SECTION TEST FOURArt of the World Beyond Europe

(Chapters 6-8, 14-15, 25-27, 30-32)

MULTIPLE CHOICE1. Why does Gandhara, a region largely in Pakistan today, have a rich hellenized

culture?

a. The legacy of Alexander the Greatb. The invasion of Seleucus Nicatorc. Trade with Imperial Romed. Trade with the Pergamenes

Answer: a. The legacy of Alexander the Great Analysis

2. Which of the following is associated with Buddhism?

a. Khajurahob. Deogarhc. Mamallapuramd. Sanchi

Answer: d. Sanchi Knowledge

3. The Bayon, Angkor Thom, Cambodia with its gigantic faces is thought to represent which of the following?

a. Suryavarman IIb. Lokeshvara, Lord of the Worldc. Shiva, Lord of the Danced. Ashoka

Answer b. Lokeshvara, Lord of the World Knowledge

4. It can be said that China’s neighbors owe an immense debt to China; however which country provided the link between China and Japan?

a. Mongoliab. Siberiac. Indiad. Korea

Answer: d. Korea Comprehension

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5. The Great Wall of China was constructed as a defense against the nomadic peoples of the north, in particular the ___________.

a. Gothsb. Hanc. Mongolsd. Huns

Answer: d. Huns Knowledge

6. The Ise Shrine is ritually rebuilt every ___________.

a. fifty years b. centuryc. millenniad. twenty years

Answer: d. twenty years Knowledge

7. “Buddhist architecture in Japan adhered closely to mainland standards.” Why is this statement significant?

a. because the Japanese used only mainland architectsb. because mainland temple architecture was too experimental for the

Japanesec. because Japanese temples greatly assisted in the reconstruction of

mainland templesd. because the mainland would only export ready-made temple packages

Answer: c. because Japanese temples greatly assisted in the reconstruction of mainland temples Analysis/Comprehension

8. During which period did more direct relations and influences with China shorten the time lag between developments in China and subsequently transferred to Japan.

a. Yayoib. Jomonc. Narad. Kamakura

Answer: c. Nara Analysis/Knowledge

9. Why did the socially complex and technologically advanced cultures of the Americas not develop the wheel?

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a. the peoples not interested in this toolb. they could not understand the conceptc. developed an excellent system of roads and did not need the wheeld. with the exception of the llama, the people did not have large pack animals

Answer: d. with the exception of the llama, the people did not have large pack animals Knowledge/Analysis

10. What architectural feature has been found in nearly all Mesoamerican cultures?

a. circular templeb. ballcourtc. rectangular plaza with fountain at east endd. open courtyard with kiva in the center

Answer: b. ballcourt Knowledge

11. Which of the following have been proposed as the identity of the giant Olmec heads?

a. priests of the Feathered-Serpentb. deitiesc. Maya overlordsd. Rulers

Answer: d. rulers Knowledge

12. Which of the following would most likely be used by the leader as a badge of office in order to magnify his gestures?

a. shrineb. stoolc. fly-whiskd. saltcellar

Answer: c. fly-whisk Analysis

13. Which of the following have also led to discoveries of Nok figures?.

a. farmingb. city constructionc. diamond miningd. tin mining operations

Answer: d. tin mining operations Comprehension/Analysis

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14. The earliest African sculpture in the round is from which of the following groups?

a. Nokb. Ifec. Benind. Sapi

Answer: a. Nok Comprehension

15. The Sukhothai artists intended the Walking Buddha to express which of the following sentiments?

a. Buddha’s beauty and perfectionb. Buddha’s path to enlightenmentc. Buddha’s pilgrimage to Thailandd. Buddha’s love for Thailand

Answer: a. Buddha’s beauty and perfection Comprehension/Analysis

16. Although Rajput painting resembles Mughal and Persian painting, which of the following would indicate a sharp difference?

a. most Rajput artists were trained by Mughal court paintersb. Rajput artists included a reference to Allahc. Rajput artists inserted small self-portraits into the paged. most Rajput artists were anonymous

Answer: d. most Rajput artists were anonymous Analysis

17. How is the story about the wild elephant from the Akbarnama an allegory about Akbar’s early years as ruler?

a. able to tame even wild elephantsb. take charge of an unruly statec. be gracious in victoryd. never accept defeat

Answer: b. take charge of an unruly state Analysis/Comprehension

18. Which of the following would account for the presence of Marco Polo in China during the Yuan Dynasty?

a. increased trade between Europe and Chinab. wanderlust of Marco Polo c. invitation issued from Kublai Khand. shipwreck along the east coast

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Answer: a. increased trade between Europe and China Comprehension

19. Why did many of the Chinese loyal to the former emperor refuse to serve the new emperor during the Yuan period?

a. not enough prestige attached to the new positionsb. fearful of reprisals from the Yuan if they servedc. the new overlords were foreigners therefore unacceptabled. public service was no longer satisfying

Answer: c. the new overlords were foreigners therefore unacceptable Analysis

20. Which of the following buildings was the focus of the north-south axis of the Forbidden City?

a. Noon Gateb. Pavilion of cheerful Melodiesc. Hall of Preserved Eleganced. Hall of Supreme Harmony

Answer: d. Hall of Supreme Harmony Knowledge/Comprehension

21. What is the Chinese term for Zen?

a. Zhuanb. Zhaoc. Chand. Hoitsu

Answer: c. Chan Knowledge

22. Which of the following animals represented Inka royal power?

a. anacondab. eaglec. pumad. vulture

Answer: c. puma Knowledge

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23. Before European contact the most dominant culture in the American Southwest was the Anasazi, their descendants painted murals on their interior Pueblo walls associated with agriculture which of the following would be an important element in this lexicon?

a. lightningb. firec. scrub pined. jaguar

Answer: a. lightning Analysis

24. The depiction of Quetzalcoatl and Mictlantecuhtli from the Borgia Codex illustrate which of the following themes?

a. life and deathb. marriage of the Aztec and Maya empiresc. brotherhood of the Mixtec and Toltecd. fire and water

Answer: a. life and death Comprehension

25. The ceremonial men’s house of the Iatmul, Papua New Guinea is associated with which of the following?

a. praying mantisb. head-huntingc. female ancestord. yam cultivation

Answer: c. female ancestor Knowledge

27. Male dominated societies in the Pacific Islands developed elaborate ritual practices that served to counteract what sort of female power?

a. make barkclothb. control the planting of yamsc. create and control lifed. make pottery

Answer: c. create and control life Comprehension/Analysis

28. Which of the following accounts for the partial secularization of the masking tradition in 20th century African societies?

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a. increased Christianization of the peoplesb. urbanization of African societiesc. independence of African nationsd. tribal migrations

Answer: c. independence of African nations Analysis/Comprehension

29. Which of the following describes Baule bush spirits?

a. tall with elongated necks and torsosb. tall and muscularc. short, horrible-looking, and sometimes deformedd. short with exaggerated heads

Answer: c. short, horrible-looking, and sometimes deformed Knowledge

30. When can humans join the Katsina world?

a. when males attain their majorityb. when females marryc. when either male or female makes a pilgrimage to the Sangre de Cristo

mountainsd. after death

Answer: d. after death Knowledge

31. Which of the following masks would be used during the Kwakiutl winter ceremonial season?

a. transformation maskb. wolverine maskc. lion maskd. jaguar mask

Answer: a. transformation mask Comprehension

SHORT ANSWER32. Briefly describe the secular life of Buddha.

Answer: Buddha was born in the 6th century BCE and was the eldest son of Shakya Clan’s king. He was named Siddhartha, and according to a prophecy he would be either a great conqueror or a great religious leader. His father groomed him to become king so he shielded him from the troubles of the world; however at age 29, Siddhartha abandoned his wife and family and began his journey toward enlightenment. Knowledge

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33. How do the reliefs of the chaitya hall, Karle reflect Buddhist and Hindu beliefs?

Answer: It is a hall with pillared ambulatories allowing worshipers to walk around the stupa placed at the back. The elaborate capitals depict men and women riding elephants and amorous couples. They represent auspicious signs and the creative life forces. The hall uses images that reflect contemporary Indian beliefs combining the contemplative meditation of Buddhism with the eroticism of Hinduism, merging together to create a coherent visual imagery. Analysis

34. What is a stupa, and how does it reflect Buddhism?

Answer: A stupa is a circular mound modeled after South Asian burial mounds; however the stupa is not a burial mound but rather a reliquary that might contain Buddhist relics. They function in a similar way as Christian reliquaries, but the relics were not meant to be viewed. The relics are buried in the stupas, and Buddhists venerate the relics by walking around the stupa in a clockwise direction coming in harmony with the cosmos. Knowledge/Analysis

35. Describe Korea’s position as a link between China and Japan.

Answer: The country is the northeast peninsula which shares the borders with China and Russia and is a short distance from the Japanese islands. It was through Korea that Chinese influences were channeled to Japan; in fact, it was Korea which introduced Buddhism in the 6th century to Japan as a gift from the Paekche ruler. Knowledge

36. Who was Wu Zeitan?

Answer: She was a Tang empress who underwrote a substantial portion of the Longmen complex. When her consort, the emperor Gaozong died, she declared herself emperor and ruled for twenty-two years, when at the age of 82, she was forced to abdicate. Knowledge

37. Assess the importance of the Dunhuang Grottoes and its legacy to Buddhism.

Answer: It was the westernmost gateway to China on the Silk Road, a wealthy trading center, a Buddhist pilgrimage site, and it was the Buddhist home to countless monks and nuns as well as other religions. The Grottoes are caves decorated with Buddhist murals as well as stucco decorations. They became especially important in the 9th century when the emperor Wuzong destroyed temples and shrines dedicated to Buddhism and forced the return of many monks and nuns to public life. However, Dunhuang was not affected by this persecution as it was under the control of Tibet and remained open and free, hence the preservation of the murals and sculptures . Analysis

38. How did clan and kami interact during the Kofun period?

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Answer: Each clan, the basic societal unit having a common ancestor, had its own particular kami, a specialized deity or spirit who protected and provided for the clan. Prayers were offered to the spirit for successful planting and harvests, clans also constructed shrines dedicated to their particular kamis. For example the Ise Shrine is dedicated to Amaterasu, priests made offerings of prayers and fruits at the shrines on behalf of the clans, thus it became a mutually beneficial interaction. Analysis

39. The concept of purification is not exclusive to Japan; however, how did this concept shape Japanese thought and culture?

Answer: It is a critical component in Japanese religious belief. In the very early years of Japanese culture, buildings and settlements would be abandoned if negative events, such as poor harvests, suggested spiritual defilement. The early imperial court would move to new locations in order to escape impurity, and devotion to purification is the vital factor in the cyclical reconstruction of the Ise Shrine as physical and spiritual impurities are eliminated from the sacred site by rebuilding. Analysis

40. Briefly evaluate the Fujiwara contribution to Late Heian art and culture.

Answer: The Japanese imperial court was the center of an elite culture and the Fujiwara clan dominated that court over a century and a half. The clan commissioned classical works of art and wrote distinctive poetry and secular prose, emphasizing human nature and concerns. The most singular work written during this time was the Tale of Genji which allowed the viewer a look into the private lives of courtiers. The visual depiction of the prose allowed the artist to create unique and interesting viewpoints which complimented the literary work. Analysis

41. What is a kiva and how does it function within the community?

Answer: It is a spiritual center and male council house. Ritual regalia are stored within the kiva, private rituals are performed within, and preparations for public performances take place there as well. Analysis

42. Based on recent archaeology briefly describe the Great Serpent Mound and its possible new meanings.

Answer: Originally attributed to the Adena peoples, recent radiocarbon dating now indicates it was constructed by the Mississippians. One suggested interpretation for the shape is an association with snake and fertility and crops; however more recently it has been proposed that the mound was created as response to Halley Comet’s which appeared in 1066 and that the serpentine shape is in imitation of the comet’s trail across the night sky. Comprehension

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43. Who painted the frescoes found at Bonampak, and what are they thought to represent?

Answer: They were painted by the Maya and represent the ceremonies that welcome a new heir to the throne, complete with sacrifice of victims. Comprehension

44. What is the meaning of the word Toltec?

Answer: It means “maker of things.” Analysis

45. What interpretation has been made for the buildings of Great Zimbabwe?

Answer: Based on current studies it is thought these structures served as a royal residence with areas reserved for the king, his wives, and nobles. Further evidence supports an open court used for ceremonial gatherings. Comprehension

46. What evidence supports the association of the contemporary group, the Shona with Great Zimbabwe?

Answer: Based on the ethnographic information gathered from these early Portuguese accounts and current studies of Shona culture, scholars have been able to deduce meanings by comparing Shona and Great Zimbabwe with a certain amount of certitude. Analysis/Evaluation

47. What has been suggested as the reason for the durability of the art forms of early African history?

Answer: Their usage in elite contexts such as kingship and courtly traditions may have been a factor for their durability. Comprehension

48. Describe Ashoka at Kalinga by Meera Mukherjee.

Answer: She has combined the expressiveness of German Expressionism with the traditional Bastar bronze casting techniques to create a statue of Ashoka, a significant and important king in Indian history. She has transformed this Maurya dynasty emperor into a contemporary image directly related to the contemporaneous history of India. Ashoka’s conversion to the non-violence of Buddhism becomes an idiom for non-violence during these turbulent years in contemporary India. Analysis/Evaluation

49. How does the 16th century Vietnamese ceramic dish, Two Mynah Birds on a Flowering Branch, reveal merged Chinese and Vietnamese heritages?

Answer: The dish is an underglaze-cobalt stoneware with surface decoration of the mynah birds on a flowering branch. The spontaneous, quick brush strokes are

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in direct contrast to Chinese formality; however the potter-artist does reveal his knowledge of Chinese pottery and brush work, changing the brush strokes to fit into the Vietnamese idiom. Analysis/Evaluation

50. How does the Taj Mahal symbolize the Islamic Paradise?

Answer: The minarets are likened to ladders reaching toward Heaven or Paradise. The carefully selected excerpts from Koran found on the gateway to the gardens and the walls of mausoleum reinforce this symbolism. One interpretation is the mausoleum represents the Throne of Allah perched above the gardens of Paradise on Judgment Day, the minarets becoming the poles which hold up the canopy of the throne; in Islam the most revered place of burial is beneath the Throne of Allah. Analysis/Evaluation

51. Did the introduction of photography affect Indian painting?

Answer: Indians welcomed this new medium and used it not only as a tool in assisting in the painting of portraits, but also as an independent medium, recording landscapes and monuments; so photography did not affect painting, it became another tool in the artist’s repertory. Knowledge/Comprehension

52. What group invaded China in the fourteenth century, and what influence did their invasion have on the art?

Answer: When the Mongols conquered China, the artist-bureaucrats were banished from the court and discovered that the world was a more hostile environment. This was reflected in their paintings in much bolder forms and harsher brush strokes. Analysis/Comprehension

53. How does the layout of the Forbidden City relate to the emperor?

Answer: The various gates, courtyards and buildings all lead eventually to the Hall of Supreme Harmony which is perched on an immense marble platform. It becomes the focal point, and within the hall the emperor sits on his throne which is also placed on a high stepped platform. The focus for this interior, all eyes and all vistas, lead to the emperor. Analysis/Comprehension

54. When does the modern period begin for Korea?

Answer: In 1910, Japan annexed Korea thus ending the Choson Dynasty. One can conceivably say this was the beginning of the modern period, at the end of WW II (1945). Korea became independent; however it was divided into North and South Korea. South Korea has emerged as a fully industrialized nation and its artists have enjoyed a wide exposure to all the art styles, past and present. Comprehension/Analysis

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55. How does Social Realism echo the visual vocabulary of the People’s Republic of China?

Answer: The intended purpose of art in the People’s Republic is to serve the people in their struggle for intellectual and economic liberation from the past as represented by the ruling classes. The presentation follows the formula so popular in the former Soviet Union: the art was easily understood, and the story reinforced the class struggle of the peasant vs. the aristocrat. The art emphasized the benefits of supporting the current government as the benefactor of the people. Analysis/Comprehension

56. What are “dry landscapes,” and what was their purpose?

Answer: Dry landscapes were essentially rock gardens that were used as aids in Zen contemplation and meditation. Knowledge/Comprehension

57. What were the “flowery wars”?

Answer: They were special battles expressly fought in order to obtain captives for future human sacrifice, and a primary reason for the ease with which the Spaniards were able to gain allies in the conquest of the Aztec Empire. Knowledge

58. How do Haida totem poles represent clan history?

Answer: The poles display clan emblems and each figure represents a facet within the clan’s history or origin story. Additional emblems or crests can be obtained through marriage (enlarging the history of the clan) or through trade (acknowledging non-clan relationships). Analysis

59. How does the puma factor into the description of the Inka city of Cuzco?

Answer: The puma was the symbol of Inka royal power and the city. The capital of the Inka empire was in the shape of the puma, and the great shrine-fortress of the Inka rose above the city and was described as the puma’s head. The southeastern convergence of the two rivers formed the animal’s tail, and the plaza is below the puma’s stomach. Analysis

60. How is the masking tradition of the Yupik unique?

Answer: They had a highly developed ceremonial life which required masks to correspond to the rituals. Their uniqueness is that masks were generally created for a single occasion and discarded at the completion of the ritual or ceremony. Consequently many Yupik masks are in private collections as well as museum collections. Comprehension

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61. Briefly describe Polynesian societies.

Answer: Complex socio and political institutions, highly stratified aristocratic societies where power is determined by heredity, the art is created for the members of rank and the work is often imbued with mana or spiritual power. Knowledge

62. How do the feather cloaks of Hawaii reflect its hierarchical society?

Answer: The cloaks were created for men of rank, the materials (feathers) were exceedingly precious, and the resources and labor required to produce the cloak were extraordinary. These cloaks also linked the wearer to the gods. Analysis

63. What is x-ray style and who uses it?

Answer: It is the simultaneous depiction of both the interior (internal organs) and exterior and is used by Australian Aborigines. Comprehension

64. How does Dilukai (Belau, Caroline Islands) celebrate woman’s power?

Answer: It is a splayed female figure serving a dual purpose, fertility and protection as well as a visual deterrent against promiscuity. According to the legend, Dilukai’s brother, Bagei, was embarrassed by his sister’s wantonness, and he carved her image and placed it on the bai in order to shame her into proper conduct. Now the image serves as a reminder of the power of women and also as a reminder to conduct themselves accordingly. Analysis

65. Why did the Igbo not repair the mbari house?

Answer: The construction represents a stylized world-renewal ritual. When the house is unveiled for public view, this indicates the gods’ acceptance of the sacrificial offering and will be benevolent for the time being. The house is allowed to disintegrate returning to its source, the earth, and ritual is again repeated. Comprehension

66. How does the royal ancestral shrine reflect the power of the Benin king?

Answer: All of the objects and symbols, colors and materials comprising the shrine contribute to the visual and ritual image of the royal power. The composition of the shrine is hierarchal, and at the center of this hierarchy stands the king, reflected in the ancestral altar. Analysis/Comprehension

67. How does the description of Pieter der Marees, a Dutch visitor to 17th century Ghana, assist in documenting Akan burial practices?

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Answer: He described a comparable object currently made, and he provided an explanation of its use in Akan burial ceremonies. His description establishes a sequence for scholars to make further interpretations and dating certain practices as well as objects. Analysis/Comprehension

68. What is the function of the Poro society in Senufo culture?

Answer: It is the main association for socialization and initiation of young men that takes nearly 20 years to complete. Knowledge

SLIDE IDENTIFICATION69. (Figure 6-31)

a. Bayon, Angkor Thomb. Stupa, Borobudurc. Vishvanatha Temple, Khajurahod. rock-cut temple

Answer: a. Bayon, Angkor Thom

70. (Figure 6-1)

a. Mohenjo-darob. Sanchic. Harappad. Deogarh

Answer: a. Mohenjo-daro

71. (Figure 7–2)

a. Shangb. Qinc. Hand. Tang

Answer: a. Shang

72. (Figure 7–28)

a. Koryo dynastyb. Great Silla dynastyc. Paekche Kingdomd. Yi dynasty

Answer: a. Koryo dynasty

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73. (Figure 8–7)

a. Shunjobo Chogenb. Standing Yakushic. Tori Busshid. Amida Buddha

Answer: c. Tori Busshi

74. (Figure 8–13)

a. Legends of Mount Shigib. Taizokai (Womb World)c. Tale of Genjid. jataka

Answer: c. Tale of Genji

75. (Figure 14–24)

a. Chileb. Boliviac. Perud. Ecuador

Answer: b. Bolivia

76. (Figure 14–5)

a. Temple of Quetzalcóatl at at Teotihuacánb. Temple of the Sun at Cuzcoc. Temple of the Sun at Tiahuanacod. Maya temple at Uaxactan

Answer: a. Temple of Quetzalcóatl at Teotihuacán

77. (Figure 14–10)

a. goddessb. Quetzalcóatlc. Ball Playerd. Adena pipe figure

Answer: c. Ball Player

78. (Figure 15–2)

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a. Ifeb. Nokc. Igbo-Ukwud. Benin

Answer: b. Nok

79. (Figure 15–4)

a. Equestrianb. Obac. Esigied. Olokun

Answer: a. Equestrian

80. (Figure 25–9)

a. Akbarb. Jaswant Singhc. Jahangird. Bichitr

Answer: b. Jaswant Singh

81. (Figure 25–6)

a. Krishna and Radhab. Jahangir and Mumtaz Mahalc. Bichitr and Meera Mukherjeed. Qutb al-Din Aybak and Krishndevaraya

Answer: a. Krishna and Radha

82. (Figure 26–14)

a. Shen Zhoub. Giuseppe Castiglionec. Guan Daoshengd. Shitao

Answer: b. Giuseppe Castiglione 83. (Figure 26–16)

a. Ming

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b. Qingc. Modern or People’s Republicd. Yuan

Answer: c. Modern or People’s Republic

84. (Figure 27–2)

a. Kano Motonobub. Tosa Mitsunobuc. Toyo Sesshud. Ogata Korin

Answer: c. Toyo Sesshu

85. (Figure 27–16)

a. Momoyamab. Muromachic. Edod. Meiji

Answer: d. Meiji

86. (Figure 30–8)

a. Hopib. Navajo c. Zunid. Apache

Answer: b. Navajo

87. (Figure 30–14)

a. Yupik Eskimob. Northwest Coast c. Plainsd. Inuit

Answer: a. Yupik Eskimo

88. (Figure 30–12)

a. Inuitb. Kwakiutl

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c. Tlingitd. Haida

Answer: d. Haida

89. (Figure 31–15)

a. Papab. Tinoc. Kotd. Kuka’ilimoku

Answer: d. Kuka’ilimoku

90. (Figure 31–11)

a. Papua New Guineab. Irian Jayac. Rarotongad. New Zealand

Answer: c. Rarotonga

91. (Figure 31–17)

a. stoneb. sennitc. woodd. yam

Answer: a. stone

92. (Figure 32–6)

a. Bagab. Kotac. Kubad. Dogon

Answer: d. Dogon

93. (Figure 32–14)

a. Gbon maskb. Mende mask

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c. Beautiful Lady maskd. Satimbe mask

Answer: c. Beautiful Lady mask

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