

Production Process Control

Production processes areenumerated, closely specified andcontinuously monitored andrecorded. Inspection and control areexercised by properly trainedpersonnel using calibratedequipment.

Product Testing

Products are examined and tested toensure compliance with the relevantAustralian Standard. Pipe productionis fully traceable and test results arerecorded for all extrusion andmoulded products.

The tests specified in AustralianStandards can be divided into twomain categories, type tests andquality control tests. Type tests aretests which are carried out to verifythe acceptability of a formulation,process or product design. They arerepeated whenever any of thesefactors changes. Dimensional checksand quality control tests areroutinely conducted at regularintervals during production. Thefollowing is a brief summary of thetests required by AS/NZS 1477:1999and their significance to PVCpressure pipe and fittings. Exceptwhere indicated, the tests requiredby AS/NZS 4441 (Int) for OPVC areidentical:

• Effect on water - This is a seriesof type tests carried out in orderto demonstrate that the pipe orfitting does not have a detrimentaleffect on the quality of drinkingwater. It assesses the effect of thepipe or fittings on the taste, odourand appearance of water as wellas the health aspects due togrowth of micro-organisms andleaching of toxic substances.

• Vinyl chloride monomer test -This test is conducted to ensurethat the residual VCM in PVCmaterial does not exceed safelimits.

• Light transmission test - This testis conducted to ensure that PVCpipes have sufficient opacity toprevent growth of algae in thewater conveyed. It is a type testfor a given formulation and pipewall thickness.

• Joint pressure and infiltrationtests - Elastomeric ring joints aresubjected to both an internalhydrostatic pressure test and anexternal pressure or internalvacuum test in order to ensure asatisfactory joint design.

• Processing tests - A number oftests are conducted in accordancewith AS/NZS 1477 to ensure themanufacturing process isconsistent and repeated.

RESEARCH ANDDEVELOPMENTVinidex’s Central DevelopmentLaboratories have gainedinternational recognition as leadersin PVC processing technology andproduct performance evaluation.New and existing materials andproducts undergo continuousexamination. Advancements inpolymer and processing technologyare closely monitored.

Vinidex regards its commitment toresearch and development as part ofits investment in the future of thecompany, its customers andAustralia.

PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe material.1

m a t e r i a l

Contents

Polyvinyl Chloride 3

Different Types of Polyvinyl Chloride 3Comparison Between OPVC, MPVC and Standard PVC 4

Properties of PVC 4

Typical Properties 5Mechanical Properties 7Elevated Temperatures 8The Chemical Performance of PVC 9Other Material Performance Aspects 10Chemical Resistance of PVC - Performance Chart 12Chemical Resistance of Elastomers - Performance Chart 35

m a t e r i a l

PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipematerial.2










ABN 42 000 664 942


POLYVINYL CHLORIDE(PVC)Polyvinyl chloride is a thermoplasticmaterial which consists of PVC resincompounded with varyingproportions of stabilisers, lubricants,fillers, pigments, plasticisers andprocessing aids. Differentcompounds of these ingredientshave been developed to obtainspecific groups of properties fordifferent applications. However, themajor part of each compound is PVCresin.

The technical terminology for PVC inorganic chemistry is poly (vinylchloride): a polymer, i.e. chainedmolecules, of vinyl chloride. Thebrackets are not used in commonliterature and unplasticised andplasticised PVC are both usuallyreferred to as PVC. The commonterminology is used throughout thispublication.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE

The PVC compounds with thegreatest short-term and long-termstrengths are those that contain noplasticisers and the minimum ofcompounding ingredients. This typeof PVC is known as UPVC. Otherresins or modifiers (such as ABS,CPE or acrylics) may be added toUPVC to produce compounds withimproved impact resistance. Thesecompounds are known as modifiedPVC (MPVC). Flexible or plasticisedPVC compounds, with a wide rangeof properties, can also be producedby the addition of plasticisers. Othertypes of PVC are called CPVC(chlorinated PVC), which has ahigher chlorine content and OPVC

(oriented PVC) which is UPVCwhere the molecules arepreferentially aligned in a particulardirection.

UPVC (unplasticised) is hard andrigid with an ultimate tensile stressof approximately 52 MPa at 20°Cand is resistant to most chemicals.Generally UPVC can be used attemperatures up to 60°C, althoughthe actual temperature limit isdependent on stress andenvironmental conditions.

MPVC (modified) is rigid and hasimproved toughness, particularly inimpact. The elastic modulus, yieldstress and ultimate tensile strengthare generally lower than UPVC.These properties depend on the typeand amount of modifier used.

PVC (plasticised) is less rigid; hashigh impact strength; is easier toextrude or mould; has lowertemperature resistance; is lessresistant to chemicals, and usuallyhas lower ultimate tensile strength.The variability from compound tocompound in plasticised PVC isgreater than that in UPVC.

CPVC (chlorinated) is similar toUPVC in most of its properties but ithas a higher temperature resistance,being able to function up to 95°C. Ithas a similar ultimate stress at 20°C and an ultimate tensile stressof about 15 MPa at 80°C.

OPVC (Oriented PVC) is sometimescalled HSPVC (high strength PVC).OPVC pipes represent a majoradvancement in the technology ofthe PVC pipe industry.

OPVC is manufactured by a processwhich results in a preferentialorientation of the long chain PVCmolecules in the circumferential orhoop direction. This provides amarked enhancement of propertiesin this direction. In addition to otherbenefits, ultimate tensile strengthsup to double those of UPVC can beobtained for OPVC. In applicationssuch as pressure pipes, where welldefined stress directionality ispresent, very significant gains instrength and/or savings in materialscan be made.

Typical properties of OPVC are:

Tensile Strength of OPVC-90 MPaElastic Modulus of OPVC - 4050 MPa

Property enhancement by molecularorientation is well known and someindustrial examples have beenproduced for over thirty years. Inmore recent times, it has beenapplied to consumer products suchas films, high strength garbagebags, carbonated beverage bottlesand the like.

The technique for applyingmolecular orientation to PVC pipeswas pioneered during the 1970’s byYorkshire Imperial Plastics and infact the earliest trial installationswere made in 1974 with 100 mmpipe by the Yorkshire WaterAuthority, United Kingdom. Vinidexhave had a pilot OPVC pipe plant inoperation since early 1982 andOPVC pipes were first installed inAustralia in 1986. Since that time,Vinidex have continued to developand expand the OPVC product rangein commercial production.

m a t e r i a l

m a t e r i a l


COMPARISON BETWEENOPVC, MPVC ANDSTANDARD PVC

OPVC is identical in composition toPVC and their general properties arecorrespondingly similar. The majordifference lies in the mechanicalproperties in the direction oforientation. The composition ofMPVC differs by the addition of animpact modifier and the propertiesdeviate from standard PVCdepending on the type and amountof modifier used. The followingcomparison is general in nature andserves to highlight typicaldifferences between pipe gradematerials.

Tensile Strength. The tensilestrength of OPVC is approximatelytwice that of normal PVC. The tensilestrength of MPVC is slightly lowerthan standard PVC.

Toughness. Both OPVC and MPVCbehave in a consistently ductilemanner under all practicalcircumstances. Under some adverseconditions, in the presence of anotch or flaw, standard PVC canexhibit brittle characteristics.

Design Stress. OPVC has a designstress approximately twice that ofnormal PVC. The design stress forMPVC is also higher than that ofPVC as a result of its lower factor ofsafety.

Safety Factors. OPVC pipes havethe same safety factor as standardPVC on circumferential stressextrapolated 50-year values. Thesafety factor used for MPVC pipes islower. This is based on itspredictable, ductile behaviour.

Elasticity and Creep. OPVC has amodulus of elasticity up to 24%higher than normal PVC in theoriented direction and a similarmodulus to standard PVC in otherdirections. The elastic modulus ofMPVC is marginally lower thanstandard PVC.

Fatigue. OPVC lasts a log decadeor more longer than standard PVC.The fatigue performance of MPVC isdependent on the type and amountof modifier used however, for pipegrades, the fatigue performance ofPVC and MPVC materials is similar.When this is translated into pipeperformance, the different operatingstresses mean that standard PVCpipes have better fatigueperformance than MPVC pipes of thesame pressure class.

Impact Characteristics. OPVCexceeds standard PVC by a factor ofat least 2 and up to 5. MPVC alsohas greater impact resistance thanstandard PVC. Impact performancetests for MPVC pipes focus onobtaining a ductile failurecharacteristic.

Weathering. There are nosignificant differences in theweathering characteristics of PVC,MPVC and OPVC.

Jointing. PVC and MPVC pipes canbe jointed by either rubber ring orsolvent cement joints. OPVC isavailable in rubber-ring jointed pipesonly. OPVC cannot be solvent-cement jointed.

PROPERTIES OF PVCGeneral properties of PVCcompounds used in pipemanufacture are given in Table 2.1.Unless otherwise noted, the valuesgiven are for standard unmodifiedformulations using K67 PVC resin.Some comparative values are shownfor other pipe materials. Propertiesof thermoplastics are subject tosignificant changes withtemperature, and the applicablerange is noted where appropriate.Mechanical properties are subject toduration of stress application, andare more properly defined by creepfunctions. More detailed datapertinent to pipe applications aregiven in the design section of thismanual. For data outside of therange of conditions listed, users areadvised to contact our TechnicalDepartment.

MOLECULAR ENTANGLEMENTS OF PVC PIPE

CLUSTERS OF PVC MOLECULES

0.02µm

DIRECTION OF ORIENTATION


m a t e r i a l

Property Value Conditions and Remarks

Physical properties

Molecular weight (resin) 140,000 cf: K57 PVC 70,000

Relative density 1.42 - 1.48 cf: PE 0.92 - 0.96, GRP 1.4 - 2.1,

Cl 7.20, Clay 1.8 - 2.6

Water absorption 0.12% 23°C, 24 hours cf: AC 18 - 20% AS1711

Hardness 80 Shore D Durometer, Brinell 15,

Rockwell R 114, cf: HDPE 60

Impact strength - 20°C 20 kJ/m2 Charpy 250 µm notch tip radius

Impact strength - 0°C 8 kJ/m2 Charpy 250 µm notch tip radius

Coefficient of friction 0.4 PVC to PVC cf: PE 0.25, PA 0.3

Mechanical properties

Ultimate tensile strength 52 MPa AS 1175 Tensometer at

constant strain rate cf: PE 12-20

Elongation at break 50 - 80% AS 1175 Tensometer at

constant strain rate cf: PE 500-900

Short term creep rupture 44 MPa Constant load 1 hour value cf: PE 10-16

Long term creep rupture 28 MPa Constant load extrapolated 50 year value

cf: PE 6-12

Elastic tensile modulus 3.0 - 3.3 GPa 1% strain at 100 seconds cf: PE 0.6-0.8

Elastic flexural modulus 2.7 - 3.0 GPa 1% strain at 100 seconds cf: PE 0.5-0.7

Long term creep modulus 0.9 - 1.2 GPa Constant load extrapolated 50 year

secant value cf: PE 0.1 - 0.3

Shear modulus 1.0 GPa 1% strain at 100 seconds

G=E/2/(1+µ) cf: PE 0.2

Bulk modulus 4.7 GPa 1% strain at 100 seconds

K=E/3/(1-2µ) cf: PE 2.0

Poisson’s ratio 0.4 Increases marginally with time

under load. cf: PE 0.45

Electrical properties

Dielectric strength (breakdown) 14 - 20 kV/mm Short term, 3 mm specimen

Volume resistivity 2 x 1014Ω.m AS 1255.1

Surface resistivity 1013 - 1014 Ω AS 1255.1

Dielectric constant (permittivity) 3.9 (3.3) 50 Hz (106 Hz) AS 1255.4

Dissipation factor (power factor) 0.01 (0.02) 50 Hz (106 Hz) AS 1255.4

Table 2.1: Properties of PVC

TYPICAL PROPERTIES

m a t e r i a l


Thermal properties

Softening point 80 - 84°C Vicat method AS 1462.5 (min.

75°C for pipes)

Max. continuous service temp. 60°C cf: PE 80, PP 110

Coefficient of thermal expansion 7 x 10-5/K 7 mm per 10 m per 10°C

cf: PE 18 - 20 x 10-5, Cl 1.2 x 10-5

Thermal conductivity 0.16 W/[m.K] 0 - 50°C

Specific heat 1,000 J/[kg.K] 0 - 50°C

Thermal diffusivity 1.1 x 10-7 m2/s 0 - 50°C

Fire performance

Flammability (oxygen index) 45% ASTM D2683 Fennimore Martin

test, cf: PE 17.5, PP 17.5

Ignitability index 10 - 12 (/20) cf: 9 - 10 when tested as pipe

AS 1530 Early Fire Hazard Test

Smoke produced index 6 - 8 (/l0) cf: 4 - 6 when tested as pipe


Heat evolved index 0

Spread of flame index 0 Will not support combustion.


Abbreviations

PE Polyethylene

PP Polypropylene

PA Polyamide (nylon)

Cl Cast Iron

AC Asbestos Cement

GRP Glass Reinforced Pipe

Conversion of Units

1 MPa = 10 bar = 9.81 kg/cm2 = 145 lbf/in2

1 Joule = 4.186 calories = 0.948 x 10-3 BTU = 0.737 ft.lbf

1 Kelvin = 1°C = 1.8°F temperature differential


MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

For PVC, like other thermoplasticsmaterials, the stress /strain responseis dependent on both time andtemperature. When a constant staticload is applied to a plastics material,the resultant strain behaviour israther complex. There is animmediate elastic response, which isfully recovered as soon as the loadis removed. In addition there is aslower deformation, which continuesindefinitely while the load is applieduntil rupture occurs. This is knownas creep. If the load is removedbefore failure, the recovery of theoriginal dimensions occurs graduallyover time. The rate of creep andrecovery is also influenced bytemperature. At higher temperatures,creep rates tend to increase.Because of this type of response,

plastics are known as viscoelasticmaterials.

The Stress Regression Line

The consequence of creep is thatpipes subjected to higher stresseswill fail in a shorter time than thosesubjected to lower stresses. Forpressure pipe applications, long lifeis an essential requirement.Therefore, it is important that pipesare designed to operate at wallstresses which will ensure that longservice lives can be achieved. Toestablish the long term properties, alarge number of test specimens, inpipe form, are tested until rupture.All of these separate data points arethen plotted on a graph and aregression analysis performed tofind the line of best fit. The linearregression analysis is extrapolated

10

20

30

40

50

60

708090

100

0.1 1 10 10 10 10

Time (hours)

Ho

op

Str

ess

(MP

a)

OPVC pressure test dataOPVC regression linePVC/MPVC pressure test dataPVC/MPVC regression linePVC/MPVC 97.5% lcl line-------------------------------------------------------- AS/NZS 4441 OPVC specificationMPVC specification*AS/NZS 1477 PVC specification for >DN150AS/NZS 1477 PVC specification for <DN175

Specification point 50 years

100 years

OPVC design stress (AS/NZS 4441) - 23.6MPa

MPVC design stress (AS/NZS 4765) - 17.5MPa

PVC design stress (AS/NZS 1477 <DN175) - 11MPa

PVC design stress (AS/NZS 1477 >DN150) - 12.3

2 3 4 10 5 10 6 10 7

Typical Stress Regression Curves

to obtain the predicted failure stressat the design point.

A safety factor is then applied toobtain a maximum operating stressfor the pipe material which is usedto dimension pipes for a range ofpressure ratings. In Europe andAustralasia, the ISO design point of50 years, or 438,000 hours, isadopted. In North America, thedesign point of 100,000 hours isused. This design point is quitearbitrary and should not beinterpreted as an indication of theexpected service life of a PVC pipe.

The stress regression line istraditionally plotted on logarithmicaxes showing the circumferential orhoop stress versus time to rupture.

m a t e r i a l

* For MPVC, the 50 year specification point is a 97.5% lowewr confidence limit point to ensure that the minimum factor of safety of 1.4 is obtained.

m a t e r i a l


Creep Modulus

For PVC, the modulus orstress/strain relationship must beconsidered in the context of the rateor duration of loading and thetemperature

A universal method of datapresentation is a curve of strainversus time at constant stress. At agiven temperature, a series of curvesis required at different stress levelsto represent the complete picture. Amodulus can be computed for anystress/strain/ time combination, andthis is normally referred to as thecreep modulus.

Such curves are useful, for example,in designing for short and long termtransverse loadings of pipes.

Tests conducted in both Englandand Australia have shown that OPVCis stiffer, i.e. it has a highermodulus, than standard PVC bysome 24% for equivalent conditionsin the oriented direction. From otherwork, there appears to be nosignificant change in the axialdirection.

ELEVATED TEMPERATURES

Pressure Ratings atElevated Temperatures

The mechanical properties of PVCare referenced at 20°C.Thermoplastics generally decrease instrength and increase in ductility asthe temperature rises and designstresses must be adjustedaccordingly.

See Section on Design for thedesign ratings for pipes attemperatures other than 20°C.

Reversion

The term “reversion” refers todimensional change in plasticproducts as a consequence of“material memory”. Plastic products“memorise” their original formedshape and if they are subsequentlydistorted, they will return to theiroriginal shape under heat.

In reality, reversion proceeds at alltemperatures, but with high qualityextrusion it is of no practicalsignificance in plain pipe attemperatures below 60°C and inOPVC pipe at temperatures below 50°C.

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

010 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109

Time seconds

Str

ain

(%)

Creep in Tension at 20 °C

Courtesy ICI


Although OPVC is chemicallyidentical to standard PVC, rates ofattack may vary and this material isnot recommended for use inchemical environments or forchemical conveyance.

In most environments, the chemicalperformance of MPVC is expected tobe similar to standard PVC.However, where concentratedchemicals are to be in prolongedcontact with MPVC or elevatedtemperatures are likely, it isrecommended that some preliminarytesting be carried out to determinethe suitability of the material.

Sewage Discharges

PVC will not be affected by anythingthat can be normally found insewerage effluent. However, if someillegal discharge is made then mostchemicals are more likely to attackthe rubber ring (common to allmodern pipe systems) than the PVCpipe. Because of modern pollutioncontrols on sewage discharges PVCcan be safely used in any municipalsewerage network including areasaccepting industrial effluent.

Gases

For town gas distribution PVC iscommonly used where the aromaticcontent of the gas is low, as in thecase of natural gas or LP gas.

It should be noted that fortransportation of gases generally,high factors of safety are essentialand PVC is recommended only forlow pressure applications.

THE CHEMICALPERFORMANCE OF PVC

PVC is resistant to many alcohols,fats, oils and aromatic free petrol. Itis also resistant to most commoncorroding agents including inorganicacids, alkalis and salts. However,PVC should not be used with esters,ketones, ethers and aromatic orchlorinated hydrocarbons. PVC willabsorb these substances and thiswill lead to swelling and a reductionin tensile strength.

Chemical Attack

Chemicals that attack plastics do soat differing rates and in differingways. There are two general typesof chemical attack on plastic:

1. Swelling of the plastic occurs butthe plastic returns to its originalcondition if the chemical isremoved. However, if the plastichas a compounding ingredientthat is soluble in the chemical, theplastic may be changed becauseof the removal of this ingredientand the chemical itself will becontaminated.

2. The base resin or polymermolecules are changed bycrosslinking, oxidation,substitution reactions or chainscission. In these situations theplastic cannot be restored by theremoval of the chemical.Examples of this type of attack onPVC are aqua regia at 20°C and wet chlorine gas.

Factors Affecting Chemical Resistance

A number of factors can affect therate and type of chemical attack thatmay occur. These are:

Concentration. In general, the rateof attack increases withconcentration, but in many casesthere are threshold levels belowwhich no significant chemical effectwill be noted.

Temperature. As with allprocesses, rate of attack increasesas temperature rises. Again,threshold temperatures may exist.

Period of Contact. In many casesrates of attack are slow and ofsignificance only with sustainedcontact.

Stress. Some plastics under stresscan undergo higher rates of attack.In general PVC is consideredrelatively insensitive to “stresscorrosion”.

Considerations for PVC Pipe

For normal water supply work, PVCpipes are totally unaffected by soiland water chemicals. The questionof chemical resistance is likely toarise only if they are used in unusualenvironments or if they are used toconvey chemical substances. TheChemical Resistance Table 2.1 givesguidance in this context.

For applications characterised asfood conveyance or storage, healthregulations should be observed.Specific advice should be obtainedon the use of PVC pipes.

m a t e r i a l

m a t e r i a l


Chemical Resistance ofJoints

When considering the performanceof pipe materials in contact withchemical environments, it isimportant not to overlook the effectof the environment on the jointingmaterials. In general, solvent cementjoints may be used in anyenvironment where PVC pipe isacceptable. However, separateconsideration may need to be givento the rubber ring.

Chemical attack on rubbers canoccur in two ways. Swelling canoccur as a result of absorption of achemical. This can make it weakerand more susceptible to mechanicaldamage. On the other hand, it mayassist in retaining the sealing force.Alternatively, the chemical attackmay result in a degradation orchange in the chemical structure ofthe rubber. Both types of attack areaffected by a number of factors suchas chemical concentration,temperature, rubber compoundingand component dimensions. Thesurface area exposed to theenvironment may also influence theseverity of the attack.

As a guide, a chemical resistancetable for rubber materials commonlyused in pipe seals is given in Table 2.2.

OTHER MATERIALPERFORMANCE ASPECTS

Permeation1

The effect on water quality due tothe transport of contaminants fromthe surrounding soil through thepipe wall or rubber ring must beconsidered where gross pollution ofthe soil has occurred in theimmediate vicinity of the pipe.

For permeation to occur through thepipe wall, the chemical must be astrong solvent or swelling agent forPVC such as aromatic or chlorinatedhydrocarbons, ketones, anilines andnitrobenzenes. Permeation throughPVC is insignificant for alcohols,aliphatic hydrocarbons, and organicacids.

The mechanism of permeationdepends on the effectiveconcentration (activity) of thechemical contaminant. At lowerconcentrations, permeation rates areso slow that permeation may beconsidered insignificant. Thus, in themajority of cases, PVC pipe is aneffective barrier against permeationof soil contaminants

At high chemical concentrations(activity >0.25) a differentmechanism applies and both thePVC pipe and water quality may beadversely affected in a short time.This corresponds to a gross spill orleak of the chemical in closeproximity to the pipe.

It should be noted that rubber ringsare generally considered moresusceptible to permeation than PVCand should be consideredseparately.

Weathering and SolarDegradation

The effect of “weathering” or surfacedegradation by radiant energy, inconjunction with the elements, onplastics has been well researchedand documented.

Solar radiation causes changes inthe molecular structure of polymericmaterials, including PVC. Inhibitorsand reflectants are normallyincorporated in the material whichlimit the process to a surface effect.Loss of gloss and discolourationunder severe weathering will beobserved.

The processes require input ofenergy and cannot proceed if thematerial is shielded, e.g. under-ground pipes.

From a practical point of view, thebulk material is unaffected andperformance under primary tests willshow no change, i.e. tensile strengthand modulus.

However, microscopic disruptionson a weathered surface can initiatefracture under conditions of extremelocal stress, e.g. impact on theoutside surface. Impact strengthwill therefore show a decrease undertest.

1. Berens, Alan R., "Prediction of Organic Chemical Permeation Through PVC Pipe," Journal American Waterworks Association, Denver, CO(Nov. 1985) pp. 57-65.

Vonk, Martin W., "Permeation of Organic Soil Contaminants Through Polyethylene, Polyvinylchloride, Asbestos Cement and Concrete Water Pipes,"Some Phenomena Affecting Water Quality During Distribution: Permeation, Lead Release, Regrowth of Bacteria, KIWA Ltd., Neuwegen, TheNetherlands (Nov. 1985) pp. 1-14.


Protection Against Solar Degradation

All PVC pipes manufactured byVinidex contain protective systemsthat will ensure against detrimentaleffects for normal periods of storageand installation.

For periods of storage longer thanone year, and to the extent thatimpact resistance is important to theparticular installation, additionalprotection may be consideredadvisable.

This may be provided by under-cover storage, or by covering pipestacks with an appropriate materialsuch as hessian. Heat entrapmentshould be avoided and ventilationprovided. Black plastic sheetingshould not be used.

Above-ground systems may beprotected by a coat of white orpastel-shade PVA paint. Goodadhesion will be achieved withsimply a detergent wash to removeany grease and dirt.

Material Ageing

The ultimate strength of PVC doesnot alter markedly with age. Itsshort-term ultimate tensile strengthgenerally shows a slight increase.

It is important to appreciate that thestress regression line does notrepresent a weakening of thematerial with time, i.e. a pipe heldunder continuous pressure for manyyears will still show the sameshort-term ultimate burst pressureas a new pipe.

The material does, however,undergo a change in morphologywith time, in that the “free volume”in the matrix reduces, with an

increasing number of cross-linksbetween molecules. This results insome changes in mechanicalproperties:

• A marginal increase in ultimate tensile strength.

• A significant increase in yieldstress.

• An increase in modulus at highstrain levels.

In general, these changes wouldappear to be beneficial. However,the response of the material at highstress levels is altered in that localyielding at stress concentrators isinhibited, and strain capability of thearticle is decreased. Brittle-typefracture is more likely to occur,and a general reduction in impactresistance may be observed.

These changes occur exponentiallywith time, rapidly immediatelyfollowing forming, and more andmore slowly as time proceeds.By the time the article is put intoservice, they are barely measurable,except in the very long term.

Artificial ageing can be achieved byheat treatment at 60°C for 18 hours.OPVC undergoes such ageing in theorientation process and itscharacteristics are similar to a fullyaged material, but with greatlyenhanced ultimate strength.

Microbiological Effects

PVC is immune to attack bymicrobiological organisms normallyencountered in under-ground watersupply and sewerage systems.

Macrobiological Attack

PVC does not constitute a foodsource and is highly resistant todamage by termites and rodents.

Effect of Soil Sulphides

Grey discolouration of under-groundPVC pipes may be observed in thepresence of sulphides commonlyfound in soils containing organicmaterials. This is due to a reactionwith the stabiliser systems used inprocessing. It is a surface effect,and in no way impairs performance.

m a t e r i a l

m a t e r i a l


Table 2.1: Performance Chart - Chemical Resistance of PVC

Important Information

The listed data are based on resultsof immersion tests on specimens, inthe absence of any applied stress. lncertain circumstances, where thepreliminary classification indicateshigh or limited resistance, it may benecessary to conduct further tests toassess the behaviour of pipes andfittings under internal pressure orother stresses.

Variations in the analysis of thechemical compounds as well as inthe operating conditions (pressureand temperature) can significantlymodify the actual chemicalresistance of the materials incomparison with this chart’sindicated value.

It should be stressed that theseratings are intended only as a guideto be used for initial information onthe material to be selected. Theymay not cover the particularapplication under consideration andthe effects of altered temperaturesor concentrations may need to beevaluated by testing under specificconditions. No guarantee can begiven in respect of the listed data.Vinidex reserves the right to makeany modification whatsoever, basedupon further research andexperiences.

Sources for ChemicalResistances of PVC

Source 1The Water Supply Manual for PVCPipe Systems, First Edition, VinidexTubemakers Pty Limited, 1989

Source 2Chemical Resistance Guide ForThermoplastic Pipe and FittingSystems, Vinidex Tubemakers PtyLimited

Source 3ISO/TR 10358 Technical Report:Plastic Pipes and Fittings-CombinedChemical-resistance ClassificationTable, First Edition, InternationalOrganisation for Standardisation,1993

Source 4Chemical Resistance, Volume 1-Thermoplastics, Second Edition,Plastics Design Library, 1994

Source 5Chemical Resistance Data Sheets,Volume 1-Plastics, RapraTechnology Limited, 1993

Abbreviations

S Satisfactory Resistance

L Limited Resistance

U Unsatisfactory Resistance

dil.sol. dilute aqueous solution at aconcentration equal to or less than 10%

sol. Aqueous solution at a concentration greater then 10% but not saturated

sat.sol. saturated aqueous solution prepared at 20°C

tg-g technical grade, gas

tg-l technical grade, liquid

tg-s technical grade, solid

work.sol. working solution of the concentration usually used in the industry concerned

susp. Suspension of solid in a saturated solution at 20°C

Chemical Performance of PVCChemical Formula Temp. Conc. Resist.

(oC) (%)Acetaldehyde CH3CHO 20 40 U

60 U20 100 U60 U

Acetic acid CH3COOH 20 up to 10 S60 S20 10 to 50 S60 L

-glacial 20 >96 U60 U

Acetic anhydride (CH3CO)2O 20 100 U60 U

Acetone CH3COCH3 20 10 U60 U20 100 U60 U

Acetonitrile 20 U60 U

Acetophenone CH3COC6H5 20 tg-s U60 U

Acetyl nitrile 20 U60 U

Acetylene C2H2 20 tg-g S60 S

Acrylic acid ethyl ester 20 U60 U

Acrylonitrile CH2CHCN 20 techni-60 cally pure U

Adipic acid (CH2CH2CO2H)2 20 sat. sol. S60 L

Air 20 tg-g S60 S

Allyl alcohol CH2CHCH2OH 20 tg-l L60 U

Allyl chloride 20 U60

sat. solU

Alum Al2(SO4)3.K2SO4.nH2O 20 sat. sol S(Aluminium potassium sulphate) 60 SAluminium AlCl3 20 sat. sol. S-chloride 60 S-fluoride AlF3 20 susp. S

60 S-hydroxide Al(OH)3 20 susp. S

60 S-nitrate Al(NO3)3 20 sat. sol. S

60 S


m a t e r i a l

Resistance: S = Satisfactory L = Limited U = Unsatisfactory

m a t e r i a l



-oxychloride 20 susp. S60 S

-sulphate Al2(SO4)3 20 sat. sol. S60 S

Ammonia NH3 20 sat. sol. S-aqueous 60 S-dry gas 20 tg-g S

60 S-liquid 20 tg-l L

60 UAmmonium CH3COONH4 20 S-acetate 60 S-alum 20 S

60 S-benzoate 20 S

60-bifluoride 20 S

60 S-bisulphate 20 S

60 S-carbonate (NH4)2CO3 20 sat. sol. S

60 S-chloride NH4Cl 20 sat. sol. S

60 S-dichromate 20 S

60 S-fluoride NH4F 20 25 S

60 L-hydrogen carbonate NH4HCO3 20 sat. sol. S

60 S-hydroxide NH4(OH) 20 35 m/v S

60 sol. S-nitrate NH4NO3 20 sat. sol. S

60 S-persulphate (NH4)2S2O8 20 sat. sol. S

60 S-phosphate dibasic NH4(HPO4)2 20 S

60 S-phosphate meta (NH4)4P4O12 20 sat. sol. S

60 S-phosphate tri (NH4)2HPO4 20 S

60 S-sulphate (NH4)2SO4 20 sat. sol. S

60 S-sulphide (NH4)2S 20 sat. sol. S

60 S-thiocyanate 20 sat. sol. S

60 S-zinc chloride 20 S

60 S

Chemical Formula Temp. Conc. Resist.


m a t e r i a l


Amyl acetate CH3CO2CH2(CH2)3CH3 20 tg-l U60 U

Amyl alcohol CH3(CH2)3CH2OH 20 tg-l S60 L

Amyl chloride CH3(CH2)3CH2Cl 20 tg-l U60 U

Aniline C6H5NH2 20 sat. sol. U60 or tg-l U

-chlorohydrate C6H5NH2HCl 20 U60 U

-hydrochloride 20 sat. sol. U60 U

-sulphate 20 U60 U

Anthraquinone 20 S60 U

Anthraquinone 20 susp. Ssulphonic acid 60 SAntimony chloride SbCl3 20 sat. sol. S

60 SAqua regia HCl + HNO3 20 U

60 UArsenic acid H3AsO4 20 sat. sol. or S

60 weak conc. LAryl sulphonic acids 20 S

60 UBarium BaBr2 20 sat. sol S-bromide 60 S-carbonate BaCO3 20 susp. S

60 S-chloride BaCl2 20 sat. sol. S

60 S-hydroxide Ba(OH)2 20 sat. sol.

sat. sol.

work

S60 S

-nitrate Ba(NO3)2 20 S-sulphate

-sulphide

BaSO

BaS

4 20 susp. S60 S20 S60 S

Beer 20 S60 S

Benzaldehyde 20 U60 U

Benzalkonium chloride

C6H5CHO

C6H5COOH

20 S20 tg-l

tg-l

UBenzene C6H6

60 U20 LBenzoic acid60

sat. sol.U

20 UBenzoyl chlorideBenzyl acetate 20 U

60 U


m a t e r i a l



work

C3 3HBO

tg-g

tg-l

tg-l

tg-g

tg-g

tg-l

tg-l

100

sat. sol.

sat. sol.

Bismuth carbonate 20 S60 S

Boric acid 20 S60 L

Boron trifluoride BF3

HBrO3

Br 3

20 sat. sol. S20 SBrine 60 S20 10 SBromic acid

Bromine

Bromobenzene

Bromoethane

Bromotoluene

Butadiene

20 U60 U20 U60 U20 trace L60 U

UU

206020 U60 U20 U60 U

C4H6

C4H10

CH3CH OH2CHOHCH2

CH3CO2 2CH 2CH 2CH 3CH

20 S 60 S

Butane 20 S60 S

Butanediols 20 10

conc.

S60 U20 L60 U

Butanols(butyl alcohols)

C4H9OH 20 S 60 L

Butyl acetate 20 U60 U

Butylene glycol C4H4

4 9

(OH)2

C H 6 4C H OH

CaCO3

2 5C H 2CH COOH

20 L20 UButyl mercaptan60 U20 UButylphenols

Butyl phthalate60 U20 U60

sat. sol.

tg-l

tg-l

susp.

U20 SButylstearate

Butynediol 20 S60 U

Butyric acid 20 20 S60 U20 U60 U

Cadmium cyanide 20 S60 S

Calcium-carbonate

20 S60 S

60 S



-chlorate

CaCI2

CaCHCI 20 sat. sol. S60 S

-chloride 20 S60 S

- hydrogen sulphide Ca(HS) 2 20 sol. S60 S

- hydrogen sulphite(calcium bisulphide)

Ca(HSO )3 2

Ca(HO)2

Ca(OCI)2

Ca(NO )23

CaSO4

CO2

CaS

20

sat. sol.

sat. sol.

sat. sol.

sat. sol.

sat. sol.

susp.

tg-g

sat. sol.

S(calcium bisulphite) 60 S-hydroxide 20 S

60 S-hypochlorite 20 S

60 S-nitrate 20 S

60 S-sulphate 20 S

60 S-sulphide 20 S

60 SCarbitol 20 SCarbon dioxide(gas)

20 S60 S20 S(aqueous)60 S

Carbon disulphide CS2 20 tg-l U60 U

Carbon monoxide CO 20 tg-g S60 S

Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 20 tg-l U60 U

Carbonic acid H2CO3 20 sat. sol. S(aqueous) 60 S(dry) 20 100 S

60 S(wet) 20 S

60 LCastor oil 20 S

60 SCaustic potash 20 S

60 SCellosolve 20 S(2-ethoxyethanol) 60 UCellosolve acetate 20 SChloral hydrate 20 S

60 SChloramine 20 dil. sol. SChloric acid HClO3 20 20 S

60 L


m a t e r i a l


m a t e r i a l


Chlorine Cl2 20 10 S-dry gas 60 L

20 100 L60 U

Chloroacetic acid ClCH2COH 20 sol. S60 L

Chloroacetyl chloride 20 SChlorobenzene 20 tg-l U

60 UChloroform CHCl3 20 tg-l U

60 UChloropicrin 20 UChloropropanes 20 tg-l U

60 UChlorosulphonic acid ClHSO3 20 tg-s L

60 UChrome alum KCr(SO4)2 20 sol. S

60 SChromic acid CrO3 + H20 20 10 S(plating soln) 60

20 30 S6020 50 S60 L20 sat. sol. S

Chromic solution CrO3 + H20 +H2SO4 20 50/35/15 S60 L

Citric acid C3H4(OH)(CO2H)3 20 sat. sol. S60 S

Copper CuCO3 20 S-carbonate 60 S-chloride CuCl2 20 sat. sol. S

60 S-cyanide CuCN2 20 sat. sol. S

60 S-fluoride CuF2 20 S

60 S-hypochlorite Cu(OCl)2 20 S

60 S-nitrate Cu(NO3)2 20 sat. sol. S

60 S-sulphate CuSO4 20 sat. sol. S

60 SCottonseed oil 20 work S

60 sol. SCreosote 20 U

60 U




m a t e r i a l

Cresol CH3C6H4OH 20 <90 L60 U20 >90 U60 U

Cresylic acid CH3C6H4COOH 20 50 L60 U

Crotonaldehyde 20 sat. sol. or U60 tg-l U

Crude oil 20 tg-l S 60 S

Cyclanone 20 S60 S

Cyclohexane C6H12 20 U60 U

Cyclohexanol 20 sat. sol. or U60 tg-s U

Cyclohexanone C6H10O 20 tg-l U60 U

Cyclohexyl alcohol 20 U60 U

DDT 20 U60 U

Detergents 20 dil S(synthetic) 60 SDevelopers 20 work S(photographic) 60 sol. SDextrin C6H12OCH2O 20 sol. S

60 LDextrose 20 sol. S

60 SDiacetone alcohol 20 SDiazo salts 20 S

60 SDibutoxyethyl phthalate 20 U

60 UDibutyl phthalate C6H4(CO2C4H9)2 20 U

60 UDibutyl sebacate 20 S

60 UDichloroacetic acid Cl2CHCOOH 20 tg-l U

60 UDichlorobenzene 20 tg-l U

60 UDichloroethane CH2ClCH2Cl 20 tg-l U(ethylene dichloride) 60 UDichloroethylene ClCH2Cl 20 tg-l U

60 U



m a t e r i a l



Diesel fuels 20 S60 S

Diethyl ether C2H5OC2H5 20 U60 U

Diethyl sulphate (C2H5)2SO4 20 U(ethyl sulphate) 60 UDiglycolic acid (CH2)2O(CO2H)2 20 S

60 LDimethylamine (CH3)2NH 20 100 L

60 UDimethyl formamide 20 U

60 UDimethylhydrazine 20 U

60 UDimethyl sulphate (CH3)2SO4 20 S(methyl sulphate) 60 UDioctyl phthalate 20 tg-l U

60 UDioxane 20 tg-l U

60 UDiphenyl ether 20 U

60 UDodecanoic acid 20 S(lauric acid) 60 SEmulsions 20 work S(photographic) 60 sol. SEthanol CH3CH2OH 20 tg-l S(ethyl alcohol) 60 LEthers 20 U

60 UEthyl CH3CO2C2H5 20 tg-l U-acetate 60 U-acrylate 20 tg-l U

60 UU-chloride CH3CH2Cl 20 tg-g

60 U-chloroacetate 20 U

60 U-ether CH3CH2OCH2CH3 20 tg-l U

60 UEthylene ClCH2CH2OH 20 tg-l U-chlorohydrin 60 U-dibromide 20 U

60 U-glycol HOCH2CH2OH 20 tg-l S(ethanediol) 60 S-oxide 20 U(oxiran) 60 UFatty acids 20 S

60 S



m a t e r i a l


Ferric Fe(CH3COO)3 20 S-acetate 60 U-chloride FeCl3 20 sat. sol. S

60 S-hydroxide Fe(OH)3 20 S

60 S-nitrate Fe(NO3)3 20 sat. sol. S

60 S-sulphate Fe(SO4)3 20 sat. sol. S

60 SFerrous FeCl2 20 sat. sol. S-chloride 60 S-hydroxide Fe(OH)2 20 S-nitrate FeNO3 20 S-sulphate FeSO4 20 sat. sol. S

60 SFixing soln. 20 S(photographic) 60 SFluoboric acid 20 S

60 SFluorine F2 20 tg-g U

60 wet or dry UFluosilic acid HSiF6 20 sat. sol. S

60 SFormaldehyde HCOH 20 30-40% S

60 SFormic acid HCOOH 20 10 S

60 S20 25 S60 L20 50 S60 L20 100 S60 U

Fructose 20 S60 S

Fuel oil 20 S60 S

Furfuraldehyde 20 U(furfural) 60 UFurfuryl alcohol C5H3OCH2OH 20 tg-l U

60 UGas 20 tg-g S(manufactured) 60 L(natural,wet/dry) 20 tg-g SGasoline 20 work S(fuel) 60 sol. SGelatine 20 sol. S

60 SGlucose C6H12O6 20 sol. S

60 SGlycerine HOCH2CHOHCH2OH 20 tg-l S

60 S


m a t e r i a l



Glycolic acid HOCH2COOH 20 30 S60 S

Heptane C7H16 20 tg-l S60 U

Hexadecanol 20 work S(cetyl alcohol) 60 sol. SHexane C6H14 20 S

60 LHexanol 20 tg-l S(hexyl alcohol) 60 SHydrazine 20 97 U

60 UHydrobromic acid HBr 20 up to 20 S

60 L20 50 S60 L

Hydrochloric acid HCl 20 <25 S60 L20 <37 S60 S

Hydrocyanic acid HCN 20 10 S60 S

Hydrofluoric acid HF 20 up to 10 S60 S20 40 L60 U20 60 L60 U

Hydrogen H2 20 S60 S

-peroxide H2O2 20 12 S60 S20 30 S60 S20 50 S60 S20 90 S60 S

-sulphide H2S 20 tg-g S60 S

Hydroquinone 20 sat. sol. S(quinol) 60 SHydrosulphite 20 <10 S

60 LHydroxylamine sulphate (H2NOH)2H2SO4 20 12 S

60 SHydrochlorous acid 20 LHypochlorite 20 SHypochlorous acid 20 S

60 S



Iodine I2 20 sat. sol. U(soln in potassium iodide) 60 U(soln in alcohol) 20 tg-l U

60 UIsobutyl alcohol 20 tg-l S

60 SIso-octane C8H18 20 S(2,2,4-trimethylbentane) 60 UIsophorone 20 U

60 UIsopropyl (CH3)2CHOH 20 tg-l S-alcohol 60 S-ether (CH3)2CHOCH(CH3)2 20 L

60 UKerosene 20 S

60 SLactic acid CH3CHOHCOOH 20 10 S

60 L20 10 to 90 L60 U

Latex 20 S60 S

Lauryl chloride 20 S60 U

Lead Pb(CH3COO)2 20 dil. or sat. S-acetate 60 sol. S-arsenate 20 S

60 S-chloride PbCl2 20 S

60 S-nitrate PbNO3 20 S

60 S-sulphate PbSO4 20 S

60 SLinoleic acid 20 S

60 SLinoleic oil 20 S

60 SLinseed oil 20 work S

60 sol. LLithium bromide 20 S

60 S


m a t e r i a l


m a t e r i a l


Magnesium MgCO3 20 susp. S-carbonate 60 S-chloride MgCl2 20 sat. sol. S

60 S-citrate 20 S

60 S-hydroxide Mg(OH)2 20 sat. sol. S

60 S-nitrate MgNO3 20 sat. sol. S

60 S-sulphate MgSO4 20 sat. sol. S

60 SMaleic acid COOHCHCHOOH 20 25 S

60 S20 50 S60 S20 sat. sol. S60 L

Malic acid CH2CHOH(COOH)2 20 sol. or S60 sat. sol. S

Manganese 20 S-chloride 60 S-sulphate 20 10/20 or S

60 sat. SMercuric HgCl2 20 sat. sol. S-chloride 60 S-cyanide HgCN2 20 sat. sol. S

60 SMercurous nitrate HgNO3 20 S

60 SMercury Hg 20 tg-l S

60 SMesityl oxide 20 U

60 UMethoxyethyl oleate 20 S

60 SMethyl CH3COOCH3 20 tg-l U-acetate 60 U-alcohol CH3OH 20 5 S(methanol) 60 S

20 tg-l S60 L

-bromide CH3Br 20 U(bromomethane) 60 U-cellosolve 20

60U




m a t e r i a l

-chloride CH3Cl 20 U(chloromethane) 60 U-ethyl ketone CH3COCH2CH3 20 tg-l U

60 U-glycol 20 S

60 S-isobutyl ketone 20 tg-l U

60 U-methacrylate 20 tg-l U

60 U-salicylate 20 SMethylamine CH3NH2 20 32 L

60 UMethylated spirits 20 S

60 LMethylcyclohexanone 20 U

60 UMethylene CH2Br2 20 U-bromide 60 U-chloride CH2Cl2 20 tg-l U

60 U-chlorobromide 20 U

60 U-iodine 20 U

60 UMethylsulphoric acid CH3COOSO4 20 50/100 S

60 LMineral oils 20 work S

60 sol. SMolasses 20 work S

60 sol. LMotor oils 20 S

60 SMuriatic acid 20 S

60 SNaphtha 20 work. sol. U

60 UNaphthalene C10H8 20 U

60 UNatural gas 20 S

60 SNickel -acetate Ni(CH3COO)2 20 S-chloride NiCl2 20 sat. sol. S

60 S-nitrate Ni(NO3)2 20 sat. sol. S

60 S-sulphate NiSO4 20 sat. sol. S

60 SNicotonic acid 20 susp. S

60 S



m a t e r i a l



Nitrous fumes 20 L(moist) 60 UNitrous oxide N2O 20 S

60 UOils and fats 20 tg-l S

60 SOleic acid C8H17CHCH(CH2)7CO2H 20 tg-l S

60 SOleum 20 U

60 UOxalic acid HO2CCO2H 20 sat. sol. S

60 S20 dil. sol. S60 L

Oxygen O2 20 tg-g S60 S

Ozone O3 20 sat. sol. S60 S

Palmitic acid CH3(CH2)14COOH 20 10 S60 S20 70 S60 S

Paraffin 20 S60 L

-emulsion/oil 20 S60 S

Peracetic acid 20 S60 U

Perchloric acid HClO4 20 10 S60 L20 70 L60 U

Perphosphate 20 SPetrol 20 S-refined 60 U-unrefined 25 S

60 S

Nitric acid HNO3 20 up to 45% S60 L20 >50% U60 U

Nitrobenzene C6H5NO2 20 tg-l U60 U

Nitroglycerin 20 U60 U

Nitroglycol 20 U60 U

Nitromethane 20 LNitropropane 20 U

60 U



m a t e r i a l


Phenylhydrazine C6H5NHNH3Cl 20 dil. sol. Uhydrochloride 60 UPhosgene 20 S(gas) 60 U(liquid) 20 U

60 UPhosphine 20 tg-g S

60 SPhosphoric H3PO4 20 10 S-acid 60 S

20 25 S60 S20 50 S60 S20 95 S60 S

-anhydride P2O5 20 S60 L

Phosphorous P4 20 S60 U

-pentoxide P2O5 20 S60 U

-trichloride PCl3 20 tg-l U60 U

Phosphoryl chloride 20 tg-l U(phosphorus oxychloride) 60 UPhthalic acid C6H4(CO2H)2 20 50

60 UPicric acid: HO6H2(NO2)3 20 1 S

60 S20 >1 U60 U

Petrol/benzene 20 80:20 U(mixture) 60 UPetroleum spirit 20 U(petroleum ether) 60 UPetroleum liquifier 20 S

60 SPetroleum oils 20 S

60 UPhenol C6H5OH 20 1 S

20 90 U60 U

Phenylhydrazine C6H5NHNH2 20 tg-l U60 U


m a t e r i a l



-silver 20 S60 S

-tin 20 S60 S

-zinc 20 S60 S

-Polyglycol ethers 20 U60 U

-Potash 20 S60 S

Potassium 20 S-alum 60 S-borate K3BO3 20 sat. sol. S

60 S-bromate KBrO3 20 up to 10 S

60 S-bromide KBr 20 sat. sol. S

60 S-carbonate K2CO3 20 sat. sol. S

60 S-chlorate 20 sat. sol. S

60 S-chloride KCl 20 sat. sol. S

60 S-chromate K2CrO4 20 40 S

60 S-cuprocyanide 20 sat. sol. S

60-cyanide KCN 20 sat. sol. S

60 S-dichromate K2Cr2O7 20 40 S(potassium bichromate) 60 S

20 sat. sol. S

Plating solutions: 20 S-brass 60 S-cadmium 20 S

60 S-chromium 20 S

60 S-copper 20 S

60 S-gold 20 S

60 S-indium 20 S

60 S-lead 20 S

60 S-nickel 20 S

60 S-rhodium 20 S

60 S



m a t e r i a l

-ferricyanide 20 sat. sol. S60 S

-ferrocyanide K4Fe(CN)6.3H2O 20 sat. sol. S(potassium hexacyanoferrate (II)) 60 S-fluoride KF 20 sat. sol. S

60 S-hydrogen carbonate 20 sat. sol. S(potassium bicarbonate) 60 S-hydrogen sulphate 20 sat. sol. S(potassium bisulphate) 60 S-hydrogen sulphite 20 sol. S(potassium bisulphite) 60 S-hydroxide KOH 20 10 S

60 S20 50 S60 S20 conc. S60 S

-nitrate KNO3 20 sat. sol. S60 S

-perborate KBO3 20 S60 S

-perchlorate 20 10 S60 S

-permanganate KMnO4 20 10 S60 S20 20 S60 S20 30 S60 S

-persulphate K2S2O8 20 sat. sol. S60 L

-sulphate K2SO4 20 sat. sol. S60 S

-sulphide 20 sat. sol. S60 S

-sulphite 20 sat. sol. S60 S

-thiosulphate 20 sat. sol. S60 S

Propane C3H8 20 S60 S

Propylene 20 U-dichloride 60 U-oxide 20 U

60 UPyridine CH(CHCH)2N 20 U

60 USalicylic acid 20 sat. sol. S

60 SSea Water 20 S

60 SSewage 20

60SS



m a t e r i a l


-antimonate 20 sat. sol. S60 S

-arsenite 20 sat. sol. S60 S

-benzoate 20 S60 L

-bicarbonate NaHCO3 20 sat. sol. S(hydrogen carbonate) 60 S-bichromate 20 S(hydrogen chromate) 60 S-bisulphate NaHSO4 20 sat. sol. S(hydrogen sulphate) 60 S-bisulphite NaHSO3 20 sat. sol. S(hydrogen sulphite) 60 S-bromide NaBr 20 sat. sol. S

60 S-carbonate Na2CO3 20 sat. sol. S

60 S-chlorate NaClO3 20 sat. sol. S

60 S-chloride NaCl 20 sat. sol. S

60 S-cyanide NaCN 20 sat. sol. S

60 S-dichromate 20 S

60 S-ferricyanide 20 sat. sol. S

60 S-ferrocyanide Na4Fe(CN)6 20 sat. sol. S

60 S-fluoride NaF 20 sat. sol. S

60 S

Silicic acid 20 S60 S

Silver-acetate

20 sat. sol.

sat. sol.

S60 S

-cyanide 20 S60 L

-nitrate AgNO3

AgCH

AgCN

COO3

H2SiO3

20 sat. sol. S60 S

Soap solutions 20 S(aqueous soln.) 60 SSodium CH3COONa3 20 S-acetate-alum

60 S20 S60 S




m a t e r i a l

-perborate NaBO3.H2O 20 S60 S

-perchlorate 20 S60 S

-peroxide 20 S60 S

-phosphate di NaHPO4 20 S60 S

-phosphate tri Na3PO4 20 S60 S

-silicate 20 sol. S60 S

-sulphate Na2SO4 20 dil. or sat. S60 sol. S

-sulphide Na2S 20 dil. S60 L

-sulphite NaSO3 20 sat. sol. S60 L

-tetraborate 20 S(di Sodium-), 'Borax' 60 S-thiosulphate Na2S3O3 20 S(sodium hyposulphite) 60 SStannic chloride SnCl4 20 sol. S(Tin (IV) chloride) 60 SStannous chloride SnCl2 20 sat. sol. S(Tin (II) chloride) 60 SStarch 20 S

60 SStearic acid CH3(CH2)16CO2H 20 S

60 SStoddard solvents 20 U

60 U

-hydrogen orthophosphate 20 S(di Sodium -) 60 S-hydroxide NaOH 20 1 w/v S

60 S20 10 w/v S60 S20 40 w/v S60 S20 conc. S60 S

-hypochlorite NaOCl 20 13% Cl S60 L

-metaphosphate 20 S60 S

-nitrate NaNO3 20 sat. sol. S60 S

-nitrite NaNO2 20 sat. sol. S60 S



m a t e r i a l


Sucrose 20 aq. sol. S60 S

Succinic acid 20 S

(sugar) 60 SSulphamic acid 20 sol. SSulphite liquors 20

20

S60 S

SSulphur 60 S

Sulphur dioxide SO2 20 S(dry) 60 S(moist) 20 S

60 U(liquid) 20 L

60 USulphur trioxide SO3 20 S

60 SH2SO4 20 up to 10 S

60 S20 15 S60 S20 10 to 50 S

60 S20 50 to 90 S60 L20 95 L60 U20 98 U60 U2060 U

-nitric aqueous soln. H2SO4 + HNO3 + H2O 20 48/49/3 S60 L20 50/50/0 L60 U20 20/10/70 S60 S20 10 S60 S20 30 S60 S20 S60 S

C14H10O9 20 sol. S60 S20 S60 S

HOOC(CHOH)2COOH 20 sol. or S60 sat. sol. S

CHCl2CHCl2 20 U

Sulphuric acid H2SO4 20 up to 10 S60 S20 15 S60 S20 10 to 50 S

S20 50 to 90 S60 L20 95 L60 U20 98 U60 U

U20 fuming60 U

60 L20 50/50/0 L60 U20 20/10/70 S60 S

Sulphurous acid 20 10 S6020 30 S60

Tallow 20 S60 S

Tannic acid C14H10O9 20 sol. S60 S

Tanning extracts 20 S60 S

Tartaric acid HOOC(CHOH)2COOH 20 sol. or S60 sat. sol. S

Tetrachloroethane CHCl2CHCl2 20 U60 U




m a t e r i a l

Tetrachloroethylene CCl2CCl2 20 U(Perchloroethylene) 60 UTetraethyl lead Pb(C2H5)4 20 100 S(lead tetraethyl) 60 LTetrahydrofuran C4H8O 20 tg-l U

60 UTetrahydronapthalene 20 U(tetralin) 60 UTetrasodium pyrophosphate 20 S

60 SThionyl chloride SOCl3 20 tg-l U

60 UThiophene C4H4S 20 U

60 UTirpineol 20 STitanium tetrachloride 20 U

60 UToluene C6H5CH3 20 tg-l U

60 UTributyl citrate 20 STributyl phosphate 20 U

60 UTrichloroacetic acid CCl3COOH 20 <50 S

60 UTrichlorobenzene 20 work. sol. U

60 UTrichloroethylene Cl2CCHCl 20 tg-l U

60 UTriethanolamine N(CH2CH2OH)2 20 100 L

60 UTriethylamine 20 S

60 LTrigol 20 S(triethylene glycol) 603,4,5,-Trihydroxybenzoic acid 20 S(gallic acid) 60 STrilon 20 U

60 UTrimethylamine 20 S

60 UTrimethylol propane 20 up to 10% S(2-ethyl-2-hydroxymethylpropanediol) 60 LTrimethyl propane 20 S

60 LTrisodium phosphate 20 S

60 STurpentine 20 S

60 LUrea CO(NH2)2 20 <10 S

60 L20 33 S60 L

5 4

4 8

3

4

3

3

2

2 2 2

2 2



m a t e r i a l


60 LUrine 20 S

60Vegetable oils 20 S

60 SVinegar 20 S

60 SVinyl acetate CH3CO2CHCH2 20 tg-l U

60 UWater H2O 20 S

60 SWhiskey 20 work sol. S

60 SWhite liquor 20 S

60 SWines and spirits 20 work sol. S

60 SXylene C8H10 20 tg-l U

60 UYeast 20 susp. S

60 LZinc ZnCO3 20 susp. S-carbonate 60 S-chloride ZnCl2 20 dil. or sat. S

60 sol. S-chromate ZnCrO4 20 S

60 S-cyanide Zn(CN)2 20 S

60 S-nitrate Zn(NO3)2 20 sat. sol. S

60 S-oxide ZnO 60 susp. S

60 S-sulphate ZnSO4 20 dil. or sat. S

60 sol. S

C5H4N4O3Uric acid C5H4N4O3 20 10 SChemical Formula Temp. Conc. Resist.



Table 2.2: General Guide for Chemical Resistance ofVarious Elastomers (Rubber Rings)

m a t e r i a l

Important Information

The listed data are based on resultsof immersion tests on specimens, inthe absence of any applied stress. lncertain circumstances, where thepreliminary classification indicateshigh or limited resistance, it may benecessary to conduct further tests toassess the behaviour of pipes andfittings under internal pressure orother stresses.

Variations in the analysis of thechemical compounds as well as inthe operating conditions (pressureand temperature) can significantlymodify the actual chemicalresistance of the materials incomparison with this chart’sindicated value.

It should be stressed that theseratings are intended only as a guideto be used for initial information onthe material to be selected. Theymay not cover the particularapplication under consideration andthe effects of altered temperaturesor concentrations may need to beevaluated by testing under specificconditions. No guarantee can begiven in respect of the listed data.Vinidex reserves the right to makeany modification whatsoever, basedupon further research andexperiences.

Sources for ChemicalResistances of Rubbers

Source 1Chemical Resistance Data Sheets,Volume 2-Rubbers, RapraTechnology Limited, 1993

Source 2Handbook of PVC Pipe Design andConstruction, Third Edition, Uni-BellPVC Pipe Association, 1993

Abbreviations

Material and Designation

NR Natural Rubber

NBR Nitrile Rubber

CR Polychloropene (Neoprene)

SBR Styrene Butadiene Rubber

EPDM Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer

S Satisfactory Resistance

L Limited Resistance

U Unsatisfactory Resistance

m a t e r i a l


Chemical Performance of ElastomersChemical Formula Temp. Conc. NR NBR CR SBR EPDM

(oC) (%)

Acetaldehyde

Acetic acid

-glacial

Acetic anhydride

Acetone

Acetonitrile

Acetophenone

Acetyl Chloride

Acrylic acid

Aluminium-chloride -sulphate

Ammonium-hydroxide-sulphate

Amyl acetate

Amyl alcohol

Aniline

Antimony trichloride

Aqua regia

Arsenic acid

Barium

Calcium -chloride

CaCl2 20 S S S S S

-hydroxide CaOH2 20 S S S S S

Butyl chloride 20 U U U U U

-sulphate BaSO4 20 S S S S

6Benzene 20 U U U U UC H6

Benzyl alcohol 20 L U L L S

Br2 20 U U U U UBromine

20 S S S S-hydroxide BaOH2

Benzaldehyde C6 5CHO 20 U U U U SH

Benzyl chloride 20 U U U U U

Boric acid H3BO3 20 S S S S S

Butanols C H OH 20 S S S S S(butyl alcohols) 4 9

CH3CHO 20 L U U U S

CH3COOH 20 10 S S S S S

20 L L U L L

(CH3CO)2O 20 L U S L L

CH3COCH3 20 S U U L S

20 S U S S S

CH3COC6H5 20 U U U U S

20 U U U U U

20 L U L U S

AlCl3 20 10 S S S S S

Al2(SO4)3 20 S S S S S

NH4(OH) 20 35 S S S S S

(NH4)2SO4 20 50 S S S S S

CO2CH2(CH2)3CH3 20 U U U U U

CH3(CH2)3CH2OH 20 L L S L L

C6H5NH2 20 L U L S S

SbCl3 20 10 S S S S S

HCl + HNO3 20 U U U U U

H3AsO4 20 S S S S S

-chlorideBaCl2 20 S S S S S

2 2 2 2 0

Butyric acid C2H5CH2COOH 20 U U L U U

CH3

Butyl acetate CO CH CH CH CH3 2 U U U U LCH3


2CI

Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 20 U U U U U

Castor oil 20 S S S S L

Cellosolve 20 L L L U L(2-ethoxyethanol)

Cellosolve acetate 20 U U U U S

Chlorine -dry gas

Chlorine dioxide

20 U U U U U

20

U U U U U

Chlorine water

20

U U U U L

Chlorobenzene 20 U U U U U

Chloroform CHCl3 20

20

U U U U U

Chlorosulphonic acid ClHSO3 20 U U U U U

CrO3 + H20 U U L U UChromic acid (plating soln)

Citric acid C3H4(OH)(CO2H)3 20 10 S S S S S

Copper-acetate

20 S S S S-chloride CuCl2

20 L L L S

-cyanide

20 S S L S-sulphate CuSO4

20

S

S S S S

Cottonseed oil 20 S S S U S

Creosote 20 L U U U

Cresol CH3C6H4OH 20 U U L U U

Cyclohexanone C6H10O 20 U U U U L

Cyclohexane C6H12 20 U L L U U

Cyclohexanol 20 U L L U L

Diesel oil 20 U S L U U

Diethyl ether C2H5OC2H5 20 U U L U U

Diethylene glycol 20 S S S S S

Dimethylamine (CH3)2NH 20 L S L U U

Dimethylhydrazine 20 U U U U S

Dioctyl phthalate 20 U L U U S

Dioxane 20 U U U U L

Ethane 20 S L U U

Ethanol CH3CH2OH 20 S S S S S(ethyl alcohol)

Chemical Formula Temp. NR NBR SBR EPDMC) (%)

CRConc.

U U U S-hypochlorite 20

20-nitrate S S S S

Carbon disulphide CS2 20 U U U U U

(o


m a t e r i a l


m a t e r i a l


Fluorine F2 20 U U U U U

Fluosilic acid HSiF6 20 S S S L S

Formaldehyde HCOH 20 40 S U L L S

Formic acid HCOOH 20 90 L L L S S

Furfuraldehyde 20 U U U U S(furfural)

Hexane C6H14 20 U S L L U

Hydrazine 20 S L L S S

Hydrobromic acid HBr 20 50 S U L U S

Hydrochloric acid HCl 20 10 L S S S S

20 36 L S S L L

Hydrofluoric acid HF 20 40 L U S S S

Hydrogen H2O2 20 35 S S S S S-peroxide

20 87 U U U U S

-sulphide H2S 20 U U S U S

Iso-octane C8H18 20 U S L U U(2,2,4-trimethylbentane)Isopropyl-alcohol

(CH3)

2CHOH 20 S S S S S

-chloride 20 U U U

-ether 20 L L U U

Kerosine 20

20

S U U U

Lactic acid CH3CHOHCOOH 90 S L S S S

Lead-acetate Pb(CH3COO)2 20 10 S S S S S

-nitrate 20 S S S S S

-sulphamate 20 L S L S

Linseed oil 20 U S L U S

Liquified Petroleum Gas 20 S L U U

Lubricating oil 20 U S S U U

Chemical Formula Temp. NR NBR SBR EPDM(%)

CRConc.

20 S S S S S

20 S S S S S

20 S S S S S

S S S S S20

S S S S S

U U U U L

20

-ether 20 U U U

Ethylene20 U U U U U-bromide

-dichloride 20

-glycolHOCH2CH2OH 20(ethanediol)

Ferric -chloride FeCl3

-nitrate

-sulphate

Fluoboric acid

20

U U U U U

U U U

L

L

U U U U

Ethyl-benzene

20

-acetate

-chloride CH3CH2Cl

Magnesium-carbonate

MgCO 20 S S S S S

2

3

-chloride MgCL 20 S S S S

(oC)


m a t e r i a l


Nitropropane 20 L U L L S

Oleic acid C8H17CHCH(CH2)7CO2H 20 U S L U L

Oxalic acid HO2CCO2H 20 S L S L S

Ozone O3 U U L U S

Paraffin 20 U S L U U-emulsion/oil

Petrol 20 U S U L U

Perchloroethylene 20 U U U U U

Phenol C6H5OH

20

Phosphoric H3PO4 20 85 S U S S S-acid

20

Picric acid: HO6H2(NO2)3 20 L L L L S

PotassiumKCN 20 S S S S S-cyanide

-fluoride KF 20 S S S S S

-hydroxide KOH 20 50 S S S L S

-permanganate KMnO4 20 25 L S S L S

-nitrate KNO3 S S S S S

-sulphate K2SO4 20 S S S S S

Chemical Formula Temp. Conc. NR NBR CR SBR EPDM

Manganese 20 S S S S S-sulphateMercuric HgCl2 20 S S S S S-chloride

Methyl CH3OH 20 S S S S S-alcohol (methanol)

-bromideCH3Br 20 U U U U U(bromomethane)

-ethyl ketone CH3COCH2CH3 20 U U U U S

MethyleneCH2Cl2 20 U U U U U-chloride

Molasses 20 S S S S S

Napthalene 20 U U U U U

Natural Gas 20 S S U U

Nickel-chloride

NiCl2 20 S S S S S

-sulphate NiSO4 20 S S L S

Nitric acid HNO3 20 10 L L L L S

20 70 U U U U U

Nitrobenzene C6H5NO2 20 U U U U S

Nitromethane 20 L L S L L

L U L L S

Propylene oxide 20 L U L U L

Pyridine CH(CHCH)2N 20 U U U U L

S S S S SSea Water 20

Sewage 20 S S S S S

( C) (%)o

-hydroxide MgOH2 20 L S L S

-sulphate MgSO4 20 S S L S


m a t e r i a l


Tetrachloroethane CHCl2CHCl2 20 U U U U U

Tetrahydrofuran C4H8O 20 U U U U U

Thionyl chloride SOCl3 20 U U U U L

Titanium tetrachloride 20 U L U U U

Toluene C6H5CH3 20 U U U U U

Trichloroacetic acid CCl3COOH 20 L L U L L

Trichloroethane 20 U U U U U

Trichloroethylene Cl2CCHCl 20 U U U U U

Triethanolamine N(CH2CH2OH)2 20 L S S L S

Triethylamine 20 U L U U U

Turpentine 20 U S U U U

Vegetable oils 20 U S S U L

Vinyl acetate CH3CO2CHCH2 20 U L S U U

Water H2O 20 S S S S S

Xylene C8H10 20 U U U U UZinc -acetate

20 L L U S

-chloride ZnCl2 20 S S S S S

-sulphate ZnSO4 20 S S L S

Chemical Formula Temp. Conc. NR NBR CR SBR EPDM ( C) (%)oC)

S S S S S

S S S S

S L S L SNaNO3 20

Silver nitrate AgNO3 20 S S S S S

Sodium-carbonate Na2CO3 20 10 S S S S S

-chloride NaCl 20 25 S S S S S

-cyanide NaCN 20 S S S S S

-hydroxide NaOH 20 10 L

20

-hypochlorite NaOCl 20 20 S S S L S

-nitrate

-nitrite S S S S SNaNO2 20

-perborate 20 L L L S

-peroxide 20

-phosphate 20 S S S S S

-silicate 20 S S S S

-sulphate Na2SO4 20 S S L S

-thiosulphate 20

20

20

L S L S

Stannic chloride S S S S SSnCl4(Tin (IV) chloride)

Sulphamic acid S S S S S

Sulphur dioxide SO2 20 U L L U S(gas)

Sulphuric acid H2SO4 20 10 S S S S S

20 70 U U L U S

20 96 U U U U U

20 FUMING U U U U U


d e s i g n

PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe design.1

Contents

Australian Standards 3

Selection of Pipe Diameter and Class 3

Flow Considerations 5

Basis of Design Flow Charts 5Other Pipe Flow Formulas 6Relating Roughness Coefficients 7Effect of Varying Parameters 8Roughness Considerations 9Form Resistance to Flow 10Worked Example 11Flow Charts 15

Pressure Considerations 24

Static Stresses 24Dynamic Stresses 25

Temperature Considerations 32

Maximum Service Temperature 32Pressure Rating 32Expansion and Contraction 34

Abrasion Resistance 35

Mine Subsidence 35

Transverse Buckling 37

Unsupported Collapse Pressure 37Supported Collapse Pressure 40Factors of Safety 40Examples of Class Selection for Buckling 40

Water Hammer 41

Celerity 42Pipe Response 43

Thrust Support 44

Pressure Thrust 44Velocity Thrust 45Thrust Blocks 45Vertical Thrusts 46

Valves 47

Air Valves 47

Scour Valves 47

Soil and Traffic Loads 47

Bending Loads 47

Installing Pipes on a curve 47

d e s i g n

PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipedesign.2










ABN 42 000 664 942

d e s i g n


d e s i g n

This section covers specification,selection and design considerationsfor PVC, OPVC and MPVC pressurepipe systems.

AUSTRALIANSTANDARDS Australian Standards for PVC pipescontain two ranges of pipe sizes,Series 1 and Series 2. Series 1 pipesare a metric size range and Series 2pipes have outside diameters whichare compatible with cast and ductileiron and AC pipes. The Series areidentified by standard colours withSeries 1 pipes generally colouredwhite (and/or light green in the caseof MPVC) and Series 2 pipesgenerally coloured light blue. Othercolours, such as lilac for recycledwater, are also used.

Pipes are designated by theirnominal size (DN) and their nominalpressure rating or class at 20°C(PN). For a given Series andnominal size, the mean outsidediameter is specified and the wallthickness increases with increasingpressure rating.

The standard effective length of PVCpipes is 6m although other lengths,up to 12m, may also be available.

Pipes are supplied with an integralsocket for either solvent cement orrubber ring jointing1 or as plain-ended pipes for jointing withcouplings.

The following Australian Standardsspecify requirements for PVCpressure pipes

AS/NZS 1477 - PVC pipes andfittings for pressure applications

This standard covers Series 1 pipesin sizes from DN10 upwards withsolvent cement joints or rubber ringjoints (Polydex®) and Series 2(Vinyl Iron®) pipes from DN100with rubber ring joints.

AS/NZS 4441 - Oriented PVC(OPVC) pipes for pressureapplications

AS/NZS 4441 is initially published asan interim standard. Series 1(Supermain® Series 1) and Series 2(Supermain® Series 2) OPVCpressure pipes are covered. Bothseries are available in rubber ringjoints only.

AS/NZS 4765 (Int.) - Modified PVC(PVC-M) pipes for pressureapplications

AS/NZS 4765 (Int.) is initiallypublished as an interim standard.Series 1 (Vinidex-Hydro® Series 1)and Series 2 (Vinidex-Hydro® Series2) MPVC pressure pipes arecovered. Series 1 pipes have eithersolvent cement joints or rubber ringjoints. Series 2 pipes have rubberring joints only. Sizes start fromDN100 for both series.

SELECTION OF PIPEDIAMETER ANDCLASSThe pipe diameter and class ofPVC pipes is selected byconsideration of the requiredhydraulic capacity and theexpected operating conditions. Fordetermination of the flow capacity,it is the mean internal diameter orbore which is the significantdimension. The mean bore forpipes to Australian Standards iscalculated as mean OD minustwice the mean wall thickness.Along with other relevantdimensions, the mean bore of PVC,OPVC and MPVC pipes is tabulatedin the product data section of thismanual.

1. Current Australian Standard terminology is "elastomeric ring joint", however the simpler term "rubber ring joint is used throughout this manual

d e s i g n


d e s i g n

2. For PVC and OPVC, the safety factor is applied to the mean extrapolated stress whereas for MPVC it is applied to the 97.5% lower confidence limit.

PN metres head MPa

4.5 46 0.45

6 61 0.6

9 91 0.9

12 122 1.2

15 153 1.5

16 163 1.6

18 184 1.820 204 2.0

Australian Standards classify PVCpipe into 8 classes shown in Table3.1. This is intended to provide afirst order guide to the duty forwhich the pipes are intended. Theseworking pressures incorporate asuitable factor of safety to ensuretrouble free operation under averageservice conditions.

There are, however, many factorswhich must be considered whendetermining the severity of serviceand the appropriate class of pipe. Insome instances, standard factors ofsafety may be too conservative, inothers too risky. The final choice isup to the designer in the light of hisknowledge of his particular situation.

Table 3.1 Maximum Working Pressure

Amongst the factors to beconsidered are:

1. Operating pressurecharacteristics:

a) Maximum steady state or staticpressures.

b) Dynamic conditions, frequencyand magnitude of pressurevariations due to systemoperation or demand variation.

2. Temperature:

The stress capability of PVC istemperature dependent.

3. Other load conditions:

Earth loads, traffic loads, bendingstresses, installation loads,expansion and contractionstresses and other mechanicalloads.

4. Service life required:

For short-term projects, e.g.mining, a life of 5 to 15 yearscould be appropriate; forirrigation, possibly 15 to 30 years;for municipal water supplies, 30to 100 years.

5. Factor of safety:

Dependent largely on thelikelihood and consequences offailure, and the number ofunknowns. Basic factors of safetybuilt into Australian Standards forPVC pipes are applied at thedesign point of 50 years. 2ForPVC to AS/NZS 1477 the standardsafety factor is 2.145, for OPVC,it is 2 and for MPVC it is 1.5.

d e s i g n


For situations involving high costs ofdown-time and repair, a higherfactor should be used. For lesscritical situations, lower factorswould be quite in order. Wherefactors such as transient pressures(e.g. water hammer) and other loadsare predicted and allowed for, lowerfactors of safety are appropriate.

These considerations are discussedin detail later in this section.

FLOWCONSIDERATIONSBASIS OF DESIGN FLOWCHARTS

Vinidex flow charts, as detailed inthe following pages, relate thepercentage hydraulic gradient to thediameter, discharge and flowvelocity of PVC, OPVC and MPVCpressure pipelines.

OPVC and MPVC pipes have a largerinternal bore than standard PVC fora given size and pressure class, thusproviding increased flow capacity.This may allow a smaller size to bechosen for a given application or, forreduced pumping costs to berealised in a size for size installation.

These charts are based on Darcy’sexpression for energy loss in pipes,i.e.

The Colebrook-White transitionalflow function is used to evaluate thefriction factor, i.e.

d e s i g n

Relates to Relates to surface roughness Viscous effects

Hydraulic Gradient

where:H = uniform frictional head loss (m)L = pipe length (m)f = Darcy friction factorV = velocity of flow (m/s)D = pipe internal diameter (m)g = gravitational acceleration (9.8m/s2)

where:Re = Reynolds Number =k = Colebrook-White roughness coeff.(m)

= Kinematic viscosity of water (m2 /s)

d e s i g n


d e s i g n

Depending on the nature of thesurface of a pipe and the velocity offluid that it is carrying, the flow in apipe will either be rough turbulent,smooth turbulent or most probablysomewhere in between.

The Colebrook-White transitionequation incorporates the smoothturbulent and rough turbulentconditions. For a smooth pipe thefirst term in the brackets tends tozero and the second termpredominates. For a rough pipe thefirst term in the bracketspredominates, particularly at flowswith a high Reynolds Number. Thisequation is therefore of almostuniversal application to virtually anysurface roughness, pipe size, fluid orvelocity of flow in the turbulentrange.

Substituting for f in the Darcyequation note that:

Q = flow velocity x pipe internal area

where:Q = discharge (m3/s)

This leads to the followingexpression upon which the flowcharts are based.

This Colebrook-White based formulais now recognised by engineersthroughout the world as the mostaccurate basis for hydraulic design,having had ample experimentalconfirmation over a wide range offlow conditions.

Examples

1. What is the hydraulic gradient(H/L) and Velocity (V) in DN100,PN12 Series 1 PVC pipe flowingat 10 L/s?

From the Series 1 PN12 flowchart, locate intercept of:

DN100 line (East /West) and

Discharge (Q) for 10 L/s (SW/NE).

Trace back along hydraulic gradient line (NW/SE) to find H/L = 1.3m/100m.

From Diameter/Dischargeintercept, trace (South) to find V = 1.25m/s.

2. What hydraulic gradient isrequired to achieve a flow velocityof 1 m/s in a DN300 PN9 Series 1PVC pipe?

From the Series 1 PN9 flow chart,locate intercept of:

DN300 line (East/West)with

velocity V = 1m/s (North/South).

Trace back along hydraulic gradient line (NW/SE) to find H/L = 0.25m/100m.

OTHER PIPE FLOWFORMULAS

Other pipe flow formulas include:

a) The Manning formula:

b) The Hazen-Williams formula

where:n = Manning roughness coefficientC = Hazen-Williams roughness

coefficientR = hydraulic radius (m)

(R = D/4 for a pipe flowing full)= hydraulic gradient (m/m)

Though both formulas do not givethe same accuracy as the Colebrook-White equation over a wide range offlows they are often used inhydraulics because of theircomparative simplicity.

d e s i g n


d e s i g n

RELATING ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENTS

Knowing k the equivalent roughness coefficients n and C for the other twoformulas can be compared as follows:

ID k v H/L n C(m) (m) (m2/s) (m/m)

0.20 0.003 x 10-3 1 x 10-6 0.01 0.0082 154

0.015 x 10-3 1 x 10-6 0.01 0.0084 151

0.030 x 10-3 1 x 10-6 0.01 0.0086 147

0.150 x 10-3 1 x 10-6 0.01 0.0096 132

0.300 x 10-3 1 x 10-6 0.01 0.0100 123

0.600 x 10-3 1 x 10-6 0.01 0.0110 113

0.45 0.003 x 10-3 1 x 10-6 0.01 0.0084 156

0.015 x 10-3 1 x 10-6 0.01 0.0086 152

0.030 x 10-3 1 x 10-6 0.01 0.0088 148

0.150 x 10-3 1 x 10-6 0.01 0.0099 132

0.300 x 10-3 1 x 10-6 0.01 0.0110 123

0.600 x 10-3 1 x 10-6 0.01 0.0110 114

Table 3.2 Equivalent Roughness Coefficients

d e s i g n


d e s i g n

Designers should use their owndiscretion as to whether or not it isappropriate to vary theseparameters.

Water Temperature

The viscosity of water decreaseswith increasing temperature. As thetemperature increases the frictionhead will decrease.

An approximate allowance for theeffect of the variation in watertemperature is as follows:

1. Pipe diameter < 150mm

Increase the chart value of thehydraulic gradient by 1% for each 2°C below 20°C.

Decrease the chart value of thehydraulic gradient by 1% for each 2°C above 20°C.

2. Pipe diameter > 150mm

Increase the chart value of thehydraulic gradient by 1% for each 3°C below 20°C.

Decrease the chart value of thehydraulic gradient by 1% for each 3°C above 20°C.

EFFECT OF VARYINGPARAMETERS

For a given discharge Q, the frictionhead loss H developed in a pipelinewill vary with the followingparameters:

Parameter Set Value

Water temperature 20°C

Small changes in pipe mean diameter diameter (AS/NZS 1477)

Roughness coefficient k = 0.003mm

Manufacturing DiameterTolerance

Vinidex pressure pipe ismanufactured in accordance withAustralian Standards which permitspecific manufacturing tolerance onboth its mean outside diameter andwall thickness. Hence the meanbore of a pipe is given by:

Mean bore = Dm - 2 • Tmean OD mean wall

thickness

The “Size DN” lines on the flowchart correspond to the mean boreof that size and class of pipe. (see product data section)

However, it is conceivable that apipe could be manufactured with amaximum OD and a minimum wallthickness within approvedtolerances. In this case thedischarge will be more than thatindicated by the charts. Similarly apipe with a minimum OD and amaximum wall thickness will have alower discharge than indicated.

For a given discharge the variation infriction head loss or hydraulicgradient due to this effect can be ofthe order of 2% to 10% dependingon the pipe size and class. For pipesizes greater than DN100 thisvariation is usually limited to 6% fora PN18 pipe.

d e s i g n


d e s i g n

Example

What is the corrected HydraulicGradient for roughness coefficient of0.015 if the H/L read from the chartswas 0.25m/100m for a DN300 pipeand a velocity of 1m/s? (see example 2, design.6)

From Table 3.3 correction factor is2.8%.

Corrected H/L = 1.028 x 0.25 = 0.257m.

50 0.5 0.6% 2.3%

1.0 1.0% 3.8%

2.0 1.6% 6.2%

4.0 2.7% 9.8%

100 0.5 0.5% 2.0%

1.0 0.9% 3.3%

2.0 1.5% 5.5%

4.0 2.4% 8.8%

200 0.5 0.4% 1.8%

1.0 0.8% 2.9%

2.0 1.3% 4.9%

4.0 2.2% 7.9%

300 0.5 0.4% 1.6%

1.0 0.7% 2.8%

2.0 1.2% 4.6%

4.0 2.0% 7.4%

450 0.5 0.4% 1.5%

1.0 0.6% 2.5%

2.0 1.1% 4.3%

4.0 1.9% 6.9%

Size DN

Flow velocity(m/s)

k=0.006(mm)

k=0.015(mm)

ROUGHNESSCONSIDERATIONS

The value of k, the roughnesscoefficient, has been chosen as0.003mm for new, clean,concentrically jointed Vinidexpressure pipe. This figure for kagrees with recommended valuesgiven in Australian Standard AS2200 (Design Charts for WaterSupply and Sewerage). It also is inline with work by Housen at theUniversity of Texas3 which confirmsthat results for PVC pipe comparefavourably with accepted values forsmooth pipes for flows withReynolds’ Number exceeding 104.

Roughness may vary within apipeline for a variety of reasons.However, in water supply pipelinesusing clean Vinidex PVC pressurepipe these effects are minimised ifnot eliminated and k can be reliablytaken as being equal to 0.003mm.

Factors which may result in a higherk value include:

• Wear or roughening due toconveyed solids.

• Growth of slime or otherincrustations on the inside.

• Joint irregularities and deflectionsin line and grade.

Note: Significant additional lossescan be caused by design oroperational faults such as airentrapment, sedimentation, partlyclosed valves or other artificialrestrictions. Every effort should bemade to eliminate such problems.It is not recommended that k valuesbe adjusted to compensate, since

this may lead to errors of judgementconcerning the true hydraulicgradient.

Engineers who wish to adopt highervalues of k should take into accountsome of the above effects in relationto their particular circumstances.The maximum suggested value is0.015mm. Table 3.3 lists thepercentage increase in the hydraulicgradient for typical k values above0.003mm for various flow velocities.

3. HOUSEN, "Tests find friction Factors in PVC pipe". Oil & Gas Journal Vol. 75, 1977

Table 3.3 Percentage lncrease in Hydraulic Gradient for Values of khigher than 0.003mm

d e s i g n


d e s i g n

FORM RESISTANCE TO FLOW

In a pipeline, energy is lost whereverthere is a change in cross section orflow direction. These energy losseswhich occur as a result ofdisturbances to the normal flow,show up as pressure drops in thepipeline.

These “form losses” which occur atsudden changes in section, at valvesand at fittings are usually smallcompared with the friction losses inlong pipelines. However, they maycontribute a significant part to thetotal losses in short pipeline systemswith several fittings.

It can be shown that form losses inpipes may be expressed as aconstant multiplied by the velocityhead:

i.e. loss in pressure head

where:V = velocity (m/s) from the flow chartK = resistance coefficient

(from Table 3.5)

Example

What is the head loss in a DN100short radius 90° elbow when theflow velocity is 1m/s?

(Table 3.5)

K = 1.1 for a short radius elbow.

Head loss HL

=

Hence for any pipeline system thetotal form resistance to flow can bedetermined by adding together theindividual head losses at each valve,fitting or change in cross section.

Equivalent Length (Le)

Form losses in fittings, valves, etc.,are sometimes expressed in termsof an ‘equivalent length’ of straightpipe which has the same resistanceto flow as the valve or fitting. Byequating the form loss expression tothe Darcy formula for energy loss inpipelines

i.e.

the ‘equivalent length’ Le is given by

As a general rule the ‘equivalentlength’ method is not preferred asthe value of the friction factor fdepends not only on the Colebrook-White roughness coefficient chosenbut also on the particular pipe sizeand velocity of flow (see Table 3.4).

Table 3.4 Value of Darcy Friction Factor fat Flow Velocity of 1m/s and RoughnessCoefficient 0.003mm.

With increasing flow velocity, f willdecrease.

At V = 4m/s, f is approximately 75%of the above values, i.e. the values inthe table above are conservative.

Example

What is the equivalent straight pipelength of a DN100 short radius 90°elbow?

K = 1.1 (Table 3.5)D = 0.096 (product data section)f = 0.018 (Table 3.4)

Le =

ID (m) Friction factor f

0.05 0.0210

0.10 0.0180

0.15 0.0165

0.20 0.0158

0.30 0.0146

0.45 0.0135

d e s i g n


Example 2: Gravity Main

A pipeline 6.5km long is required todeliver a flow of at least 25L/s. Thestorage tank at the pipeline inlet hasa minimum water level 45m higherthan the outlet. Pipe is required tobe selected from the Series 2diameter range. What size and classof Vinidex pipe should be selected?

Try both Vinyl Iron and SupermainSeries 2.

Discharge = 25L/sHydraulic Gradient:

From the Vinyl Iron flow chart, findthe intersection of Q=25 L/s andH/L=0.7. Read off the nearest largerpipe size which gives DN200

Repeat the above using theSupermain Series 2 flow chart. Inthis case, a DN150 pipe can beused. Since this is a moreeconomical choice, select a DN150Supermain Series 2 pipe. Themaximum pressure is 45m,therefore, a PN12 pipe would besuitable.

Using the Supermain Series 2 flowchart, find the intersection of theDN150, PN12 with H/L = 0.7. Readoff the flow velocity from the bottomscale and the actual flow rate fromthe left hand scale. This gives V = 1.2m/s and Q =25L/s.

d e s i g n

1. What size and class of VinidexPVC pipe is required?

2. What is the flow velocity andactual discharge?

Discharge Q = 36,000L/h = 10L/s

Hydraulic Gradient =

1. Minimum Class required is PN6.From flow chart: find intersectionof

Q = 10L/s (Left hand scale) and H/L = 1.6 (Top scale)

Read off nearest larger pipeDN100 (Right hand scale).Therefore DN100, PN6 pipe isrequired.

= x 100

= 0.7m /100m

45

6500HL

WORKED EXAMPLE

Example 1: Gravity Main

Water is required to flow at a discharge of 36,000 litres per hour from astorage tank on a hill to an outlet 3km away. The difference in water levelbetween the tank and the discharge end is 48m.

= x 100 = 1.6m/100m 48m

3,000mHL

2. Now that the pipe has beenselected, check actual flow. Using PN 6 flow chart find theintersection of DN 100 line and Hydraulic Gradient = 1.6m/100m.

Velocity V = 1.41m/s (Bottom scale)

discharge Q = 12.8L/s (Left hand scale)

= 46,080L/h

Figure 3.1 Gravity Flow Example

(Refer Figure 3.1)

d e s i g n


1. The pipe friction head

Try PN6 PVC pipe.

Discharge Q = 35L/s (Left hand scale).

This intersects the 1m/sec velocity line (Bottom scale) at approximately DN200 pipe. Try DN200 and DN225:

Calculate friction head in pipelines:

d e s i g n

200 0.99m/s 0.36m/l00m225 0.81m/s 0.22m/l00m

Size DNFlow velocity(Bottom scale)

Hydraulic gradient(Top scale)

200 0.36 x 5000m/100m = 18m

225 0.22 x 5000m/100m = 11m

Size DN Pipe friction head

Example 3: Pumping Mainand Form Losses

A pumping line is required to deliver35L/s from a low level dam to a highlevel holding tank. The length of theline is 5km. The maximum level ofthe holding tank is 100m and theminimum level of the dam is 60m.To avoid the need for sophisticatedwater hammer control gear, theengineer wishes to restrict flowvelocity to a maximum 1m/s.

Calculate:

1. The size and class of Vinidex PVCpipe required.

2. The form head losses due tovalves and fittings.

3. The head required at the pump.

Figure 3.2 Pumped Flow Example

(Refer Figure 3.2)

d e s i g n


2. Form head losses

a) DN200 pipe.

First calculate velocity head

d e s i g n

Hinged disc foot 15.00 15.00 x 0.05 = 0. 75valve (with strainer)

2 Gate valves 0. 20 2 x 0. 2 x 0.05 = 0.02(fully open)

1 Reflux valve 2.50 2.50 x 0.05 = 0.125

4 x 90° elbows 1.10 4 x l.l0 x 0.05 = 0.220

2 x 45° elbows 0.35 2 x 0.35 x 0.05 = 0.035

1 square outlet 1.00 1.00 x 0.05 = 0.050

Total form head losses = 1.2m

Valve or fitting K value

(Table 3.5)Head loss

(m)

200 18m + 1.2m + 40m + 59.2m

225 11m + 0.7m + 40m + 51.7m

+ + +SizeDN

frictionhead

form losses

static head

Total head

b) DN 225 pipe. Form head losses = 0.72m

3. Total pumping head = pipe friction + form + statichead losses head

Static head = difference in level storage tank to dam= l00m - 60m = 40m

Conclusion:

It can be seen that PN6 PVC pipe is required. The effectof valves and fittings in a system such as this is faroutweighed by the pipe flow friction and static headlosses. The most efficient and economic choice wouldbe the DN200 pipeline, giving a pumping head of 59.2mand a flow velocity of 0.99m/s.

d e s i g n


Table 3.5 Resistance Coefficients - Valves, Fittings and Changes in Pipe Cross-Section

d e s i g n


d e s i g n

Flow Chart for PVC Pressure Pipe - PN6 to PN20 AS1477 Series 2 - Vinyl Iron

FLOW CHARTS6.

0

5.0

4.5

VELOCITY V, m/s

HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF PIPES k=0.003mm BASED ON COLEBROOK-WHITE FORMULA FOR PIPES FLOWING FULL WITH WATER AT 20˚C

375

300

250

225

200

150

100

6.0

5.0

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.50

0.45

0.40

0.35

0.30

0.25

0.20

1216

12161820

12161820

12161820

1216

691216

121618

1820

d e s i g n


d e s i g n

Flow Chart for OPVC Pressure Pipe - PN12 & PN16 AS4441 OPVC Series 2 - Supermain


d e s i g n


d e s i g n

Flow Chart for PVC Pressure Pipe - PN4.5 AS1477 Series 1


d e s i g n


d e s i g n

Flow Chart for PVC Pressure Pipe - PN6 AS1477 Series 1


d e s i g n


d e s i g n



d e s i g n


d e s i g n

Flow Chart for MPVC Pressure Pipe - PN6, PN9 and PN12 AS4765 (Int) MPVC Series 1 - Vinidex Hydro


VELOCITY V, m/s

6.0

5.0

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.50

0.45

0.40

0.35

0.30

0.25

0.20

450

375

300

250

225

200

150

125

1006912

6912

6912

6912

6912

6912

6912

6912

6912

d e s i g n


d e s i g n

By international convention, therelationship between the internalpressure in the pipe, the diameterand wall thickness and thecircumferential hoop stressdeveloped in the wall, is given by theBarlow Formula, which can beexpressed in the following forms:

and alternatively, for pipe design,

These formulas have beenstandardised for use in design,routine testing and research workand are thus applicable at all levelsof pressure and stress. They formthe basis for establishment ofultimate material limitations forplastic pipes by pressure testing(see material section).

For design purposes, P is taken asthe maximum allowable workingpressure with s being the maximumallowable hoop stress (at 20°C)given below:

PRESSURECONSIDERATIONS

STATIC STRESSES

The hydrostatic pressure capacity ofPVC pipe is related to the followingvariables:

1.The ratio between the outerdiameter and the wall thickness(dimension ratio).

2.The hydrostatic design stress forthe PVC material.

3.The operating temperature.

4.The duration of the stress appliedby the internal hydrostaticpressure.

The pressure rating of PVC pipe canbe ascertained by dividing the long-term pressure capacity of the pipeby the desired factor of safety.Although PVC pipe can withstandshort-term hydrostatic pressureapplications at levels substantiallyhigher than pressure rating or class,the performance of PVC pipe inresponse to applied internalhydrostatic pressure should bebased on the pipe’s long- termstrength.

P = =2TminS

(Dmmin - tmin)

2TS

Dmean

Tmin = PDmmin

2S + P

where:T = wall thickness (mm)Dm = mean outside diameter (mm)P = internal pressure (MPa)S = circumferential hoop stress (MPa)

PVC pipes up to DN150 - 11.0MPa DN175 PVC pipes and larger - 12.3MPa Oriented PVC pipes (OPVC) - 23.6MPa Modified PVC pipes (MPVC) - 17.5MPa

d e s i g n


DYNAMIC STRESSES

Nominal Working pressuresassigned to the various classes ofPVC pressure pipes in AS/NZS 1477are based on the burst regressionline for pipes subjected to constantinternal pressure. Whilst mostgravity pressure lines operatesubstantially under constantpressure, pumped lines frequentlydo not. It is well known that a formof failure due to material fatigue canarise if stress fluctuations ofsufficient magnitude and frequencyoccur, in any material and PVC is noexception.

PVC pipes, in fact, are verycompetent in handling accidentalevents, such as pressurefluctuations due to a power-out. Asingle pressure surge at twiceworking pressure for one minute ishandled with the same factor ofsafety as the constant workingpressure for fifty years. This isbecause the short term tensilestrength of PVC is much higher thenthe long term rupture load. It is ofcourse not recommended that thisallowance be used in design - peakdesign pressures should not exceedthe nominal working pressure - butit is nice to know the margin ofsafety exists.

However, if repetitive surges arelikely to exceed about 100,000occurrences during the life of thepipe, then fatigue is a possibility anda fatigue design should be carriedout.

Oriented PVC (OPVC) is alsodimensioned according to a staticpressure regression line. However,molecular orientation results in asignificant improvement in ultimate

tensile strength in the hoopdirection. This means that pipes canbe designed to operate at hoopstresses typically twice that ofstandard PVC pipes withoutreducing the safety factor. Like thestatic strength, the dynamicperformance or fatigue strength ofPVC is also enhanced by orientation.Nevertheless design for fatigueshould still be carried out whereoperating conditions are relevant.

Fatigue Response of PVC

The response of PVC to cyclicstresses has been intensivelyinvestigated. A fatigue crackinitiates from some flaw in thematerial matrix, usually towards theinside surface of the pipe wherestress levels are highest, andpropagates or grows with eachstress cycle dependant on themagnitude of the cycle. Ultimatelythe crack will penetrate the pipe walland the resultant crack, from a fewmillimetres to a few centimetreslong in the axial direction, willproduce a leak. On occasion,particularly with larger diameterpipes containing air entrained in theline, the crack may reach a criticallength prior to penetrating the walland a large surge may result in thepipe bursting.

Rates of crack growth have beenwell researched under a range ofexperimental conditions and readersare referred to the literature for adetailed coverage of the subject.

The performance of OPVC underfatigue loading has been evaluatedmainly by comparison with standard

PVC. It is important, whenreviewing the relative performance,to bear in mind that the operatingstress of OPVC is typically twice thatof standard PVC. Thus for a faircomparison it is essential toconsider the performance atequivalent stress ranges relative totheir respective maximum operatingstress rather than at the samestress. In general, researchers4,5

have concluded that OPVC hasimproved resistance to fatigue atequivalent stress cycle amplitudes. Itis also interesting to note that unlikestandard PVC, the crack propagationpath in OPVC occurs at an angle toan introduced notch and not directlythrough the specimen. It appearsthat the molecular orientationinhibits the growth of a fatigue crackin the radial direction thuslengthening the crack path beforefailure occurs.

The fatigue performance of MPVCpipes has also been established byassessing their behaviour relative tostandard PVC pipes. Fitzpatrick etal.6 compared the performance of aPVC formulation with varying levelsof chlorinated polyethylene (CPE)modifier. At low levels of modifier,the resulting fatigue curve had thesame shape as the curve forunplasticised PVC suggesting similarfatigue mechanisms operate. Theyalso found that as the level ofmodifier increases, there was ageneral shift to lower endurance.However, at low stress amplitudes,and hence high number of cycles tofailure, the fatigue curves showsigns of convergence. The authorsconclude from this that the long-term performance is similar tounmodified PVC and the same stressamplitude limits can be applied in

d e s i g n

4. Dukes, B.W., "The dynamic fatigue behaviour of UPVC pressure pipe.", Plastics Pipes VI, PRI, York, UK, 1985

5. Benham, P.P., "Fatigue tests on H.S. pipe", UK,1977

6. Fitzpatrick, P., Mount, P., Smyth, G. and Stephenson, R.C., "Fracture toughness and dynamic fatigue characteristics of PVC/CPE blends", PlasticsPipes 9 Conference, Edinburgh, Scotland, 1995.

d e s i g n


d e s i g n

static working stress andpressure P.

.....(2)

Thus for AS 1477 pipes = 11MPaand

.....(3)

This simple relationship says thatthe dynamic pressure ratio;

Allowable dynamic pressure amplitude

Allowable static pressure

NOTE: The dynamic pressure ratioshould not exceed 1. Therefore, thedynamic pressure amplitude shouldnot exceed the maximum allowablestatic working pressure of the pipeeven for lower number of life cyclesthan given above.

design. These findings are supportedby Marshall et al.7 who determinedthat stress range is "the primarycontrolling factor" and that in bothnotched and unnotched fatigue tests,unplasticised PVC and MPVC pipematerials exhibited "identical fatiguecharacteristics".

The thinner wall of MPVC pipesmeans they will operate at higherwall stresses than PVC pipes of thesame class under the sameoperating conditions. Therefore,equivalence in material performancedoes not imply equivalence in pipeperformance and an additional factoris required to compensate for thiswhen designing MPVC pipes forfatigue.

It is important to appreciate that thegrowth of a fatigue crack is largelyunrelated to the average stress level,or the peak stress level, butprincipally to the stress cycleamplitude. Thus a pipe subjected toa pressure cycle of zero to halfworking pressure is just as much indanger of fatigue as one subjectedto a pressure cycle from half to fullworking pressure. This manifestsitself in the field as the somewhatpuzzling phenomenon that pipefatigue failures occur just asfrequently at high points in thesystem as low points, where thetotal pressure is greater.

Design Criteria for Fatigue

It can be appreciated from the abovethat a design for fatigue mustinvolve:

A: An estimate of the size ofpressure fluctuations likely tooccur in the pipeline ie., thedifference ∅ P between maximumand minimum pressures.

B: An estimate of the frequency,usually expressed as cycles perday, at which such fluctuations willoccur.

C: A statement of the requiredservice life expected from the pipe.

Standard PVC Pipes

Design proceeds on the basis of theestablished relationship betweenstress amplitude and number ofcycles to failure. Laboratory datafrom many sources is collated byS.H. Joseph,8 and a lower boundestablished. This lower bound canbe expressed as the following designrelationship.

....(1)

where N is the total number ofcycles in the life of the pipe

(The two expressions are identicaland either may be used forconvenience in computation).

From B and C the total life cycles Nis calculated, and hence theallowable stress cycle amplitude.From there, the allowable pressurecycle amplitude is most simplyderived by ratio from the allowable

7. Marshall, G. P., Brogden, S., and Shepherd, M. A., "Evaluation of the surge and fatigue resistance of PVC and PE pipeline materials for use on theU.K. Water Industry", Plastics Pipes X Conference, Gothenburg, Sweden, 1998

8. Joseph, S.H., (University of Sheffield) "Fatigue Failure and Service Lifetime in uPVC Pressure Pipes", Plastics and Rubber Processing andApplications, Vol 4, No. 4, 1984, pp. 325-330, UK.

∅ o = or352Nlog2

3522logN

= =32

Nlog2

∅ P

P

32

2logN

Number of life Dynamic cycles pressure

105 1.0

106 0.5

107 0.25

108 0.125

should not exceed the following values.

Example of Use:

A sewer rising main with a pumpingpressure of ninety metres, statichead at the pump thirty metres, isdesigned to service a population of400 growing to 2000 in 50 years.Throughput is 300 litres/head/dayaverage, and well capacity is 20,000litres:

Average throughput is 360,000litres/day and assuming half the wellcapacity is utilised then the averageswitching rate will be 36 cycles/day.The dynamic range is 60m.

d e s i g n


d e s i g n

Consulting the design chart, a PN12pipe is required. Note that only PN9is required to cope with themaximum pumping head but this isinadequate from the fatiguestandpoint.

It is noteworthy also that doublingthe well capacity would double thelife of the system, and an economicbalance here must be considered.

Figure 3.3 Design Chart for Dynamic Stresses

ST

AT

IC L

IMIT

10.0

5.0

3.0

2.01.81.61.5

1.2

1.00.90.80.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

PN20PN18PN16PN15

PN12

PN9

104 105 106 107 108

PN4.5 PN 6

The specific relationships for all pipe classes are plotted in the PVC designchart below.

d e s i g n


d e s i g n

MPVC Pipes

For a given pressure fluctuation, ahigher class of MPVC pipe will berequired to achieve the same stresscycle amplitude as PVC pipe. Theappropriate class of MPVC can beselected by multiplying the pressurecycle amplitude by a factor of 1.5,which is approximately the ratio ofthe design stress of MPVC to thedesign stress of PVC.

The procedure is as follows:

• Estimate the likely pressure cycleamplitude, ∅ P, ie., the maximumpressure minus the minimumpressure.

• Multiply ∅ P by 1.5 to obtain ∅ PM

• Estimate the frequency or thenumber of cycles per day whichare expected to occur.

• Determine the required service lifeand calculate the total number ofcycles which will occur in the pipelifetime

• Using the PVC design chart, locatethe number of life cycles on the Xaxis. Follow this line verticallyuntil it intersects the horizontalline for ∅ PM

• Select the next highest pipe class.

Example:

A pipeline will experience a pressurefluctuation between 30m head and60m head. A total of two millioncycles are expected in the 50 yearpipe lifetime. Determine theminimum pressure class of bothPVC and MPVC which are acceptablefrom a fatigue standpoint.

For PVC pipe:

N = 2 x 106

∅ P = 0.3MPa

Using the PVC design chart, PN9PVC pipe is required

For MPVC pipe:

N = 2 x 106

Using the PVC design chart, PN12MPVC pipe is required.

OPVC Pipes

For simplicity, the technique used byJoseph was duplicated in theevaluation of OPVC. The resultspresented in several sources werecollated onto one graph and a lowerbound established. Using a similaranalysis to that shown above for adesign stress of = 23.6MPa thislower bound can be expressed bythe following relationship:

.....(4)

which means that for OPVC, thedynamic pressure ratio, ie

Allowable dynamic pressure amplitude

Allowable static pressure

∅ PM = 1.5 x ∅ P= 1.5 x 0.3 = 0.45MPa

should not exceed the following values.

∅

d e s i g n


d e s i g n

The specific relationships for all pipe classesare plotted in the OPVC design chart below.

NOTE: As for standard PVC the dynamicpressure ratio for OPVC should not exceed 1.

105 1.0

106 0.71

107 0.5

108 0.35

109 0.25

Number of life Dynamic pressurecycles ratio

Figure 3.4 OPVC Design Chart for Dynamic Stresses

ST

AT

IC L

IMIT

10.0

5.0

3.0

2.01.81.61.5

1.2

1.00.90.80.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

PN20

PN20PN18PN16PN15

PN12

PN9

PN18PN16PN15

PN12

PN9

104 105 106 107 108

PN4.5 PN 6

d e s i g n


d e s i g n

Definition of PressureAmplitude and Effect of Surges

For simplicity, the pressure cycleamplitude is defined as themaximum pressure minus theminimum pressure, including alltransients, experienced by thesystem during normal operations.The effect of accidental conditionssuch as power failure may beexcluded. This is illustrated inFigure.3.5 below.

This figure also illustrates thedefinition of a cycle as a repetitiveevent. In some cases, the cyclepattern will be complex and it maybe necessary to also consider thecontribution of secondary cycles.

Pumping systems are frequentlysubject to surging following theprimary pressure transient onswitching. Such pressure surgingdecays exponentially, and in effectthe system is subjected to a numberof minor pressure cycles of reducingmagnitude. In order to take this intoaccount, the effect of each minorcycle is related to the primary cyclein terms of the number of cycleswhich would produce the samecrack growth as one primary cycle.

According to this technique, a typicalexponentially decaying surge regimeis equivalent to 2 primary cycles.Thus for design purposes, theprimary cycle amplitude only isconsidered, with the frequencydoubled.

Complex Cycle Patterns

In general similar technique may beapplied to any situation wheresmaller cycles exist in addition tothe primary cycle. Empirically crackgrowth is related to stress cycleamplitude according to (∅ )3.2.Thus n secondary cycles ofmagnitude ∅ , may be deemedequivalent in effect to one primarycycle, ∅ 0

where:

For example a secondary cycle ofhalf the magnitude of the primarycycle:

so it would require 9 secondarycycles to produce the same effect asone primary cycle. If they areoccurring at the same frequency, theeffective frequency of primarycycling is increased by 1.1 for thepurpose of design.

Effect of Temperature

Joseph notes that the available dataindicates that there is no evidence ofa change in response of PVC fatiguecrack growth rates with temperature,at least in the lower temperatureregion where results are available.This is logically consistent withknown fatigue behaviour, since thepropensity to propagate a crackreduces with increasing ductilitywhich results in yielding andblunting of the crack tip and areduction in local stress intensity.Thus one would expect that PVC,with increasing ductility and

decreasing yield strength, would notbe degraded in fatigue performanceat higher temperatures.

It follows that, while normal deratingprinciples must be applied in classselection for static pressures,(ductile burst), no additionaltemperature derating need beapplied for dynamic design.

ie. select the highest class arrivedvia:

a) Static design includingtemperature derating; or

b) Dynamic design as coveredherein.

Figure 3.5 Effect of surges

∅∅

d e s i g n


d e s i g n

Safety Factors

Equations (1) and (4) represent thelower bound of test data generatedfrom a number of different sourcesover the last few years oncommercially produced PVC andOPVC pipes. The mean line for thisdata is approximately half a logdecade higher than this, and therelationship assumes no thresholdstress level at low stress amplitudesand long times.

It is therefore consideredconservative and no additional safetyfactor need be applied in general.However, where the magnitude orfrequency of dynamic stressescannot be estimated in design withany reasonable degree of accuracy,appropriate caution should obviouslybe applied. This judgement is in thehands of the designer.

Whilst it is always possible to predictthe steady operating conditions withgood accuracy, it will occasionally bethe case, in complex systems, that isimpossible to predict the extent ofsurge pressures. In suchcircumstances, relatively low costsurge mitigation techniques, forexample the solid state soft-startmotor controllers, should beconsidered. It is of courserecommended that actual operatingconditions for all systems should bechecked by measurement, as amatter of routine, when the systemis commissioned. Should surgepressure amplitudes in the eventexceed expected levels, it is relativelyeasy matter to retrofit controlequipment to ensure that they arekept in check.

Fittings

PVC fittings present a problemworthy of special consideration.Complex stress patterns in fittingscan ‘amplify’ the apparent stresscycle. An apparently harmlesspressure cycle can thus produce adamaging stress cycle leading to arelatively short fatigue life.

This factor is particularly severe inthe case of branch fittings such astees, where amplification factors upfour times have been noted. Thecondition can be aggravated furtherby the existence of stress cyclingfrom other sources, for examplebending stresses induced flexingunder hydraulic thrust in improperlysupported systems.

Prudence therefore dictates that asuitable factor of safety be applied tofittings in assessing classrequirements. It is recommendedthat the following factors be appliedto the design dynamic pressurecycle for fittings:

Tees equal Dx3/4D Dx1/2D Dx1/4D

Safety Factor 4 3 2 1.5

Bends 90°short 45°short 90°long 45°long

Safety Factor 3 2 2 1.5

Reducers Dx3/4D Dx1/2D Dx1/4D

Safety Factor 1.5 2 2.5

Adaptors & Couplings equal size wyes

Safety Factor 1 6

Table 3.6 Factors of Safety for Fittings

Design Hints

To reduce the effect of dynamicfatigue in an installation, thedesigner can:

I. Limit the number of cycles by:

A. Increasing well capacity for asewer pumping station;

B. Matching pump performance totank size to eliminate shortdemand cycles for an automaticpressure unit; or

C. Using double-acting float valvesor limiting starts on the pump bythe use of a time clock whenfilling a reservoir

II. Reduce the dynamic range by:

A. Eliminating excessive waterhammer; or

B. Using a larger bore pipe to reducefriction losses

d e s i g n


d e s i g n

TEMPERATURECONSIDERATIONS

MAXIMUM SERVICETEMPERATURE

PVC pipes are suitable for use atservice temperatures up to 60°C. ForOPVC and MPVC pipes, themaximum continuous operatingtemperature should be limited to50°C.

PRESSURE RATING

Mechanical properties of PVC aretemperature dependent. Nominalworking pressures are determined at20°C. For lower operatingtemperatures, the 20°C ratings areused, even though properties such

Example:

A golf course watering scheme isdesigned to operate at 0.70MPa.Balanced loading will ensure nopump cycling during routinewatering. However, the system is tobe maintained on standby with ajockey pump for hand wateringpurposes and this will cut in and outat 0.35MPa and 0.75MPa. Withnormal usage and leakage this mayoccur every half hour on average fortwelve hours a day. A twenty-fiveyear life is required.

The pressure cycle is 0.4MPa. Allow20% for water hammer but nosurging is likely in this type ofsystem. Total dynamic cycle0.48MPa. The total life cyclespredicted is 25 x 365 x 25 =228,000.Referring to the chart, a PN9 pipe issatisfactory (PN9 is required to copewith normal operational pressure).For fittings the effective dynamiccycle is

Equal Tees : 4 x 0.48 = 1.92MPa

Elbows 90° : 3 x 0.48 = 1.44MPa

PN18 fittings are suitable for only1.8MPa effective dynamic range.Equal tees may not have anacceptable life in this system.

Solution: Reduce the dynamic rangeor reduce the frequency or theperiods on standby.

Temp°C ″ 25 30 35 40 45 50

PN4.5 0.45 0.41 0.36 0.32 0.27 0.23

PN6 0.60 0.54 0.48 0.42 0.36 0.30

PN9 0.90 0.81 0.72 0.63 0.54 0.45

PN12 1.20 1.08 0.96 0.84 0.72 0.60

PN15 1.50 1.35 1.20 1.05 0.90 0.75

PN16 1.60 1.44 1.28 1.12 0.96 0.80

PN18 1.80 1.62 1.44 1.26 1.08 0.90

PN20 2.00 1.80 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00

as tensile strength are greater. Asthe temperature decreases, it isadvisable to take additional care toavoid impact damage as the impactstrength decreases withtemperature. Sub-zero operatingtemperatures are specialistapplications and reference can bemade to the Vinidex TechnicalDepartment.

For temperatures greater than 25°C,the maximum working pressures ofPVC pipes should be reduced. Thefollowing table has been derivedfrom ISO 4422-2-“Pipes and fittingsmade of unplasticized poly(vinylchloride) (PVC-U) for water supply”.

Table 3.7 Temperature Rating of PVC Pipes. Maximum Allowable Pressure (MPa)

d e s i g n


The material temperature in questionhere is the average temperature ofthe pipe wall under operationalconditions.

Temperature is averaged in twoways:

1. Across the wall of the pipe:

Where a temperature differentialexists between the fluid in thepipe and the externalenvironment, the operatingtemperature may be taken as themean of the internal and externalpipe surface temperatures.

It should be noted that thepressure condition where flow isstopped for prolonged periodsshould also be checked. In thisevent, water temperature andoutside temperature may equalise.

2. With respect to time:

The average temperature may beconsidered to be the weightedaverage of temperatures in

d e s i g n

accordance with the percentage oftime spent at each temperatureunder operational pressures:

tm = t1L1 + t2L2 + ... + tnLn

where:Ln = proportion of life spent at

temperature tn

This approximation is reasonableprovided the temperature variationsfrom the mean do not exceed ± l0°Cwhich is generally the case for pipesburied below 300mm.

For most underground water supplysystems, the overall meantemperature from meteorologicalrecords is appropriate for classselection purposes, since thisrepresents the mean of the annualand diurnal sinusoidal temperaturepatterns.

For systems subjected to largervariations, the temperature for ratingpurposes should be taken as themaximum less 10°C. However, thepeak temperature should not exceed60°C.

Example

A reticulation system is to beinstalled in a town with a meanground temperature at pipe depth of20°C. The December-Februaryaverage is 25°C. Although diurnalvariations occur with airtemperatures up to 40°C duringheatwave periods, watertemperatures and groundtemperatures at pipe depth do notexceed the mean of 27°C. A 50 yearlife is required at basic factor ofsafety 2.145.

Weighted average temperature:

Therefore use rating for 20°C. Thisis the same result as taking themean.

tm = 25(3/12) + 20.5(6/12) + 15(3/12)

= 6.25 + 10.25 + 3.75 = 20.25°C

4.5 6 9 12 15 16 18 200.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

Pipe Class (PN)

Des

ign

Pre

ssu

re (

MP

a)

25oC

30oC

35oC

45oC

40oC

50oC

Figure 3.6 Temperature Rating of PVC Pipe

d e s i g n


d e s i g n

EXPANSION ANDCONTRACTION

All materials expand and contractwith changes in temperature andPVC has a relatively high rate ofchange.

The coefficient of thermal expansionis 7 x 10-5/ °C.

A handy rule is 7mm change inlength for every 10 metres for every10°C change in temperature.

Example

A 150 metre line of PVC pipe isbeing installed with the temperatureat 28°C. The service temperaturewill be 18°C. What allowance has tobe made for expansion?

1. Find difference between maximumand minimum temperature, i.e. 28°C - 18°C = 10°C.

2. Check Figure 3.7 below for expansion per metre. 10°C = 0.7mm.

3. Multiply answer by total length of line 0.7 x 150 = 105mm

This means the pipe will contractapproximately 0.1 metres when inservice. Methods of providing forthermal expansion or contraction willdepend on the nature of theinstallation and whether it is aboveor below ground. (see installationsection)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

0 10 20 30 40 50

Pipe material temperature rise oC

Lin

ear

exp

ansi

on

(m

m/m

)

Figure 3.7 Linear Expansion - PVC vs Temperature

d e s i g n


d e s i g n

Concrete (unlined)

Vitrified Clay (glazed lining)

PVC

Measurable wear at 150,000 cycles

Minimal wear at 260,000 cycles. Acceleratedwear after glazing wore off at 260,000 cycles.

Minimal wear at 260,000 cycles (about equal toglazed vitrified clay, but less accelerated thanvitrified clay after 260,000 cycles)

ABRASIONRESISTANCEPlastics generally show excellentperformance under abrasiveconditions. The main propertiescontributing to this are the lowelastic modulus and coefficient offriction. This enables the material to“give” and particles tend to skidrather than abrade the surface.

Well known low friction materialssuch as Teflon, Nylon andPolyurethanes show outstandingcharacteristics. Economics,however, are a major factor andPVC’s performance in the context ofwear rate/unit cost is excellent.Factors affecting abrasion arecomplex and it is difficult to relatetest data to practical conditions.

The Institute for Hydromechanic andHydraulic Structures of the TechnicalUniversity of Darmstadt in WestGermany tested the abrasionresistance of several pipe products.Gravel and river sand were theabrasive materials used in concretepipe, glazed vitrified clay pipe andPVC piping, with the followingresults:

Table 3.8 Abrasion resistance of PVC, VC and Concrete pipes

MINE SUBSIDENCEIn ground subject to earth movementor in areas affected by undergroundmining, pipes can be subjected tolongitudinal stresses. These stressescan occur anytime after installationand result in axial stress in the pipe.Whilst PVC pipes are capable ofabsorbing significant strains it isadvantageous to use rubber ringjointed pipe in these areas. The pipeMUST be correctly installed to thewitness mark position (see Table4.2). All Vinidex rubber ring pipesare designed to absorb some groundstrain.

Each pipe’s ability to take strain canbe calculated from the equation:

M = 3SL + D + 0.0015 ∅ tL

where:M = total axial movement within the

socket while still maintaining the seal (mm)

S = ground strain (mm/m)L = length of pipe (m)

= permitted socket deflection (radians)D = outside diameter of the spigot (mm)

= coefficient of linear expansion for PVC (8.1 x 10-5/°C)

∅ t = maximum temperature variation (22°C)

* Note, this value of the coefficient ofthermal expansion of PVC is used by theMine Subsidence Board. Elsewhere, 7 x 10-5/°C is used.

The witness mark is positioned toallow the optimum combination ofinsertion/extraction withoutoverstressing the pipe or losing seal.

*

Size DN

100 150

6m 7.0 7.0

12m 4.0 4.0

d e s i g n


d e s i g n

PipeLength

PipeLength

PipeLength

Table 3.9 Allowable Ground Strain for Series 1 spigot and socket pipes (3 & 6 metre lengths) mm/m

Table 3.10 Allowable Ground Strain for Series 2 spigot and socket pipes (3 & 6 metre lengths) mm/m. Covers Supermain pipes ≥ DN 200

Table 3.11 Allowable Ground Strain for plain ended pipe sizes DN 100 and DN 150 jointed with couplings (6 & 12 metre lengths)

Size DN

100 150 200 225 250 300 375

3m 4.05 5.5 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 16.0

6m 1.5 2.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 7.5

Size DN

50 65 80 100 125 150 200 225 250 300 375

3m 6.5 7.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 9.0 10.0 11.5 11.5 12.0 10.0

6m 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 5.5 4.5

d e s i g n


d e s i g n

TRANSVERSEBUCKLINGA pipe subjected to pressureexternally (or vacuum internally) issubject to a potential stabilityproblem. For any givendiameter/wall thickness ratio, thereis a critical collapse pressure atwhich the pipe wall will commenceto buckle inwards. The failure modeis unstable, i.e. the more it bucklesthe less resistance to buckling, andso total collapse occurs rapidly.

Situations where pipe buckling mayarise are comparatively rare, but incertain circumstances this can be acontrolling factor on selection ofpipe class.

UNSUPPORTED COLLAPSEPRESSURE

The unsupported critical bucklingpressure sustainable by a pipe canreadily be calculated from:

For a pipe of uniform section thismay be expressed as:

where:E = the effective elastic material

modulus (MPa)(see Table 3.12)

µ = Poissons Ratio for the material whichmay be taken as 0.4 for PVC

I = moment of inertia of the cross-section of the pipe wall (mm4/mm)

Dm = diameter of the pipe taken at the

neutral axis of the wall cross-section (mm)

t = wall thickness (mm)

d e s i g n


d e s i g n

Temperature °C 20° 30° 40°

Short Term - e.g. water surges 3200 3100 3000(seconds/minute)

Medium Term - e.g. concrete work 2600 2400 2100

(1-60 minutes)

Long Term - e.g. ground water 1200 900 600

(50 years)

Temperature °C 20° 30° 40°Short Term - e.g. water surges 4050 3875 3750(seconds/minute)

Long Term - e.g. ground water 1800 1350 900

(50 years)

Temperature °C 20° 30° 40°Short Term - e.g. water surges 3000 2900 2800(seconds/minute)Long Term - e.g. ground water 1100 850 550(50 years)

Since the dimension ratio Dm/t is broadly constant for a particular class ofpipe, the collapse pressure is independent of diameter and can be computedfor each class. Note, however, that PVC pressure pipe to AS/NZS 1477 hasdifferent dimension ratios for small bore and large bore ( DN175 and over)pipes.

The effective modulus of PVC varies with the loading condition (short or longterm), and also with temperature. Values for guidance are given in Table 3.12below.

Table 3.12a Values of E for PVC (MPa)

Table 3.12b Values of E for OPVC (MPa)

Table 3.12c Values of E for MPVC (MPa)

The critical collapse pressures for standard PVC, OPVC and MPVC pipes for arange of operating conditions are shown in the following graphs.(see Figure 3.8)

NOTE: Pipe wall thickness has a major influence on the critical bucklingpressure. Therefore OPVC and MPVC pipes will not have the equivalentresistance to unsupported collapse as PVC pipes of the same pressure class.

d e s i g n


d e s i g n

Figure 3.8 Unsupported Collapse Pressures for PVC Pipes

PN20

PN18

PN16PN15

PN12

PN9

PN6

PN4.5

Unsupported Collapse Pressures for PVC Pipes larger than DN150

100

80

70

60

50

40

35

30

20

15

12

10

25

Dim

en

sio

n r

ati

o (

Dm

/t)

10 100 100080604020 600400200 2000

Pip

e C

las

s

External- Internal Pressure Differential kPa

1 10 1008642 60 804020 200

Metres Head of Water

Metres of Concrete0.4 4 4021 2010 200

PN20

PN18

PN16PN15

PN12

PN9

PN6

PN4.5

Unsupported Collapse Pressures for PVC Pipes up to and including DN150

100

80

70

60

50

40

35

30

20

15

12

10

25

Dim

en

sio

n r

ati

o (

Dm

/t)

10 100 100080604020 600400200 2000

Pip

e C

las

s


1 10 1008642 60 804020 200


Metres of Concrete0.4 4 4021 2010 200

PN16

PN12

PN9

Unsupported Collapse Pressures for OPVC Pipes

100

80

70

60

50

40

35

30

20

15

12

10

25

Dim

en

sio

n r

ati

o (

Dm

/t)

10 100 100080604020 600400200

Pip

e C

las

s


1 10 1008642 60 804020


Metres of Concrete0.4 4 4021 2010

PN12

PN15PN16PN18

PN9

PN6

Unsupported Collapse Pressures for MPVC Pipes

100

80

70

60

50

40

35

30

20

15

12

10

25

Dim

en

sio

n r

ati

o (

Dm

/t)

10 100 100080604020 600400200

Pip

e C

las

s


1 10 1008642 60 804020


Metres of Concrete0.4 4 4021 2010

Permanent lo

ading 40°C

Permanent lo

ading 20°C

Temporary loading 40°C


Concrete E

ncase

ment 40°C

Permanent loading 40°C


Temporary loading 40°CTemporary loading 20°C

Permanent lo

ading 40°C

Permanent lo

ading 20°C



Concrete E

ncase

ment 40°C





d e s i g n


Note that these reductions apply to inherent initial ovality as distinct frominduced ovality, ie., where ovality has been induced by some external(constant strain) source, as in deflection induced by soil loadings, the pipe isalready in a state of elastic strain, and the resistance to buckling is degradedfar less. In this case, the correction factor C2 is used as given in thefollowing table:

SUPPORTED COLLAPSE PRESSURE

Support against buckling is provided by end constraints, fittings or specialpurpose stiffening rings at intervals around the pipe. Effective supportreduces as distance from a stiffened section increases and should beconsidered zero at a distance of seven diameters.

A buried pipe derives support against buckling from stable soil surround.The effective buckling pressure may be computed from:

Where is the soil modulus in MPa. For values of E´, refer toAS/NZS 2566.1.

For shallow burial, full support is notdeveloped since buckling can occurby vertical lifting of the soil cover.AS/NZS 2566.1 specifies that forcover heights less than 0.5m, Pc beused to evaluate the potential forbuckling. Where cover heights aregreater than or equal to 0.5m, thegreater of Pc and Pb should beused. In both cases, an appropriatefactor of safety needs to beincorporated.

FACTORS OF SAFETY

The equations and graphicalrepresentations predict actualcollapse pressures. No factor ofsafety is incorporated and designersshould decide on an appropriatefactor based on service conditions,consequences of failure andpredictive uncertainty.

AS/NZS 2566.1 specifies a factor ofsafety of 2.5 unless an alternative isspecified by the designer. A lowerfactor of safety should only bespecified where conditions andperformance can be predicted withconfidence. For example, in acalculation of unsupported bucklingof a pipe under vacuum, a factor of1.5 may be appropriate.

EXAMPLES OF CLASSSELECTION FOR BUCKLING

1. A PVC submarine sewer risingmain DN150 is to be laid across alake. Inlet and outlet well levelsare at lake maximum water level.

Internal and external static headsare more or less balanced understeady state conditions. However,negative surging on pump shutdown is probable, resulting in upto l0 metres negative headdifferential. In view of theconsequences of failure, a factorof safety of at least 2 issuggested.

d e s i g n

Diametral Deflection % 0 1 2 5 10

Reduction factor, C1, on Pc 1.0 0.91 0.84 0.64 0.41

Diametral Deflection % 0 1 2 5 10

Reduction factor, C2, on Pc 1.0 0.99 0.97 0.93 0.86

Effect of Ovality

Initial ovality of a pipe will reduce the critical buckling pressure. The reductioncan be calculated by multiplying the critical buckling pressure, Pc , by a

correction factor, C1 which is calculated as follows:

For an oval pipe with,

where:D = the difference between the maximum outside diameter and the mean

outside diameter; andD = the mean outside diameter

Values for C1 are summarised in the following table:

d e s i g n


d e s i g n

For short term conditions, a PN6pipe has Pc = 14m and PN9Pc = 46m. Use PN9.

2. A DN300 line is laid in saturatedclay alongside a tidal estuary at adepth of 4 metres. Duringconstruction or maintenance, thepipe may be empty.

Assuming a saturated soil densityof 2000 kg/m3, an externalpressure of 80 kPa is developed.This would be considered apermanent condition and a factorof safety of 3 is advisable. PN9 has Pc = 8m. Use PN12.

3. A DN200 PVC irrigation pumpsuction line is required to sustaincontinuous operation at -5m.Temperature of the supply can beup to 30°C during hot spells.

Unlike pressure rating where theaverage temperature isconsidered, peak conditions aresignificant for buckling. In thissituation PN9 has Pc = 10m,giving a factor of safety of 2,which should be adequate.

4. A DN150 PVC drainage pipe is tobe encased in a concrete column.The maximum pour height will be 4 metres.

A sewer pipe Class SH (PN6) cansustain 4 metres of concrete buthas no factor of safety. Use ClassSEH or PN9 pressure pipe.Alternatively, fill the pipe withwater during the pour. The netpressure differential is then 60kPaand a factor of safety of 1.7 isprovided on PN6. Alternatively,pour in two stages, at least onehour apart.

5. A DN150 PN9 OPVC pipe is to beinstalled in an area where theinsitu material is sandy clay. Theembedment material will be sandand cover height will be 1m. Awater hammer analysis has shownthat accidental event may result ina negative pressure of -9m. Checkthat in this case there is anadequate factor of safety againstbuckling.

Using AS/NZS 2655.1 and thetrench and soil conditions, an E'value of 6.3MPa is derived. Fromthe equation, Pb = 450kPa.Therefore, there is an acceptablefactor of safety.

WATER HAMMERWater hammer is a temporarychange in pressure in a pipeline dueto a change in the velocity of flow ina pipe with respect to time, e.g. avalve opens or closes or a pumpstarts or stops. Accidental eventssuch as a pipe blockage can also bea cause. The effects are exacerbatedby:

• fast closing/stoppingvalves/pumps

• high water velocities

• air in the line

• poor layout of the pipe network,positioning of pumps, etc.

Note that water hammer pressuremay be positive or negative. Bothcan be detrimental to pipe systems;not only pipes, but pumps, valvesand thrust supports can bedamaged. Negative pressures cancause ‘separation’ (vacuumformation), with very high positive

pressures on ‘rejoinder’ (collapse ofthe vacuum). For these reasons,water hammer should be eliminatedas far as possible.

Water hammer pressures can bereduced by:

• Controlling and slowing valve andpump operations

• Reducing velocities by usinglarger diameter pipes

• Using pipe materials with lowerelastic modulus

• Astute layout of network, valves,pumps and air valves

• Fast-acting pressure relief valves,e.g. Neyrtec*

It is beyond the scope of this manualto give a complete description ofwater hammer analysis andmitigation. However, it isappropriate to highlight someimportant aspects related to PVCpipes.

* Trade mark of Alsthom International Pty Ltd

For further information contact Sofraco International Pty Ltd, Sydney, Australia

d e s i g n


CELERITY

Celerity is the speed (expressed in metres per second) that the pressurewaves travel in a closed circuit. This should not be confused with the velocityof the water.

This is a function of the pipe geometry (dimension ratio) and material andmay be estimated from:

where:W = density of fluid (water = 1,000) (kg/m3)A = cross-sectional area of the wall of the pipe per unit length (mm2/mm)

= wall thickness for plain wall pipesD = mean diameter of the pipe (mm)k = the bulk modulus of the fluid (2150 for water) (MPa)E = the elastic modulus for the pipe (see Table 3.12) (MPa)

The wave celerity induced in PVC pipes are shown in Table 3.13. As PVC hasa celerity about one third that of metallic pipes, analyses for metallic pipesshould not be used to check PVC classes.

d e s i g n

PVC

PN DR a (m/s) DR a (m/s)

4.5 45.4 261 51.4 246

6 36.4 298 38.2 284

9 22.9 362 25.8 342

12 17.2 414 19.3 392

15 13.8 457 15.5 434

16 13.0 471 14.5 448

18 11.5 496 12.9 471

20 10.3 520 11.6 495

OPVC All sizesPN DR a (m/s)

9 46.3 290

12 35.2 331

15 28.4 366

16 26.7 376

18 23.7 398

Sizes DN175 andLarger

Sizes Up To andIncluding DN150

MPVC All sizes

PN DR a (m/s)

6 45.4 253

9 36.3 282

12 27.1 324

15 21.7 360

16 20.4 371

18 18.3 390

Table 3.13 Dimension Ratio (DR) and Celerity (a)

For buried pipes, increase the wave celerity (a) by 7%.

d e s i g n


d e s i g n

The advantage of a low celerity can be demonstrated by Joukowsky’s Law,which gives an estimate for the water hammer pressure rise due toinstantaneous valve closure.

∅ P = Wa • ∅ V (Pa)

where:∅ V = change in flow velocity (m/sec)

This equation should NOT be used for design purposes. Water hammeranalysis is fairly complex and computer analysis by a competent consultant isrecommended wherever it is suspected that water hammer may be significant.

PIPE RESPONSE

Selection of class should be based on peak operating pressures includingwater hammer. Control devices may be useful in reducing peak pressuresand enable a more economic pipe class to be used.

The response of the pipe to occasional abnormal pressures, for example dueto the failure of protective devices, is important.

PVC has a high factor of safety on short term stress effects, and is able towithstand rare events at higher than normal pressures. This advantageshould be considered when determining the validity of basing a design purelyon the pressures induced by events that may be rare in the design lifetime,e.g. motor failure on a pump.


d e s i g n

Table 3.14 Pressure Thrust at Fittings in kN for each 10 metres Head of Water

d e s i g n

111/4° 221/2° 45° 90°100 11700 0.23 0.46 0.89 1.65 1.17

150 24800 0.48 0.96 1.89 3.50 2.47

200 42500 0.83 1.65 3.24 5.99 4.24

250 52900 1.04 2.06 4.04 7.47 5.28

300 93700 1.84 3.66 7.17 13.25 9.37

375 142700 2.80 5.57 10.92 20.18 14.27

SizeDN

Area(mm2)

BENDS TEESENDS

111/4° 221/2° 45° 90°15 363 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.04

20 568 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.06

25 892 0.02 0.03 0.07 0.12 0.09

32 1410 0.03 0.05 0.11 0.20 0.14

40 1840 0.04 0.07 0.14 0.26 0.18

50 2870 0.06 0.11 0.22 0.40 0.28

65 4480 0.09 0.17 0.34 0.62 0.44

80 6240 0.12 0.24 0.47 0.87 0.61

100 10300 0.20 0.39 0.77 1.43 1.01

125 15500 0.30 0.59 1.16 2.15 1.52

150 20200 0.39 0.77 1.52 2.80 1.98

200 40000 0.77 1.53 3.00 5.55 3.92

225 49400 0.95 1.89 3.71 6.85 4.84

250 61900 1.19 2.37 4.65 8.58 6.07

300 78400 1.51 3.00 5.88 10.87 7.69

375 126000 2.42 4.82 9.46 17.47 12.36

Size DN

Area(mm2)

BENDS TEESENDS

THRUST SUPPORTAn imbalanced thrust is developedby a pipeline at:

• Direction changes (> 10°), e.g. tees and bends.

• Changes in pipeline size at reducers.

• Pipeline terminations, e.g. at blankends and valves.

The support system or soil must becapable of sustaining such thrusts.

Pressure thrust results from internalpressure in the line acting on fittings.Velocity thrust results from inertialforces developed by a change indirection of flow. The latter isusually insignificant compared to theformer.

PRESSURE THRUST

The pressure thrust developed forvarious types of fittings can becalculated as follows:

Blank ends, tees, valvesF = AP 10-3

Reducers and tapers F = (A1 -A2)P10-3

BendsF = 2 A P sin(ø/2)10-3

where:F = resultant thrust force (kN)A = area of pipe taken at the OD (mm2)P = design internal pressure (MPa)ø = included angle of bend (degrees)

The design pressure used should bethe maximum pressure, includingwater hammer, to be applied to theline. This will usually be the fieldtest pressure.

Series 1 pipe

Series 2 pipe

d e s i g n


d e s i g n

VELOCITY THRUST

Applies only at changes in direction of flow:

F = WAV2 • 2 sin(ø/2) • 10-9 (kN)

where:A = cross sectional area of pipe taken at the inside diameter (mm2)W = density of fluid (water = 1,000) (kg/m3)V = velocity of flow (m/s)

THRUST BLOCKS

Concrete thrust blocks are usually required to transfer unbalanced forces inburied pipelines to the surrounding soil. See Installation Guidelines forconstruction of thrust blocks.

To determine the bearing area of the thrust block required, divide theresultant thrust by the bearing capacity of the soil.

The bearing capacity of the soil is dependent on the mode of failure. Fordeep situations, compressive characteristics will govern and a guide to theappropriate design bearing loads is given in Table 3.15.

For shallow cover, shearing slip failure can occur and bearing loads are verymuch reduced. For cover less than 600mm, or less than three pipediameters, or if the ground is potentially unstable, e.g. embankmentconditions, a complete soil analysis should be carried out.

Slip failure may be avoided by extending the thrust block downwards withreinforcement against bending loads.

d e s i g n


VERTICAL THRUSTS

For resultant upward forces, themass of the thrust block plus anysoil directly above the pipe can betaken as the counterbalancing force,provided the overburden canreasonably be expected to remainthere for the life time of the pipeline.It is often better to bury the pipedeeper than to add more concrete tocounterbalance an upward thrust.

d e s i g n

0.75m 1.0m 1.25m 1.5m

Well graded gravel-sand mixtures, well graded sands, little or no fines

Poorly graded gravels and gravel-sand mixtures, Poorly graded sands, little or no fines

Silty gravels, gravel-sand-silt mixtures, silty sands, sand-silt mixtures

Clayey gravels, gravel-sand-clay mixtures, Clayey sands, sand-clay mixtures

Inorganic clays of low to med plasticity, gravelly clays, sandyclays, silty clays, lean clays

Inorganic silts, very fine sands, rock flour, silty or clayey finesands

Organic clays of medium to high plasticity

Rock

Soil descriptionSoil Bearing Strength (kN/m2)

for cover height *h

USBR SoilClassification

see ASTM D2478

Example:

Thrust block design for a DN100 Teeoperating at 120m head in clayeysand soil, *h=1.0m.

Resultant force = 1.01 x 12 = 12.1kN(Table 3.14)

Bearing Area = 12.1 / 92 = 0.13m2

(Table 3.15)

That is, a bearing area 0.25m highand 0.55mm wide would be suitable.

Table 3.15 Safe Compressive Bearing Load

GW,SW

GP,SP

GM,SM

GC,SC

CL

ML

OH

*h=height of soil cover measured from centreline

57 76 95 114

48 64 80 97

48 64 80 96

79 92 105 119

74 85 95 106

69 81 93 106

0 0 0 0

240 240 240 240

d e s i g n


d e s i g n

VALVES

AIR VALVES

All water contains dissolved air.Normally this would be about 2%but it can vary largely depending ontemperature and pressure. Airtrapped in the line in pockets iscontinually moving in and out ofsolution.

Air in the line not only reduces theflow by causing a restriction butamplifies the effects of pressuresurges. Air valves should be placedin the line at sufficient intervals sothat air can be evacuated, or, if theline is drained, air can enter the line.

Air valves should be placed alongthe pipe line at all high points orsignificant changes in grade. Onlong rising grades or flat runs wherethere are no significant high pointsor grade changes, air valves shouldbe placed at least every 500 - 1,000metres at the engineer’s discretion.

Table 3.16 Recommended Air Valve Size

SCOUR VALVESScour valves are located at lowpoints or between valved sections ofthe pipeline. Their function is toallow periodic flushing of the lines toremove sediment and to allow theline to be drained for maintenanceand repair work.

The scour valve should be sized toallow a minimum scour velocity of0.6m/s to be achieved in the mainpipe. Scour tees over nominal size100 should be offset tees to allowthe debris to be taken from the

invert of the pipe. In the absence ofspecific design criteria the followingsizes are generally acceptable.

Table 3.17 Recommended Scour Valve Size

SOIL AND TRAFFICLOADSLoads are exerted on buried pipedue to:

• Soil pressures.

• Traffic loads.

• Superimposed loads.

For normal water supply systems,laid in accordance with theInstallation Section, the minimumdepths of burial (cover) stipulated inAS 2032 (see Table 4.3) should beobserved. Under these conditionsand up to a maximum of 3 metrescover, soil and traffic loadings are oflittle significance and designcalculations are not warranted. Thisapplies to all classes of pipe.

For depths shallower than thoserecommended, traffic loading maybe of significance.

At greater depths, soil loadings maycontrol selection of pipe class. Inthese instances, lighter pipe classesmay not be suitable and specificdesign calculations and/or specialconstruction techniques may berequired. Wet trench conditionsmay also require furtherinvestigation.

For design purposes, AS/NZS2566.1 sets out procedures to beadopted.

Size DN Air Valve Size

Up to 100 25 single

100 - 200 50 double

200 - 450 80 double

Special construction techniques caninvolve backfill stabilisation, loadbearing overlay or slab protection.

It should be noted that cover of lessthan 1.5 diameters may result inflotation of empty pipes under wetconditions. Low covers may alsoresult in pipe “jacking” (lifting atvertically deflected joints) whenpressurised.

BENDING LOADSUnder bending stress PVC pipe willbend rather than break. However,the following precautions are veryimportant

1. In below-ground installations, thepipes must have uniform, stablesupport. (See Installation Section- Below Ground Installation)

2. In above-ground installations,proper, correctly spaced supportsmust be provided. (SeeInstallation Section - AboveGround Installation)

3. In above-ground installation,pumps, valves and other heavyappendages must be supportedindependently.

INSTALLING PIPES ON ACURVE

When installing PVC piping, somechanges in the alignment of the pipemay be achieved without the use ofdirection-change fittings such aselbows and sweeps. Deflection atrubber ring joints or othermechanical joints and/or controlledlongitudinal bending of the pipe,within acceptable limits, can achievethe small direction changes in thepipeline, required to accommodatenatural land gradients or to avoidobstacles.

Size DN Scour Valve Size

Up to 100 80

100 - 200 100

200 - 450 150


d e s i g n

Bending of Pipes

Small diameter PVC pipes aresufficiently flexible to allow somebending of the pipe barrel in order toinstall on a curve. Deflection throughbending is not practicable, due tothe large forces required, for pipesizes above about DN200particularly for the higher pressureclasses.

The amount of bending that can beapplied is limited by the axial flexuralstress and strain levels induced inthe pipe, which must be acceptable,in combination with other stressesand strains, for long term service.

The maximum strain level, ,induced through bending is simplyrelated to the ratio of the radius ofcurvature to diameter:

where:D = pipe external diameter

Joint Deflection

The allowable angular deflection atthe pipe joint varies depending onthe manufacturing tolerances of thespigot and the socket but for designpurposes all Vinidex rubber ringjoints can be assumed to allow amaximum deflection of 1°. This isapproximately equivalent to a100mm offset for a 6m pipe. Inmost circumstances, the requiredchange in direction can be taken upover several pipe lengths, perhaps incombination with pipe bending.Tighter curves can be achieved bycutting pipes to insert more joints,and/or the use of PVC couplings thateffectively double the deflectionavailable.

Note that this angular deflection isonly available when pipes are jointedto the witness marks. If pipes arepushed to the back of the socket,movement of the spigot is restrainedand the deflection is severelyrestricted

The effective radius of curvatureobtainable for various pipe lengths isgiven in Table 3.18

AS 2032 sets a minimum R/D ratioof 130, limiting the strain level to0.38%. For non-pressure pipes, thisis considered conservative in thelight of more recent research, whichacknowledges that for constantstrain conditions the maximumstrain level may be significantlyhigher than this without risk of longterm failure. A figure of 2.5% iscommonly used. AS/NZS 2566 setsa design value of 1% for flexuralstrain due to lateral loading.

The adopted design value must takeinto consideration the magnitude ofstrains due to other factors, such asthermal expansion and contractionand soil movements, and provide anadequate factor of safety. This willvary according to circumstances andthe judgement is in the hands of thedesigner.

For pressure pipes, the situation issomewhat more complex. In thiscase, a multi-axial stressconfiguration must be considered toassess the combined effect ofinternal pressure and bending.Application of multi-axial failurecriterion9 to PVC and OPVC pipes,subjected to full working pressure atthe AS 2032 radius of curvature,show that a factor of safety ofgreater than 1.5 is retained.Therefore, this bending radius maybe considered satisfactory, althoughnot conservative.

However, there may be otherpractical considerations such astapping (particularly under pressure)that dictate prudence in deciding theappropriate design factors. Wherepipes are to be subjected to tapping,a minimum bending radius of 300times the diameter is recommended.

d e s i g n

12 200 688

9 150 516

6 100 344

4 70 229

3 50 172

2 35 115

1 20 57

Pipe lengthm

Approximate offsetmm

Radius of curvaturem

9. Hoffman criterion for rupture, Von Mises criterion where applicable - For more detail on this analysis see Vinidex Technical Note VX-TN-12Bavailable from Vinidex

Table 3.18 Effective radius of curvature for 1° deflection at the joint

d e s i g n


d e s i g n

MPVC pipes have a lower designfactor of safety than PVC and OPVCpipes. Therefore, the AS 2032bending radius should not beapplied to MPVC without a thoroughanalysis of all stresses imposed onthe pipeline to ensure an adequatefactor of safety is maintained.

For fixed end systems (solventjointed) an axial tensile stress due toPoisson contraction exists equal tohalf the pressure stress, which maymodify the axial stress due tobending.

Bending Geometry

The tightest curve is achieved bymaintaining a constant radius ofcurvature of the pipe, ie. a circularcurve. It is not practicable to achievethis condition completely. The figurebelow shows a generalised loadingdiagram for a pipe bent byapplication of a symmetrical set ofpoint load forces.

10. The equations for this load configuration can be derived by superposition of the cases for point loads at the end and at distance q from the end of a cantilever beam, which is equivalent by symmetry to half the pipe in the figure above.

See Young W C, "Roark's formulas for stress and strain" 6th Edition, 1989, Table 3 case 1a, substituting

(a) General -Forces at q

(b) Force atcentre

(c) Forces atquarter points

Deflection angle

CentreDisplacement

The offset can be calculated from the deflection angle:

Table 3.19 Formulae10 for Deflection Angle and Centre-line Displacement

This produces a bending momentdistribution as shown, with aconstant moment along the centralsection, and a constant radius ofcurvature over this section also. Theend sections adopt a parabolicshape, with curvature decreasing(radius increasing) towards the pipeends.

Apart from the general case (a) withthe forces placed at any position q,two common cases are (b) the pipeis loaded by one force only at thecentre, q = L/2, and (c) with forcespositioned at the quarter points,q = L/4. Table 3.19 gives theformulae required to calculate thedeflection angles, centredisplacement and offset at the pipeends for a given configuration.Results for cases (b) and (c) for 6mpipes are tabulated in the InstallationSection.

qq

F Fy

L

i n s t a l l a t i o n

PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe installation.1

Contents

Jointing Procedures 3

Cutting 3Solvent Cement Joints 3Rubber Ring Joints 8Jointing Pipes with Couplings 11Use of Other Brand Fittings 11Flanged Joints 12Threaded Joints 12Compression Joints 12Connection to Other Materials 12

Service Connections 12

Tapping Saddles 12Live Tapping 13Dry Tapping 13Direct Tapping 13

Handling and Storage 13

Transportation of PVC Pipes 13Storage of PVC Pipes 13

Below-Ground Installation 14

Preparing the Pipes 14Preparing the Trench 14PVC Pipes Under Roads 16Pipeline Buoyancy` 16Expansion and Contraction 16Electrical Earthing 16Installing Pipes on a Curve 16Thrust Blocks 19Pipelines on Steep Slopes 19

Above-Ground Installation 19

General Considerations 19Supports 20

Testing and Commissioning 22

Flushing 22

Detecting Buried Wires 23

Metal Detectable Tapes 23Trace Wires 23Audio Detection 23

Protection from Solar Degradation 23












ABN 42 000 664 942


PVC pipes are lightweight and easyto handle and install. This sectionoutlines the procedures for allaspects of below and above groundinstallation of PVC water supply pipesystems. Reference should also bemade to AS 2032 - “Installation ofUPVC pipe systems”.

A number of water authoritiesrequire pipelayers to haveparticipated in a trainingprogramme. The “Plastek” PVC Pipeinstallation programme, which wasdeveloped by TAFE and major waterauthorities in conjunction withVinidex, is available through manyTAFE colleges around Australia.

JOINTINGPROCEDURES

CUTTING

During manufacture pipes are cut tostandard length by cut-off saws.These saws have carbide-tippedcircular blades which produce a neatcut without burrs.

However, pipes may be cut on sitewith a variety of cutting tools. These are:

1. Proprietary cutting tools.

These tools can cut, deburr andchamfer the pipe in one operation.They are the best tools for cuttingpipe.

2. A portable electric circular sawwith cut-off wheel.

This is quick and easy to use andproduces a neat clean cutrequiring little deburring. It does,however, require a power supplyand the operator has to be skilledin using it to produce a squarecut.

3. A hand saw and mitre box.

This saw produces a square cutbut requires more deburring. Ittakes comparatively more timeand effort and requires a stand.

The use of roller cutters is notrecommended.

SOLVENT CEMENT JOINTS

Vinidex recommends Vinidex solventcements and priming fluid for usewith Vinidex PVC pipes and fittings,thus ensuring a complete qualitysystem. Vinidex premium solventcements and priming fluid arespecially formulated for PVC pipesand fittings and should not be usedwith other thermoplastic materials.

The following procedure should bestrictly observed for best results.The steps and precautions will alloweasy and efficient assembly of joints.Users may refer to AS/NZS 2032-1977 Code of practice for installationof uPVC pipe systems for furtherguidance.

Incorrect procedure and short cutswill lead to poor quality joints andpossible system failure.

Solvent Cement JointPrinciples

Sockets on Vinidex pressure pipesand fittings for solvent cementjoining are tapered, ensuring theright level of interference. This maynot apply to all pipes and fittings,particularly from other countries.

Vinidex offers two types of solventcements formulated specifically forpressure and non-pressureapplications. They are colour coded,along with the primer, in accordancewith AS/NZS 3879:

• Type ‘P’ for pressure, includingpotable water installations,designed to develop high shearstrengths with an interference fit(green solvent, green print & lid)

• Type ‘N’ for non-pressureapplications, designed for thehigher gap filling propertiesneeded for clearance fits (bluesolvent, blue label & lid)

• Priming fluid for use with bothsolvent cements (red priming fluid,red label & lid)

Always use the correct solventcement for the application.

Solvent cement jointing is a‘chemical welding’, not a gluingprocess. The priming fluid cleans,decreases and removes the glazedsurface thus preparing and softeningthe surface of the pipe so that thesolvent cement bonds the PVC.

The solvent cement softens, swellsand dissolves the spigot and socketsurfaces. These surfaces form abond into one solid material as theycure.

Note: OPVC pipes are not suitablefor solvent cement jointing.




Procedure

1 Prepare the pipe

Before jointing, check that the pipe has been cut square and all the burrs areremoved from the inside and outside edge. Remove the sharp edge from theoutside and inside of the pipe with a deburring tool. Do not create a largechamfer that will trap a pool of solvent cement. Remove all dirt, swarf, andmoisture from spigot and socket.

2 Witness mark the pipe

It is essential to be able to determine when the spigot is fully home in thesocket. Mark the spigot with a pencil line (‘witness mark’) at a distance equalto the internal depth of the socket. Other marking methods may be usedprovided that they do not damage or score the pipe.

3 ‘Dry fit’ the joint

‘Dry fit’ the spigot into the socket, check the pipe for proper alignment. Anyadjustments for the correct fit can be made now, not later. For pressurepipes, the spigot should interfere in the socket before it is fully inserted to thepencil line. Ovality in the pipe and socket will automatically be re-rounded inthe final solvent cementing process, but heavy-walled pipe may give a falseindication of the point of interference. Do not attempt to make a pressure pipejoint that does not have an interference fit. Contact Vinidex if this occurs.

4 Prepare with priming fluid

Dry, degrease and prime the spigot and socket with a lint-free cloth (naturalfibres) dampened with Vinidex priming fluid.

5 Brush selection

The brush should be large enough to apply the solvent cement to the joint ina maximum of 30 seconds. Approximately one third the pipe diameter is agood guide. Do not use the brush attached to the lid for pipes over 100mm indiameter. Decanting is not advisable, and excess should never be returned tothe can. For large diameter pipes, it may be necessary to decant to an openlarger vessel for a large brush to be used, in this case decant for one joint ata time.

Diameter Recommendedsize of pipe size of brush (mm) (mm)

15, 20, 25, use brush supplied32, 40, 50

65, 80 25

100, 125 38

150 50

200 63

225, 250 75

300, 375 100

Table of recommended brush selection



6 Apply solvent cement

Using a suitably sized brush, apply a thin even coat of solvent cement to theinternal surface of the socket first. Solvents will evaporate faster from theexposed spigot than from the socket. Special care should be taken to ensurethat excess solvent cement isn’t built up at the back of the socket (pools ofsolvent will continue to attack the PVC and weaken the pipe). Then apply aheavier, even coat of solvent cement up to the witness mark on the spigot.Ensure the entire surface is covered. A ‘dry’ patch will not develop a properbond, even if the mating surface is covered. An unlubricated patch may alsomake it difficult to obtain full insertion.

7 Inserting the spigot

Make the joint immediately, in a single movement. Do not stop halfway, sincethe bond will start to set immediately and it will be almost impossible toinsert further. It will aid distribution of the solvent cement to twist the spigotinto the socket so that it rotates about a 1/4 turn whilst (not after) inserting,but where this cannot be done, particular attention should be paid to uniformsolvent application.

8 Push the spigot home

The spigot must be fully homed to the full depth of the socket. The final 10%of spigot penetration is vital to the interference fit. Mechanical force will berequired for larger joints. Be ready in advance. Pipe pullers are commerciallyavailable for this purpose. Polyester pipe slings are very useful for gripping apipe, in order to apply a winch or lever.

9 Hold the joint

Hold the joint against movement and rejection of the spigot for a minimum of30 seconds. Disturbing the joint during this phase will seriously impair thestrength of the joint.

10 Wipe off excess solvent cement

For a neat professional joint, with a clean rag wipe off excess solvent cementimmediately from the outside of the joint.

11 Do not disturb the joint

Once the joint is made, do not disturb it for five minutes or rough handle itfor at least one hour. Do not fill the pipe with water for at least one hour aftermaking the last joint. Do not pressurise the line until fully cured.

12 Cure the joint

The process of curing, is a function of temperature, humidity and time. Jointscure faster when the humidity is low and the temperature is high. The higherthe temperature, the faster the joints will cure. As a guide, at a temperature of16°C and above, 24 hours should be allowed, at 0°C, 48 hours is necessary.



Open Time

Vinidex Type P and N solventcements satisfy the long termpressure test procedure of AS/NZS3879 requiring an open time of 3minutes. Open time is the time fromthe beginning of solvent applicationuntil the jointing of the parts.

Important: In the field, allowableopen time can vary considerablybecause weather conditions caninfluence the drying time of solventcements. Each joint should becompleted immediately.

Adverse Weather

High temperature and air movementwill radically increase the loss ofsolvents, and solvent cementjointing should not be performedwhen the temperature is more than35°C. Some form of protectionshould be provided when jointing inwindy and dusty conditions.

When jointing under wet and verycold conditions, make sure that themating surfaces are dry and freefrom ice, as moisture may preventthe solvent cement from obtainingits maximum strength.

Storage

Keep the containers stored below30°C. The solvent cement lidsshould be tightly sealed when not inuse to prevent evaporation of thesolvent. Do not use solvent cementthat has gone cloudy or has startedto gel in the can. Do not use solventcement after the ‘use by’ date shownon the can, the chemicalconstituents can change over a longperiod of time, even in a sealed can.

Precautions to Achieve anEffective Joint

Make sure that the end of each pipeis square in its socket and in thesame alignment and grade as thepreceding pipes or fittings.

Create a 0.5mm chamfer, as a sharpedge on the spigot will wipe off thesolvent and reduce the interfacearea. Remove all swarf and burrs sothat filings cannot later becomedislodged and jam taps and valves.

Do not attempt to joint pipes at anangle. Curved lines should be jointedwithout stress, then curved after thejoint is cured. Support the spigotclear of the ground when jointing,this will avoid contamination withsoil or sand.

An unsatisfactory solvent cementjoint cannot be re-executed, nor canpreviously cemented spigots andsockets be re-used. To effectrepairs, cut out the joint and remakeor use mechanical repair fittings.

Correct Solvent Quantity

The correct amount of solvent is auniform self-levelling layer withoutruns, achieved by experience andjudgement.

Too much solvent will form poolsand continue to attack and weakenthe pipe. Too little solvent willrequire you to brush out excessively,the solvent will quickly evaporatewith vigorous brushing.

Take care not to spill solvent cementonto pipes or fittings. Accidentalspillage should be wiped offimmediately.



Size of Priming Solvent pipe fluid cement

DN (mm)

15 1050 30020 625 17525 450 130

32 325 95

40 250 70

50 150 42

65 125 35

80 100 30

100 70 25

125 60 20

150 45 15

200 25 10

225 15 7

250 12 6

300 12 5

375 12 5

Safety

Forced ventilation should be used inconfined spaces. Do not bring anaked flame within the vicinity ofsolvent cement operations.

Spillage onto the skin should bewashed off immediately with soapand water. Should the solventcement get in the eyes, wash themwith clean water for at least 15minutes and seek medical advice.

Priming Fluid

If poisoning occurs, contact a doctoror Poisons Information Centre.

If swallowed, do not induce vomiting- give a glass of water.

For further safety information referto Material Safety Data Sheetavailable from Vinidex.

Solvent Cement

If poisoning occurs, contact a doctoror Poisons Information Centre.

If swallowed, and more than 15minutes from a hospital, inducevomiting preferably using IpecacSyrup APF.

For further safety information referto Material Safety Data Sheetavailable from Vinidex.

Average number of joints per 500ml

The following table provides anindication as to the number of jointsthat are made per 500ml containerof priming fluid and solvent cement.



RUBBER RING JOINTS

Jointing rings are supplied with thepipe, together with a lubricantsuitable for the purpose. Otherlubricants may not be suitable forpotable water contact and may affectthe ring. They should not besubstituted without specificknowledge of these effects.

The ring provides a fluid seal in thesocket of a pipe or fitting and iscompressed when the spigot ispassed into the socket. Check thelabel on the pipe socket. Series 1,Series 2, sewer rings or rings fromother manufacturers cannot beinterchanged. Sewer rings contain aroot inhibitor and must not be usedfor potable water lines. These ringscan be easily identified by their twocoloured dots, pressure rings haveonly one coloured dot.

Chamfering

Vinidex PVC pipes for rubber ringjointing are supplied with achamfered end. However, if a pipewhich has been cut in the field is tobe used for making a rubber ringjoint, the spigot end must bechamfered. Special chamferingtools are available for this purpose,but in the absence of this equipmenta body file can be used provided itdoes not leave any sharp edgeswhich may cut the rubber ring. Donot make an excessively sharp edgeat the rim of the bore and do notchip or break this edge. As a guideto the correct chamfer, the followingtable gives the length of chamferrequired at 12° to 15° angle.

50 6 7665 8 8280 10 86

100 11 97125 13 109150 14 116200 17 140225 18 150250 20 176300 23 187375 28 212

SizeDN

Approx.length of

chamfer Lc(mm)

Witnessmark Lw

(mm)

100 11 155, 171

150 15 155, 171

200 Contact Vinidex

225 Contact Vinidex

Approx.length of

chamfer Lc(mm);

SizeDN

Witnessmark Lw

(mm)

(c) Series 2 - Plain ended pipe forjointing with couplings

100 12 105150 14 127200 18 171225 21 180250 23 191300 28 211375 36 226

SizeDN

Approx.length of

chamfer Lc(mm)

Witnessmark Lw

(mm)

b) Series 2 - Socketed pipe

When a pipe is cut, a witness markshould be pencilled in and careshould be taken to mark the correctposition in accordance with Table 4.1.

Where two witness mark positionsare given, both should be marked onthe pipe and the joint made so thatone mark remains visible.

Table 4.1 Rubber Ring Spigot Dimensions

(a) Series 1 - Socketed pipe



Procedure

• Pipes may be jointed out of thetrench but it is preferable thatconnections be made in the trenchto prevent possible “pulling” of thejoint.

• Clean the socket, especially thering groove. Do not use rag withlubricant on it.

• Check that the spigot end, if cut inthe field, has a chamfer ofapproximately 12° to 15°.

• Insert the rubber ring into thegroove with the colour marking onthe ring facing outwards. Therubber ring is correctly fitted whenthe thickest cross section of thering is positioned towards theoutside of the socket and thegroove in the rubber ring ispositioned inside the socket.

• Run your finger around the lead-inangle of the rubber ring to checkthat it is correctly seated, nottwisted, and that it is evenlydistributed around the ring groove.

• Clean the spigot end of the pipe asfar back as the witness mark.

• Apply Vinidex jointing lubricant tothe spigot end as far back as thewitness mark and especially to thechamfered section.

Note. Keep the rubber ring and ringgroove free of jointing lubricant untilthe joint is actually being made.



• If a pipe joint is homed too far, itmay be withdrawn immediately,but once the lubricant is dry(which takes only a few minutesin hot weather) mechanical aidsare required to pull the joint apart.

• With mechanical assistance,rubber ring joints can berecovered and re-made years afterthe original joint was made. Newrubber rings should be used andcare should be taken to ensurethat there is no damage to pipe orsocket.

If the joint is likely to bedismantled in the future the taskis much easier if silicone lubricantis used.

Hint. If excessive force is requiredto make a joint, this may meanthat the rubber ring has beendisplaced. To check placement ofthe ring without having todismantle the joint, a feeler gaugecan be inserted between thesocket and pipe to check evenplacement of the ring.

• Align the spigot with the socketand apply a firm, even thrust topush the spigot into the socket. It is possible to joint 100mm and150mm diameter pipes by hand.However, larger diameter pipessuch as 200mm and above mayrequire the use of a bar andtimber block as illustrated.Alternatively, a commerciallyavailable pipe puller may be usedto joint the pipes.

• Brace the socket end of the lineso that previously jointed pipesare prevented from closing up

• Inspect each joint to ensure thatthe witness mark is just visible atthe face of each socket.

• Pipe joints must not be pushedhome to the bottom of the socket.They must go no further than thewitness mark. This is to allow forpossible expansion of the pipe.Polydex PVC and cast iron fittingsuse the same rubber ring asPolydex pipe and jointingprocedures are identical. See note on installation.11 forother brand fittings.

TYPICAL RING CROSS-SECTION

BAR & BLOCK JOINTING



JOINTING PIPES WITHCOUPLINGS

Couplings may utilise reinforcedrubber rings that are formed into theplastic of the coupling duringmanufacture. The rubber ring isreinforced with a steel wire which isrequired for the manufacture of thefitting but also serves the purpose ofpreventing the ring being "pushed"during jointing. As the ring isreinforced, it is not possible toremove the ring from the ringgroove. Therefore the onlypreparation the coupling requiresbefore jointing is an inspection toensure the coupling is free from gritor contaminant on the jointingsurfaces. It should be noted thatdamage to the ring means that thecoupling must be discarded.

Unreinforced rings may be removedif necessary for cleaning, but ingeneral, because the couplings are inprotected storage, the onlypreparation the coupling requiresbefore jointing is an inspection toensure the coupling is free from gritor contaminant on the jointingsurfaces.

Jointing Procedure

To simplify the jointing process it issuggested that the initial joint madewith the coupling is carried outbefore the pipe is placed in thetrench.

Clean the socket of the coupling andspigot of the pipe.

Apply Vinidex jointing lubricant tothe spigot of the pipe as far back asthe witness mark and especially tothe chamfered section.

Align the spigot with the couplingand apply a firm even thrust to pushthe spigot into the coupling. For thisjoint, ensure that the spigot isinserted until the witness mark is nolonger visible. It is possible to jointthe 150mm pipe by hand. It may befound helpful to brace the couplingagainst a solid vertical surface.

The second joint is made with thecoupling of the pipe already in thetrench.

Use the same technique as beforebut only insert the spigot into thecoupling sufficiently to leave onewitness mark visible at the face ofthe coupling. This is necessary toallow for possible expansion of thepipe after installation.

If a joint is inserted too far, it may bewithdrawn immediately, but once thelubricant is dry (which only takes afew minutes in hot weather)mechanical aids are required to pullthe joint apart.

Ensure the coupling to be jointed issupported to prevent closing ofpreceding couplings.

The diagram below indicates thecorrect pipe positions in the coupling

USE OF OTHER BRANDFITTINGS

A variety of other cast/ductile iron,bronze, aluminium, steel ABS andPVC fittings may be used withVinidex PVC pipes. In most casesthe fittings have sockets that areshorter than pipe sockets. When thesocket is too short for the spigot tobe inserted to the witness mark, thepipe should be fully homed andspecial precautions should be takenduring construction to ensure thatno contraction of the pipe will betaken up at these joints, i.e. it shouldbe taken up at other joints. Ingeneral, 12m PVC lengths shouldnot be used with short socketedfittings.

GOLDEN RULE



followed. Over-tightening should beavoided. It may be foundadvantageous to use a lubricant onthe rubber ring.

CONNECTION TO OTHERMATERIALS

A wide range of adaptors to jointPVC pipes and fittings to pipes andfittings of other materials isavailable.

See Product Data Section for details.

SERVICECONNECTIONS

TAPPING SADDLES

Only tapping saddles designed foruse with PVC pipe should be used.These saddles should :

• Be contoured to fit around the pipeand not have lugs or sharp edgesthat dig in.

• Have a positive stop to avoid over-tightening of the saddle around thepipe.

The maximum hole size that shouldbe drilled in a PVC pipe for tappingpurposes is 50mm, or 1/3 the pipediameter, whichever is smaller.

This does not prevent theconnection of larger branch lines viatapping saddles, provided thehydraulic loss through the restrictedhole size is acceptable.

For larger branches generally, a teeis preferred.

Holes should not be drilled into PVCpipe:

• Less than 300mm from a spigotend.

Under no circumstances shouldthe thread bottom against a stopon either the male or femalefitting.

2. Hand tighten initially. Usually afurther two more turns aresufficient to effect a seal. Tightenonly just enough to seal, plus halfa turn more.

Note. Over tightening will overstress the fitting. Avoid usingserrated grip tools particularly onthe plain barrel of fittings orpipes.

3. If a threaded connection is madeto a metal fitting, it is preferablethat the male thread be PVC. Forfemale PVC fittings special careshould be taken to avoid over-stressing.

COMPRESSION JOINTS

There are various types ofcompression joints available for usewith PVC pipes. (See Product DataSection for details.) In principle allof these effect a seal by mechanicalcompression of a rubber ring bymeans of threaded caps or boltedend plates. Because immediatepressurisation is possible suchjoints are generally preferred forrepair work.

They are also used frequently forfinal connections in difficultsituations where slight misalignmentcannot be avoided.

When making compression jointsthe manufacturers’recommendations should be

FLANGED JOINTS

The main functions of a flanged jointis to create a demountable joint, toconnect valves and vessels wherestrength in tension is required, or tojoint to other materials.

The three types of flanges available are:

1. Full-faced PVC socketed flanges.

2. PVC socketed stub flanges with loose metal backing rings.

3. Tapered cores with either metal or PVC flanges.

Flange joints require gaskets to sealthem. In high stress situations,metal backing plates or flat washersare also required to spread the forceand prevent damage to the flange.Bolts should not be overtightened.(See also the Product Data Section)Epoxy-coated aluminium or ductileiron flange adaptors are alsoavailable.

THREADED JOINTS

For normal water supply purposes,the cutting of threads on PVC pipesis not an acceptable practice. Amoulded threaded adaptor should beused. (See Product Data Section fordetails.)

When making threaded joints thefollowing points should beobserved:-

1. A thread sealant is recommendedand the only acceptable materialis PTFE (TEFLON) tape. Hemp,grease or solvent cement shouldnever be used.

Test the ‘fit’ of the joint,particularly when connecting toother materials or to othermanufacturers’ fittings. Judge theamount of tape accordingly.

d o n o t o v e r t i g h t e n



• Closer than 450mm to anotherhole on a common parallel line.

• Where significant bending stress isapplied to the pipe.

LIVE TAPPING

Various tools are available to allowlive tapping of a line using aspecially adapted tapping band.

The tapping band should be fitted tothe pipe and correctly tightened. Aspecially adapted main cock for livetapping should be fitted to thetapping saddle using PTFE tape anda drilling machine fitted with a“shell” cutter or hole saw. The holeis drilled and the tapping flushed.The hole saw is then withdrawn andthe main cock sealed. The tappingmachine is removed along with thehole cut-out and the main cockplunger or cap is then fitted.

DRY TAPPING

The procedure is the same as aboveexcept that the hole can be drilledbefore the main cock is fitted. It isalso possible to dry tap using a twistdrill with razor sharp cutting edgesground to an angle of 80°. Removalof the swarf, however, is moredifficult and wherever possible theuse of a hole saw is recommended.

Note: A spade bit is not suitable fordrilling PVC pipes.

DIRECT TAPPING

Vinidex does not recommend directtapping (threading of the pipe wall)for PVC pressure lines.

HANDLING ANDSTORAGEPVC pipe is very robust, but still canbe damaged by rough handling.Pipes should not be thrown fromtrucks or dragged over roughsurfaces. Plastic piping becomesmore susceptible to damage in verycold weather so extra care should betaken when the temperature is low.

Since the soundness of any pipejoint depends on the condition of thespigot and the socket, special careshould be taken not to allow them tocome into contact with sharp edgesor protruding nails.

TRANSPORTATION OF PVCPIPES

While in transit pipes should be wellsecured and supported. Chains orwire ropes may be used only ifsuitably padded to protect the pipefrom damage. Care should be takenthat the pipes are firmly tied so thatthe sockets cannot rub together.

Pipes may be unloaded fromvehicles by rolling them gently downtimbers, care being taken to ensurethat the pipes do not fall onto oneanother or onto any hard or unevensurface.

STORAGE OF PVC PIPES

Pipes should be given adequatesupport at all times. Pipes shouldbe stacked in layers with socketsplaced at alternate ends of the stackand with the sockets protruding.

Horizontal supports of about 75mmwide should be spaced not morethan 1.5m centre-to-centre beneaththe pipes to provide even support.

Vertical side supports should also beprovided at intervals of 3m alongrectangular pipe stacks.

For long-term storage (longer than 3months) the maximum free heightshould not exceed 1.5m. Theheaviest pipes should be on thebottom.

Crated pipes, however, may bestacked higher provided that theload bearing is not taken directly bythe lower pipes. In all casesstacking should be such that pipeswill not become distorted.

If it is planned to store pipes indirect sunlight for a period in excessof one year, then the pipes shouldbe covered with material such ashessian. Coverings such as blackplastic must not be used as thesecan greatly increase thetemperatures within the stack. (SeeWeathering in the Materials Section)


PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipeinstallation.14

BELOW-GROUNDINSTALLATION(See also AS 2032)

PREPARING THE PIPES

Before installation, each pipe andfitting should be inspected to seethat its bore is free from foreignmatter and that its outside surfacehas no large scores or any otherdamage. Pipe ends should bechecked to ensure that the spigotsand sockets are free from damage.

Pipes of the required diameter andclass should be identified andmatched with their respective fittingsand placed ready for installation.

PREPARING THE TRENCH

PVC pipe is likely to be damaged ordeformed if its support by theground on which it is laid is notmade as uniform as possible. Thetrench bottom should be examinedfor irregularities and any hardprojections removed.

Trench Widths

A trench should be as narrow aspractical but adequate enough toallow space for working area and fortamping the side support. It shouldbe not less than 200mm wider thanthe outside diameter of the pipeirrespective of soil condition.

Wide Trenches

For deep trenches where significantsoil loading may occur, the trenchshould not exceed the widths givenin the Table 4.2 without furtherinvestigation.

100 320 800

125 340 825

150 360 825

200 425 900

225 450 925

250 480 950

300 515 1000

375 600 1200

Size DN Minimum (mm) Maximum (mm)

Unstable Conditions

Where a trench, during or after excavation, tends to collapse or cave in, it isconsidered unstable. If the trench is located, for instance, in a street or anarrow pathway and it is therefore impractical to widen the trench, supportshould be provided for the trench walls in the form of timber planks or othersuitable shoring.

Alternatively the trench should be widened until stability is reached. At thispoint, a smaller trench may then be excavated in the bottom of the trench toaccept the pipe. In either case do not exceed the maximum trench width atthe top of the pipe unless allowance has been made for the increased load.

Trench Depths

The recommended minimum trench depth is determined by the loadsimposed on the pipe such as the mass of backfill material, the anticipatedtraffic loads and any other superimposed loads. The depth of the trenchshould be sufficient to prevent damage to the pipe when the anticipated loadsare imposed upon it.

Table 4.2 Recommended Trench Widths

Minimum Trench Width Wide Condition

Minimum Cover Requirement



Minimum Cover

Trenches should be excavated to allow for the specified depth of bedding, thepipe diameter and the minimum recommended cover, overlay plus backfill,above the pipes. Table 4.3 provides recommendations for minimum cover.

demonstrated that appropriatecompaction can be achieved.

Variations in the hard bed shouldnever exceed 20% of the beddingdepth. Absolute minimum underlayshould be 75mm. It may benecessary to provide a groove undereach socket to ensure that evensupport along the pipe barrel isachieved.

Pipe Side Support

Material selected for pipe sidesupport should be adequatelytamped in layers of not more than150mm. Care should be taken notto damage the exposed pipe and totamp evenly on either side of thepipe to prevent pipe distortion.

Unless otherwise specified, the pipeside support and pipe overlaymaterial used should be identicalwith the pipe bedding material.

Pipe Overlay

The pipe overlay material should belevelled and tamped in layers to aminimum height of 150mm abovethe crown of the pipe. Care shouldbe taken not to disturb the line orgrade of the pipeline, where this iscritical, by excessive tamping.

Loading Cover,H (mm)

No vehicular loading 300

Vehicular loading:-

not roadways 450

sealed roadways 600

unsealed roadways 750

Embankments 750

Construction equipment loading 750

The above cover requirements willprovide adequate protection for allclasses of pipe. Where it isnecessary to use lower covers,several options are available.

• Use a high quality granular backfill,eg crushed gravel or road base.

• Use a higher class of pipe thanrequired for normal pressure orother considerations.

• Provide additional structural loadbearing bridging over the trench.Temporary steel plates may beused in the case of constructionloads.

Bedding Material

Preferred bedding materials arelisted in AS 2032 as follows:

(a) Suitable sand, free from rock orother hard or sharp objects thatwould be retained on a 13.2mmsieve.

(b) Crushed rock or gravel ofapproved grading up to amaximum size of 14mm.

(c) The excavated material mayprovide a suitable pipe underlayif it is free from rock or hardmatter and broken up so that itcontains no soil lumps havingany dimension greater than75mm which would preventadequate compaction of thebedding.

The suitability of a material dependson its compactability. Granularmaterials (gravel or sand) containinglittle or no fines, or specificationgraded materials, require little or nocompaction, and are preferred.Sands containing fines, and claysare difficult to compact and shouldonly be used where it can be

Table 4.3 Minimum Cover

H



Backfill

Unless otherwise specified,excavated material from the siteshould constitute the backfill.

Gravel and sand can be compactedby vibratory methods and clays bytamping. This is best achieved whenthe soils are wet. If water floodingis used and extra soil has to beadded to the original backfill, thisshould be done only when theflooded backfill is firm enough towalk on. When flooding the trench,care should be taken not to float thepipe.

PVC PIPES UNDER ROADS

PVC pipes can be installed underroads in either the longitudinal ortransverse direction.

The type of rock / granular materialsspecified for road subgrades have avery high soil modulus and offerexcellent side support for flexiblepipes as well as minimising theeffects of dead and live loads. Thisrepresents an ideal structuralenvironment for PVC pipes.

Consideration should be given at thetime of installation to ensure:

• construction loadings are allowedfor;

• the pipes are buried at sufficientdepth to ensure they are notdisturbed during futurerealignments or regrading of theroad; and

• minimum depths of cover andcompaction techniques areobserved.

PIPELINE BUOYANCY

Pipe, under wet conditions, canbecome buoyant in the trench. PVCpipe, being lighter than most pipematerials, should be covered withsufficient overlay and backfillmaterial to prevent inadvertentflotation and movement. A depth ofcover over the pipe of 1.5 times thediameter is usually adequate.

EXPANSION ANDCONTRACTION

Pipe will expand or contract if it isinstalled during very hot or very coldweather, so it is recommended thatthe final pipe connections be madewhen the temperature of the pipehas stabilised at a temperature closeto that of the backfilled trench.

When the pipe has to be laid in hotweather, precautions should betaken to allow for the contraction ofthe line which will occur when itcools to its normal workingtemperature.

For solvent cemented systems, thelines should be free to move until astrong bond has been developed(see Solvent Cement JointingProcedures) and installationprocedure should ensure thatcontraction does not impose strainon newly made joints.

For rubber ring jointed pipes, ifcontraction accumulates overseveral lengths, pull-out of a jointcan occur. To avoid this possibilitythe preferred technique is to back-filleach length, at least partially, aslaying proceeds. (It may be requiredto leave joints exposed for test andinspection.)

It should be noted that rubber ringjoint design allows for contraction to

occur. Provided joints are made tothe witness mark in the firstinstance, and contraction is taken upapproximately evenly at each joint,there is no danger of loss of seal. Agap between witness mark andsocket of up to 10mm aftercontraction is quite acceptable.

Further contraction may be observedon pressurisation of the line (so-called Poisson contraction due tocircumferential strain). Again this isanticipated in joint design and isquite in order.

For further information and dataconcerning thermal expansion andcontraction, see the Design Section.

ELECTRICAL EARTHING

PVC piping is a non-conductivematerial and cannot be used forearthing electrical installations or fordissipating static charges. Localauthorities, both water and electrical,should be consulted for theirrequirements.

INSTALLING PIPES ON A CURVE

When installing pipes on a curve, thepipe should be jointed straight andthen laid to the curve. Bending ofpipes is achieved in practice aftereach joint is made, by laterallyloading the pipe by any convenientmeans, and fixing in place bycompacted soil, or appropriatefixings above ground. The techniqueused depends on the size and classof pipe involved, as clearly theforces required to induce bendingvary over a very large range. Forburied lines in good soil, thecompaction process can be used toinduce bending as illustrated below.Bending aids, crowbars etc. must



always be padded to preventdamage to pipes. Permanentpoint loads are not acceptable.

Significant bending momentsshould not be exerted on rubberring joints, since this introducesundesirable stresses in the spigotand socket that may bedetrimental to long termperformance. To avoid this,reaction supports should beplaced adjacent to the socketrather than on the sockets. Forburied pipes this also allows thejoint to be left open for inspectionduring testing. Because of thisrestriction, the length available forbending is less than the full lengthof the pipe. It is also notpracticable to maintain a constantradius of curvature by applicationof point load forces. Thecalculations shown in Table 4.4are derived from beam theory andassume a 5m bending length forcalculation of the deflection angle.For other pipe lengths or loadingconfigurations, see the DesignSection for the relevant formulae.

Solvent cement jointed pipes maybe curved continuously, ie.,bending moments may betransmitted across the joints, butbending may be applied only afterfull curing, 24 hours for pressureand 48 hours for non-pressurejoints. For solvent cement jointedpipelines, the angular deflectionfigures should be increased by20%

Table 4.4 Maximum deflection angles, centredisplacements and end offsets for 6m PVC pressure pipes.

15 52 1100 2900 78 1500 4900

20 41 870 2200 62 1200 3600

25 33 690 1800 49 950 2700

32 26 550 1400 39 750 2100

40 23 480 1200 34 660 1800

50 18 380 950 27 530 1400

65 15 310 790 22 420 1200

80 12 260 630 19 360 1000

100 9.7 200 510 14 280 740

125 7.9 160 410 12 230 630

150 6.9 140 360 10 200 520

175 5.5 120 290 8.3 160 440

200 4.9 100 260 7.3 140 380

100 9.1 190 480 14 260 740

150 6.2 130 320 9.3 180 490

200 4.8 100 250 7.1 140 370

deg mm mm deg mm mm

Nominal size DN

Force applied at centre span

Series 1 diameters

Pipes with no tappingsMinimum radius of curvature/diameter ratio 130

Series 2 diameters

Max.deflection

angle

Max.displace-

ment

Max. end

offset

Max.deflection

angle

Max.displace-

ment

Max. end

offset

Forces applied at quarterpoints



Note: Beam theory is applicable to small deflections and figures for smallbore pipes with centreline displacements greater than 5% of span should betreated as very approximate

Table 4.4 Maximum deflection angles, centre displacements and end offsets for 6m PVC pressure pipes (cont…)

15 23 470 1200 34 650 1800

20 18 380 950 27 520 1400

25 14 300 740 21 410 1100

32 11 240 580 17 330 900

40 9.9 210 520 15 290 790

50 7.9 170 410 12 230 630

65 6.3 130 330 9.5 180 500

80 5.4 110 280 8.1 160 420

100 4.2 88 220 6.3 120 330

125 3.4 71 180 5.1 98 270

150 3.0 63 160 4.5 86 240

175 2.4 50 130 3.6 69 190

200 2.1 44 110 3.2 61 170

100 3.9 82 200 5.9 110 310

150 2.7 56 140 4.0 78 210

200 2.1 43 110 3.1 59 160

deg mm mm deg mm mm

Nominal size DN

Force applied at centre span

Series 1 diameters

Pipes with tappingsMinimum radius of curvature/diameter ratio 300

Series 2 diameters

Max.deflection

angle

Max.displace-

ment

Max. end

offset

Max.deflection

angle

Max.displace-

ment

Max. end

offset

Forces applied at quarterpoints



THRUST BLOCKS

Underground PVC pipelines jointedwith rubber ring joints requireconcrete thrust blocks to preventmovement of the pipeline when apressure load is applied. In somecircumstances, thrust support mayalso be advisable in solvent cementjointed systems. Uneven thrust willbe present at most fittings. Thethrust block transfers the load fromthe fitting, around which it is placed,to the larger bearing surface of thesolid trench wall.

Construction of ThrustBlocks

Concrete should be placed aroundthe fitting in a wedge shape with itswidest part against the solid trenchwall. Some forming may benecessary to achieve an adequatebearing area with a minimum ofconcrete. The concrete mix shouldbe allowed to cure for seven daysbefore pressurisation.

A thrust block should bear firmlyagainst the side of the trench and toachieve this, it may be necessary tohand trim the trench side or handexcavate the trench wall to form arecess. The thrust acts through thecentre line of the fitting and thethrust block should be constructedsymmetrically about this centre line.(See Design Section for design ofthrust block size.)

PVC pipes and fittings should becovered with a protective membraneof PVC, polyethylene or felt whenadjacent to concrete so that they canmove without being damaged. (See“Setting Pipes in Concrete” page installation.21)

PIPELINES ON STEEP SLOPES

Two problems can occur when pipesare installed on steep slopes, i.e.slopes steeper than 20% (1:5).

1. The pipes may slide downhill sothat the witness mark positioningis lost. It may be necessary tosupport each pipe with somecover during construction toprevent the pipe slipping.

2. The generally coarse backfillaround the pipe may be scouredout by water movement in thebackfill. Clay stops or sandbagsshould be placed at appropriateintervals above and below thepipe to stop erosion of thebackfill.

Where bulkheads are used, onerestraint per pipe length, placedadjacent to the socket, is consideredsufficient for all slopes.

ABOVE-GROUNDINSTALLATION(See also AS 2032)

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

In above ground installations, pipesshould be laid on broad, smoothbearing surfaces wherever possibleto minimise stress concentrationand to prevent physical damage.

PVC pipe should not be laid onsteam lines or in proximity to otherhigh temperature surfaces.

Where a PVC pressure pipeline isused to supply cold water to a hotwater cylinder, the last two metresof pipe should be made of copperand a non-return valve fittedbetween the PVC and copper line toprevent pipe failure.

Where connections are made toother sections or to fixtures such aspumps or motors, care should betaken to ensure that the sections areaxially aligned. Any deviations willresult in undue stress on the jointingfittings which could lead topremature failure.

If a pipeline is subjected tocontinuous vibration such as at theconnection with a pump, it shouldbe connected by a flexible joint or, ifpossible, the system should beredesigned to eliminate the vibration.

The pipe must be adequatelysupported in order to preventsagging and excessive distortion.Clamp, saddle, angle, spring or otherstandard types of supports andhangers may be used wherenecessary. Pipe hangers should notbe over-tightened. Metal surfacesshould be insulated from the pipe byplastic coating, wrapping or othermeans.

Tee-Plan

Horizontal Bend - Plan

Vertical Bend - Elevation

Valve - Elevation Hydrant at EOL - Elevation

Blank End - Elevation

Reducer - Plan

Tee- Elevation



A build up of static electricity on theoutside surface of PVC pipes canoccur. Where there is a risk ofexplosion, such as in some miningapplications, safety precautions maybe required.

SUPPORTS

Brackets and Clips

For either free or fixed pipelinesupports using brackets or clips, thebearing surface should providecontinuous support for at least 120°of the circumference.

Straps

Metal straps used as supportsshould be at least 25mm wide, eitherplastic-coated or wrapped in aprotective material such as nylon orPE sheet. If a strap is fastenedaround a pipe, it should not distortthe pipe in any way.

Free Supports

A free support allows the pipe tomove without restraint along its axiswhile still being supported. Toprevent the support from scuffing ordamaging the pipe as it expands andcontracts, a 6mm thick layer of feltor lagging material is wrappedaround the support. Alternatively, aswinging type of support can beused and the support strap,protected with felt or lagging, mustbe securely fixed to the pipe.

Fixed Supports

A fixed support rigidly connects thepipeline to a structure totallyrestricting movement in at least twoplanes of direction. Such a supportcan be used to absorb moments andthrusts.

Placement of Supports

Careful consideration should begiven to the layout of piping and itssupport system. Even for nonpressure lines the effects of thermalexpansion and contraction have tobe taken into account. In particular,the layout should ensure thatthermal and other movements donot induce significant bendingmoments at rigid connections tofixed equipment or at bends or tees.

For solvent-cement jointed pipe anyexpansion coupling must besecurely clamped with a fixedsupport. Other pipe clamps shouldallow for movement due toexpansion and contraction. Rubber-ring jointed pipe should have fixedsupports behind each pipe socket.

Setting of Pipes in Concrete

When PVC pipes are encased inconcrete, certain precautions shouldbe taken:-

1. Pipes should be fully wrappedwith a compressible material,such as felt, with a minimumthickness of 5% of the pipediameter, i.e. 5mm for a 100mmdiameter pipe.

2. Alternatively, flexible (rubber ring)joints should be provided at entry

to and exit from the concrete asshown. This procedure alsoallows for possible differentialmovement between the pipelineand concrete structure.

It must be borne in mind,however, that without acompressible membrane, stresstransfer to the concrete will occurand may damage the concretesection.

3. Expansion joints coinciding withconcrete expansion joints shouldbe provided to accommodatemovement due to thermalexpansion or contraction in theconcrete.

Anchorage at Fittings

It is advisable to rigidly clamp atvalves and other fittings located ator near sharp directional changes,particularly when the line issubjected to wide temperaturevariations.

With the exception of solvent-cement jointed couplings, all PVCfittings should be supportedindividually and valves should bebraced against operating torque.



Thrust Anchorage

A solvent-cement jointed PVCpipeline will not usually requirethrust anchorage, but the designershould take into consideration anystress on the fittings. As pipediameter or working pressureincreases it is good practice toinstall thrust anchors wherenecessary. A rubber-ring jointedpressure pipeline requires anchorageat all joints, at changes in directionand at other positions whereunbalanced pressure forces exist.

Expansion Joints

For above-ground installations withsolvent cement joints provisionshould be made in the pipeline forexpansion and contraction. If theends are constrained and there islikely to be significant thermalvariation, then a rubber ring jointshould be installed at least every 12 m to allow for movement withinthe pipeline.

Support Spacing

The spacing of supports for a PVCpipeline depends on factors such asthe diameter of the pipe, the densityof the fluid being conveyed and themaximum temperature likely to bereached by the pipe material.

CORRECT INCORRECT

high strainpoint

Table 4.5, from AS 2032, shows thesupport spacing in metres for PVCpipe carrying water at 20°C. Thesespacings do not allow for additionalextraneous loadings.These spacingsare also acceptable for OPVC andMPVC pipes. However, for the sameclass of pipes, OPVC and MPVC willshow increased deflection betweenthe supports. Since deflections arevery small, this increase will notusually be of functional significance.

If temperatures are in excess of 20°C the horizontal spacing shouldbe reduced by 25% for every 10°Cabove 20°C. At 60°C, continuoushorizontal support is required.

Vertical Installation

Generally, vertical runs aresupported by spring hangers andguided with rings or long U-boltswhich restrict movement of the riseto one plane. It is sometimeshelpful to support a long riser with asaddle at the bottom.

Where a PVC pipeline is to passthrough or is to be built into a flooror wall of a building, allowanceshould be made for it to movewithout shearing against any hardsurfaces or without causing damageto the pipe or fittings.

15 0.60 1.20

20 0.70 1.40

25 0.75 1.50

32 0.85 1.70

40 0.90 1.80

50 1.05 2.10

65 1.20 2.40

80 1.35 2.70

100 1.50 3.00

125 1.70 3.40

150 2.00 4.00

175 2.20 4.40

200 2.30 4.60

225 2.50 5.00

250 2.60 5.20

300 3.00 6.00

Size DN

Horizontal(m)

Maximum SupportSpacing

Vertical (m)

Table 4.5 Recommended MaximumSpacing of Supports for all Classes of Pipe for Water



the design pressure, ensure that thethrust blocks, valves or other fittingshave been designed to take thesehigher pressures.

It should be borne in mind thatstatic pressure testing does notnecessarily simulate pressuresdeveloped under operatingconditions, and in order to obtainadequate testing of all parts of theline it may be desirable to divide itinto sections.

FLUSHINGFollowing successful testing, the lineshould be thoroughly flushed anddosed with a sterilising agent suchas chlorine. Local authorityrequirements should be followed.

An annular space of not less than6mm should be left around the pipeor fitting. This clearance should bemaintained and sealed with a flexiblesealant such as loosely packed felt, arubber convolute sleeve or othersuitable flexible sealing material.

If the pipeline has to pass through afire-rated wall, appropriate fire stopcollars should be installed.

When a fire breaks out, the fire stopcollar will expand and seal off thepipe, thus preventing fire fromspreading by means of the pipeaccess hole. Because fire stopcollars seal off the pipe they mustnot be used on the water supplylines required for fire fighting.

TESTING ANDCOMMISSIONINGThe pipeline may be tested as awhole or in sections, depending onthe diameter and length of the pipe,the spacing between sectioningvalves or blank ends and theavailability of water.

Pipelines should be bedded andbackfilled, but with the joints leftuncovered for inspection before andafter testing.

All thrust supports for fittings andvalves must be finished and theconcrete properly cured (theminimum time is seven days). Blankends installed temporarily should beadequately supported to take thepressure thrust.

Fill the pipeline with water andremove air from the system as far aspossible. Pressurise the system.Additional water will be required to

bring the line up to pressurebecause the pipe expands slightly.For example, to reach 1.5 timesworking pressure requires about 1%additional volume.

After reaching test pressure, notethe drop in pressure over time. It isnormal for a pressure drop to occuras the remaining air goes intosolution, and some furtherexpansion of the pipe (around 0.1%)will also occur.

The expansion due to a temperaturerise of 1°C will decrease thepressure by about 3.4kPa.

Re-pressurise and again note thedrop in pressure over the same timeperiod. A diminished pressure dropindicates a satisfactory test. Asimilar pressure drop may indicate aleak. It may be necessary to repeatthe procedure several times to besure.

AS 2032 recommends that the testpressure should be held for aminimum period of 15 minutes.

Selection of field test pressures isrelated to the system operatingconditions. A maximum testpressure of 1.5 times the systemdesign pressure is specifiedalthough the most commonlyadopted test pressure is 1.2 timesthe design pressure, measured atthe lowest point in the system.

Notwithstanding the above, thepressure should at no point exceed1.5 times the pipe pressure ratingfor PVC and OPVC pipes and 1.3times the pipe pressure rating forMPVC pipes, due to its reducedsafety factor. When using pressures higher than



DETECTING BURIEDPIPESBecause PVC is a non-magnetic andnon-conductive material, directlocation by magnetic and electronicmeans is not possible. Severaltechniques are appropriate.

METAL DETECTABLE TAPES

The use of metal detectable tapes isnow common. These offer the dualfacility of a colour-coded earlywarning visual marker duringexcavation and trace ability of thepipe when the precise location is notknown.

The tape is placed on top of the pipesurround material and can later belocated by using simple metaldetectors operating in the 4 - 20MHzrange at depths ranging to 450-600mm, depending on equipment.

TRACE WIRES

Trace wires are useful where pipesare buried significantly deeper. Thetrace wire is usually laid under thepipe, to avoid damage, and when asuppressed current is applied it canbe detected at depths up to 3 metresusing commercially availableinductive detectors.

Suitable trace wires are the vinyl-coated single copper wireconductors for conveyance of anelectric current. Disadvantages ofthe system are that both ends of thewire have to be accessed to applythe current, and if the wire is brokenthe system cannot be used.

AUDIO DETECTION

Several excellent audio leakdetectors are now available. Onetype requires an acoustic signal tobe introduced to the pipe at someconvenient location, e.g. a hydrant.A tuned detector is then used tolocate the pipeline. These units arestill effective with high backgroundnoise levels.

A second type picks up the sound ofturbulence from flowing water in thepipe. This must be done in theabsence of extraneous backgroundnoise, particularly traffic sounds.Skilled operators can also pinpointthe location of fittings. Theequipment can also be used fordetecting underground leaks.

PROTECTION FROMSOLAR DEGRADATIONAlthough PVC pipe can be installedin direct sunlight, it will be affectedby ultra-violet light which tends todiscolour the pipe and can cause aloss of impact strength. No otherproperties are impaired. If the pipeis to be installed in continuous directsunlight, it is advisable to paint theexterior with a white or light-coloured PVA paint. (See MaterialsSection)

p r o d u c t d a t a

PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipeproduct data.1

Contents

Product Data - Pipe 3

Pipe Dimensions & Weights 4

AS/NZS1477 Series 1 SCJ & Polydex RRJ 4AS/NZS1477 Series 2 Vinyl Iron 7AS/NZS4441 Series 1 OPVC Supermain 8AS/NZS4441 Series 2 OPVC Supermain 9AS/NZS4765 (int) Series 1 MPVC Hydro 10AS/NZS4765 (int) Series 2 MPVC Hydro 11

Joint Assembly and Control Dimensions 12

Solvent Cement Joint (SCJ) 12Polydex Rubber Ring Joint (RRJ) 15Vinyl Iron RRJ 17Supermain OPVC Series 2 RRJ 18Hydro MPVC Series 1 SCJ 19Hydro MPVC Series 1 RRJ 21Hydro MPVC Series 2 RRJ 22

Jointing Materials 23

Priming Fluid 23Solvent Cement 23Jointing Lubricant 23Rubber Rings 24

Product Data - Fittings 25

Solvent Cement Fittings 25Polydex Fittings (RRJ) 44Supermain Fittings 56Ductile Iron Fittings to suit PVC Pipe 57












ABN 42 000 664 942



PRODUCT DATA - PIPE

A wide range of standard PVCpressure pipes are manufactured byVinidex to suit the variety ofapplications. For large projects, it isalso possible to manufacturecustom-designed pipes, for examplefor specific ratings or lengths.

Full details of dimensions of allsizes, classes and joint types aregiven in the following tables.Toleranced dimensions are shownfor key dimensions subject to qualitycontrol. Other dimensions, andthose shown as “nominal”, areprovided for information only.

Diameters

Diameters of PVC pipes arereferenced by their “Nominal Size”or simply “Size” (symbol DN, inaccordance with internationalpractice), which represents theapproximate diameter in millimetres.Actual external and internaldiameters are given in the standarddimension tables.

Two standard diameter ranges aremanufactured:

1. Series 1: Metric pipe sizes whichare compatible with InternationalStandards Organisation (ISO) R161in sizes DN125 and larger. Colour:white (or green for MPVC).

2. Series 2: has diameterscompatible with Ductile Iron (Dl)pipes in sizes DN100 and larger.Colour: blue or lilac for recycledwater pipes.

Ovality

Pipe ovality is controlled at the timeof manufacture within limitsspecified in Australian Standards.

Wall Thicknesses

Wall thickness of PVC pipes arereferenced by their “Pressure Class”or PN designation. Within eachdiameter series a number ofstandard Classes are available. Ingeneral, pipes within a particularclass are characterised by a constant“dimension ratio” (meandiameter/wall thickness), for allsizes, in accordance with the designrules specified in the aboveStandards. For further informationand guidance in selection of size andclass, please refer to our DesignGuidelines.

Lengths

The standard effective length of allpipes is six metres, with one endsocketed (belled) for jointingpurposes. Other lengths, up to 12mmay also be available in someproducts. Plain-ended pipes forjointing with couplings are alsoused.

Joints

AS/NZS 1477 Series 1 PVC pipesand AS/NZS 4765 (Int) VINIDEX-HYDRO® Series 1 MPVC pipesemploy two jointing systems:

1. SOLVENT CEMENT JOINT:

A chemically “welded” joint withcapability of supporting axial thrust.Available in sizes to DN300mm butespecially suited to smaller diameterabove ground systems.

2. RUBBER RING JOINT:POLYDEX®*

A rubber ring joint system providinga flexible joint with capability of axialand angular movement. Simple,error-free installation makes thisjoint suited to larger diameterunderground work. Sizes DN50 andlarger.

AS/NZS 1477 Series 2 VINYLIRON® pipes, AS/NZS 4441 OPVCSUPERMAIN® Series 1 and Series 2pipes and Series 2 VINIDEX-HYDRO® MPVC pipes, employrubber ring joints only.

* Registered Trademarks of VinidexPty Limited



PIPE DIMENSIONS - Basic Dimensions and WeightsAS/NZS 1477 SERIES 1 (including Polydex) - 6 metre lengths

15 21.35 15 18.3 1.55 0.8 - -18 17.8 1.80 0.9 13510 -

20 26.75 12 23.7 1.55 1.0 13520 -15 23.0 1.90 1.3 13540 -18 22.4 2.20 1.5 13550 -

25 33.55 9 30.5 1.55 1.3 13560 -12 29.8 1.90 1.6 13570 -15 29.0 2.30 2.0 - -18 28.1 2.75 2.3 13590 -

32 42.25 9 38.5 1.90 2.0 13600 -12 37.5 2.40 2.6 13610 -15 36.4 2.95 3.1 13630 -18 35.4 3.45 3.7 13640 -

40 48.25 6 45.2 1.55 1.9 13650 -9 44.1 2.10 2.6 13660 -

12 42.8 2.75 3.4 13680 -15 41.6 3.35 4.0 - -18 40.5 3.90 4.8 13700 -

50 60.35 6 56.8 1.80 2.8 13710 -9 55.2 2.60 4.2 13720 16010

12 53.7 3.35 5.3 13740 1602015 52.2 4.10 6.4 - -18 50.5 4.95 7.6 13760 -

†65 75.35 4.5 72.0 1.70 4.0 - -6 71.0 2.20 4.3 14500 -9 68.9 3.25 6.4 14510 16060

12 67.0 4.20 8.2 14520 1607015 65.1 5.15 10.5 - -18 63.2 6.10 12.8 14530 -

Size DNMean OD

DmClassPN

Mean BoreDi

Mean WallTp

Mass(kg/lgth)

Prod. Code SCJ

Prod. CodePolydex

For availability of all products in this Table, please contact your nearest Vinidex office, particularlyproducts marked †



80 88.90 4.5 84.9 2.00 4.6 14540 -6 83.7 2.60 6.1 14550 161009 81.3 3.80 8.8 14560 16110

12 79.0 4.95 11.5 14570 1612015 76.7 6.10 13.9 - 1613018 74.6 7.15 16.2 14590 -

100 114.30 4.5 109.3 2.50 7.5 14600 -6 107.8 3.25 10.0 14610 161509 104.6 4.85 14.7 14620 16160

12 101.7 6.30 20.0 14630 1617015 98.8 7.75 23.0 - 1618018 96.0 9.15 27.0 14650 16190

†125 140.20 4.5 134.1 3.05 11.3 14660 -6 132.2 4.00 15.1 14670 162009 128.4 5.90 22.3 14680 16210

12 124.9 7.65 28.5 14690 1622015 121.3 9.45 20.5 - -18 117.7 11.25 44.6 - -

150 160.25 4.5 153.4 3.45 15.0 14710 162506 151.3 4.50 20.0 14720 162609 146.9 6.70 29.0 14730 16270

12 142.7 8.80 38.0 14740 1628015 138.7 10.80 46.0 - 1629018 134.7 12.80 58.0 14760 16300

+155 168.25 4.5 161.3 3.50 16.0 - -6 158.7 4.80 22.0 - -9 154.2 7.05 31.0 - -

12 149.9 9.20 40.0 - -15 145.6 11.35 48.0 - -18 141.4 13.45 60.0 - -

Size DNMean OD

DmClassPN

MeanBore Di

MeanWall Tp

Mass(kg/lgth)

Prod Code SCJ

Prod CodePolydex


+ Obsolete

AS/NZS 1477 SERIES 1 (including Polydex) - 6 metre lengths cont …PIPE DIMENSIONS (cont…)



175 200.25 4.5 192.5 3.90 22.0 - -6 190.1 5.10 29.0 - -9 185.2 7.55 42.0 - -

12 180.6 9.85 55.0 - -15 176.0 12.15 67.0 - -18 171.5 14.40 78.0 - -

+195 219.10 4.5 209.7 4.70 29.0 - -6 206.7 6.20 38.0 14794 -9 200.8 9.15 56.0 14796 -

12 195.2 11.95 72.0 14798 -15 189.5 14.80 92.0 - -18 184.2 17.45 112.0 - -

†200 225.30 4.5 216.7 4.30 26.0 - 163206 213.8 5.75 35.0 14830 163309 208.5 8.40 51.0 14840 16340

12 203.1 11.10 67.0 14850 1635015 198.0 13.65 81.0 - -18 192.9 16.20 95.0 - 16370

†225 250.35 4.5 240.8 4.80 33.0 - 163806 237.7 6.35 44.0 14890 163909 231.7 9.35 63.0 14900 16400

12 225.8 12.30 82.0 14910 1641015 220.0 15.20 101.0 - -18 214.4 18.00 118.0 - -

†250 280.40 4.5 269.7 5.35 41.0 - 164406 266.2 7.10 55.0 - 164509 259.4 10.50 80.0 - 16460

12 252.9 13.75 104.0 - 1647015 246.4 17.00 127.0 - -18 240.1 20.15 149.0 - -

†300 315.45 4.5 303.4 6.05 53.0 - 165006 299.5 8.00 69.0 - 165109 292.0 11.75 101.0 15010 16520

12 284.5 15.50 133.0 15020 1653015 277.3 19.10 161.0 - -18 270.2 22.65 190.0 - -

Size DNMean OD

DmClassPN

MeanBore Di

MeanWall Tp

Mass(kg/lgth)

Code SCJ

CodePolydex


+ Obsolete

AS/NZS 1477 SERIES 1 (including Polydex) - 6 metre lengths (cont …)

PIPE DIMENSIONS (cont…)



†375 400.50 4.5 385.2 7.65 86.0 - 165406 380.3 10.10 113.0 - 165509 370.7 14.90 166.0 - 16560

12 361.2 19.65 216.0 - -15 352.0 24.25 264.0 - -18 343.0 28.75 310.0 - -

Size DNMean OD

DmClassPN

MeanBore Di

MeanWall Tp

Mass(kg/lgth)

Code SCJ

Code Polydex

100 121.9 12 108.5 6.70 22.5 1726016 104.3 8.80 29.1 1727018 102.4 9.75 32.2 1728020 100.3 10.80 35.1 17290

150 177.4 12 157.9 9.75 47.8 1730016 152.0 12.70 61.5 1731018 149.1 14.15 67.8 1732020 146.1 15.65 74.1 17330

†200 232.2 12 209.3 11.45 74.1 1734016 202.2 15.00 95.3 17342

225 259.25 12 233.7 12.80 92.4 1739016 225.7 16.80 119.4 17393

250 286.7 12 258.1 14.05 112.2 1735016 249.2 18.50 144.9 17354

300 345.35 12 311.4 17.00 163.5 1736016 300.9 22.25 210.3 17364

375 426.2 12 384.4 20.90 247.8 1737916 371.2 27.50 321.0 17382

Size DNMean OD

DmClassPN

MeanBore Di

MeanWall Tp

Mass(kg/lgth)

Code

AS/NZS 1477 SERIES 2 - VINYL IRON - 6 metre lengths

For availability of all products in this Table, please contact your nearest Vinidex office,particularly products marked †

AS/NZS 1477 SERIES 1 (including Polydex) - 6 metre lengths (cont…)


PIPE DIMENSIONS (cont…)

PIPE DIMENSIONS - Basic Dimensions and Weights



AS/NZS 4441 SERIES 1 - SUPERMAIN SERIES 1

100 114.30 9 109.4 2.45 “Contact nearest Vinidex office” 12 107.9 3.2015 106.4 3.9518 104.9 4.69

†125 140.20 9 134.2 2.9812 132.3 3.9515 130.6 4.8018 128.9 5.66

150 160.25 9 153.4 3.4112 151.3 4.4815 149.4 5.4418 147.2 6.51

†200 225.30 9 215.9 4.6912 212.9 6.1915 210.1 7.5818 207.1 9.08

†225 250.35 9 239.9 5.2312 236.7 6.8315 233.5 8.4418 230.3 10.04

†250 280.40 9 268.9 5.7612 265.2 7.5815 261.6 9.4018 258.0 11.22

†300 315.45 9 302.4 6.5112 298.4 8.5515 294.3 10.5818 290.2 12.61

375 400.5 9 384.1 8.2312 378.9 10.7915 373.8 13.3618 368.6 15.93

Size DNMean OD

DmClassPN

MeanBore Di

MeanWall Tp

Length(m)

Mass(kg/lgth)

ProductCode





AS/NZS 4441 SERIES 2 - SUPERMAIN SERIES 2

100 121.9 9 116.9 2.50 - - -12 115.1 3.40 6 12.0 1726512 115.1 3.40 12 24.0 1727716 112.9 4.50 6 15.0 1727416 112.9 4.50 12 30.0 17278

150 177.4 9 169.9 3.55 - - -12 167.6 4.90 6 25.0 1730212 167.6 4.90 12 50.0 1730416 134.6 6.40 6 32.0 1731416 134.6 6.40 12 64.0 17318

†200 232.2 9 222.4 4.90 - - -12 219.4 6.40 6 42.0 1733912 219.4 6.40 12 84.0 1745716 215.5 8.35 6 54.0 1745216 215.5 8.35 12 108.0 17458

225 259.25 9 248.4 5.45 - - -12 245.1 7.05 6 52.0 1745312 245.1 7.05 12 104.0 1746116 240.6 9.30 6 68.0 1745416 240.6 9.30 12 136.0 17462

250 286.7 9 274.2 6.00 - - -12 270.6 7.80 6 68.0 1745016 265.7 10.25 6 88.0 17455

300 345.35 9 331.1 7.15 - - -12 326.5 9.40 6 98.0 1746016 320.8 12.30 6 128.0 17464

375 426.2 9 408.7 8.75 - - -12 403.1 11.55 6 149.0 1747916 395.8 15.20 6 195.0 17456

Size DNMean OD

DmClassPN

MeanBore Di

MeanWall Tp

Length(m)

Mass(kg/lgth)

ProductCode





AS/NZS 4765 (Int.) SERIES 1 MPVC - VINIDEX HYDRO SERIES 1

100 114.30 6 107.8 3.25 6 7.6 17030 170259 106.5 3.88 6 9.5 17040 17035

12 104.3 5.00 6 12.4 17150 1704515 102.1 6.13 6 - - -18 99.8 7.25 6 - - -

†125 140.20 6 132.2 4.00 6 9.5 - 170559 131.0 4.63 6 14.2 - 17060

12 128.0 6.13 6 18.9 - 1706515 125.2 7.50 6 - - -18 122.5 8.88 6 - - -

150 160.25 6 151.3 4.50 6 12.2 17075 170709 149.75 5.25 6 18.5 17085 17080

12 146.5 6.88 6 24.4 17095 1709015 143.3 8.50 6 - - -18 140.3 10.0 6 - - -

†200 225.30 6 212.8 6.30 6 25.0 17105 171009 210.6 7.38 6 37.6 17115 17110

12 206.1 9.63 6 49.1 17125 1712015 201.6 11.88 6 - - -18 197.3 14.00 6 - - -

†225 250.35 6 236.6 6.90 6 30.9 - 171309 234.1 8.13 6 46.3 - 17135

12 229.1 10.63 6 60.6 - 1714015 224.1 13.13 6 - - -18 219.1 15.63 6 - - -

†250 280.40 6 264.9 7.75 6 46.0 - 171459 262.4 9.00 6 57.9 - 17150

12 256.7 11.88 6 76.2 - 1715515 250.7 14.88 6 - - -18 245.7 17.38 6 - - -

Size DNMean OD

DmClassPN

MeanBore Di

MeanWall Tp

Length(m)

Mass(kg/lgth)

ProductCodeSCJ

ProductCodeRRJ

For availability of all products in this Table, please contact your nearest Vinidex office, particularly products marked †



AS/NZS 4765 (Int.) SERIES 1 MPVC - VINIDEX HYDRO SERIES 1 cont…

†300 315.45 6 298.2 8.65 6 58.1 - 171609 295.2 10.13 6 73.6 - 17165

12 288.7 13.38 6 97.0 - 1717015 282.5 16.50 6 - - -18 276.5 19.50 6 - - -

375 400.5 6 378.8 10.90 6 94.5 - 171759 375.0 12.75 6 118.8 - 17180

12 366.8 16.88 6 156.8 - 1718515 358.8 20.88 6 - - -18 351.0 24.75 6 - - -

Size DNMean OD

DmClassPN

MeanBore Di

MeanWall Tp

Length(m)

Mass(kg/lgth)

ProductCodeSCJ

ProductCodeRRJ

SERIES 2 MPVC - VINIDEX HYDRO SERIES 2

100 121.9 12 111.2 5.3816 108.2 6.88

150 177.4 12 162.1 7.6316 157.4 10.00

†200 232.2 12 212.5 9.8816 206.3 13.00

225 259.25 12 237.3 11.0016 230.5 14.38

250 286.7 12 262.0 12.1316 254.5 15.88

300 345.35 12 316.1 14.6316 307.1 19.13

375 426.2 12 390.5 17.8816 379.2 23.50

Size DNMean OD

DmClassPN

MeanBore Di

MeanWall Tp

PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure PipePVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipeproduct data.11

For availability of all products in this Table, please contact yournearest Vinidex office, particularly products marked †

For availability of all products in this Table, please contact your nearest Vinidex office, particularly products marked †

PIPE DIMENSIONS - Basic dimensions and Weights

PIPE DIMENSIONS (Cont....)



Not all sizes and classes are availablein all states. Consult your localVinidex office. (Dimensions are mm)

15 15 21.2 21.5 18.3 21.0 21.7 24.5 1.4 1.7 1.3 3818 " " 17.8 " " 24.9 1.6 2.0 1.4 "

20 12 26.6 26.9 23.7 26.4 27.2 29.9 1.4 1.7 1.3 3815 " " 23.0 " " 30.6 1.7 2.1 1.5 "18 " " 22.4 " " 31.1 2.0 2.4 1.8 "

25 9 33.4 33.7 30.5 33.2 34.0 36.7 1.4 1.7 1.3 3812 " " 29.8 " " 37.4 1.7 2.1 1.6 "15 " " 29.0 " " 38.1 2.1 2.5 1.9 "18 " " 28.1 " " 38.9 2.5 3.0 2.3 "

32 9 42.1 42.4 38.5 41.9 42.7 46.0 1 7 2.1 1.5 3812 " " 37.5 " " 46.9 2.2 2.6 2.0 "15 " " 36.4 " " 47.9 2.7 3.2 2.4 "18 " " 35.4 " " 48.8 3.2 3.7 2.9 "

40 6 48.1 48.4 45.2 47.9 48.7 51.4 1.4 1.7 1.3 519 " " 44.1 " " 52.4 1.9 2.3 1.7 "

12 " " 42.8 " " 53.6 2.5 3.0 2.2 "15 " " 41.6 " " 54.7 3.1 3.6 2.8 "18 " " 40.5 " " 55.7 3.6 4.2 3.3 "

50 6 60.2 60.5 56.8 60.0 60.8 64.0 1.6 2.0 1.4 649 " " 55.2 " " 65.4 2.4 2.8 2.1 "

12 " " 53.7 " " 66.8 3.1 3.6 2.8 "15 " " 52.2 " " 68.2 3.8 4.4 3.5 "18 " " 50.5 " " 69.6 4.6 5.3 4 1 "

65 6 75.2 75.5 71.0 75.0 75.8 79.7 2.0 2.4 1.8 649 " " 68.9 " " 81.6 3.0 3.5 2.7 "

12 " " 67.0 " " 83.3 3.9 4.5 3.5 "15 " " 65.1 " " 85.0 4.8 5.5 4.3 "18 " " 63.2 " " 86.7 5.7 6.5 5.1 "

80 4.5 88.7 89.1 84.9 88.5 89.4 92.9 1.8 2.2 1.6 766 " " 83.7 " " 94.0 2.4 2.8 2.1 "9 " " 81.3 " " 96.2 3.5 4.1 3.1 "

12 " " 79.0 " " 98.2 4.6 5.3 4.1 "15 " " 76.7 " " 100.3 5.7 6.5 5.1 "18 " " 74.6 " " 102.2 6.7 7.6 6.0 "

Size DN andClass Pipe

De De Di Min Max Nom

SocketDr Dm Ds

Nom Nom Nom

Pipe Tp

Min Max

SocketTs

Min

Socket

LengthLs

Nom

Diameters - Mean Wall Thickness

PVC SOLVENT CEMENT JOINT ASSEMBLY & CONTROL DIMENSIONS - AS/NZS 1477 Series 1




100 4.5 114.1 114.5 109.3 113.7 115.0 119.4 2.3 2.7 2.1 1026 " " 107.8 " " 120.8 3.0 3.5 2.7 "9 " " 104.6 " " 123.7 4.5 5.2 4.0 "

12 " " 101.7 " " 126.3 5.9 6.7 5.3 "15 " " 98.8 " " 128.9 7.3 8.2 6.6 "18 " " 96.0 " " 131.4 8.6 9.7 7.8 "

125 4.5 140.0 140.4 134.1 139.6 140.9 146.3 2.8 3.3 2.5 1276 " " 132.2 " " 148.1 3.7 4.3 3.3 "9 " " 128.4 " " 151.5 5.5 6.3 5.0 "

12 " " 124.9 " " 154.7 7.2 8.1 6.5 "15 " " 121.3 " " 157.9 8.9 10.0 8.0 "18 " " 117.7 " " 161.1 10.6 11.9 9.5 "

150 4.5 160.0 160.5 153.4 159.6 161.0 167.2 3.2 3.7 2.9 1276 " " 151.3 " " 169.1 4.2 4.8 3.8 "9 " " 146.9 " " 173.0 6.3 7.1 5.7 "

12 " " 142.7 " " 176.8 8.3 9.3 7.4 "15 " " 138.7 " " 180.4 10.2 11.4 9.2 "18 " " 134.7 " " 184.0 12.1 13.5 10.9 "

200 4.5 225.0 225.6 216.7 224.5 226.1 233.9 4.0 4.6 3.6 1526 " " 213.8 " " 236.4 5.4 6.1 4.8 "9 " " 208.5 " " 241.3 7.9 8.9 7.1 "

12 " " 203.1 " " 246.1 10.5 11.7 9.4 "15 " " 198.0 " " 250.7 12.9 14.4 11.6 "18 " " 192.9 " " 255.2 15.3 17.1 13.8 "

225 4.5 250.0 250.7 240.8 249.4 251.3 260.0 4.5 5.1 4.0 1786 " " 237.7 " " 262.8 6.0 6.7 5.4 "9 " " 231.7 " " 268.2 8.8 9.9 7.9 "

12 " " 225.8 " " 273.5 11.6 13.0 10.5 "15 " " 220.0 " " 278.6 14.4 16.0 12.9 "18 " " 214.4 " " 283.7 17.0 19.0 15.3 "

250 4.5 280.0 280.8 269.7 279.4 281.6 291.2 5.0 5.7 4.5 2036 " " 266.2 " " 294.4 6.7 7.5 6.0 "9 " " 259.4 " " 300.4 9.9 11.1 8.9 "

12 " " 252.9 " " 306.3 13.0 14.5 11.7 "15 " " 246.4 " " 312.1 16.1 17.9 14.5 "18 " " 240.1 " " 317.8 19.1 21.2 17.2 "

300 4.5 315.0 315.9 303.4 314.3 316.7 327.6 5.7 6.4 5.1 2546 " " 299.5 " " 331.1 7.5 8.5 6.8 "9 " " 292.0 " " 337.8 11.1 12.4 10.0 "

12 " " 284.5 " " 344.6 14.7 16.3 13.2 "15 " " 277.3 " " 351.0 18.1 20.1 16.3 "18 " " 270.2 " " 357.5 21.5 23.8 19.3 "


De Dm Di Min Max Nom

SocketDr Dm Ds

Nom Nom Nom

Pipe Tp

Min Max

SocketTs

Min

Socket

LengthLs

Nom


PVC Solvent Cement Joint Assembly & Control Dimension AS/NZS 1477 Series 1 (cont…)




De Dm Di Min Max Nom

SocketDr Dm Ds

Nom Nom Nom

Pipe Tp

Min Max

SocketTs

Min

Socket

LengthLs

Nom


375 4.5 400.0 401.0 385.2 399.1 401.9 415.7 7.2 8.1 6.5 3306 " " 380.3 " " 420.1 9 5 10.7 8.6 "9 " " 370.7 " " 428.7 14.1 15.7 12.7 "12 " " 361.2 " " 437.3 18.6 20.7 16.7 "15 " " 352.0 " " 443.9 23.0 25.5 20.7 "18 " " 343.0 " " 451.9 27.3 30.2 24.6 "

PVC Solvent Cement Joint Assembly and Control Dimension AS/NZS 1477 Series1 (cont…)

50 6 60.2 60.5 56.8 61.0 65.1 78.5 1.6 2.0 1.7 1.6 8 50 25 96 6 81

9 " " 55.2 " 67.0 80.1 2.4 2.8 2.6 2.4 11 " " " " "

12 " " 53.7 " 68.9 81.8 3.1 3.6 3.5 3.1 14 " " " " "

15 " " 52.2 " 71.1 83.4 3.8 4.4 4.5 3.8 17 " " " " "

18 " " 50.5 " 73.2 85.1 4.6 5.3 5.5 4.6 21 " " " " "

65 6 75.2 75.5 71.0 76.1 81.1 95.6 2.0 2.4 2.1 2.0 10 51 27 101 8 88

9 " " 68.9 “ 83.7 97.7 3.0 3.5 3.3 3.0 14 " " " " "

12 " " 67.0 " 86.1 99.6 3.9 4.5 4.4 3.9 18 " " " " "

15 " " 65.1 " 88.6 101.5 4.8 5.5 5.6 4.8 22 " " " " "

18 " " 63.2 " 91.2 103.4 5.7 6.5 6.8 5.7 25 " " " " "

80 6 88.7 89.1 83.7 89.7 95.5 110.7 2.4 2.8 2.5 2.4 12 52 30 106 10 95

9 " " 81.3 " 98.3 113.1 3.5 4.1 3.8 3.5 16 " " " " "

12 " " 79.0 " 101.3 115.6 4.6 5.3 5.2 4.6 21 " " " " "

15 " " 76.7 " 104.3 118.0 5.7 6.5 6.6 5.7 25 " " " " "

18 " " 74.6 " 107.3 120.1 6.7 7.6 8.0 6.7 29 " " " " "

100 6 114.1 114.5 107.8 115.4 122.8 138.9 3.0 3.5 3.3 3.0 15 58 33 117 13 106

9 " " 104.6 " 126.5 142.1 4.5 5.2 5.0 4.5 21 " " " " "

12 " " 101.7 " 130.1 145.1 5.9 6.7 6.7 5.9 26 " " " " "

15 " " 98.8 " 134.0 148.1 7.3 8.2 8.5 7.3 32 " " " " "

18 " " 96.0 " 137.8 151.1 8.6 9.7 10.3 8.6 37 " " " " "

125 6 140.0 140.4 132.2 142.7 150.3 170.2 3.7 4.3 4.0 3.7 22 63 37 133 13 125

9 " " 128.4 " 154.8 173.9 5.5 6.3 6.0 5.5 29 " " " " "

12 " " 124.9 " 159.3 177.6 7.2 8.1 8.1 7.2 36 " " " " "

15 " " 121.3 " 164.0 181.3 8.9 10.0 10.3 8.9 43 " " " " "

18 " " 117.7 " 169.6 184.9 10.6 11.9 13.0 10.6 50 " " " " "



PVC POLYDEX (RRJ) JOINT ASSEMBLY & CONTROL DIMENSIONS - AS/NZS 1477 Series 1

Size DN andClass

PipeDe De Di Min Max Nom

SocketDsi Dso Dro

Nom Nom Nom

Pipe Tp

Min Max

SocketL1 L2 L3 L4

Nom NomNom Nom

SocketTs Tr

Min Min

SpigotLc Lw

Nom Nom

Diameters - Mean Wall Thickness Lengths

Note: The mean diameter is themean of any two diameters at rightangles. Not all sizes and classes areavailable in all states. Consult yourlocal Vinidex office. (Dimensions are mm)

Size DN andClass


SocketDsi Dso Dro

Nom Nom Nom

Pipe Tp

Min Max

SocketL1 L2 L3 L4

Nom Nom Nom Nom

SocketTs Tr

Min Min

SpigotLc Lw

Nom Nom




150 4.5 160.0 160.5 153.4 161.7 169.3 187.5 3.2 3.7 3.4 3.2 16 63 40 164 14 123

6 " " 151.3 " 171.9 189.6 4.2 4.8 4.6 4.2 21 " " " " "

9 " " 146.9 " 176.8 194.1 6.3 7.1 6.9 6.3 29 " " " " "

12 " " 142.7 " 182.2 198.4 8.3 9.3 9.4 8.3 36 " " " " "

15 " " 138.7 " 187.6 202.5 10.2 11.4 11.9 10.2 44 " " " " "

18 " " 134.7 " 193.2 206.5 12.1 13.5 14.5 12.1 52 " " " " "

200 4.5 225.0 225.6 216.7 227.2 235.8 258.5 4.0 4.6 4.3 4.0 23 66 47 152 20 144

6 " " 213.8 " 238.7 261.3 5.4 6.1 5.7 5.4 29 " " " " "

9 " " 208.5 " 244.6 266.3 7.9 8.9 8.7 7.9 40 " " " " "

12 " " 203.1 " 250.6 271.5 10.5 11.7 11.7 10.5 50 " " " " "

15 " " 198.0 " 256.8 276.3 12.9 14.4 14.8 12.9 61 " " " " "

18 " " 192.9 " 263.2 281.1 15.3 17.1 18.0 15.3 72 " " " " "

225 4.5 250.0 250.7 240.8 252.7 262.2 282.7 4.5 5.1 4.8 4.5 26 80 50 170 22 154

6 " " 237.7 " 265.4 285.7 6.0 6.7 6.4 6.0 32 " " " " "

9 " " 231.7 " 272.0 291.3 8.8 9.9 9.6 8.8 45 " " " " "

12 " " 225.8 " 278.7 296.9 11.6 13.0 13.0 11.6 57 " " " " "

15 " " 220.0 " 285.6 302.5 14.4 16.0 16.5 14.4 69 " " " " "

18 " " 214.4 " 292.7 307.7 17.0 19.0 20.0 17.0 82 " " " " "

250 4.5 280.0 280.8 269.7 282.7 293.3 326.2 5.0 5.7 5.3 5.0 29 69 55 175 25 164

6 " " 266.2 " 296.9 329.6 6.7 7.5 7.1 6.7 37 " " " " "

9 " " 259.4 " 304.3 336.0 9.9 11.1 10.8 9.9 51 " " " " "

12 " " 252.9 " 311.8 342.2 13.0 14.5 14.5 13.0 64 " " " " "

15 " " 246.4 " 319.5 348.4 16.1 17.9 18.4 16.1 78 " " " " "

18 " " 240.1 " 327.4 354.4 19.1 21.2 22.4 19.1 92 " " " " "

300 4.5 315.0 315.9 303.4 319.0 331.0 369.4 5.7 6.4 6.0 5.7 33 80 60 190 28 174

6 " " 299.5 " 335.1 373.0 7.5 8.5 8.0 7.5 42 " " " " "

9 " " 292.0 " 343.3 380.2 11.1 12.4 12.2 11.1 57 " " " " "

12 " " 284.5 " 351.8 387.4 14.7 16.3 16.4 14.7 73 " " " " "

15 " " 277.3 " 360.5 394.2 18.1 20.1 20.8 18.1 88 " " " " "

18 " " 270.2 " 369.5 401.0 21.5 23.8 25.2 21.5 104 " " " " "

375 4.5 400.0 401.0 385.2 403.0 418.1 461.3 7.2 8.1 7.6 7.2 42 82 80 205 28 206

6 " " 380.3 " 423.3 465.9 9 5 10.7 10.1 9.5 52 " " " " "

9 " " 370.7 " 433.7 475.1 14.1 15.7 15.4 14.1 72 " " " " "

12 " " 361.2 " 444.4 484.1 18.6 20.7 20.7 18.6 92 " " " " "

PVC Polydex (RRJ) Assembly and Control Dimensins - AS/NZS 1477 Series 1 (cont…)

Size DN andClass


SocketDso Dro

Nom Nom

Pipe Tp

Min Max

SocketL1 L2 L3 L4

Nom NomNom Nom

SocketTs Tr

Min Min

SpigotLc Lw

Nom Nom




PVC VINYL IRON (RRJ) JOINTASSEMBLY AND CONTROLDIMENSIONS - AS/NZS 1477

Note: The mean diameter is the meanof any two diameters at right angles.

Not all sizes and classes are availablein all states. Consult your local Vinidexoffice.

(Dimensions are mm)

100 12 121.7 122.1 108.5 136.4 154.7 6.3 7.1 6.7 6.3 27 40 40 103 12 10516 " " 104.3 141.0 158.7 8.3 9.3 9.0 8.3 35 " " " " "18 " " 102.4 143.2 160.5 9.2 10.3 10.1 9.2 38 " " " " "20 " " 100.3 145.4 162.5 10.2 11.4 11.2 10.2 42 " " " " "

150 12 177.1 177.6 157.9 198.2 219.3 9.2 10.3 9.7 9.2 39 47 49 124 13 12716 " " 152.0 204.8 224.9 12.0 13.4 13.0 12.0 50 " " " " "18 " " 149.1 208.2 227.7 13.4 14.9 14.7 13.4 55 " " " " "20 " " 146.1 211.6 230.5 14.8 16.5 16.4 14.8 61 " " " " "

200 12 231.9 232.5 209.3 257.0 287.3 10.8 12.1 11.4 13.0 52 91 62 188 21 17116 " " 202.2 264.6 294.1 14.2 15 8 15.2 17 6 63 " " " " "

225 12 258.9 259.6 233.7 286.7 317.8 12.1 13.5 12.7 12.1 62 85 65 187 24 18016 " " 225.7 295.3 325.4 15.9 17.7 17.0 15.9 74 " " " " "

250 12 285.8 286.6 258.1 316.6 350.0 13.3 14.8 14.4 13.3 62 97 71 208 27 19116 " " 249.2 326.0 358.2 17.5 19.5 18.8 17.5 76 " " " " "

300 12 344.9 345.8 311.4 382.1 421.3 16.1 17.9 17.0 16.1 76 77 82 206 32 21116 " " 300.9 393.5 431.3 21.1 23.4 22.7 21.1 92 " " " " "

375 6 425.7 426.7 404.6 450.0 492.0 10.2 11.4 10.4 10.2 66 97 84 229 38 2269 " " 394.3 460.6 501.8 15.1 16.8 15.7 15.1 82 " " " " "

12 " " 384.4 471.0 511.2 19.8 22.0 20.9 19.8 97 " " " " "16 " " 371.2 485.2 523.8 26.1 28.9 28.0 26.1 118 " " " " "



SUPERMAIN (RRJ) OPVC JOINT ASSEMBLY AND CONTROL DIMENSIONS - AS/NZS 4441 Series 2

Size DN andClass


SocketDso Dro

Nom Nom

Pipe Tp

Min Max

SocketL1 L2 L3 L4

Nom NomNom Nom

SocketTs Tr

Min Min

SpigotLc Lw

Nom Nom


100 9 121.7 122.1 116.9 128.7 147.5 2.3 2.7 2.4 2.3 18 40 40 155 8 15512 " " 115.1 130.5 149.0 3.0 3.8 3.2 3.0 21 " " " " "16 " " 112.9 132.9 151.2 4.0 5.0 4.3 4.0 25 " " " " "

150 9 177.1 177.6 169.9 187.0 208.6 3.3 3.8 3.5 3.3 25 78 49 155 13 15512 " " 167.6 191.2 211.0 4.4 5.4 5.4 4.4 28 " " " " "16 " " 134.6 193.2 214.0 5.8 7.0 6.3 5.8 33 " " " " "

200 9 231.9 232.5 222.4 245.7 275.3 4.4 5.4 4.4 4.4 29 102 62 199 16 18212 " " 219.4 249.2 278.4 5.8 7.0 5.8 5.8 34 " " " " "16 " " 215.5 253.8 282.3 7.6 9.1 8.2 7.6 40 " " " " "

225 9 258.9 259.6 248.4 273.9 304.2 4.9 6.0 5.0 4.9 33 107 65 209 18 19312 " " 245.1 277.6 307.5 6.4 7.7 6.6 6.4 38 " " " " "16 " " 240.6 282.8 312.1 8.5 10.1 8.8 8.5 45 " " " " "

250 9 285.8 286.6 274.2 302.2 335.0 5.4 6.6 5.6 5.4 38 97 70 207 20 19912 " " 270.6 306.4 338.7 7.1 8.5 7.5 7.1 44 " " " " "16 " " 265.7 312.1 343.7 9.4 11.1 10.1 9.4 51 " " " " "

300 9 344.9 345.8 331.1 364.5 403.1 6.5 7.8 6.7 6.5 42 94 82 223 24 21312 " " 326.5 369.7 407.6 8.6 10.2 9.1 8.6 49 " " " " "16 " " 320.8 376.2 413.5 11.3 13.3 12.2 11.3 58 " " " " "

375 9 425.7 426.7 408.7 449.4 488.8 8.0 9.5 8.3 8.0 54 121 84 252 30 23812 " " 403.1 455.8 494.4 10.6 12.5 11.2 10.6 63 " " " " "16 " " 395.8 464.0 501.8 14.0 16.4 15.0 14.0 74 " " " " "

Note: The mean diameter is themean of any two diameters at rightangles.

Not all sizes and classes areavailable in all states. Consult yourlocal Vinidex office.

(Dimensions are mm)



100 6 114.1 114.5 107.8 113.7 115.0 119.6 2.5 3.4 2.2 1029 " " 106.5 " " 120.5 2.9 3.9 2.6 "

12 " " 104.3 " " 122.1 3.8 4.9 3.4 "15 " " 102.1 " " 123.8 4.7 6.0 4.2 "18 " " 99.8 " " 125.5 5.6 7.0 5.0 "

125 6 140.0 140.4 132.2 139.6 140.9 146.6 3.0 4.0 2.7 1279 " " 131.0 " " 147.6 3.6 4.7 3.2 "

12 " " 128.0 " " 149.7 4.7 6.0 4.2 "15 " " 125.2 " " 151.8 5.8 7.2 5.2 "18 " " 122.5 " " 153.9 6.9 8.5 6.2 "

150 6 160.0 160.5 151.3 159.6 161.0 167.3 3.4 4.5 3.0 1279 " " 149.8 " " 169.1 4.1 5.3 3.7 "

12 " " 146.5 " " 171.1 5.3 6.6 4.8 "15 " " 143.3 " " 173.4 6.6 8.1 5.9 "18 " " 140.3 " " 175.9 7.9 9.6 7.1 "

200 6 225.0 225.6 212.8 224.5 226.1 235.1 4.8 6.1 4.3 1529 " " 210.6 " " 236.8 5.7 7.1 5.1 "

12 " " 206.1 " " 240.2 7.5 9.2 6.7 "15 " " 201.6 " " 243.7 9.3 11.2 8.4 "18 " " 197.3 " " 247.1 11.1 13.3 10.0 "

225 6 250.0 250.7 236.6 249.4 251.3 261.6 5.4 6.8 4.9 1789 " " 234.1 " " 263.3 6.3 7.8 5.7 "

12 " " 229.1 " " 267.1 8.3 10.1 7.5 "15 " " 224.1 " " 270.8 10.3 12.4 9.3 "18 " " 219.1 " " 274.6 12.3 14.7 11.1 "

VINIDEX - HYDRO MPVC SOLVENT CEMENT JOINT ASSEMBLY AND CONTROL DIMENSIONS -AS/NZS 4765 (Int) Series 1

Size DN andClass


SocketDr Dm Ds

Nom Nom Nom

Pipe Tp

Min Max

SocketLength

LsNom

SocketTs

Min



Not all sizes and classes areavailable in all states. Consult yourlocal Vinidex office. (Dimensions aremm)

250 6 280.0 280.8 264.9 279.4 281.6 292.9 6.0 7.4 5.4 2039 " " 262.4 " " 295.0 7.1 8.7 6.4 "

12 " " 256.7 " " 299.2 9.3 11.2 8.4 "15 " " 250.7 " " 303.4 11.6 13.9 10.4 "18 " " 245.7 " " 307.4 13.7 16.3 12.3 "

300 6 315.0 315.9 298.2 314.3 316.7 329.3 6.7 8.3 6.0 2549 " " 295.2 " " 331.6 7.9 9.6 7.1 "

12 " " 288.7 " " 336.4 10.5 12.6 9.4 "15 " " 282.5 " " 341.3 13.0 15.5 11.7 "18 " " 276.5 " " 345.9 15.5 18.4 13.9 "

375 6 400.0 401.0 378.8 399.1 401.9 418.1 8.6 10.4 7.7 3309 " " 375.0 " " 421.0 10.1 12.2 9.1 "

12 " " 366.8 " " 427.1 13.3 15.8 12.0 "15 " " 358.8 " " 433.0 16.5 19.5 14.8 "18 " " 351.0 " " 438.9 19.6 23.1 17.6 "



Size DN andClass


SocketDr Dm Ds

Nom Nom Nom

Pipe Tp

Min Max

SocketLength

LS Nom

SocketTs

Min


Vinidex Hydro MPVC Series 1 Solvent Cement Joint Assembly and Control Dimensions

- AS/NZS 4765 (Int) Series 1 (cont:…)



100 6 114.1 114.5 107.8 120.3 136.5 2.4 4.1 2.4 2.3 12 58 32 115 10 979 " " 106.6 121.5 137.7 2.9 4.9 3.0 2.9 14 " " " " "

12 " " 104.3 123.7 139.5 3.8 6.2 4.1 3.8 17 " " " " "125 6 140.0 140.4 132.2 148.7 167.1 3.0 5.0 3.0 2.8 16 63 37 131 11 109

9 " " 131.0 150.1 168.5 3.5 5.8 3.7 3.5 19 " " " " "12 " " 128.0 152.7 170.9 4.7 7.6 5.0 4.7 24 " " " " "

150 6 160.0 160.5 151.3 168.5 186.7 3.4 5.6 3.4 3.2 16 63 40 135 12 1169 " " 149.8 170.3 188.3 4.0 6.5 4.3 4.0 19 " " " " "

12 " " 146.5 173.1 190.9 5.3 8.5 5.7 5.3 24 " " " " "200 6 225.0 225.6 212.8 236.4 258.7 4.8 7.7 4.6 4.4 21 66 47 152 16 140

9 " " 210.6 239.2 261.3 5.7 9.1 6.0 5.7 26 " " " " "12 " " 206.1 243.2 264.9 7.5 11.8 8.0 7.5 33 " " " " "

225 6 250.0 250.7 236.6 262.9 282.8 5.3 8.5 5.1 4.9 24 80 48 168 18 1509 " " 234.1 265.9 285.6 6.3 10.0 6.6 6.3 29 " " " " "

12 " " 229.1 270.5 289.6 8.3 13.0 8.9 8.3 37 " " " " "250 6 280.0 280.8 264.9 294.3 326.5 6.0 9.5 5.8 5.5 26 73 63 187 20 176

9 " " 262.4 297.5 329.5 7.0 11.0 7.4 7.0 32 " " " " "12 " " 256.7 302.7 334.1 9.3 14.5 10.0 9.3 41 " " " " "

300 6 315.0 315.9 298.2 332.2 367.4 6.7 10.6 6.6 6.2 31 83 65 197 23 1879 " " 295.2 335.8 370.0 7.9 12.4 8.4 7.9 38 " " " " "

12 " " 288.7 341.6 376.0 10.5 16.3 11.3 10.5 48 " " " " "375 6 400.0 401.0 378.8 420.1 461.8 8.5 13.3 8.6 7.9 49 82 77 201 29 121

9 " " 375.0 424.7 466.0 10.0 15.5 10.9 10.0 56 " " " " "12 " " 366.8 432.3 472.6 13.3 20.5 14.7 13.3 67 " " " " "

VINIDEX-HYDRO MPVC RUBBER RING JOINT ASSEMBLY AND CONTROL DIMENSIONS -AS/NZS 4765 (Int) Series 1


Not all sizes and classes areavailable in all states. Consult yourlocal Vinidex office. (Dimensions are mm)

Size DN andClass


SocketDso Dro

Nom Nom

Pipe Tp

Min Max

SocketL1 L2 L3 L4

Nom NomNom Nom

SocketTs Tr

Min Min

SpigotLc Lw

Nom Nom




100 12 121.7 122.1 111.5 131.8 150.2 4.1 6.7 4.4 4.1 19 40 40 103 12 10516 " " 108.2 134.8 152.6 5.3 8.5 5.9 5.3 23 " " " " "

150 12 177.1 177.6 162.1 191.4 212.6 5.9 9.4 6.3 5.9 26 47 49 124 13 12716 " " 157.4 195.8 216.4 7.8 12.2 8.5 7.8 34 " " " " "

200 12 231.9 232.5 212.5 250.8 281.0 7.7 12.1 8.3 7.7 42 91 62 188 21 17116 " " 206.3 256.6 286.0 10.2 15.8 11.2 10.2 50 " " " " "

225 12 258.9 259.6 237.3 279.9 310.7 8.6 13.4 9.3 8.6 50 85 65 187 24 18016 " " 230.5 286.3 316.1 11.3 17.5 12.5 11.3 59 " " " " "

250 12 285.8 286.6 262.0 308.8 342.2 9.5 14.8 10.2 9.5 51 97 71 208 27 19116 " " 254.5 316.0 348.2 12.5 19.3 13.8 12.5 60 " " " " "

300 12 344.9 345.8 316.1 372.7 411.9 11.5 17.8 12.3 11.5 61 77 82 206 32 21116 " " 307.1 381.3 419.1 15.1 23.2 16.6 15.1 72 " " " " "

375 12 425.7 426.7 390.5 459.6 499.6 14.1 21.7 15.2 14.1 79 97 84 229 38 22616 " " 379.2 470.2 508.6 18.6 28.4 20.5 18.6 93 " " " " "

VINIDEX-HYDRO MPVC RUBBER RING JOINT ASSEMBLY AND CONTROL DIMENSIONS -AS/NZS 4765 (Int) - Series 2


Not all sizes and classes areavailable in all states. Consult yourlocal Vinidex office. (Dimensions are mm)

Size DN andClass


SocketDso Dro

Nom Nom

Pipe Tp

Min Max

SocketL1 L2 L3 L4

Nom NomNom Nom

SocketTs Tr

Min Min

SpigotLc Lw

Nom Nom




JOINTING LUBRICANT

Vinidex Jointing lubricant is a specially formulated organic preparationenabling easy jointing of rubber ring joint pressure pipe and is supplied withpipes and fittings as standard procedure. The use of petroleum basedgreases or other substitutes may affect the ring or potability of the watersupply and cannot be recommended.

This lubricant dries after a short period of time and the joint cannot be easilydismantled. For situations where it may be necessary to dismantle the rubberring joint after assembly, the use of silicone-based jointing lubricant isrecommended. Where it is necessary to joint in wet conditions, it may alsobe advantageous to use silicone lubricant.

If dismantled, joints should be fitted with new rings.

Jointing Lubricants

Product code Size Carton Quality

82341 250ml 3682420 125ml 3682422 250ml 3682424 500ml 2082426 1 litre 1282428 4 litre 4

Vinidex Type P SolventCement - Green

Product Description SizeCode

82350 Vinidex Standard Lubricant 500ml82360 Vinidex Standard Lubricant 1 litre82370 Vinidex Standard Lubricant 2 litre82393 Vinidex Anti-Bacterial Lubricant 500ml82395 Vinidex Anti-Bacterial Lubricant 1 litre

JOINTING MATERIALS

PRIMING FLUID

Vinidex Priming Fluid is speciallyformulated for cleaning Vinidex PVCsolvent-cement spigots and socketsprior to jointing. The fluid is appliedwith a cloth to both the spigots andthe sockets. Vinidex Priming fluid iscolour coded red in accordance withAS/NZS 3879

Note: Other priming fluids may notbe compatible with Vinidex SolventCements and should not besubstituted.

SOLVENT CEMENT

Vinidex Solvent Cements areavailable in two formulations, onefor pressure and the other for nonpressure applications. These arecolour coded in accordance withAS/NZS 3879 and identified asfollows:

* Type P - for pressure applicationsincluding potable water installationsis colour coded green; and

* Type N - for non pressureapplications is colour coded blue.

Note: For more detailed informationon the use of these products, referto Installation Guidelines.

Product code Size Carton Quality

82341 250ml 3683242 500ml 2082343 1 litre 682344 4 litre 482345 20 litre 1

Vinidex Priming Fluid - Red



Priming Fluid, SolventCement and JointingLubricant Coverage

The approximate number of jointsthat may be primed or jointed withone litre is as follows:

These have the shapes shownbelow.

Rubber rings are manufactured andtested in accordance with AS 1646“Elastomeric Seals for WaterworksPurposes”.

Depending on the particularspecification, the rubber used iseither natural rubber (white dot),Styrene Butadiene rubber (SBR)(blue dot) or Polychloroprene(Neoprene) (red dot). Unlessotherwise specified, natural rubberwill be supplied for pressure pipe.

RUBBER RINGS

Rings marked with two coloureddots are sewer rings containing achemical root inhibitor. They mayalso vary dimensionally frompressure rings and should not beinterchanged. Each ring has apainted mark on its front edge. Thismark must face out of the socketwhen the ring is inserted.

Two general types of sealing ring areemployed for Vinidex rubber ringjointed pressure pipe, the ModifiedAnger/Polydex ring and thedeflection ring for later design jointsincorporating deflection capability.

15 2100 60020 1250 35025 900 26032 650 19040 500 14050 300 85 17065 250 70 15080 200 60 120

100 140 50 100125 120 40 75150 90 30 60155 85 25 60195 60 17 50200 50 25 50225 30 15 45250 25 13 40300 25 10 30375 17 10 25

SizeDN

PrimingFluid

SolventCement

JointingLubricant



* Note: Spigoted fittings are designed for use only with other moulded sockets and NOTwith pipe sockets. Moulded fitting sockets are shorter than pipe sockets. Although theirOD’s are stated here, spigots have a marginal outside taper to facilitate manufacture. Note, spigot length may vary.

15 1.6 21.4 25.4 21.7 21.0 17.0

20 2.0 26.8 25.4 27.1 26.3 19.3

25 2.5 33.6 26.6 34.0 33.1 22.0

32 3.2 42.3 31.8 42.6 41.7 27.0

40 3.6 48.3 34.9 48.7 47.7 30.0

50 4.5 60.4 38.1 60.8 59.7 36.0

80 6.7 88.9 51.5 89.6 88.1 50.0

100 8.6 114.3 63.5 115.0 113.3 60.0

125 10.6 140.2 - 141.0 139.1 83.0

150 12.1 160.3 90.0 161.0 159.0 87.0

200 12.5 225.0 119.0 226.0 225.0 118.5

155 (6”) 12.7 168.3 91.5 169.1 167.0 89.0

195 (8”) 10.3 219.1 - 219.6 218.9 115.5

Size DN

Minimum Wall

Thickness Tp

Nom Outside

Diameter De

Spigot Length

Lsp

Nom Mouth

Diameter Di

Nom Root

Diameter Dr

Min Socket

Length Lso

*Spigot Socket

Refer to Design Section for recommendations on pressure conditions forvarious classes.

Standard Spigot and Socket Dimensions

Dimensions of spigots and sockets of solvent cement fittings to suit AS/NZS1477 pipes are shown below.

Size DN Manufacturing Standard PN

15 to 150 AS/NZS 1477 18

200 ISO draft & DIN 8063 9

155 (6˝) BS 4346 9

195 (8˝) BS 4346 9

SOLVENT CEMENT FITTINGS

Fittings in the Vinidex SolventCement Pressure range aremanufactured in compliance withAustralian Standard AS/NZS 1477, topressure class PN18 rating. Certainexceptions apply, as noted forindividual fittings. In particular,some fittings are sourcedinternationally; in general thefollowing specifications apply:

PRODUCT DATTA - FITTINGS



CAT 2 Valve Take Off Adaptors

The spigot end of this fitting is solvent cement jointed to the socket of another fitting. The tapered male threaded end provides a connection for PVC, brass or galvanised wrought iron threaded valve-type fittings.

Note: These fittings should not be jointed to solvent cement pipe sockets. (See note product data. 25) Care should be taken not to overtighten. Refer to our Installation Guidelines for procedures.

33890 15x15 15.4 18.0 7.0 51.4

33900 20x15 15.4 18.0 7.0 51.4

33910 20x20 20.1 19.5 7.0 52.9

33920 25x15 15.4 16.9 6.7 51.2

33930 25x20 20.1 19.5 6.8 53.9

33940 25x25 25.2 39.2 7.8 57.5

33950 32x15 15.4 16.9 6.7 56.4

33960 32x20 20.1 19.5 6.8 59.1

33970 32x25 25.2 22.1 7.0 61.9

33980 32x32 32.5 25.5 8.0 66.3

34000 40x20 20.1 19.5 6.8 62.2

34010 40x25 25.2 22.1 7.8 65.8

34020 40x32 32.5 25.5 8.0 69.4

34030 40x40 41.0 24.4 9.0 69.3

34040 50x15 15.4 16.9 6.7 62.7

34050 50x20 20.1 19.5 6.8 65.4

34060 50x25 25.2 22.1 7.8 69.0

34070 50x32 32.5 24.4 7.8 71.3

34080 50x40 37.6 24.6 8.8 72.5

34090 50x50 51.1 29.0 8.6 76.7

34100* 80x50 50.0 29.0 8.6 88.0

34110* 80x80 69.7 34.0 19.5 158.5

34130* 100x80 69.7 34.0 19.5 158.5

34140* 100x100 90.0 40.5 20.0 184.5

ProductCode

Size DN

(Sp x Th)C S H L

Dimensions (mm)* These fittings are fabricated from other moulded fittings.



CAT 3 Faucet Take Off Adaptor

The spigot end of this fitting is solvent cement jointed to the socket of another fitting. The female threaded endprovides a connection for male BSP threads such as spray nozzles.

Note: These fittings should not be jointed to solvent cement pipe sockets. (See note product data. 25) Careshould be taken not to overtighten. Refer to our Installation Guidelines for procedures.

33890 15x15 15.4 18.0 7.034150 15x15 17.1 18.0 41.734160 20x15 17.1 18.0 42.134170 20x20 22.4 19.5 45.234180 25x15 17.1 18.0 43.334190 25x20 22.4 19.5 46.434200 25x25 27.8 22.1 49.634210 32x15 17.1 16.3 53.534220 32x20 22.4 19.5 57.834230 32x25 27.8 22.1 54.834240 32x32 34.3 25.5 57.834250 40x15 17.1 18.0 51.634260 40x20 22.4 19.5 54.734270 40x25 27.8 22.1 57.934280 40x32 34.3 25.5 60.934290 40x40 39.4 24.4 64.234300 50x15 17.1 18.0 54.834310 50x20 22.4 19.5 57.934320 50x25 27.8 22.1 61.134330 50x32 34.3 25.5 70.034340 50x40 39.4 24.4 67.434350 50x50 49.5 29.0 67.434360* 80x50 49.5 29.4 82.434370* 80x80 83.0 35.0 160.034380* 100x50 50.0 29.4 92.034390* 100x80 83.0 35.0 178.034400* 100x100 117.0 41.5 189.0

ProductCode

Size DN (Sp x Th)

C S L

Dimensions (mm)* These fittings are fabricated from other moulded fittings.

34420 20x15 16.8 21.0

34430 25x15 16.1 24.734440 25x20 21.9 24.534450 32x25 26.8 33.034460 40x25 31.0 31.034470 40x32 34.7 31.634480 50x25 27.0 36.934490 50x40 41.3 36.834500 80x50 56.2 51.534510 100x50 57.4 61.534520 100x80 85.0 61.534530 150x100 107.0 89.034540 155x100 107.0 91.234550ø 155x150 143.0 217.034580* 200x150 132.2 121.5

Product Code

SizeDN

C L



CAT 5 Reducing Bushes

This fitting is used for solvent cement jointing into the socket of a fitting such as a CAT 7 couplingor a CAT 19 tee to give a reduction in bore. It is most often used as an alternative to a reducingcoupling (CAT 10) in situations where space is a problem.

Note: These fittings should not be jointed to pipe sockets. (See note product data. 25)

Dimensions (mm)* PN9 fitting; ø PN12 fitting

34590 15 25.834600 20 29.734610 25 34.334620 32 50.034630 40 46.634640 50 58.434650ø 65 72.0-34660 80 78.034670 100 92.034680 125 133.034690 150 135.034700 155 141.034705* 200 160.0



CAT 7 Couplings

Couplings are used for the solvent cement jointing of two lengths of PVC pipe.

CAT 6 Caps

Caps are solvent cemented to the end of a pipe or fitting spigot to provide line termination.They can also be used to temporarily prevent the entry of dirt and foreign matter into a pipeline.

34730 15 18.4 39.034740 20 24.1 43.534750 25 30.2 49 034760 32 36.6 69.534770 40 45.4 65.534780 50 56.6 77.034790ø 65 66.0 110.534800 80 85.5 104.534810 100 110.0 124.534820 125 131.5 185.034830ø 150 149.5 190.034840 155 155.0 194.534860* 200 215.0 238.0

ProductCode

SizeDN

C L

Product Code

SizeDN

L

Dimensions (mm)* PN9 fitting ø PN12 fitting

Dimensions (mm)* PN9 fitting ø PN12 fitting



CAT 8 Reducing Couplings

Reducing couplings are used for the solvent cement jointing of two different sizes of PVC pipe.

34880 20x15 16.5 45.534890 25x15 17.4 51.034900 25x20 21.1 51.534920 32x20 23.0 62.534930 32x25 25.3 67.034940 40x15 15.8 58.034950 40x20 23.5 64.034960 40x25 26.9 60.034970 40x32 38.4 71.534990 50x20 25.0 71.035000 50x25 29.3 78.535010 50x32 37.0 82.035020 50x40 42.0 74.335030ø 65x50 51.0 104.035035 80x40 41.2 99.035040 80x50 57.6 99.035050 80x65 66.5 120.035060 100x50 57.5 104.035070 100x80 86.6 123.035080 125x80 81.5 167.535090 125x100 106.0 172.035100 150x100 107.5 183.035110 155x100 105.2 189.035120 155x125 130.0 205.0

ProductCode

SizeDN

C L

Dimensions (mm)*Fabricated from other moulded fittings.ø PN12 fitting



CAT 10 45° Elbows

Elbows are used to provide 45° changes in direction in pipelines. They are often employed inconfined space situations in place of CAT12, 45° bends.

35180 15 17.5 33.035190 20 23.7 34.535200 25 30.0 39.535210 32 38.8 44.535220 40 47.9 40.035230 50 60.0 46.035240ø 65 68.5 64.035250 80 78.7 81.535260 100 102.2 95.035280ø 150 155.0 125.035290* 155 163.0 129.035310* 200 218.0 181.0

Product Code

SizeDN

C L

Dimensions (mm)* PN9 fitting; ø PN12 fitting

38850 15x90° 18 352 18.3 38 30538860 20x90° 18 352 22.4 38 30538870 25x90° 18 352 28.1 38 30538880 32x90° 18 371 35.4 38 30538890 40x90° 18 371 40.5 51 30538900 50x90° 12 383 53.7 64 30538920 65x90° 12 479 67.5 64 36538950 80x90° 12 477 79.0 76 35638970 100x90° 12 628 101.7 102 45738990 125x90° 12 1085 124.9 127 63539000 150x90° 12 1085 142.7 127 63539047 200x90° 12 1730 206.6 152 120038670 20x60° 18 220 22.4 38 30538680 25x60° 18 220 28.1 38 30538690 32x60° 18 220 35.4 38 30538700 40x60° 18 232 40.5 51 30538710 50x60° 12 218 54.3 64 30538740 80x60° 12 400 79.0 76 35638750 100x60° 12 502 101.7 102 58438760 125x60° 12 796 124.9 127 63538770 150x60° 12 885 142.7 127 63538480 20x45° 18 172 22.4 38 30538490 25x45° 18 172 28.1 38 30538500 32x45° 18 172 35.4 38 30538510 40x45° 18 185 40.5 51 30538520 50x45° 12 210 53.7 64 30538540 65x45° 12 243 67.5 64 36538550 80x45° 12 343 79.0 76 584



CAT 12 Bends (Fabricated)

CAT12 bends are manufactured to AS 1477 Part 4.

Bends are used in pipelines to allow changes in direction. They are most often used in situations where space is nota problem, e.g. when laid in a large trench. They have significantly better flow characteristics compared to mouldedelbows. (See Table design.14)

Note: These fittings have pipe sockets and should not be jointed to spigoted moulded fittings. (See note product data. 25)

ProductCode

SizeDN

Class A Bore(Nom)

L(min)

Radius(Nom)

Dimensions (mm)

A

L

A



Dimensions (mm)

38560 100x45° 12 358 101.7 102 58438570 125x45° 12 776 124.9 127 63538580 150x45° 12 776 142.7 127 63538620 200x45° 12 1000 204.6 254 120038290 20x30° 18 129 22.4 38 30538300 25x30° 18 129 28.1 38 30538310 32x30° 18 129 35.4 38 30538320 40x30° 18 142 40.5 51 30538330 50x30° 12 154 53.7 64 30538340 65x30° 12 190 67.5 64 36538350 80x30° 12 239 79.0 76 58438360 100x30° 12 279 101.7 102 58438370 125x30° 12 588 124.9 127 63538380 150x30° 12 652 142.7 127 63538100 20x221/2° 18 103 22.4 38 30538110 25x221/2° 18 103 28.1 38 30538120 32x221/2° 18 103 35.4 38 30538130 40x221/2° 18 115 40.5 51 30538140 50x221/2° 12 128 53.7 64 30538150 65x221/2° 12 185 67.5 64 36538160 80x221/2° 12 199 79.0 76 58438170 100x221/2° 12 247 101.7 102 58438180 125x221/2° 12 548 124.9 127 63538190 150x221/2° 12 599 142.7 127 63538215 200x221/2° 12 792 206.6 178 180037910 20x111/4° 18 76 22.4 38 30537920 25x111/4° 18 76 28.1 38 30537930 32x111/4° 18 76 35.4 38 30537940 40x111/4° 18 83 40.5 51 30537950 50x111/4° 12 102 53.7 64 30537970 65x111/4° 12 108 67.5 64 36537980 80x111/4° 12 140 79.0 76 58437990 100x111/4° 12 170 101.7 102 58438000 125x111/4° 12 508 124.9 127 63538010 150x111/4° 12 572 142.7 127 63538025 200x111/4° 12 730 206.6 178 1800

ProductCode

SizeDN

Class A Bore(Nom)

L(min)

Radius(Nom)

CAT 12 Bends (continued)

A

L

A



CAT 13 90° Elbows

These are moulded fittings, which are used to provide 90° bends in pipelines. They are most oftenemployed in confined space situations in preference to CAT 12 90° bends.

34730 15 18.4 39.035330 15 15.5 43.335340 20 20.6 43.035350 20x15 15.4 42.835360 25 26.8 46.335370 25x15 15.2 46.335380 25x20 20.5 46.335390 32 39.7 52.035400 40 45.7 57.735410 50 57.7 69.935420ø 65 74.8 87.435430 80 78.4 98.635440 100 101.5 137.335460ø 150 143.0 182.935470# 155 163.0 178.035490* 200 217.0 241.0

ProductCode

SizeDN

C L

Dimensions (mm)* PN9 fitting, ø PN12 fitting, # BS4346PND



CAT 15 90° Faucet Elbows

The faucet elbow is used to provide a female BSP connection. In irrigation it is used as a means ofconnecting a threaded riser pipe to an underground pipeline.

Note: PVC threads should never be overtightened. Refer to our Installation Guidelines for procedures.

35510 15x15 15.5 43.1 25.1 235520 20x15 20.9 43.0 24.9 235530 20x20 20.7 43.0 23.4 135540 25x15 26.9 46.4 24.7 235550 25x20 26.9 46.4 22.9 135560 25x25 26.8 46.0 24.7 135570 32x32 39.1 49.7 22.1 -35580 40x40 44.0 59.0 30.0 -

ProductCode

Size DN

(So x Th)C* L S Type

Dimensions (mm)* Smaller Bore



CAT 16 Flanges

Flanges are used to bolt PVC pipes to pumps and valves etc. Flanged disconnectable fittings providecapability for maintenance and future changes to the pipeline.

Notes: 1. The 195, 200 and 300 sizes are “stub” or short face flanges as opposed to the large full faceflanges of other pipe sizes.

2. Vinidex recommends the use of a metal backing ring with all flanges of 50mm nominal size and over. (See Cat 16A.) Large washers should be used with bolts and nuts on smaller

flanges. Do not overtighten.

3. Refer to “Ductile Iron Fittings” for further details on flanges.

35600 15 18.2 27.6 95.4 13.535610 20 21.0 30.4 102.7 13.535620 25 29.0 33.5 114.5 13.535630 32 36.8 34.1 121.4 13.535640 40 41.2 40.1 133.6 13.535650 50 53.0 42.5 153.0 13.535660ø 65 66.3 67.1 169.1 14.035670 80 80.0 56.0 184.0 13.535680 100 101.0 69.2 216.0 15.835690 125 128.0 100.0 253.0 19.435700 150 146.0 104.0 277.0 20.335710 155 156.0 107.0 277.0 20.835730* 200 209.0 125.0 272.0 31.535740* 300 297.0 180.5 380.0 40.0

ProductCode

Size DN

C L N T

Dimensions (mm)* This product is an imported stub flange, not to AS1477 so dimensions may

vary at times. Designated PN9.ø PN 12 fitting



CAT 16A Metal Backing Ring for Flanges.

This galvanised mild steel backing ring has the effect oftransferring the load from the flange attachment bolts to the total face of the flange. Flange backing rings conform to thedrilling pattern of AS 2129 - Table E (Flanges for Pipes, Valves and Fittings) unless otherwise specified.

CAT 16B Flange Gasket

A flange gasket is a sealing gasket located between the PVC flange and itsmount. It is manufactured in elastomeric and is 3.2mm thick. Any specificrequirement should be stated when ordering.

83740 50 60.3 150 18 483760 80 88.9 185 18 483770 100 114.3 215 18 483780 125 139.7 255 18 883790 150 168.3 280 22 883800 200 215 335 22 883830 300 302 455 26 12

Product Code

SizeDN

ID OD Hole SizeNo of Holes

83500 50 80 150 8 114 18 483510 65 100 166 10 126 18 483520 80 109 185 10 146 18 483530 100 140 215 10 178 18 883540 125 170 255 12 210 18 883550 150 203 280 12 235 22 883560 200 252 335 12 292 22 883590 300 360 455 12 406 26 12

ProductCode

Size DN

ID OD T PCD Hole Dia No of Holes

Dimensions (mm)

Dimensions (mm)



CAT 17 Valve Sockets

The valve socket is solvent cement jointed to a pipe spigot. The male-threaded end of the valve socket provides a connection for a PVC, brass orgalvanised wrought iron threaded valve-type fitting.

Note: Care should be taken not to overtighten. Refer to our InstallationGuidelines for procedures.

CAT 18 Faucet Sockets

The faucet socket is solvent cement jointed to a pipe spigot. Thefemale-threaded end of the faucet socket provides a connectionfor a faucet tap fitting or a spray nozzle.

Note: Care should be taken not to overtighten. Refer to ourInstallation Guidelines for procedures.

35760 15 14.5 6.6 48.0 16.035770 20 19.0 6.8 46.7 19.635790 25 24.2 8.0 58.5 22.135800 32 31.5 8.0 60.5 24.735810 40 36.5 8.9 56.0 24.535820 50 46.3 8.6 74.5 29.035830 65ø 62.5 10.0 92.5 28.535840 80 69.5 19.7 94.5 34.535850 100 90.0 20.0 112.5 41.0

Product Code

SizeDN

C H L S

35870 15 17.0 47.0 15.735880 20 22.0 50.2 18.535890 25 28.2 56.2 21.535900 25x15 17.0 50.0 15.735910 32 34.3 62.6 26.335920 40 39.2 69.0 29.235930 50 49.3 72.3 29.235950 80 82.8 95.0 35.035960 100 107.5 112.5 41.5

Product Code

SizeDN

C L S

Dimensions (mm) ø PN 12 fitting

Dimensions (mm)



CAT 19 Tees

Tees provide a branch at 90° from a main line. Available in equal or reducing branches. See also tapping saddles.

35980 15x15 15.5 15.5 43.2 43.035990 20x15 20.4 15.5 42.9 42.736000 20x20 20.4 20.4 42.9 42.736010 25x15 26.7 15.6 46.2 46.036020 25x20 26.7 20.7 46.2 45.836030 25x25 26.7 26.7 46.2 46.136040 32x15 33.4 17.0 52.9 44.736050 32x20 41.5 20.0 48.0 45.836060 32x25 41.5 25.0 48.0 45.836070 32x32 41.5 41.5 52.0 52.036080 40x15 38.6 16.8 58.9 49.536090 40x20 47.5 20.0 50.9 49.036100 40x25 47.5 25.0 50.9 49.036110 40x32 38.6 33.5 58.9 59.036120 40x40 47.5 47.5 58.0 58.036130 50x15 48.3 16.8 74.2 54.436140 50x20 59.5 20.0 57.0 55.136150 50x25 59.5 25.0 57.0 55.136160 50x32 48.3 33.7 74.2 69.436170 50x40 48.3 39.3 74.2 72.536180 50x50 59.5 59.5 70.0 70.036190ø 65x50 68.0 54.0 88.75 78.036200ø 65x65 67.5 67.5 92.25 92.036210 80x25 78.5 29.8 98.2 79.636220 80x32 78.5 38.7 98.2 83.036230 80x40 78.5 38.8 98.2 86.636240 80x50 78.5 54.0 98.2 89.536250 80x80 78.5 78.5 98.2 98.636260ø# 100x25 106.0 27.0 95.0 100.536268ø# 100x40 106.0 41.0 95.0 100.536270ø 100x50 106.0 55.0 95.0 100.536280ø 100x80 106.0 87.0 111.0 127.036290 100x100 107.3 107.3 131.0 129.036330ø 150x100 143.0 101.5 158.0 153.036340ø 150x150 143.0 143.0 172.0 172.036350ø 155x155 167.8 167.8 175.5 175.536370* 200x200 220.0 220.0 233.0 233.0

ProductCode

Size

DNC C1 L L1

Dimensions (mm)* PN 9 fitting ø PN 12 fitting # fabricated from other moulded fittings



CAT 21 Faucet Tees

Faucet tees are used mainly in irrigation pipelines. The female thread in the tee branch provides a connection for athreaded riser pipe.

Note: Care should be taken not to overtighten. Refer to our Installation Guidelines for procedures.

CAT 22 Unions

Unions are used to join together two sections of PVC pipe. In industrialapplications they are used as an alternative to a flange in situations wherefuture inspection of lines is anticipated. Easily assembled and disassembled,they can be used in pipeline repair situations.

Note: This fitting is not intended to provide for angular misalignment. Do notovertighten.

36390 15x15 15.5 15.5 43.2 43.0 17.136400 20x15 20.5 15.5 43.0 42.4 17.136410 20x20 20.5 20.5 43.0 42.4 20.036420 25x15 26.8 15.5 46.2 46.2 17.336430 25x20 26.8 20.5 46.2 46.2 19.736440 25x25 26.8 26.7 46.2 46.2 23.036450 32x15 33.0 15.5 52.5 35.0 16.036460 32x20 41.7 20.0 48.0 45.8 19.736470 32x25 41.7 26.0 48.0 45.8 22.836480 40x15 38.0 15.5 58.5 37.5 16.036490 40x20 47.7 20.0 50.9 49.0 19.736500 40x25 47.7 26.0 50.9 49.0 22.836510 50x15 48.0 15.5 74.0 47.0 16.036520 50x20 59.7 20.0 57.0 55.1 19.736530 50x25 59.7 26.0 57.0 55.1 22.8

ProductCode

Size DN

C C1 L L1 S

36550 15 17.3 55.9 25.8 68.036560 20 21.6 63.0 18.2 68.036570 25 27.0 70.2 18.1 75.036580 32 33.8 82.6 18.5 81.536590 40 40.0 96.5 22.0 91.536600 50 48.8 111.1 22.2 97.5

ProductCode

Size

DN

Assembled

C T H L

Dimensions (mm)

Dimensions (mm)

36710 20x15 15.2 32.0 26.2 17.3 19.136720 25x20 20.2 39.2 30.1 20.0 22.2

36620 15 14.6 27.0 25.0 18.036630 20 17.8 32.0 26.0 19.136640 25 24.1 39.6 30.0 22.236650 32 31.8 50.0 32.4 24.436660 40 35.5 55.5 37.2 28.536670 50 45.5 70.0 37.7 28.536680 80 70.0 105.0 53.5 33.536690 100 Solid 134.0 68.5 43.0



CAT 23 Threaded Plugs

Threaded plugs are used as blank-offs for female threaded fittings.

Note: Care should be taken not to overtighten. Refer to our Installation Guidelines for procedures.

CAT 24 Threaded Bushes

Threaded reducing bushes are used mostly in irrigation applications to reducethe size of faucet elbows, faucet tees and faucet sockets so that they canreceive smaller sized faucet fittings.

Note: Care should be taken not to overtighten. Refer to our InstallationGuidelines for procedures.

ProductCode

Size

DNC F L S

ProductCode

Size

DNC F L S S1

Dimensions (mm)

Dimensions (mm)

36830 155x150 145.7 90.0

36790 100 105.4 101.6 181.0 121.0 236800 150 151.0 87.0 97.0 176.7 136810 155 151.0 85.0 97.0 176.7 1



CAT 28 Asbestos Cement and Cast Iron Adaptors

These fittings are used to adapt PVC pipe spigots to asbestos cement, cast iron or ductile iron pipe sockets. The socket end is solvent cement jointed to the pipe spigots.

CAT 29 Reducing Sleeves

A reducing sleeve is used to adapt 155 fittings to a 150 line. This should bedone by solvent cement jointing the sleeve to the 150 pipe spigot first.

ProductCode

Size DN

C G L F Type

ProductCode

Size DN

C L

Dimensions (mm)

Dimensions (mm)

Type 1 Type 2

product data.43



Quick Repair PVC Compression Couplings

This fitting is a “wet” or quick repair joint for small bore pressure lines. It is also used in demountable installations inlaboratories, workshops and chemical processing plants. The advantage of this fitting is that pressure can be restoredto the system immediately after installation. The compression coupling is slipped along the pipe to the desiredposition and the nuts are then tightened. Lubricant should be used on the pipe.

Note: Care must be taken not to overtighten. This fitting is rated PN12.

Product Code Size DN Dimension L (sealed)

36850 15 8536860 20 9236870 25 10836880 32 11736890 40 12236900 50 13536910 80 21536920 100 240

Dimensions (mm)


POLYDEX FITTINGS

Polydex rubber ring jointed fittings are fabricated from extruded pipe and/or moulded fittings, with factoryassembled soIvent cement bonded joints where required. They are supplied complete with rubber rings.

Rubber ring joints are dimensionally identical to pipes (see product data.15).

Polydex fittings are manufactured to PN12 rating unless noted otherwise.

CAT P4S Polydex Spigots Spigot x Solvent Cement Spigot

CAT P6 End Caps - Socketed

Product Code Size DN L

41000 50 17041010 80 20041020 100 24041040 150 30041060 200 370


41110 50 17041130 100 24041150 150 300

Product Code Size DN L-Max

41210 50 182.441220 80 25841230 100 283.541240 150 351

CAT P4 Polydex Sockets Socket x Solvent Cement Spigot

Dimensions (mm)

Dimensions (mm)

Dimensions (mm)





41470 80 x 50 38541480 100 x 50 43041490 100 x 80 45541495 150 x 80 55041500 150 x 100 580

CAT P7 Couplings Socket x Socket

CAT P6S End Caps - Spigoted


41320 100 283.5

CAT P8 Reducing Couplings Socket x Socket

Dimensions (mm)

Dimensions (mm)

Dimensions (mm)


41380 50 34541390 80 40541400 100 48541410 150 60041427 200 85041432 250 850



CAT P10 45° Elbows Coupling Socket x Socket

CAT P10S 45° Elbows Coupling Socket x Spigot

CAT P8S Reducing Couplings Socket x Spigot


41590 80 x 50 38541600 100 x 50 45041610 100 x 80 47541620 150 x 100 600

Product Code Size DN A

41820 50 18041830 80 23041840 100 27341850 150 339


41900 50 18041910 80 23041920 100 273

Dimensions (mm)

Dimensions (mm)

Dimensions (mm)

45°

AA

45°

AA

45°



CAT P12 Long Radius Bends Socket x Socket

34590 15 26 2041980 50 229 30541990 80 305 35642000 100 355 45742010 150 482 63542030 200 648 120042052 300 900 1800

A - 221/2°42070 50 254 30542075 65 368 35642080 80 330 35642090 100 406 45742100 150 533 63542120 200 635 120042135 300 900 1800

A - 30°42160 50 280 30542170 80 355 35642180 100 432 45742190 150 585 63542210 200 853 120042225 225 1035 180042230 300 1178 1800

A - 45°42250 50 305 30542255 65 420 30542260 80 406 35642270 100 508 45742280 150 660 63542300 200 1026 120042310 225 1200 180042320 250 1229 1800

Product Code

SizeDN

A - 111/4° Radius R

Product Code

SizeDN

A - 60° Radius R

Dimensions (mm)

42330 300 1280 180043350 50 330 30543360 80 457 35643370 100 560 45743390 150 787 63543410 200 1240 120043418 300 1750 1800

A - 90°43450 50 430 30543455 65 560 35643460 80 610 35643470 100 762 45743490 150 1040 63543520 200 1730 120043535 225 2351 180043540 300 2386 1800



CAT P12S Long Radius BendSocket x Spigot

43560 50 229 30543570 80 305 35643580 100 355 45743590 150 482 63543605 200 648 1200

A - 221/2°43640 50 254 30543650 80 330 35643660 100 406 45743670 125 500 63543680 150 533 63543700 200 585 120043710 250 853 1800

A - 30°43740 50 280 30543750 80 355 35643760 100 432 45743770 150 585 63543810 200 853 1200

A - 45°43830 50 305 30543840 80 406 35643850 100 508 45743855 125 546 63543860 150 660 63543880 200 1026 120043890 225 1229 1800

A - 60°43920 50 330 30543930 80 457 35643940 100 560 45743950 150 787 63543995 200 1256 1200

Product Code

SizeDN

A - 111/4° Radius R

44010 50 430 30544020 80 610 35644030 100 762 45744040 125 978 63544050 150 1040 63544070 200 1730 120044085 250 2386 180044090 300 2386 1800

Product Code

SizeDN

A - 90° Radius R



CAT P13 90° Elbows Socket x Socket

CAT P13S 90° Elbows Socket x Spigot


44110 50 20044120 80 24744130 100 31244150 150 385


44210 50 20044220 80 24744230 100 31244240 150 385

Dimensions (mm)

Dimensions (mm)



CAT P16 Flanged Sockets

CAT P16S Flanged Spigots

CAT P17 Valve Sockets


44290 50 17544295 65 21444330 80 20544310 100 24644320 150 31144340 200 30044360 225 35044367 250 400


44380 50 17544390 80 20544400 100 24644410 150 31144440 200 370


44480 50 20744490 80 23744500 100 292

Dimensions (mm)

Dimensions (mm)

Dimensions (mm)



CAT P17S Valve Spigots


44510 50 20744520 80 23744530 100 312


44540 50 20444550 80 23844560 100 292


44570 50 20444580 80 23844590 100 312

Dimensions (mm)

Dimensions (mm)

Dimensions (mm)

CAT P18S Faucet Spigots

CAT P18 Faucet Sockets



Product Code

SizeDN

A B

50x50 198 19880x50 278 21380x80 278 278100x50 321 258100x80 321 258100x100 321 319150x50 380 298150x80 380 349150x100 380 359150x150 380 380*195x50 529 387*195x80 529 438*195x100 529 447*195x150 529 463*195x195 529 529*200x50 529 387*200x80 529 438*200x100 529 447*200x150 529 563*200x200 529 529

SizeDN A B

Dimensions (mm)* Note: These sizes are rated PN9

195 spigoted version not available

Dimensions (mm)

CAT P19 Tees Socket x Socket

CAT 19S Tees Socket x Spigot

B

AA

B

AA

44600 50 x 25 187 5544610 50 x 50 208 20844620 80 x 32 246 8344630 80 x 50 246 22144640 80 x 80 246 24644660 100 x 50 275 23344670 100 x 80 292 26444680 100 x 100 298 29844690 150 x 50 360 28144700 150 x 80 360 29744710 150 x 100 360 326



45010 100 x 100 298 20345030 150 x 100 360 22145040 150 x 150 385 297

Product Code

SizeDN

A B

45090 100 x 80 291 18945100 100 x 100 298 203

Product Code

SizeDN

A B

45170 50 x 20 187 7545180 50 x 25 187 8445230 80 x 25 246 10445245 80 x 40 246 11745250 80 x 50 246 12045265 100 x 20 275 12245270 100 x 25 275 12545290 100 x 50 275 13145300 100 x 100 298 250

Product Code

Size DN xThread

A B

CAT P19F Flanged Branch TeesSocket x Socket

CAT 19FS Flanged Branch Tees Socket x Spigot

CAT P21 Faucet TeesSocket x Socket

Dimensions (mm)

Dimensions (mm)

Dimensions (mm)

B

AA

B

AA

Female Thread

B

AA



CAT P21S Faucet Tees Socket x Spigot

CAT P26 Tapped Ends Socketed

CAT P26S Tapped Ends Spigoted

45340 50 x 20 187 7545360 50 x 32 208 10045380 50 x 50 208 10745450 100 x 50 275 13145460 100 x 80 298 218

Product Code

Size DN xThread

A B

45510 100 x 50 32745520 100 x 80 407

Product Code

Size DN xThread

L

45600 50 x 20 22145640 80 x 25 27645660 80 x 80 23845700 100 x 50 347

Product Code

Size DN xThread

L

Dimensions (mm)

Dimensions (mm)

Dimensions (mm)

B

AA



CAT P28 Cast Iron Adaptors Socketed

CAT P28S Cast Iron Adaptors Spigoted

45800 100 35445810 150 309

Product Code

Size DN xThread

L

100 371150 210

Size DN L

Dimensions (mm)

Dimensions (mm)



SUPERMAIN FITTINGS - PVC

The Supermain Coupling is a double-sided bell coupling with locked-in rubber ringsinserted during manufacture. The rubber ring is reinforced with a steel wire required forthe manufacture of the fitting but also serves the purpose of preventing the ring being“pushed” during jointing. As the ring is reinforced, it is not possible to remove the ringfrom the ring groove. Therefore the only preparation the coupling requires beforejointing is an inspection to ensure the coupling is free from grit or contaminants on thejointing surfaces. It should be noted that damage to the ring means that the couplingmust be discarded.

Rubber ring joints are dimensionally identical to pipes (see product data. 18)

For information on installation of Supermain couplings, refer to installation. 11

Supermain Coupling

Socket x Socket

41405 100 12 41041413 100 16 41041415 150 12 45041416 150 16 45041418 200 12 51041417 200 12 51041419 225 16 53041421 225 16 530

Product Code

Size DN xThread

PN L-Max

L



DUCTILE IRON FITTINGS (DICL)

A large range of ductile iron fittings is available to suit PVC pipes, and thosemost commonly used for construction and maintenance of PVC pipelines aredetailed in this section.

Fittings are sourced from a number of suppliers throughout Australia, anddimensions and weights vary somewhat. Unless otherwise specified, themost economic fitting will be supplied, subject to availability and deliveryrequirements. The data given herein should therefore be regarded asapproximate, for general guidance only. Where dimensions are critical,specific advice should be obtained from our sales office.

Socketed fittings with push-fit rubber ring seals are available compatible withAS 1477 Series 1 (Polydex) and Series 2 (Vinyl Iron) sizes. Fittings aresupplied complete with the appropriate rubber rings. Different manufacturersemploy different rubber rings, and rings are not interchangeable betweenfittings’ brands. Care should be taken to ensure the correct ring is used witheach fitting and pipe series, as identified by the brand label on both fitting andring.

Standards

Fittings are manufactured and tested in accordance with AS 2544 for GreyIron Pressure Pipes and Fittings, and AS 2280 for Ductile Iron Pressure Pipeand Fittings.

All fittings are cement lined in accordance with the requirements of the aboveStandards. Also available with Fusion Bonded Epoxy (FBE) coating forsuperior corrosive resistance. FBE coating is also called Nylon coating.

Where mentioned throughout this section, sizes 155 and 195 can be suppliedcompatible with imperial sized PVC pipes, 6” and 8” respectively, nowobsolete.



Flanges

Unless otherwise stated, flanges of all ductile iron fittings supplied in sizes80 to 375 inclusive comply with Australian Standard 2129 Table C.

Pressure Ratings

The following table shows working and maximum hydrostatic test pressuresfor ductile iron flanges. Note that when the pipe class required is PN12 orless there is generally no need to specify a flange heavier than Table C.

* Flanges are normally manufactured to this table unless otherwise stated.

Dimensions

Table C - AS 2129 (1.2 MPa Working Pressure)

Flange Type Working Pressure (MPa) Maximum Hydrostatic Test Pressure (MPa)

AS 2129 - Table D 0.7 1.4AS 2129 - Table C* 1.2 2.4AS 2129 - Table E 1.4 2.8AS 2129 - Table F 2.1 4.2

Size DN 80 100 150 200 225 250 300 375

Flange Outside Diameter (D) 185 215 280 335 370 405 455 550Flange Thickness (t) 19 22 22 25 25 25 29 32Pitch Circle Diameter (P) 146 178 235 292 324 356 406 495Number of Bolts 4 4 8 8 8 8 12 12Bolt Size And Thread M16 M16 M16 M16 M16 M20 M24 M24Bolt Length 64 64 64 76 76 76 76 89Blank Flange Mass (kg) 5 7 11 18 21 - 39 -



N.B. Tables C and D Flanges and Flanges to Table 5 of AS 1488 (Cast GreyIron Fittings for Pressure Pipes) all have identical face dimensions.

Table D - AS 2129 (0.7 MPa Working Pressure) - Normally Used for Gas Pipe

Table F - AS 2129 (2.1 MPa Working Pressure)

Table E - AS 2129 (1.4 MPa Working Pressure)

Size DN 80 100 150 200 225 250 300 375

Flange Outside Diameter (D) 205 230 305 370 405 430 490 580Flange Thickness (t) 19 22 25 29 29 29 32 35Pitch Circle Diameter (P) 165 191 260 324 356 381 438 521Number of Bolts 8 8 12 12 12 12 16 16Bolt Size & Thread M16 M16 M20 M20 M24 M24 M24 M27Bolt Lengths 64 64 76 76 89 89 89 102

Size DN 80 100 150 200 225 250 300 375


Size DN 80 100 150 200 225 250 300 375


Equivalent Metric to Imperial Bolts for Flanges

Metric Size M12 M16 M20 M24 M27Imperial (inch) Size 1/2

5/83/4

7/8 1

Dimensions (cont…)



Configurations

Configurations of ductile iron fittingsmay vary in accordance withcustomer’s requirements. Thefollowing configurations are includedas a guide.

Hydrant (Complete)

Hydrant Tee

Spring Hydrant

Gaskets, Nuts & Bolts

Hydrant Box

Hydrant Concrete Surround

Sluice Valve (Complete)

Sluice Valve

Sluice Valve Box

& Concrete Surround

Scour Assembly

Scour Tee

Sluice Valve

Gaskets, Nuts & Bolts

Sluice Valve Box

Air Valve (Complete)

AirValve

Air Valve Box



Bends So-So

To suit Vinyl Iron

100mm x 11.25° 77615 77617 11

100mm x 22.5° 77625 77626 12

100mm x 45° 77645 77646 13

100mm x 90° 77665 77667 17

150mm x 11.25° 77675 77676 15

150mm x 22.5° 77685 77686 17

150mm x 45° 77705 77706 21

150mm x 90° 77725 77726 27

200mm x 11.25° 77795 77796 24

200mm x 22.5° 77805 77806 30

200mm x 45° 77825 77826 28

200mm x 90° 77845 77846 46

225mm x 11.25° 77855 77851 35

225mm x 22.5° 77865 77861 38

225mm x 45° 77885 77881 44

225mm x 90° 77905 77901 60

250mm x 11.25° 77915 77916 38

250mm x 22.5° 77925 77926 50

250mm x 45° 77945 77946 64

250mm x 90° 77965 77966 85

300mm x 11.25° 77975 77976 50

300mm x 22.5° 77985 77986 59

300mm x 45° 78005 78006 70

300mm x 90° 78025 78026 99

Size BitumenNylon

Coated Mass(kg)

100mm 78305 78307 20

150mm 78325 78326 36

150mm - 100mm 78315 78316 30

200mm 78385 78386 58

200mm - 100mm 78365 78366 39

200mm - 150mm 78375 78376 48

225mm 78425 78426 80

225mm - 100mm 78395 78397 54

225mm - 150mm 78405 78410 65

225mm - 200mm 78415 78416 72

250mm 78475 78476 94

250mm - 100mm 78435 78436 62

250mm - 150mm 78445 78446 77

250mm - 200mm 78455 78456 81

250mm - 225mm 78465 78461 88

300mm 78535 78536 118

300mm - 100mm 78485 78486 75

300mm - 150mm 78493 78494 80

300mm - 200mm 78505 78506 85

300mm - 225mm 78515 78509 92

300mm - 250mm 78525 78526 105



Tees So-So

To suit Vinyl Iron

Size BitumenNylon

Coated Mass(kg)

100mm 78914 78915 20

150mm - 100mm 78934 78935 30

150mm 78944 78945 40

200mm - 100mm 78994 78995 46

200mm - 150mm 78996 79017 54

200mm 78997 79002 64

225mm - 100mm 79035 79036 53

225mm - 150mm 79045 79046 65

225mm - 200mm 79055 79056 73

225mm 79065 79066 82

250mm - 100mm 79085 79086 62

250mm - 150mm 79095 79096 77

250mm - 200mm 79105 79106 81

250mm - 225mm 79115 79116 88

250mm 79125 79126 94

300mm - 100mm 79145 79146 73

300mm - 150mm 79154 79155 80

300mm - 200mm 79165 79166 85

300mm - 225mm 79175 79176 90

300mm - 250mm 79185 79186 105

300mm 79195 79196 120



Tee So-Fl

To suit Vinyl Iron

Size BitumenNylon

Coated Mass(kg)

150mm - 100mm 79745 79747 16

200mm - 100mm 79755 79756 49

200mm - 150mm 79765 79766 28

225mm - 100mm 79775 79776 34

225mm - 150mm 79785 79786 31

225mm - 200mm 79795 79796 62

250mm - 100mm 79805 79806 75

250mm - 150mm 79815 79816 68

250mm - 200mm 79825 79826 68

250mm - 225mm 79835 79836 68

300mm - 100mm 79843 79844 102

300mm - 150mm 79848 79849 88

300mm - 200mm 79855 79856 90

300mm - 225mm 79865 79866 75

300mm - 250mm 79875 79876 98



Tapers So-So

To suit Vinyl Iron

Size BitumenNylon

Coated Mass(kg)

80mm Sluice Valve Fl-Fl FBE 81467 42







100mm Sluice Valve So-So FBE 81509 65

100mm Sluice Valve So-So FBE CC 81511 65

150mm Sluice Valve So-So FBE CC 81512 95






100mm Sluice Valve Sp-Sp FBE 81504 41








Note: Sluice Valves are specifically designed for waterworkspurposes and are usually operated by a removable key orhandwheel. The Sluice Valve is used for isolating sections andbranches of pipelines or for the provision of a manual control atdischarge points. The value can be specified to close eitherclockwise or anti clockwise.

Sluice Valves

To suit Vinyl Iron

Nylon Coated

Description CodeMass (kg)

FI-FI

So-So

Sp-Sp

100mm 80108 80109 12

150mm 80118 80119 17

200mm 80138 80135 28

225mm 80148 80149 40

250mm 80158 80159 50

300mm 80168 80169 60

375mm 80178 84

100mm 80104 80106 12

150mm 80114 80116 17

200mm 80134 80136 28

225mm 80144 80146 40

250mm 80154 80156 50

300mm 80164 80166 60

375mm 80174 84



Size BitumenNylon

Coated Mass(kg)

Connectors Sp-Fl

Connectors Fl-So

Size BitumenNylon

Coated Mass(kg)

100mm x 80mm 79604 79605 30

150mm x 80mm 79614 79615 33

200mm x 80mm 79634 79635 46

225mm x 100mm 79664 79665 55

250mm x 100mm 79674 79675 62

300mm x 100mm 79684 79683 86

100mm x 80mm 79305 79307 18

150mm x 80mm 79315 79317 29

200mm x 80mm 79325 79327 44

225mm x 80mm 79335 79337 51

250mm x 80mm 79345 79347 59

300mm x 80mm 79355 79357 70



Note: Scour Tees under 225mm require an 80mm Sluice Valve Fl-Fl tocomplete the assembly, sizes 225mm and above require a 100mm Sluice Valve.

Hydrant Tee So-So-Fl

To Suit Vinyl Iron Pipe

Size BitumenNylon

Coated Mass(kg)

Scour Tee So-Fl


Size BitumenNylon

Coated Mass(kg)

100mm 80547 80548 8

150mm 80552 80553 11

200mm 80559 80560 18

250mm 80573 80574 32

300mm 80580 80581 38

80mm x 100mm Riser Fl-Fl 80810 80811 7

80mm x 150mm Riser Fl-Fl 80820 80821 8

80mm x 225mm Riser Fl-Fl 80830 80831 9

80mm x 300mm Riser Fl-Fl 80840 80841 10

80mm x 375mm Riser Fl-Fl 80850 80851 11

80mm x 450mm Riser Fl-Fl 80860 80861 13

80mm x 600mm Riser Fl-Fl 80865 80867 15

100mm x 150mm Riser Fl-Fl 80890 - 8

100mm x 300mm Riser Fl-Fl 80902 - 10

100mm x 300mm Riser Fl-Fl Tapped 40mm 80915 - 11

100mm x 300mm Riser Fl-Fl Tapped 50mm 80920 - 11

80mm - 100mm Fl-Fl Adaptor 80870 - 12



Hydrant Riser

Description BitumenNylon

Coated Mass(kg)

End Caps

To suit Vinyl Iron

Size BitumenNylon

Coated Mass(kg)

100mm - 80mm Hydrant Bend So-Fl 78205 78207 32

150mm - 80mm Hydrant Bend So-Fl 78230 78235 57

100mm x 90° Washout Bend So-Fl 77659 - 32

150mm x 100mm 90° Washout Bend So-Fl 77722 - 57

100mm Connector So-So 80215 80216 12






375mm Connector So-So 80290 - 76

100mm Connector x 2˝ BSP 80217 - 13

150mm Connector x 2˝ BSP 80227 - 20

100mm Connector x 3/4˝ BSP 80219 - 28

150mm Connector x 3/4˝ BSP 80230 - 33




Coated Mass(kg)

Hydrant Bends



Coated Mass(kg)

Connectors So-So


Hydrant Box (Syd Water) 80970 32

Valve Box & Surround (Syd Water) 81025 78

Hydrant Concrete Surround (Syd Water) 81020 60

Valve Box & Surround (Hunter Water) 81016 85

Hydrant Concrete Surround (PWD) 81019 60

Hydrant Concrete Surround Deep 81018 60

Hydrant Top Flange 81030

Recycled Plastic Surround 81031

Recycled Plastic Surround (Syd Water) 81032

QLD Hydrant Box 80981 32

QLD Valve Box 80982 18

SV Lid 80991

Sluice Valve Concrete Surround 81028 45

Hydrant Surround Concrete 81029 60

Valve Surround Recyc Plastic 81023

Hydrant Surround Recyc Plastic 81021

Hosecock Box 81012



Cast Iron Boxes

NSW

Description CodeMass(kg)

QLD


Note: Hydrant surround Sydney Water- rectangular Hydrant surround,PWD-circular.

Valve Box Sydney Water-circularValve Box Hunter Water-square.

Valve Cover Lid (MW) 80987

Valve Cover Lid (Vic) 80983

Valve Surround Recyc Plastic 81033

Valve Surround Concrete 81028 45

Valve Box 80984 25

Hydrant Cover Lid (MW) 80992

Hydrant Cover Lid (Vic) 80993

Hydrant Box/Fire Plug Box 80971

Hydrant Surround Recyc Plastic 81031 60

Hydrant Surround Concrete 81029

Med Stopcock Box 80994

NSW Path Box 81010 3

QLD Path Box/Gate Valve Box 81015 6.5

Recycled Plastic Marker Posts (White) 80758 6.5

Wooden Marker Post White 80763 9



Cast Iron Boxes (cont…)

VIC


Path Boxes


Marker Posts


80mm Spring Hydrant Fl FBE 80955 16 80mm Spring Hydrant Fl FBE QLD T˝C˝ 80940 16 80mm Spring Hydrant FL S/Steel FBE 80946 16100mm Spring Hydrant FL S/Steel FBE 80954 19

25mm Single Air Release Valve 81905

50mm Single Air Release Valve 81910



Note: Air Valves are used to release small amounts of airfrom the main during normal working conditions. Alsoavailable are Double Action Air Realease Valves andKinetic Air Release Valves.

Air Valve

Description Code

Spring Hydrants

Nylon Coated




100mm Gibault L/S Bit 80350 80342 80351 80343

150mm Gibault L/S Bit 80362 80354 80363 80355

200mm Gibault L/S Bit 80382 80374 80383 80375

225mm Gibault L/S Bit 80389 80386 80391 80407

250mm Gibault L/S Bit 80414 80406 80413 80423

300mm Gibault L/S Bit 80419 80418 80421

80mm Gasket, Nuts & Bolts Sets-Gal 80770 1

80mm Gasket, Nuts & Bolts Sets-S/Steel 80771 1











CodeMass(kg)

BitumenVinyl Iron

BitumenPolydex

NylonCoated

Vinyl Iron

NylonCoatedPolydex

Note: Bitumen coated Gibaults come standard with Galv fasteners.FBE (Nylon) coated Gibaults come with Stainless Steel fasteners.

Ancillary Products

Gasket, Nuts and Bolts Sets

Description

Gibaults

Description

100mm Adaptor Rings 1477-2977 82686






100mm x 20mm 77385 77384 80700

100mm x 25mm 77387 77386 80702

100mm x 32mm 77389 77388 80704

100mm x 40mm 77391 77390 80706

100mm x 50mm 77393 77392 80710

150mm x 20mm 77399 77398 80712

150mm x 25mm 77401 77400 80714

150mm x 32mm 77408 77403 80716

150mm x 40mm 77402 77404 80709

150mm x 50mm 77407 77406

200mm x 20mm 77421 77420

200mm x 25mm 77423 77422

200mm x 32mm 77425 77424

200mm x 40mm 77427 77426

200mm x 50mm 77429 77428

225mm x 20mm 77433 77432

225mm x 25mm 77434 77435

225mm x 32mm 77437 77436

225mm x 40mm 77438 77439

225mm x 50mm 77441 77440



Note: Tapping Bands are available in larger diameters upon request.

Adaptor Rings To Suit AS1477

Description Code

Tapping Bands Gunmetal

Size Vinyl Iron

Polydex

NylonCoatedVinyl Iron

vinidex pvc pipe manual - water planning -...

Documents