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Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economics

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner

37th IAEE International Conference, New York, 15-18 June 2014

Implementing Renewables for Electricity – Experiences in

Europe and Germany

Hermann-Josef Wagner

Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economy

Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany

[email protected]

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Structure of my presentation

• I am German – some facts about Germany

• Electricity production – activities in Europe • German energy way – enforcement of wind and sun

• Risk and experiences – high acceptance in policy and

population

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Map of Europe – some facts about Germany

About Germany:

• Area: 350 000 km2

82 Million people

Population density:

230 cap / km2

• Reunification: 1990

• GDP: 28 000 US $ / cap

• Conventional capacity power

stations: 84 GW

• Wind power stations: 33 GW

• Photovoltaic areas: about 33 GW

• Energy policy: Enforcement of

renewable, facing out nuclear, facing

out German coal mining

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population

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Electricity from wind energy

Source: DEWI Magazin No: 44, February 2014,p.36, Wind Energy Use in Germany

Status of installed wind power

Rated Capacity

End of 2013 [GW]

Share

worldwide [%]

China 91 29

USA 61 19

Germany 35 11

Spain 23 7

India 20 6

Great Britain 11 3

Italy 9 3

France 8 3

Canada 8 2

Denmark 5 2

Remaining

countries 48 15

Total 319 100

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Extension of wind power capacities and grid in Europe

2 GW

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Germany

Spain

France

Finland Sweden

Portugal

Ireland Great Britain

Latvia

Estonia

Lithuania

Poland

Romania

Bulgaria

Greece

Italy

Denmark

Netherlands

Austria

Belgium Czechia

Hungary

Slovakia

Different conveying systems for electricity (renewable energies) in the EU

Source: Fraunhofer IST et al. ; 02/2012

Quota system

Feed in compensation

Feed in premiums

Combination of feed in compensation and quota system

Combination of feed in compensation and premiums

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Electricity grid in the USA

Source: http://blog.ucsusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/ISOs-of-US-map.png

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Offshore windfarm in Denmark (Malmo-Copenhagen region)

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© Sonne, Wind & Wärme, 10/12

Offshore wind projects in Great Britain, Ireland, France and Netherlands (2012)

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New solar power stations in the USA

Source: „US-Solarmarkt wächst stark“, VDI Nachrichten Nr. 46, 15. November 2013

Image: http://timeecocentric.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/20130323_zaf_w66_011adjusted.jpg%3Fw%3D720 Image: http://www.csp-world.com/sites/default/files/styles/x-large/public/image/abengoa_solana.jpg

Parabolic trough power plant „Solana“, Arizona, activation in 2013 • Nominal power: 288 MW • The integrated storage enables an electricity production up to seven hours without sunshine

Solar tower plant „Ivanpah“, California, activation in 2013 • Nominal power: 377 MW • 300.000 heliostats • 3 Towers (height: 143 meters)

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Parabolic trough power plant „Arenales“, Spain

Source: „Steag speist erstmalig Strom ins Netz“, BWK, Bd. 65 (2013) Nr. 11/12

Thermal solar power station „Arenales“ (Spain)

• 50 MW

• 156 rows of parabolic reflecors, that are able to follow the solar altitude

• 510.000 m² reflector surface

• Molten salt storage

• The integrated storage enables an electricity production up to seven hours without sunshine

Image: www.steag.com

Image: www.focus.de

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Average electricity prices for households in Europe in 2013

Source: Eurostat

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population

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Objective for the power station capacities in Germany in the year 2024

(Nuclear power: 0,0%)

Photovoltaics 19%

2012 2024 Statistical value (175 GW) Objective of government (225 GW)

(Scenario B)

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Source: Nordex AG

Assembling of a wind converter by Nordex AG

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Installation of the generator by a wind mill without gears

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Possible foundations of offshore wind converters

Monopile

until 20 m deep of

water

Steel- or concrete

construction

Gravity foundation

until 10 m deep of

water

Steel- or concrete

construction

Tripod, Jacket

more than 20 m deep

of water

Steel construction

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Fundaments for windmills for the windpark alpha ventus © Doti 2009

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Repair of corrosion protection

Photo: Helmut Müller; Sonne, Wind und

Wärme 4/2012

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© Sonne, Wind & Wärme, 10/12

North Sea

East Sea

Planned and operating offshore windparks Germany (2012)

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Jackets

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Electricity transport from offshore to land

Quelle: „Germany's Troubled Offshore Wind Offensive“; Spiegel Online; http://www.spiegel.de/fotostrecke/photo-gallery-problems-with-germany-s-offshore-wind-plans-fotostrecke-86725-4.html; 09.04.2012

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Annual installed capacitiy of photovoltaics in Germany

Source (2013): Bundesnetzagentur/Photovoltaik Source till 2013: BWK 5/2012

Installed capacity end of 2013: World: 130 GW Germany: 33 GW

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Source: www.Zfk.de/energiepreise

Electricity-spotmarkt-prices November 2013 Day-ahead

Nord Pool Spot Elspot 11-12 a.m. 11-12 a.m.

Phelix Peak 8 a.m. to 8 p.m.

Phelix Base total over day

Elspot Skandinavia Epex Spot, German - Austria

Week 45 Week 48 Week 47 Week 46

Electricity-spotmarkt-prices in November 2013

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Average structure of the electricity rate in Germany: Household with a consumption of 4.000 kWh/a

Source: Grundpreis, Beschaffung, Netznutzung unter Verwendung von Daten aus den Tarifen der Stadtwerke Velbert, Januar 2014 Konzessionsabgabe: Mittelwert Deutschland, hängt von der Größe der Gemeinde ab. Stand Januar 2014

Basic price: (for measuring, accounting, amortization) rd. 12,50 €/month (gross)

Generation/acquisition

Network access

Electricity tax (former “green tax”)

Concession levy

Basic price

Value-added tax

Energy-price: 21,6 ct/kWh

Total: 30,2 ct/kWh, of which 51% are federal demand

Renewable energy law

At consumption of 4.000 kWh/a

3,8 ct/kWh

5,0 ct/kWh

6,0 ct/kWh

6,5 ct/kWh

1,8 ct/kWh

2,1 ct/kWh

4,8 ct/kWh

Act on Combined Heat and Power Generation 0,2 ct/kWh

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Renewable energy levy for households in Germany

Source: BMU,EEG/KWK-G, Reuters

In Cent/ kWh

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Windenergy and liberalisation of markets require bulk transmission capacity

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population

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German energy-concept

* In reference to 1990, ** In reference to 2008, *** In reference to 2005

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Conclusions

• Wind energy use is increasing worldwide • Technology is available • Off shore wind park's are under construction, they deliver

more electricity, but they are expensive • In Europe are different support systems: Feed-in tariff, tax

incentives, quota • Germany: Fixed feet-in regulation for electricity of

renewables over 20 years, policy is changing, private consumers are paying 6.3 €-Cent/kWh (8 US-Cent/kWh) companies less, in any cases also nothing

• CO2-certificates are increasing electricity price only a little bit, renewable energies much more

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Thank you for your attention

www.lee.rub.de

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For discussion

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Costs of a 2 MW onshore wind power station

Source: Deutsche WindGuard GmbH; Kostensituation der Windenergie an Land in Deutschland, Stand 2013

Investment plan Costs [€/kW]

Hub height < 120 m > 120 m

Wind power station, transport,

installation 1150 1340

Foundation 70

Grid connection 70

Site development (lanes) 40

Planning, environmental measures,

concession, others 190

Total 1520 1710

Operating costs: 5,1 ct/kWh (Average over 20 years operating time)

Service, reparation, others 50 %

Rent 20 %

Management (technical and

business) 20 %

Reserve for unforeseen events 5 %

Insurance 5 %

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Global energy related

CO2 emission

2012: 34,5 billion t

(In 2000: 25,5 billion t)

Source: Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie, Referat III C 3, Stand 20.08.2013 PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Trends in global CO2 emissions: 2013 report

Energy related

CO2 emission

2012: ~ 810 million t

Energy related CO2 emission

USA 16,8%

China 28,4%

Japan 4,1%Germany2,4%

formerUSSR 7,5%

South America

4,0%

other countries

33,4%

Africa 3,4%

1000 1080 1030

857 828 803 810

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1975 1980 1990 2008 2010 2011 2012

BRD

DDR

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Absorber tube of a parabolic trough collector

Source: „Solarthermische Kraftwerke – Konzentriertes Sonnenlicht zur Energieerzeugung nutzen“; Bine Informationsdienst Themeninfo II/2013

Image: http://www.bine.info/fileadmin/content/Publikationen/Themen-Infos/II_2013/themen_0213_14_2.jpg Image: http://www.bine.info/fileadmin/content/Publikationen/Themen-Infos/II_2013/themen_0213_14.jpg

Xenon-capsules

(minimizes the loss of heat)

Attachment Gas molecule „Getter“ for

vacuum increase

Gaiter

Glas-metal linkage

Glassy cladding tube

with antireflective coating

Vacuum among the cladding

tube and the absorber tube

Absorber coating

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Central tube of a wind power station foundation

Source: „Das letzte Fundament“, VDI Nachrichten Nr. 46, 15. November 2013

Image: http://www.vdi-nachrichten.com/var/storage/images/media/vdi-nachrichtencom/images/ausgaben-2013/46_s3_2/2722437-1-ger-DE/46_S3_2.jpg

• Diameter: 6 m

• Weight: 900 tons

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