việt nam nhìn từ bên trong

7/24/2019 Vit Nam Nhn T Bn Trong

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VIET NAM NHN T BEN TRONG

NHNG KHUYNH HNG CHNH TR TIEN TRITHI HIEN TAI VIET NAM

au etren c ghi ngay tban thao au tien, viet xong khoang thang 9-1992 Sai Gon, gi qua M khoang au nam 1994 (hay cuoi 1993 g o) vac ang trongmot soVan Langthang 6-1994 vi ta eViet Nam nhn t ben trong va ben ngoai.Theo li ngi xuat ban th viec phoi hp vi ong Nguyen Xuan Ngha, ngi vietphan Viet Nam nhn tben ngoai ch las tnh c. Nhng ngi chutrng tVanLangvon co yxuat ban mot tap ch nghien cu bang tieng Viet ngoai nc nhnggap nhng khokhan vebai vcho kp han k. V thekhi nhan c bai cua chung toi,ngan, khong ucho mot lan ra mat, honay ymi ong Nguyen Xuan Ngha viet phanben ngoai noi tiep yben trong. Thelacomot shp tac tnh ccua hai ngikhong ai biet ai ca, ngac nhien nhat lachung toi, khi biet ong Nguyen Xuan Ngha lachau Tong b th ang Cong san Viet Nam ng thi, vado o, ban sach a veViet Nam c xin them mi cuon cho BoChnh tr oc !

Phan cua chung toi c in ra amac phai loi sai sot cua chnh ban than cungnh v trng hp xa cach cua hai au moi viet vain. Ban thao cucung khong con,nhng chung toi co sa lai chut t khi ra ngoai tiep xuc vi vai tai lieu mi, angtrong Nhng bai van s,Van hoc xb. 1999. Van con sai sot, nhng thoi! cchep laini ay eanh dau mot giai oan. Lai cung nhan dp c i ra ngoai, chung toithay van eang ban van tiep tuc xay ra lp ngi di tan nen chep lai mot tai lieunh dan chng cua mot giai oan Viet Nam Cong hoanoi dai.

Westminster thang 7-2004.

T tng tien tri vachnh tr

Quen thc te e m mong, phu nhan hien tai e hng ve tng lai, ieu ayanh rang ch hien ro net theo vi mot mc o phat trien ca nhan va tap the nao onhng con ngi noi chung, tnh chat ay a tiem tang t thi xa xa di nhieuhnh thc khong mang tnh tap oan co to chc va khong am net tuc the. Va v no

nam trung gian gia cai co va cai khong co hay cha co, ma s thuc ay thc hienphai ong thi va am nhat i qua va nhng bieu hien ton giao va nhng quyenlc tran gian. Tuy ni tuy luc, vi s thang tram qua lch s loai ngi ket tap thanhquan the, ta gap nhng con ngi tien tri vien dan en qua kh e keu gao tap oanmnh i en mot tng tai xan lan hn, qua kh o hoac a co that, hoac ch la hnhanh cua tr tng tng c nem ve pha trc cua bc thi gian. Va nhng con


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ngi nay sinh cac y tng vt thi gian, khong gian nh the khong phai khong cos ong cam nao vi tap oan dan toc ho xuat phat.

Lch s cua loai ngi a nh the th lch s Viet Nam cung khong khac trenai the. a co nhng sam k vien dan e a cac than t len ngoi hoac anh chu lagiac, cha ke nhng ngi chet khuat lap trong xom lang, buon ray va van vi tammc cua mnh va vi ca tnh the vay quanh. Cn bien ong chnh tr xa hoi VietNam trong the k XIX, XX a at nc vao quy ao cua the gii khien cac cvong tr thanh to rong hn. Nhng nha chnh tr tien tri a khong chu dng lai viec at mot ke hoach hng en mot tng lai cho la gan ma con co the noi la homuon m au thi ai: nguyen/ngun khong phai trieu ai, e lap lai dau vet cuaqua kh. Ho muon m au mot the gii mi to rong hn a vc Viet Nam trcmat. c vong nay ro rang la vt qua kha nang cua ho, t nhieu g cung cho thaykhong nam cuoc i nay tuy no a hien dien trong au oc nhng con ngi cu thednh lien vi a phng, chu anh hng khu vc van hoa ro ret. Tuy nhien vihoan canh lch s nh a noi, thi hien ai Viet Nam phat sinh va nuoi dngkhong phai ch nhng lanh tu ma con ca nhng ngi mang sac thai t nhieu lechlac vi thc te bnh thng, ong ao hn, phc tap hn, tao thanh mot sc manhnang lanh tu, a ay trao lu lch s en nhng ben b khong nam trong khuonkho c m luc ban au. Nhng roi bong cay nam nguyen t chap chn, tieng amam cua c kh, xap vai nilong, mieng keo thm boc giay bong... nhng g cu the ose lam tan c m, lech m c nhieu luc en mc tan nhan, gay bc xuc, nhcnhoi... nh bay gi ngi ta van thng noi t an ui e khoi phu nhan ban thantrc nen oc lap khong nh y muon, trc tnh trang xa hoi tan te dien ra trcmat ma khong u dung kh ra tay lan na.

That ra tat ca cung eu b cuon hut trong oi thay: Lanh tu tien tri i tm quanchung, ke khong ngi co, ke t ngi nhieu, gay tac ong manh en am quanchung ngong ch oi thay, luc cuong nhiet i theo, khi h that vong, tat ca a gopphan lam nen mot dang mat cua thi hien ai Viet Nam.

Dau an ton giao vatruyen thong

Trong quan iem oi au cua ton giao va chu ngha macxt, ton giao b ay luive pha tieu cc va tac dung cua no c coi nh ch la tr nu tien bo. Nhng ngayca khi gan buoc nh the, ngi ta cung a chng to no van nam trong hoat ong xa

hoi, o, nhng con ngi tien bo cung chia xe tam t vi no trong mot thi gian, mot vai kha canh khong the choi bo c. Cho nen a co mot nen tang chung chocac phe phai chnh tr Viet Nam xuat phat va tranh cai nhau, trong o luong ttng mang dau an ton giao ma thuat gi v tr sat vi truyen thong hn het va cotac dung ben vng lau dai, du la co khi xuat hien nhng to chc t xng vo than.

Trong phong trao Can vng sau 1885, ngi ta gap oan Ch Tuan tren vungQuang Bnh, Quang Tr ay manh truyen thong ket hp vi tham vong ca nhan theo


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c muon thay oi trieu ai cua li sam Bach X ra i... Tren at nha Mac cunay sinh mot trieu nh xom lang mi vi y nh phuc hng trieu Mac cu vi Macnh Phuc (Nguyen Khac Tnh) va Quoc s K ong Nguyen Van Cam, ngic quan chung hng ng v tac ong cua loai van chng khau kh. Roi en khinha Nguyen qu han va s to chc cai tr cua ngi Phap a vng vang th s tiepnoi hng vong ve mot ong vua, mot trieu ai cua tng lai c tiep sc bang tintng cua cac dan toc thieu so mien Bac, ac biet la nhom ngi Dao, Meo. Tnhchat tuc the trong c m gan bo vi tap oan xa hoi se lam anh hng en nhngnha chnh tr ve sau du co them nhng y tng cua thi ai mi don dap en, va roiho cung se lu v qua kh ay nh, noi theo giong nha nghe, ngi phu thuy b ambinh vat lai.

ieu kien lch s a gan ghep khu vc Bac Viet Nam vao vi truyen thongchan chua ra i trong nhng bc ngoat bien chuyen theo kieu mau Trung Hoa,truyen thong ay cung tiep tuc xuat hien pha cc nam vi dang hnh mi va khac,v s tiep xuc c dan ay a tap va phc tap hn. V s hien dien cua ngi Phapva con v s co mat cua chnh quyen dan toc co goc gac a phng, nen bac chanchua tng lai ay khong phai la cua mot trieu ai khac ma la cua trieu ai ngthi du o ch la bong hnh cua d vang. Bac chan chua ay, mot ong minh vngvon cua ton giao (Bach Lien Giao), du van la phiem ch nhng a xac nh hn,khong con c hieu tiep la vua (nha) Minh nhng la hau than cua Minh Mang,vua th hai nha Nguyen. Tuy nhien tnh chat phiem ch vi y ngha mot ong vuasang suot van con m rong ra e dan c m i vao lanh vc cua ton giao.(1)

Bang bac khap at Nam K thuoc Phap la ca mot mong c ve mot thi thngngun tot ep sap en e thay the cho mot thi ha ngun a ti hoi suy tan. Tuy

nhien vao thi ang cu, cho du nong dan co bat man th quan niem trung quan cuaNho giao c bm vao ay t nhieu cung lam can tr s chong oi quyen vuaquan, quyen ngi cai tr... Bay gi, s hien dien cua ngi Phap khien cho moichong oi eu cha ve pha ke xam lang cam quyen, vi mot sc manh tong hpgom nhng bat man mi chong len nhng bat man trc kia. Vng mac ve s mauthuan gia c muon oi thay va long trung thanh vi quyen bnh nay khong canat ra vi chnh quyen mi na, nen bay gi ngi ta co the nhan danh v vua vnc ma oi hoi i ti mot thi thng ngun theo c vong, manh liet hn.

Du la xa cach ve khong gian nhng gop lai trong quan niem duy van hoa cuacung mot bien ong toan cau, ta khong the khong lien tng noi ket cac giao phai

Nam K vi ang ong Hoc cua Cao Li (Trieu Tien).(2) Phat Thay Tay An i lechra ngoai dong Phat Giao chnh thong v xuat than la thay phap t phat, phai tranhtieng gian ao s cua trieu nh gan cho, ve nng ta phai Lam Te mi thoatkhoi ket qua tham thng cua thu lnh phai ong Hoc. T v tr o ong lai con tmc uy the e lu truyen cho am o e na tang na tuc, xay dng phai Phatng / ao Lanh, tao ra ca dong Bu Sn chnh thong hay mn tieng, am haycong khai nhan danh truyen thong i theo con ng d phong tng lai cua no e


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chong oi ngi Phap. t ra la trc cuoc tien chiem 1867, han Bu Sn K Hngvan ch dng lai phan nhac nh mot cach khong xao xuyen ve mong c oi thaythi the ma cha co c hoi i vao hanh ong nh ve sau nay.

Choe Che-u (Thoi Te Ngu, 1824-1864) thanh lap ang ong Hoc(3) cung sdung mot loai Tam giao trong o co mot phan la tn ngng phu thuy Cao Li vianh hng Ki To Giao, va cung co ong mot thi thng ngun co phan nong nayhn Phat Thay. Nhng vi anh hng cua Thai Bnh Thien Quoc ni ban thanChoe th ro rang la mc o mong c ve tng lai a ngang tam vi cac e t cuaBu Sn K Hng. Choe coi mnh c n Thien Chua cung ch la mn t ngmi e noi en quan niem tng thong gia tn o va giao chu toi thng, giongieu ma Bu Sn K Hng xng tung trong ten Phat Thay va nhng giao phai noitiep co nhng ngi t xng la hau than cua Phat Thay. ang chu y la ni xuat thancua Choe ong nam Cao Li, vao v tr tiep can nhieu nhat vi the gii ben ngoai,tng t nh Nam K tren at Viet. Tn o ong Hoc a tap trung trc hoang cung Han Thanh e lap phap an cau sieu cho giao chu (1893) va gom gop nhng ligiang day cua giao chu von c at thanh th ca em ngam nga, e tap hop thanhkinh sach di nhan e Yongdamdi s (Yongdam la que quan cua giao chu). Takhong khoi lien tng en nhng bai Van/Giang cua cac chi phai Bu Sn KHng va ten que nha cua Huynh Phu So trong giao phai cua ong lap ra.

ni nay cung nh ni kia, ang phai chnh tr va ton giao chong chat lennhau, hoa lan vao nhau. ong Hoc en nam 1905 oi ten la Thien ao Giao, nam1919 k vao tuyen ngon oc lap (1-3) ngay trc mui sung cua quan Nhat, va maien nam 1946 mi c Bac Trieu Tien lap Mat tran cho hoa kiep. Tuy nhien nha noi, s tng ong cua no vi cac giao phai Nam K ch co the la ve mat bieu

hien van hoa. Tuy ngi hoc tro cua Chng giao Nam Cc ng tren nui Cam lamot phan t ong du nhng han Phan Boi Chau va cac ong ch khong the neu ykien phan oan g ve Cao Li v v the chnh tr te nh cua ho. (Ho ang nng tavao Nhat ma Nhat ang chiem Cao Li, conLu Cau huyet le tan thth Phan BoiChau viet t 1904, luc con trong nc.) Du the, s tng ong van hoa gia haiphong trao van la co that, bang c ni cach nhn cua cac chnh quyen oi vi hotrong tng quan lch s tng t: Nhat Ban vien dan ong Hoc lam c xam langquyet nh; ong Hoc qua Thai Bnh Thien Quoc noi ket t tng vi Thien aHoi, ma Thien a Hoi lai co anh hng rat manh ni cac giao phai chong oingi Phap Nam K.

Tuy cung cung mot dong tin tng hng ve thng ngun, nhng nhn t tammc phan oan cua dan chung th Hoa Hao dhn Cao ai. Co the noi la trongnhng thanh phan chia xe quan niem minh vng, noi ti mot thi ha ngun suy tanva mot thi thng ngun chao on th Cao ai co c hoi thuan chieu lch s a attrc c mot to chc tran the vi mot t kinh nghiem tranh chiem quyen hanh thunhan t kien thc Tay hoc cua cac lanh tu vien chc goc thuoc a. Nhng chnh skhuon kho a lam giam bt a soi noi cua quan chung giao phai nay. Phat Giao


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Hoa Hao(4) con bam vao truyen thong Phat Giao, tuy b gii han trong mot khu vc(nong thon Mien Tay Nam K) nhng t o de nhan danh tnh cach chnh thong BuSn K Hng, e nam tren a phat trien ung ngay vao thi iem co ve chngminh cho l thuyet oi di: The gii ai chien vao hoi khoc liet nhat ong Nam Agi y ve Tan the, ve hoi Long Hoa vi Hoi chu la Phat Di Lac. Ch can mot bcieu chnh, giao chu thanh nha chnh tr, ao giao xe dch qua bc tran the khongnhng van con nam vng tinh than tn o ma lai them sc manh cua to chc angphai na. Sc manh o se c tra gia bang sinh menh cua giao chu.

Y thc va ca nguyen tac hoat ong chnh tr van tiem tang trong l thuyet khaitrien t Bu Sn K Hng. Quan niem oi khang t thng/ha ngun phai i quahoi Long Hoa a lam c s cho s ket tap thanh to chc nh mot giai oan tien-Long Hoa. Mot trong T an, vi thi mi bien oi an quan vng thanh an atnc, a at nhiem vu cu nc cho tn o trong thi ngoai tr. Tuy an khuat mnhat v at trong niem tin ton giao, nhiem vu ay van de noi bat len theo s du datcua ngi lanh ao:

Ta cotnh yeu rat man nong,Yeu i yeu lan canon song...Chnh ban than giao chu cung lo ra hng bien chuyen. Co the ngh rang sau

nhng ngay b quan thuc benh vien Ch Quan (thang 7-1940 na au 1941),giao chu a i sat hn vi i thng, dan en thc te au tranh chnh tr khi ctiep can vi van minh c kh, theo doi nhng bien ong cua Sai Gon hay thongqua Sai Gon. Co the ngh rang con ngi 26 tuoi vao nhng ngay soi noi 1945, cphat trien ung vao tuoi thanh nien ay sc song nen t mot giao chu at na ngivao the gii cua mong huyen than linh, ong a tr thanh mot lanh tu ang gm.

Di tay ong khong phai ch la mot am quan chung benh bong, khong nhng xa lama con oi khang vi chu ngha muon eo uoi en tan cung cua nhng ngi camquyen macxt e tam Sai Gon luc bay gi tng che ton giao la mui thuoc phiennh giao chu a ch ro. Di tay ong la mot khoi tn o ang vien ong hang chucvan, dam chet v lanh tu lanh tu mot ton giao vi s co ket ang len cua no, valanh tu cac to chc the tuc ang co chieu hng i en cho chat che: he thong tochc phan i cua ton giao Ban tr s Phat Giao Hoa Hao m rong ra la VietNam Phat Giao Lien Hiep Hoi. Cac to chc Viet Nam oc Lap Van ong Hoi roiViet Nam Ai Quoc ang roi se ton tai lau dai hn vi Viet Nam Dan Chu Xa Hoiang (21-9-1946) goi tat la Dan Xa ang. Trong khi o ta khong thay mot ang

tng ng cua Cao ai. Vi tnh hnh nh the ta mi hieu c nhng xung otam mau cua Hoa Hao va Viet Minh t sau thang 6-1945 en trc thang 6-1946,cung noi long cua ngi lanh tu Hoa Hao qua nhng bai th de dat luc bay gi. Caichet cua ong giao chu khong phai i en ngay 16-4-47. Phai tr kh lanh tu thmi ranh tay khai thac nhng iem tng ong cua quan chung e buoc ho hngve cac lanh tu mi nhng ngi nay cung ang nam trong tay mot l thuyet cunggi nen mot thi thng ngun co dang hnh cu the hn v c tin rang a co


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phng tri xa, sap co tren at nc oc lap, va mot thi ha ngun trc mat keugoi hanh ong triet pha cung d doi, cung vo chnh phu nh li gao thet cua cac ongao. Nhng cung cai chet ay a tao thanh mot moi thu khong oi chung tri, daidang khong de tm ra ng thoat cua hai the lc chnh tr chnh cuoi ng phanam nc Viet.

Trc bien chuyen d doi 1945, nha lanh tu chnh tr tien them mot bc:Quyet rt casa khoac chien bao(1946)sau khi a ra nhng ch th chong Phap cho tn o cua mnh ong thi co nhng

tuyen ngon ve tnh hnh at nc trc va sau thang 3-1945.Tuyen ngon cua Dan Xa ang tach han vi ton giao, vi tnh cach giao phai:

Xay dng mot nc Viet Nam thong nhat, dan chu, chong oc tai bat c hnh thcnao; ve kinh te [th] theo nguyen tac [cua] chu ngha xa hoi nhng trong giaioan hien tai lai khong chu trng giai cap au tranh gia dan toc Viet Nam. Yngha tiep theo cua tuyen ngon: muon tranh khoi au tranh giai cap ve sau ham yngha ngan chan chu ngha macxt tren ng gianh chnh quyen Viet Nam cotac dung tc thi t ra la Nam Bo. ieu ang noi la ve sau (1985), mot lanh tu etam nam quyen Cong an thi bay gi, ong Nguyen Van Tran, xac nhan chngtrnh Dan Xa ang von la cua mot lanh tu e t, ong Phan Van Hum. oi vichung ta ay, trong hng nhn lu tam en tnh cach ong thi cua cac nhan vat,th s noi ket gia mot ngi macxt e t vi mot giao chu he phai Phat Giao motthi bang bac chat thay phap la dau hieu quan trong cua s ong tam tnh, ongcam du khong thu nhan cong khai cua nhng ngi cung a phng trong motgiai oan lch s.(5) Ve pha nhng ngi cong san e tam th cung co mot bang c

dung hp na (tat nhien la di mat ngi khac) khi ho e cho mot ang vien t1936 cua ho nhan danh hieu S thuc Hoa Hao e chieu du tn o khi giao chu bgiet.(6)

Nhng con ng chnh tr co lam mat y hng ton giao khong? Gat sang motben ve tnh chat yeu kem than xac cua giao chu, ta van thay ngi nay mot nhanvat vt tran the:

Tnh yeu chan cha trong hoan vu,au corieng yeu khach mahong.(tiep phan cua bai t tuyet trc, 1946)Co thc lc trong tay, ong giao chu lanh tu nh thc hien chnh sach Mat tran

tren lanh vc ton giao, rieng cho Phat Giao: o la d tnh thanh lap Viet Nam PhatGiao Lien Hiep Hoi. Thi iem ghi trc thang 8-1945 cho ta thay y nh chackhong thc hien c nhng lai noi bat trong chng trnh con lu gi, la ong giaochu muon t mnh t mot he phai mi me, a phng tr thanh ke tap hop, thongnhat Phat Giao Viet Nam.

Trong thi k b loi keo vao he lu cuoc i qua tng giay phut song, Huynh PhuSo t chia mnh lam hai con ngi co goc gac ve d vang... xuat phat trong a


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phan Phat Giao, nhng ve chnh tr th se la ai bieu cho chanh ang nao co motchng trnh dan chu xa hoi.(7) Nhng d vang van con o nen ong van m cthc hien l tng cua Thch Ca ve chu ngha t bi bac ai ai ong oi vi tat cachung sanh, can c tren quan niem ung an la Phat va chung sanh co s ongnhat ve the tanh. Theo ong, Thch Ca s d khong hoan thanh c c nguyen vAn o thi thng co khong co u ieu kien thuan tien, nhng ngay nay ta co thethc hien c nh s tien bo cua khoa hoc va trnh o tien hoa cua nhan loai ati mot mc kha quan.

Qua nhng ieu trnh bay tren, ta biet, tuy khong noi ra nhng Huynh Phu So anhan am ng viec oi di nhan loai ay. Nha tien tri ang i vao hanh ong.Thi thng ngun a co ieu kien e at ti t ra la trong tam tng cua ong cung luc vi mot quan niem ai ong m ho cua quan chung cuon hut quanh angCong San ong Dng vi mot bc tien-Long Hoa khac la nen oc lap cua motat nc Viet Nam di quyen lanh ao cua mot ang ma phan ln cha ai thacmac no co khac g vi mot vng trieu cu khong.

CHU THCH(1) Ngoai nhng ong Minh Mang tai sinh trc vatrong Thechien II, sau 1975, ong ao

Da cung con c o eton phonh the, chng tosc manh cua mot truyen thong dai dangton tai ngay cavao thi cac ong ao vagiao phai tan tac nh gagap chon suc vao chuong.

(2) Lu yrang L Quang Vuxng vng t1864, en 1896 thoat khoi anh hng cuaTrung Quoc (nhng lai sa vao tay Nhat) vaxng Hoang e, oi quoc hieu laai Han nhngi dan Mien Nam aquen nghe goi.

(3) John K. Fairbank - Edwin O. Reischauer - Albert K. Craig, East Asia - TheModernTransformation (Boston-Tokyo 1986), ttr. 398, 463-467, 486, 762; Sohn Pow-key - Kim

Chol-choon - Hong Yi-sup, The History of Korea(Seoul 1970), ttr. 190. 209-211, 214; PhanKhoang, Trung Quoc s lc (Sai Gon 1970), tr. 417. Ten Han (Viet) Thoi Te Ngu thaytrong Han Woo-keun, The History of Korea,Seoul 1970, Index (Chu them 2004).

(4) Tai lieu van ban sdung la: Giao hoi Phat Giao HoaHao, Sam giang thi van toanbo cua c Huynh Giao chu(1966).

(5) Ong Phan Van Hum con latac giamot quyen sach vePhat Giao, han olaket quacua nhng ngay sau khi b bai chc boCong v ung hocuoc bai khoacua hoc sinh ongKhanh (thang 4-1927), ong trveNam cao au i cac chua gap cac s tranh luan veaogiao. Gia nh nay cung la mot minh chng khac: BaPhan Van Hum thuoc phai etam vaymavan lay ong nam 1936, nam conhng oi hoi soi noi thuoc a v Mat tran Bnh dan Phap len cam quyen. Sau nay nhng ngi Cong san Nam Bo van thch thu ke lai nhng

chuyen gianh giat quan chung tren dien an cua hai vchong nh thang li cua phe phaimnh, nhng lai khong dam noi rolasau 1955 baPhan Van Hum van lai Sai Gon.2006;Lay t Hoi k cua baNguyen Th Minh, con ong Nguyen An NInh, Nguyen An

Ninh, Toi ch lam cn gio thoi,Nxb. TreTP. HoCh Minh 2001.Muon gianh vai trotiep dan thng trc toasoan La Luttevi phai et, Nguyen An

Ninh bay vecho Nguyen Th Lu etam: Hebacon ti toasoan th ch rang tiep het bacon. Th(LeVan Thet) laang may rau au dam tranh gianh vi phai yeu. Nolai laem re cua ch lau ngay no phai rut lui thoi. (trang 296) Con ve viec li dung v lan at


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chong, Nguyen Th Minh ke: ChuTh tc lam, en nha loi chu (Phan Van) Hum ra toasoan tiep dan. Thay chuHum ra, coTam Lu (Nguyen Th Lu) nhan co Huynh Hoa (baPh.V. Hum) en... chuHum rut lui em ru. (trang 297) Lien heen cac nhan vat e tvacuoc xung ot gia hai phe, tac giacung cho thay nhieu chi tiet gianh giat lan lt ngay tcac thuoan nhonhat elay phan thang khien ta dehieu lasedan en stan sat sau nay

cua etam oi vi et: Huynh Hoa bao Phan Van Hum hien lanh nh vay, nhaHuynhHoa noi g cung nhn nhng nhap bon vi tui noth cung chi cong san (etam) dlam. HoHu Tng keu ong Hum laong ba ri, con novongc laetchanh hieu, laong bon hanhoi chkhong phai na nac na mnh ong Hum. (trang 336) [Thac mac rieng t: Trccac dau hieu yeu v nh the, Ba Hum ngh g khi chong b cac ong ch cua mnh mang ithu tieu?] Trong phong trao ai hoi ong Dng 1936, HoHu Tng c nhan nh laphan ttrotkt hung hang nhat ara tbao Le Militantephahoai ai hoi... chi chnhphuMat tran Bnh dan laphan ong, chi ang Cong san Phap lathoahiep, latay sai cuat san... chi tham teStalin... (trang 328-330) VeTaThu Thau, khi ngi con Nguyen AnNinh hoi vethai okhuat phuc cua TaThu Thau trc ong th Ninh trali: ChuThau chnevathng Ba thoi. Chuch scomot ngi Chu(Tran Van) Giau! Khong trach khi

Giau cam quyen Sai Gon, Thau lo chay ma khong thoat Quang Ngai, con Tng enc Ha Noi lo noi chuyen Van hoa, on ao tuyen boatbomacxt t1939 roi! Vacung tthi k tranh chap ai hoi ong Dng, Nguyen An Ninh trc sc ep vao dang Cong sanalo than, ban chuyen vi vchay qua ThuyS (nc trung lap!) etoan tnh viet sach!(trang 338, 366, 367)

(6) Sviec nay chng totnh chat ong dang ythc mc oquan chung tren at NamK 1945-1975 nh anoi ma con cho biet ngi CSVN muon thc hien mien tuc chuchchiem quyen vi bat cphng tien g. Tuy nhien, ng loi thc hien nh thekhong phai lakhong anh hng ti tnh chat c goi laxa hoi chungha Viet Nam. Vinh quang a comahelu cua dan toc cung toi ra.

(7) Phong van chien khu, ang tren bao Nam Ky,Sai Gon 29-11-1946.

Dau an chnh tr truyen thong

Cach ay hn mot ngan nam, gia am Bach Viet tan ta, mot nc nho bentrong phan at Nam Viet cua Trieu a xa a li dung s tan ra cua e quocng, t xng la ai Viet roi buong bo, e cho mot nc pha nam hn, cungmi va xng oc lap, co kinh o an giau trong cac ngo ngach hang ong a voi,tiep theo t xng la ai Co Viet. That de hieu nh mot phan ng troi day keu goien long t tn trong mot tng lai con bap benh cua chnh mnh va cua nhngngi noi tiep.

Cho nen en mot ngan nam sau, cung trong mot hoan canh tng t v tnh trangngoai thuoc, quoc hieu Viet Nam va ai Nam thoang qua, An Nam nang s nhuc,khong con gi c the oc ton cua mot danh xng ng thi na. Mot so ngiquay ve vi qua kh xa xa, s dung t ai Viet nh mot bam vu, mot sc nangc thoi phong lam quan bnh cho thc te khong hay cua at nc trong thi hienai. Mot loat nhng ang ai Viet ra i tran ngap san khau chnh tr chm, taptrung trong thi e nh the chien tren phan at ai Viet xa. Khong phai bong


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dng ma trong nhom ang co danh xng hoi co, bao thu ro ret ay lai noi len motnha chnh tr thuoc loai tien tri: ong L ong A, Th k trng cua ang ai VietDuy Dan, thanh lap nam 1942.(1)

ay ta cung gap c tnh ong dang vi khuynh hng ton giao a ban trc,la s phu nhan hien tai, s co ket vi qua kh xa xa va tng lai tot ep cphong ai. Co ieu, vi khuynh hng L ong A, tnh chat a vc co xac nh roret hn: No ch mot khu vc, mot nep sinh hoat, suy ngh vi qua kh chang chtcua mot bo phan dan Viet va mang tnh cach trung ng theo tien trnh lch s,va mang tnh cach a phng bi tnh chat trung ng no ket hp vi s co cumbam chat vao xom lang, ong than, goc a ma cac danh xng co co tac ong tangniem hanh dien cho ong l thuyet gia nay.

Trc 1975, Mien Nam, cac ong ch cua ong L ong A a lap nha xuat banGio ay e in tac pham cua ong. Ten Gio ay chng to cac ong ch e t a namc yeu tnh trong luan thuyet cua ong: ay la t tng quan niem ve mot tnglai huy hoang cua dan Viet ang chu phan khon cung. Khong phai ch la nc Viettrong a vc hien tai ma con la cua mot ai Bach Viet / Hong Viet, mot ai Vietai Nam Hai se lam mot cuoc cach mang nhan chu... phuc hoat lai loai ngi.(2)

Chung toi khong biet g nhieu ve L ong A. Qua li ong Lam Giang NguyenQuang Tr, mot ngi pha Nam ra Ha Noi hoc nam 1940, lam lien lac vien (batthanh) cho Tran Trung Lap ben trong Viet Nam, th L ong A la ngi cungHoang Nam Hung, oan Kiem iem cam mot canh Phuc Quoc Quan tan congLang Sn. Sau khi Nhat hoa vi Phap, Tran Trung Lap lai chien au, b bat, b xt Bnh Chau, con L ong A va hai ngi kia rut ve Quang Tay. Co le s hanhoc oi vi Nhat trong cac tai lieu e lai la phat xuat t s kien nay.

Ong Nghiem Xuan Hong, mot ngi hnh nh co lien he nhieu vi L ong A,cho biet sau khi that tran ong nay a i hoc trng huan luyen quan s Lieu Chau(Trung Quoc), a oc nhieu tac pham cua Ton Van, Khang Hu Vi, Lng KhaiSieu. Cuoi nam 1944, ong phai mot so can bo ve hoat ong vai khu Bac va BacTrung Bo. Sau thang 8-1945, mot so phan t Duy Dan va Phuc Quoc keo qua ngLang Sn, Bac Giang tr ve nc, chiem mot phan tnh Lang Sn va lan can. Theoong Nghiem, Duy Dan chu trng triet e dan toc, gom nhng thanh phan angvien thien ve tr thc, tieu t san, am nong dan (hn ai Viet Dan Chnh) nhnglai la nhng phan t trung, tieu nong ch khong phai la ban co nong.(3)

Ten L ong A ro ret ch la biet hieu, ten chien au v gom lai th o la L Tran,

hai trieu ai au cua nc ai Viet Viet Nam. (Rat t ngi Viet ngay nay biet rangai Viet la ten au tien cua nc Nam Han, nc co ong hoang Hoang Thao bchet Bach ang di tay Ngo Quyen.) Cac tai lieu xuat ban hai ngoai cho bietten that ong la Nguyen Ngoc Thanh, t la Ngoc Tho.(4) Ong Nghiem Xuan Hongcho biet rieng la L ong A sinh nam 1920, ngha la con rat tre khi a ra nhngluan chng on ao ve tng lai at nc. Ong rat ca tung Phan Boi Chau, cong nhanong nay la khi iem t tng, hanh ong cua Duy Dan tc la cua L ong A. La


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ngi cua Quang Phuc Hoi nhng ro rang khong thuoc lp ong du, va v hanh dienvi vai tro lp ngi i sau nen co luc ong chi bi bon xuat dng. Ong co canban tieng Phap nhng suy ngh, phat bieu lai rat la tau chng to tien trnh hnhthanh t tng a b bo gon trong luc a Trung Hoa. Trong cac tai lieu e lai co baiviet ghi 1945-1953 nhng theo ong Nguyen Van Lc, mot lanh tu Quoc Dan ang,trong mot so Thai o(Sai Gon, thang 12-1967) th L ong A a b mat tch 1946(trong nhng vu thanh trng cac ang phai quoc gia cua ngi cong san?) Tuy nhiennhn chung th nen tang suy luan, lap thuyet cua ong hau nh tuyet oi c vietvao nam 1943. Nhng dau hieu nam thang khac han la do cac o e cua ong khaithac ve sau nh ta thay tren sach bao lu vong ngay nay.

Hoi k cua ong Nguyen Tng Bach co ghi lai mot tai lieu quan trong giupchung ta giai quyet van e ay. o la mot ban K trnh (1943) t Trung Hoa give bao cho cac ang vien lien he ben trong biet viec thong nhat cac ang Viet NamQuoc Dan, ai Viet Dan Chnh, Duy Dan. Nhng ngi k ten co ghi ro la NguyenTng Tam, Nghiem Ke To, Vu Hong Khanh va L ong A. Trong K trnh cooan: Mot chu ngha: Duy Dan chu ngha cua Phan Boi Chau oi mi(chung toinhan manh)... Huan luyen: Nhat nguyen hoa chu ngha. Mot ten Duy Dan. Lap DuyDan hoc xa... Tac gia Hoi k sau may mi nam a nhan ra rang cac ang phaiquoc gia hoi o khong co lanh tu co tam nhn xa, khong nhng ch nhng ngitrong nc ma ca cac lanh tu lu vong ngi ta a at nhieu k vong nh NguyenHai Than, Vu Hong Khanh... cung the. Nh vay nhn nhng oan dan trong K trnhtren, ta co the cho rang L ong A a lap c lo trong l thuyet tren, a ra cmot chng trnh hanh ong co au co uoi, co c s triet l lch s, co vien vongcho tng lai... ngha la u sc thuyet phuc cac lanh tu ga m kia chu hp nhat.

Han cac bai viet co thi iem 1943 ma ta co, a c soan ra vao luc nay, luc ongL ong A thay mong tng cua mnh co c thc hien vi so lng ngi tan thanhbong tang len gap boi. Tuy nhien v khi iem tren ma nhn vao cac d oan vetnh hnh the gii sau The chien, nhn ng hng xay dng ai Bach Viet choen nam 2000 vi nhng y tng rat khoa ai, ta co the ghep ong vao khuynhhng cac nha chnh tr tien tri.

Va nha chnh tr cua truyen thong. Truyen thong ai Viet noi bat muon la chuao nhng lai khong thoat khoi truyen thong A ong. Ong co tnh chat cua mot lpnha nho cu luc suy tan: oc nhieu, nh gioi nhng cung bam nhieu vao chi tietcho nen tuy co co gang tong quat hoa e lap thuyet van lo ra s ri rac, lung tung.

Co tr nh tot nen de sinh t phu thong kim bac co (khong ng en nhng sai lac vch bam vao mot luan thuyet nao o), cho nen ong muon lap thuyet bao trum thienha:

Chn mi huan cao quythan khoc;Mi van quy mothuch xieu.(Li e t Chu tri luc)


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Cung la nho na cho ban en li so, co anh hng than b chen vao l thuyetma co luc lai muon gat ra. Nhng la ngi cua the k XX, ong cung b thu hut bi ttng macxt: Trong viec lap thuyet mi, co mot so luan e macxt oi ten (noi batla gio ay, ay tang), trong quan niem thanh lap ang chien au (kieu cua Lenin) tuy la bai bac cong san ro ret. La ngi cua thi ai chu ngha phatxt, song khuvc s quan, quan phiet A ong ng tr, va vi tnh cach tng lanh trong nhng baiban ve chien thuat chien lc, ta thay ong trnh bay y nh thanh lap mot nc onbinh loai ai ong A, pangermanique ai Nam Hai. Co le v v the cua motngi mang nhiet tnh tranh au cho nen oc lap nen mi co s la chon ho lon trenma nong cot ch la bao ong.

T au oc quan s phu hp vi mong tng rat ln, ong khong giau diem rangs kien lap mot chu ngha vt nhan loai cua thi a qua va trong hien tai e danhrieng cho dan Viet, la cua L ong A, va co tnh chat nam tam mc tien tri. Tuynhien y nh ban that rong, that sau, bao trum moi lanh vc lai khien cho ong phaitrnh bay y tng that roi ram, toi tam hnh nh mien tm c t ng co y nghacao tham la u roi.

Lai cung theo thoi quen cua nhng ngi lay qua kh cua mong tng e bienminh cho tng lai mnh muon dat dan theo truyen thong ve mot thi ai hoangkim Trung Quoc, ong A, L ong A cho rang dan Viet thuoc mot chi nhanh khiphat cua nhan loai, giong Aryen, t Pamir toa xuong, i khap the gii. ng dichuyen thay dau vet Bac Trung Hoa (Thai Sn), Dng T, Ngu Ho, Ngu Lnh roixuong Phong Chau va ra cac ao b Nam Hai pha ong nam, qua An, Mien phatay nam. o la ca mot he thong van hoa rc r khong au co ma L ong Amn s Trung Hoa at ten la van hoa Viem Viet va mn cua cac hoc gia Tay

Phng, dung ten van hoa Mon. Thanh th trong l thuyet cua ong, van hoa TrungHoa khi phat rat nhieu t van hoa Mon: ch Han co goc la hoa t cua Mon, Ha oLac th la cua dan Viet, Quy lch Trung Hoa la cua vua Hung. Cac chuyen lay tthan tch, co tch dan gian c ong s dung e khi day long t hao t kieu dantoc, va lam c s lch s cho viec xay ap mot ai Bach Viet trong tng lai.

Thi k phuc hng / phuc hoat cho dan Viet, theo L ong A, chac chan se entrong tnh hnh sau The chien II. Bang nhng ngon t muon la khac la cho phu hpvi t tng mi, ong a ve ra mot ng hng phat trien cua the gii en nam2000. Cac nam 1937-1941 la thi k phe Truc thang the; nam 1946 phe dan chuong minh thang; giai oan 1947-1950 la chuyen hnh k, la thi k chuyen tiep

vao mot nen van minh toan dien, cao cap ma ang Duy Dan cua L ong A se adan Viet vao, roi toan the gii se at ti o vao nam 2000 la thi han cuoi.Lap thuyet vao nam 1943 trong mot nc Trung Hoa b s quan nhung nhieu,

Nhat xam lang, L ong A cung thay ngi Cong san hien dien tren ban c the giinhng Cong san Trung Hoa lai tan Dien An nen tuy ong co bai bac cong san vankhong coi Cong san co thc lc u xoa sach mong c cp chnh quyen cua ong(va xoa than xac ong). Ong coi Cach mang 1917 ch co tac dung tieu cc tren s


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tien trien cua van hoa chau Au, mot th ao qua (inverse hai ch eu cua ong)lam manh moi cho trung hoa van ong, ngha la hng ve hoa bnh. Tuy Congsan mu thong tr ca the gii, ong van cho e Tam Quoc Te la chuoi yeu nhat (!)trong the gii co Cong san, v tuy Nga lap c cac ao quan th 5 cac ncnhng e ngu quoc te co the xuat hien Nga!

Tnh hnh the gii luc bay gi nh the nao e co hi vong xay dng mot tng lairc r cho loai ngi? Theo L ong A, cac dan toc, quoc gia b ap bc theo nhieumc o khac nhau (L ong A ke: Nam M, Canada, Uc, Hoi Hoi, An, Bach Viet,Trung Au, Phap) la ay tang cach mang se noi day t giai phong khoi ach equoc, lam nen hng tam van ong Anh, M, Nga [loi cuon cac nc Anh, M,Nga?] va em en mot cuc the that quan the (equilibre) i oi vi s thoat thai cuamot nen van hoa sinh hoat mi. Tnh hnh the gii ngay mai o c ong dien giaiqua 4 giai oan ma ta chuyen sang loi noi bnh thng th se la: 1/ Cac dan tocthoat ach thuoc a, phu thuoc; 2/ Thiet lap mot nen dan chu chuyen chnh cuatoan dan trong nc; 3/ Nc tng lai se co mot nen kinh te xa hoi hoa; 4/ Cacnc tap hop thanh Lien bang quoc te bao ve hoa bnh. Phai nghe chnh li trnhbay cua L ong A, ta mi thay vi ke khac, l thuyet cong san hap dan la dngnao. Cho nen khong lay lam la khi ve sau, ngoai nhng ke c ao luyen chnhthong nh Viet Nam, cac ang An o, Nam Dng... con co nhng ngi xa hoichu ngha bat cht nh Fidel Castro dien lai vai tro conquistador xong lien nhay lenchiec xe macxt khong ngi lai, khong lay lam la vi nhom quan phiet trong Lienbang Cong hoa Xa hoi Chu ngha Mien ien (Myanmar) tng truy giet Chu tch,Tong b th Cong san Mien, khong la vi nhng lanh tu quan phiet khac xuat hienmuon mang Ethiopie, Mozambique.. cuoi thap nien 70. Nhng Viet Nam a co

ang Cong San, con L ong A th lai khong bang long vi vai tro mot b th chi bocua Quoc te.Con vai tro cua ngi Viet Nam trong tnh hnh o th nh the nao? Dan Viet,

theo L ong A, trong thi ai thnh vng cua van hoa Mon von a tien trc stien hoa cua moi dan toc, nay phai chu le thuoc ngi, at nc kem phat trien,tc cung thuoc ay tang cach mang cua nhan loai, nen se phai vung day theongon gio ay lam cuoc ao lon e kien thiet the gii. Thi c nay that gap gap vthi k phuc hng cua dan Viet, theo L ong A, la phai lam sao cho kp hoan chnht thi iem tac gia viet (1943) en nam 1950, ngha la ch con co 7 nam e bcvao giai oan sau la hoa nhap va dat dan the gii. Nam o ong se vao tuoi 30, tuoi

ay nang ong, sang tao nh nhng li ong ca tung the he nay cac tai lieu Chu triluc, Bong lau.Noi th nhieu, thuoc u moi lanh vc nhng chu yeu cua van e phuc hng dan

toc theo L ong A la nham vao ieu to ln, tru tng hn ma ong goi la phuchoat van hoa, ngha la xay dng lai nen van hoa rc r xa kia theo mot triet lhanh ong ma ta co the tom gon va L ong A cung thu nhan, la Duy Dan chungha, chu ngha cua ang Duy Dan, cua L ong A mn y cua Phan Boi Chau ma


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ve ra hnh dang cu the. T duy dan c dung khap luan thuyet, van oankhong nhng ch noi ve ang co ten Duy Dan ma con xuat hien moi khi co e capen cac y tng vt troi hn tat ca nhng g a va ang hien hu.

Duy dan chu ngha c coi la bao trum ca ba triet l chnh tr, theo tac gia,ang ch ao t tng, chi phoi hanh ong cua cac ang phai tren the gii: duy vat,duy tam va duy sinh. Va L ong A lai tm thay mot y tng tng ong PhatGiao (Thang ngha e), cho la ch ra c tnh chat sieu viet, vt tren moi chungha, nen ong at cho triet l chnh tr cua mnh them mot ten na: Duy dan thangngha. (Thc ra nh ta thay, o cung van la mot th chu ngha, chu thuyet.)

Qua trnh vt troi o c L ong A goi la s tung hp. Theo thong thng thta co the dung ch tong hp, nhng tung hp (hp theo chieu ng) th sat vi quanniem ay tang khi ta theo ong phan tch ve tnh hnh the gii hien tai. Tung hp,tren mat triet l cua ong con la mot suy luan bien chng (duy dan bien chng)gia y thc c coi la ben tren va y thc c coi la ben di l luan ve ieu naykhong c ro rang cho lam. Qua s tung hp c tap thanh, vt moi chu ngha,se lam sang to chu ch duy nhan cua Duy dan chu ngha noi nom na la phuc vucho Con Ngi. Hng ao c nh the c L ong A mn mot t cua NhoGiao ma lai muon ay noi dung cua no len en tot bc cua tot bc, va mang yngha a dat con ngi song thc: Ong goi o la Duy dan cng thng. Thamvong at en nhng g phi thng khien cho ngon ng cua ong khong bat kp noidung, nen co luc no tr thanh m ho lung tung. Loang thoang ay co ri rt cuamot th quan niem ao-kha-ao-phi-thng-ao kieu ngao vi s bat lc.

Triet l Duy dan o i vao thc te to chc chnh tr xa hoi theo L ong A muon,se la cai g? Mot nc ai Nam Hai lien bang thong nhat co trung tam la chung toc

Viet hieu theo ngha phan tch s cua ong th o la dan Bach Viet con lai ngaynay, nhng theo thc te c trnh bay lai la dan Viet ong bang hien tai. Themna, bang thong nhat o lai ung la a vc ong Phap chuyen oi danh tnh saukhi ngi Phap b anh uoi i.

Nc co hien phap, to chc ieu hanh theo nhng c quan co ten mi me (hayla cua Trung Quoc ma chung toi khong c biet), kha rac roi ma ta co the tam goila theo Tong thong che vi tong thong co quyen rat ln; che o mang tnh chat nguquyen cua Trung Hoa hien ai, lai kem them hi hng co truyen cua mot c che klao. Theo nha hoach nh chien lc chnh tr L ong A th noi tr phai theonguyen tac dan chu chuyen chnh; chuyen chnh theo ong la ieu phai co cua mot

cuoc cach mang, nhng v la cach mang co ten nhan chu, mi ve danh xng ma coire lai la cua a phng, nen co kem mot to chc ngi-gia tam mc quoc gia vamot th ng s ai e kem che quoc trng. Cac dan toc thieu so theo tinh thanchung th c coi la bnh ang ve mat phap luat, nhng vi nen tang xay dng acbiet cho Viet toc (ong bang) cua ong th v the cua ho co dang bap benh, khong cotrien vong tot ep cho lam.


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Tuy nhien dan chu hay chuyen chnh th khong phai la xet theo be ngoai cua ccau chnh quyen. Theo doi cac tai lieu giao duc noi bo va ca vai tai lieu mangtnh cong khai, ta thay L ong A, minh th hay am tang, muon thiet lap mot che oang tr xam nhap vao he thong cam quyen quoc gia, va ngay he thong nay, tnhchat quan chnh cung rat ro ret neu khong muon noi la quan phiet. at nc co phattrien, dan toc co hanh phuc hay khong la do ang Duy Dan.

Muc ch gianh oc lap cho nc khien L ong A co thai o bai Phap, Nhatthat de hieu, nhng s thu ghet Trung Hoa c noi en nhieu, rat nhieu va cthay ro la co nguon goc rat sau xa. Nen ngoai giao ve sau chac se cang gap rac roiln khong phai ch vi Trung Quoc, neu c hng dan bang y tng nay: Ta conphong gi ca the gii v the gii ke nao chiem c ta mi xng ba c lau dai.

That ung la y tng cua mot nha tien tri sovanh ln loi, co can ban khong phaich ni mot ngi.

Nhn vao tien trnh lch s chnh tr Viet Nam ket tu en cuoi thi Phap thuoc thang ai Viet Duy Dan cung ch co the la mot ang a phng nh phan ln cacang Quoc gia khac. L ong A a ay manh tnh chat ay hn bang vao ca tnh aphng cua chnh ban than. Nhng kinh nghiem song ngoai quoc (ong ch song Trung Hoa) lai gap s ong dang va c nuoi dng them sinh kh t sinh hoat cuahang t ngi cung chung mot nen van hoa truyen thong ang co chong c vi vanhoa Tay Phng di nhng dang hnh phc tap, ke ca viec chap nhan mi chaovao lam ong minh. Cho nen thuyet ai Bach Viet cua L ong A tuy co mang hihng ong Nam A, macxt nhng can ban van am net sinh hoat than b cua tapthe dan chung ong bang song Hong. Ong khong ng c rang s ci a ch o ho lai

se a ay dan toc en mot thi k Tay Phng hoa, the gii hoa gap gap hn (duvi cac dang hnh khac nhau, c thu nhan hay khong) khien cho l thuyet ong trthanh lac hau nhanh chong ngay ca ben trong vung at nho be ma ong muon laylam kieu mau e m rong ra ben ngoai bien gii co t cuoi the k XIX vi s chiemong cua ngi Phap. S loi cuon hng ve tng lai lai b ang Cong San tcoat, mot ang khoi met oc ngh ra l thuyet, ma tha hng kinh nghiem to chcva s yem tr quoc te, cung vi ca mot thien ng tren mat at u sc thuyetphuc ong thi ca ve l thuyet lan bang quyen lc. Tnh chat ang tr ma L ong Aao c a co ngi thc hien thay; nen dan chu chuyen chnh cua ong ch can themhai ch nhan dan la giong vi y niem chuyen chnh cua mot thi k sach lc tiep

theo cua ngi khac, ngha la van mang hnh anh chuyen chnh cua mot tap oanchnh tr ch khong phai la cua mot giai cap nh nh ngha cua l thuyet macxt mangi Cong san t hao. Va chnh v quan chung a hieu l thuyet macxt qua langknh than b truyen thong, ket hp vi cai t quai g (theo l thuyet chnh thong) toquoc xa hoi chu ngha ma ang Cong San co sc manh vo van cua ho e tuon ohe lu tren toan at nc, dan toc.


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Nhng ngi e t cua L ong A sau 1954 i vao Mien Nam song thanh phocang xa ri t tng co lo, lai gap am quan chung a phng tham nhuan mot het tng than b co kha canh khac, nen khong ket hp c ngi e thc hienmong cua lanh tu. Do o viec in sach cua ong ch dng lai nh mot viec lu gi tailieu lch s. Tuy nhien du sao th nhng y tng chung chung cung de co i songlau dai, de gap s tan ong ca nhng ngi khong cung phe phai. Mat khac tamtnh thiet tha cua mot con ngi dan than vao hoat ong e thc hien mong c toln cung tao c s cuon hut nhng ngi khac, hoac bang hanh ong chnh trhoac ch dng lai phan khai trien ch ngha. Trong hng hau - L ong A o, tagap cac e t cua ong bo gon trong nhng phe nhom nho xuat hien hau trngchnh tr ng thi, va hnh nh co anh hng en mot ngi than cua ke vietnhng dong ch nay. Ta thoang gap mot th t tng nhan chu cac lp hocnhan v Vnh Long co ve la t tac ong cua ong Thai Lang Nghiem, co van motthi cua ong Co van (Ngo nh Nhu).

Luan e ve ngi (Bach) Viet thi co xa co mat tran ngap ca Trung Hoa vi camot nen van minh lam nong cot cho van minh Han toc, khong biet co anh hng gen cac ong Bnh Nguyen Loc (Nguon goc MaLai cua dan toc VietNam,Sai Gon1971), Kim nh (Giao s Triet ong ai hoc Van khoa Sai Gon trc 1975) tronghau het cac tac pham cua ong ma anh hng thay con dai dang hai ngoai ngaynay gia mot tang lp tr thc khoa bang va trung bnh. Co ieu l thu la ongNguyen Khanh Toan, Vien trng Vien Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam, Vien s thongtan cua nc ngoai, cung b hap dan bi cac y tng tng t (qua L ong A hayKim nh? Co le t Kim nh th phai hn, xet theo cung cach ng x cua tr thcMien Bac sau chien thang 30-4-1975). Ong Vien trng vao thi k chong cac cu

ong ch moi rang, trong mot so Khao cohoc (1980), a da vao mot quyen sach codang vo hiep (Vonh nguyen vng cua Kim Dung [?]) e bao rang Lac th la cuadan Viet b Tau lay va nay c mot tac gia Trung Hoa cong nhan!

CHU THCH(1) Vecac ang ai Viet vanhng ngi lanh ao, co the tm thay s lc D. Pike,

Viet Cong, The Organization and Technique of the National Liberation Front of SouthVietnam(The MIT Press 1968), tr. 25.

(2) Trong cac tai lieu cua ong do Gioay xuat ban, chung toi ch co tap Chu tri luc(1969); Th vien Khoa hoc xahoi Thanh phoHoCh Minh cung ch coquyen nay. Ngoai rachung toi con cocac ban photocopy mot sotai lieu anh may cua ong ban ve lch sdan

Viet, l thuyet Duy dan ap dung trong viec tochc ang, tochc quan scp chnh quyen,cai tr at nc, mrong ra en viec cai tao thegii, chen vao oconhng li tam sphantran. Tai lieu nay cophan ch laphac thao, chung toi c Giao s Nguyen Van Trung chomn elam viec cho ong.

(3) Nghiem Xuan Hong, Lch trnh dien tien cua phong trao quoc gia Viet Nam (SaiGon 1958), cac trang 56, 57, 67, 109.

(4) Cu Long LeTrong Van, Lot mat na nhng con tho lo chnh tr (MeViet Nam xb.1991), tr. 409. Nguyen Tng Bach, Viet Nam the k qua, Hoi k cuon Mot 1916-1946(Nxb.


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Thach ng, 1997), tr. 211, cho biet ten khac laNguyen Hu Thanh, nhng hoi k cua motngi ng thi gan vi nhom lu vong Trung Quoc hn (L Thai Nh, Mot thoang mongmanh con nhmai, trong tap hop Khai Hng, K vat au tien va cuoi cung: (1) Hon bmm tien,Phng hoang xb. CA 1997, tr. 215) cung xac nhan ten Nguyen Ngoc Thanh.

(5) Nguyen Tng Bach, sd,ttr. 295-299.

Dau an quoc tevatruyen thongNhieu nha nghien cu a khong la vi tnh chat than b trong quan niem co

truyen ve quyen bnh xa hoi Viet Nam. Khong phai ch gian d la l thuyet vethien menh co luc c s dung nh mot th bien minh. Co ca ong ao nhngtruyen tch huyen hoac ch dan nhng ng quanh neo khuat trong s co xat vithieng lieng, u minh tren con ng tien chiem quyen lc ma qua thi gian chunga tao thanh nep song tap oan. Do o nhng to chc chnh tr cu cung nh mi eula nhng hoi kn am nhat t nhieu. Lanh tu, quan chung ong thi phai song vamat tran the va mat thieng lieng ma co khi khong t biet. Loi song hai mat o

khong nhng cha ng tnh chat than b ve mat an giau ma con mang tnh chat cove b hiem k la trong s chuyen oi trn tru, the hien ni con ngi Viet Nam khiphai chap nhan mat nay hay mat khac cua cuoc song, vao cung mot luc hay khacthi iem hien tng nay xay ra bnh thng en o khong the coi la phan phuc.V the ta khong lay lam la khi mot chu thuyet tien tri quoc te nh macxt anh ongen y tng ai ong, chia cua cong (ton tai) san an sau vao tam thc cua ngidan, th tren con ng tien chiem quyen lc, nhng ngi to chc a gap s hngng nong nhiet cua quan chung trong nhng bieu hien khong mc o cua l trbnh thng va ay mau thuan. Nen oc lap em mot bc gan cho tng lai aiong xa, thoi thuc tnh cam say me bien thanh mot th cuong tng ton giao so

ong ngi, khong phan biet a phng, du dau an a phng van con ay.Cung a ro va ch co ngi Cong san ngay nay phu nhan hoac bao cha la

cac ngi Cong san Viet Nam buoi au eu xuat than t tang lp tren, con chauquan lai, a chu ma s tiep xuc vi cac o th Tay Phng soi suc mot ta phai akhien ho chap nhan con ng gianh oc lap theo loi nay, v no va phu hp vi ythc chiem lai quyen hanh cua gia nh a b tc oat, va phu hp vi s hanhdien dat dan quan chung, dan toc hng ve tng lai hanh phuc theo mau mc cuake s ngay xa.(1)

Tng lai dai hay ngan la con tuy kien thc, tr tng tng cua ngi nambat van e, neu ta bo s thoi thuc cua quyen lc ra ngoai. Khoang trong gia hien

tai va tng lai, gia hien thc va tien tri se c noi ket bang phng tien tuyentruyen va sc manh cua vu kh.

Khoang trong o du sao cung a ngan lai v trong khi ngi Cong san con egiai oan cong san tuy co lui mot bc vi cac danh hieu chu ngha xa hoi,che o dan chu mi, dan chu nhan dan, hay lon song dan chu cong hoa,nhng the gii oc ang cua ngi macxt cung a co cho ng tren qua a caucung vi cac ang ve tinh khap ni mot long tuan phuc trung ng. Cung luc, s cu


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the hoa cua l thuyet a phi bay thc trang thap kem du c che giau k nhng roicung phai lo dang, va s phan ra noi bo dan da tr thanh tranh chap cong khai. Vthe, oi vi mot so ngi, dang hnh xa hoi chu ngha a khong con chung mot mausac na.

T nhng bat ong ve ng loi chnh sach, vi nhng bien ong mi sau Thechien th hai, nhieu nha t tng macxt, e khong t phu nhan, a ngh enchuyen vt macxt e a ra mot th tien tri mi thay the cho tien tri cua ongthay trc kia. Tat nhien phan ln nhng ngi muon vt-Marx khong phai la nhatien tri, cung nh trong so ong nhng ngi co y tng ve chu ngha xa hoi cua thek XIX ch co ong Marx goc Do Thai la a e ra mot l thuyet vi c mong rangqua kh trc ong ch la chuyen tien s. Viet Nam, chung ta co the ngh rang ongHo Hu Tng khi that vong vi macxt, vi tap oan ong t tng ma khac phaiang truy bc va giet hai phe ong, th viec e ra chu thuyet Trung lap che e taothe quan bnh a en hoa ong cho nhan loai khong phai la khong anh hng tnhng tin tng ay day, soi suc cua vung Nam K que quan ong, nhng tin tngma ve sau, vi tuoi gia se lo ra, am net va cong khai hn.

Nhng li tuyen bo va cac tran thuyet nghiem tuc ve Trung lap che xuat hien Paris, Sai Gon trc sau hiep nh Geneve 1954 la ung vao thi iem cho mot lthuyet re ngang a ra cong khai. Cuoc chien tranh lanh a en Viet Nam trongdang oi au thc s, du oi vi so ong dan Viet th no van la cuoc chien gianhoc lap va do o l thuyet cua ong yeu han ve mat thc lc quan chung. Mot pheth ba Viet Nam du ong khong nhan ten o bao gi cung ch la th luc bnhtroi vat v theo song nc cua thi the. Viet Nam la mot nc co truyen thong hoacla (gan nh) tuyet oi phuc tung chnh quyen, hoac la cam gm sung chong lai

chnh quyen, lai vi thi hien ai co mot chnh quyen Mien Bac oc tai va motMien Nam cung phai oc tai (du ta thay thc te khong bang) nh ong a nhan nhkhi a ra lam c s cho s re ngang e cu dan Viet, th th l thuyet cao vi nhcua ong khong co cho ng trong quan chung cung la ieu d nhien.

Trc khi luan thuyet chnh thc ra i khong lau, ong Ho Hu Tng a choxuat ban bo sach-oi Gai nc Nam lam g?gom hai tap Thu Hngva Ch Tap(Paris 1954 [?1949?]). Trong tnh trang in an va lu tr nh Viet Nam ngay nay,chung toi khong ro cac ban thao o nh the nao trc khi c trnh bay rong rai,nhng Tng lai van hoaViet Namxuat ban Paris nam 1949 th a co mot ban in Ha Noi nam 1946 (theo tr nh cua chung toi, vao thi k oc-ma-khong-hieu-g-

ca.) Von xuat than t mot ang phai thao nghe van ong quan chung, ong a bay tol thuyet mnh di hnh thc luan van khau chien, tieu thuyet, roi tien them motbc theo loi tiep can a li (Nam K) la tieu thuyet co chng hoi vi hi hngtieu lam (Phi Lac sang Tau, Phi Lac nao Hoa K, Phi Lac bn Nga). ay chung taco the so sanh vi Giac ngumi nam cua Ho Ch Minh vi ieu khac biet la motong lam Chu tch nc co ang, co quan chung nhat ho van ng, con mot ben la ong


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chnh khach long bong, s dung loi van ci gia la e thu hut quan chung, l mongkhong thanh th cung nen coi ch la chuyen vui gng.

Theo li tuyen bo ve sau, ong Ho Hu Tng cho biet mnh a t bo macxt t1936. Trong Tng lai van hoaViet Nam, chung ta thay ong xac nhan s t bo oqua quan niem chung ve cac isme: [ Tay Phng] co t tng, chu ngha, hocthuyet nao khong b oi lam phng tien, khong b li dung au? (trang 36). S dco tnh trang o, theo ong, v van hoa Tay Phng co cai ma ong goi la quai hoa mot t khong c giai thch them nhng ro rang la mang tnh cach than b masuy t nhng chng dan khac, ta co the coi o la s e cao tnh chat ong Phngao hoc ap dung trong lanh vc chnh tr. Trong Thu Hng,ong a dung y niemthien thi, a li, nhan hoa. ay, Tng lai van hoaViet Nam,ong don tam ttnh cam cho dan nc Viet vi hnh anh con chim Lac tron tuyet ve Nam ch muaxuan ve ma cung ve vi xuan. Mua xuan o, ong a thay (ch mnh ong thaythoi nh ong noi trong Thu Hng, trang 117: ... co le trong bau tri ch co motmnh tao co nhan nh nh the ma thoi):

Toi muon cat tieng ma keu to... muon co mot giong noi that tha thiet... nhngluan ieu that anh thep... e moi ngi cung toi em mot cai vinh quang cha heco tren qua a cau ve cho dan toc ta, dan toc Viet Nam (Li ta).

Ong cho rang oc lap ve chnh tr, kinh te cha u, con phai lo giai phong vevan hoa (trang 18). Van hoa vi ngha ong dung, la van hoa ch thc, oi khangvi van hoa Tay Phng quai hoa: Ta neu len mot sinh hoat tinh than ma kekhac phai chu phuc theo (trang 24). Viet Nam khong the chen lan vi e quoc chungha, khong the canh tranh khoa hoc, nhng van hoa Viet Nam se lam cho ngitr nen NGI (trang 30) va se lan rong ra khap the gii (trang 41).

t ra th ong chuan Cao hoc Toan cua Sorbonne cung gap ong tng Phuc QuocQuan ngap chm trong khong kh l so, quan phiet cho hai ngi cung t phu ladan Viet rong hn, la ngi A ong cung co c vong lam ke xng suat chuthuyet mi e a dan Viet len a v lanh ao the gii, khong nhieu lam th cungla ve mat tinh than, va ieu nay vi ke yeu the th cung u la niem hanh dien roi.Tuy the gii khong quan tam ti hai ong l thuyet gia nhc tieu, nhng Viet Nama co mot ang Cong San nam chnh quyen, va ang thang the, vay ma co ngi laimuon lap thuyet nh ay loai-ngi-co-macxt vao mot thi k tien s na. Khongc. Cho nen trc li keu gao t phu o, khong trach ong e tam Mai Van Bo(1949) a che Ho Hu Tng : noi sang!(2)

Li tien tri ve van hoa con m ho, nhng qua quan iem chnh tr no a cong net ro ret hn. Ong a bay to y tng mnh trong quyen Thu Hng,noi vevai tro cua mot n tr thc trong nhng ngay tien-45. Ten Ho Hu Tng khongc neu len, nhng nh ong t nhan sau nay, con ngi c ve ra: bo tch vamv, tng i nh con kh ot, mat xau x, mieng rong... ung la ong a khoi hai veong. Co the t tng muon vt t ban, cong san a hnh thanh trc nam quyensach xuat ban (1954) nhng khong ro la co vao cac nam 1945 ay khong, v ta khong


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thay danh xng Trung lap che c xac nh cho la l thuyet cua ong, a xuat hientrong sach nay.

Ong khong ng ve pha nao ca (trang 114) bi v theo ong s giai thoat cualoai ngi la mot con ng dan ra khoi che o t ban cua M va che o ang trcua Nga (trang 116). S mang lch s o, ong cho la thuoc Thien thi. Tnh the,theo ong, phai xay ra The chien III. Va tuy khong noi ra nhng han v bom nguyent a xuat hien ma ma ong cho la du Nga hay M thang th van dan en tieu tho:Neu co noi chien cach mang Au M th bao nhieu nen k nghe b pha huy hoantoan nh chau Au bay gi. Cho nen ro rang theo ong, ay la mot th e doa tanthe ma con ng phai vn ra la chuan b lam mot cuoc cach mang giai thoat choloai ngi, lan nay se xay ra t phng ong. o la ieu ma Ho Hu Tng goi laa li. Thi thng ngun mi theo ong, cha thay c (1945?) v cha co ieukien Nhn hoa.

ieu kien o co ve la a en vi hiep nh Geneve 1954. Hay noi ung hn,hiep nh Geneve a Viet Nam ng tuyen au trong cuoc chien tranh lanh, taomot the u thien thi, a li, nhan hoa cho mot ngi Viet nh ong Ho Hu Tngban chuyen tong hp the gii. Ban au? Chac ong khong the ra chien khu VietBac hay Ha Noi e trnh bay l thuyet cua ong vi Bo Chnh tr ang Lao ong hayang baoNhan Dan.Ch con Sai Gon h hong trong giai oan chuyen tiep, va codan chung ngi Viet con hoan canh e ban chuyen chnh tr a nguyen: Lucnao, au th l thuyet cung nay n vao thi k suy tan cua mot che o, tromg motquyen bnh yeu t.(3) Khong the noi en s thui chot l thuyet di mot chnhquyen manh, v le gian d la no khong tng hnh, noi chi en ra i!

Vay Trung lap che cua Ho Hu Tng xuat hien ram ro Sai Gon cuoi 1953,

na au 1954. Ong cung bien minh, giang giai ve ten ong at cho l thuyet mi mat ng trung lap co the gay hieu lam. Trung lap che, theo ong, khong phai la motthai o chnh tr ta thng thay, minh nh v the khong thien ve ben nao trong cuoctranh chap, e hng li hay tranh thiet hai. Trung lap che bao ham mot noi dungtriet l chnh tr, mot chien lc toan cau vt len tren s oi au t ban - cong san,tranh c chien tranh nguyen t, em lai hoa bnh cho nhan loai. Hnh nh kienthc khoa hoc va qua trnh cu macxt a giup ong ay cai theorie decomplementarite t lanh vc vat l, khong nhng qua triet l nh cac triet gia e caothuyet hoi tu, ma con lai m ng qua hanh ong, gi t y niem praxis cua Marxna. Ta ch biet chac mot ieu la ong d tnh tao dng chan th ba cho cai vac the

gii thi nguyen t mi ch co hai chan Nga, M. Chung ta cung khong ro nhngchuan b cua cac v Nguyen thu The gii th Ba cho Bandung (5-1955) co anhhng g trong s lap thuyet cua ong khong.

Tat nhien co the noi ay ch la chuyen cua tieu thuyet hoat ke, nhng khi onge cho nhan vat Phi Lac sang Tau th ro rang ong cung nham vao Trung Quoc, tinrang nc nay co the thc hien cai mong tao lap the chan vac cua ong TrungQuoc ma vi cuoc chien thang 1949 a noi len nh mot nc phng ong co the


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am nhan vai tro lanh ao The gii th Ba ngheo oi, cha hoac mi va thoat ravong le thuoc cua t ban thc dan. Ong cha kp thay cac bc ai nhay vot va scuong loan cua Hong ve binh e kp keo Phi Lac tr ve ma ieu chnh lai mongtng. t ra th en luc sang tac tap truyen noi doc nay, ong ch thay cai mong ncViet nho be dat dan the gii khong co c hoi thanh at, nen ong thu nho c mlam mot th To Tan cua thi Xuan Thu mi, i thuyet giang the gii e tr thanhmot ngi Viet mong c lanh ao nhan loai tren giay in. The ma mong tng duthuyet du a thu nho them e ch nham vao mot phe phai (Bnh Xuyen) trong cuoctranh gianh quyen lc Mien Nam, cung van khong thanh, va suyt na ong a tani v no. Nhng mot khi a chen vao cac tranh chap chnh tr th niem c m vemot th van hoa ch thc, no nam au?

Mot th thach nho khu vc nho hep nh the ang le cho ong thay khong phaide dang tai dien cai the li dung s xung ot Ngo Ngu e tha cho-trong lay KinhChau (theo loi ke Tam Quoccua ong). Sc tran lan cua Cong san the gii a lamnghieng cai chan t ban yeu t phng ong, tran en ca san sau cua M (Cuba1959) th khong con cho nao cho ong dng c cai chan th ba co ten la Trung lapche. Ch con lai at nc va nhng con ngi cu the. Vay ma nhng ngi e tamang nam thc quyen khong the choi cai tren at nc, lai nh tinh than vo sanquoc te che giau c tnh chat no le an tang, nen khong the chap nhan ng loiBandung cua mot ngi Viet m mong. Ve pha Ho Hu Tng, hnh nh s thatbai cua phe e t bam chat vao l thuyet quoc te khien ho ch quanh quan Paris,Sai Gon, Ha Noi, va s thanh cong cua ngi e tam sau khi ho bo ri mot t lthuyet giai cap e ra t Luan cng cua Tran Phu (1930) e noi en dan toc nhieuhn, cu the hn, ieu o a khien ong chuyen oi hng ve dan toc chu ngha.

Nhng ong khong the theo nhng ngi truy bc tan diet cac ong ch cu cua ong.Ong phai theo mot hng khac. Trung lap che ra i trong sau tham nh the chang?nh lam ke hoa giai t ban va cong san ma Ho Hu Tng lai nam trong vong

tay cua the gii t ban th trc khi cham dt i v ngi Cong san, ong cung phaichu lu v he thong chon la, trong o cung co mot ngi cam quyen m mong:ong Ngo nh Nhu.

Khi co s cach biet qua xa gia thc te va c m th mong tng tr thanhhoang tng mong tng con nam au nay cua thc te nhng hoang tng lai cuoi ng c m kia. Tuy nhien quyen lc co the em mong tng cua ca nhan

tr thanh thc te, va do o co bien hoang tng tr thanh mong tng, cha ke ac coi la a thc s trong tam tay vi (cua ao giac). V the tren ng giaithoat cho loai ngi, a dan Viet len (mot) a v lanh ao the gii, ngi Congsan Viet Nam a s dung quyen bnh, thc hien tng cap o trong a me say motth chu ngha xa hoi trong sang, muon bien at nc thanh nong cot gay menCach mang A, M, Phi theo vi cn giat chien thang 54, 75 cung vi nhng li tantung trai tim cua loai ngi, lng tam cua nhan loai t mieng cac anh nha bao


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a tm chuyen giat gan dan en li huenh hoang sau 1975: Chung ta ao tao caTong b th Trung, Nam M. Va en mc o nay th ch co thc te tan nhan mikm ham lai c.

Ong Ngo nh Nhu cung a co nhng bc au nh vay, le tat nhien vi sthanh cong t hn nhieu, qua t e thay ket qua tham thng khong bu lai c vimong c.

Khi chuan b cam quyen ma cha co quyen bnh, trong mot bai dien thuyet trng Vo b Lien quan a Lat ngay 15-8-1952, ong a bay to y tng to chc motchnh quyen vt tren t ban va cong san ma theo ong, se giup cho nhan loai tranhkhoi chien tranh.(4) Long trong mot to chc chnh tr nh the la mot y thc tr venguon: ... Nen van hoa A ong se can tr hay se giup A Chau tien gap vephng dien tinh than cung nh vat chat hau thoa man s nong long cua nhanloai?... Cac gia tr co truyen ay a b lay chuyen khi va cham vi t tng TayPhhng... [V the c]ong cuoc chan hng van hoa A Chau hien nay ro ret la hngve nhan v va nhng gia tr cong ong truyen thong... nhng gia tr truyen thong AChau. ke ca t tng Hoi Giao A Chau co the giup ta xay dng mot xa hoi mi,phon thnh va v nhan...(5)

Ong nhan thay tinh than A ong phat sinh t nhng ao giao (co truyen) vancon manh liet tai thon que. Va o la iem noi ket vi tn ngng cua ong cung lamot ton giao e lam cong viec chan hng lai x s, gi lai tinh hoa van hoa cuadan toc. T can ban tien tri tiem an cua Cong Giao, ong a e xng thuyet Nhanv, muon la cua rieng ong, ap dung vao mot a vc chong cong, vao mot thi iemgay gat anh ong en s mat-con. Tuy nhien, c s ton giao, can ban c tin adan ong en mot quan niem chnh tr qua l tng: Dan chu... khong phai la che

o u ai rieng biet mot hang cong dan nao, bat clat hay lanhieu (tac gia nhanmanh), ma phai la mot che o i oi vi s ton trong moi ngi chung tat ca moingi va rieng moi mot con ngi... Khong phai bat c luc nao cung co the e cacnguyen tac [dan chu] ay i ngh he v nhng nguyen c gia doi. Chien tranh cungkhong phai lamot cchnh ang. (Chung toi nhan manh.)(6)

ay ta lai gap mot s cuong nhiet mi cua mot thanh phan ton giao mi (thatra th cung a cu nhng van con nhieu vng vu gay kho chap nhan), nay muon kethp vi truyen thong cua khu vc, va vi cai the hau thuan cua lc lng TayPhng ong dang mot chng mc, no muon gi a v lanh ao nhng b loi cuonvao cac phng tien, tam l y thc cua khu vc tren ng thc hien chu thuyet.

Chnh v the ma nhng ngi biet thuyet nhan v Phap khong nhan ra ngi anhem ong dang Vnh Long. S phoi hp ong Tay cua ong Ngo nh Nhu trongthc te gap nhng chng ngai to ln. Viet Nam sau Geneve khong phai la ni cuanhng cuoc ban cai triet l, chnh tr trong phong khach, tren cac dien an ai hoc.Chien tranh la thc te ma nhng ngi nh ong lai khong phai la tng lanh. Gianhgiat linh hon quan chung la thc te khac, ma ong lai noi chuyen vi am ong ratd. Du sao ong Pho vng thi mi cung phai luon mong tng kien thiet xa hoi


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cong giao cua mnh vao trong chien lc chong cong theo cac d kien cua thi ai(chng trnh ap chien lc, to chc ang cam quyen) e thang giac bang phngtien con nha ngheo. Va the la ong chu canh lng au tho ch.

T v the ngi A Chau, Eqbal Ahman khong tin tng lai la cua ngi congsan, nhng nhn vao tnh the Viet Nam, ong cho rang trach ong Diem [va ongNhu] a a dan Viet vao cho tuyet vong la khong ung. Ho ch con co sc vungvay ma thoi. Trong vong tay t ban vi cach nhn chu tac ong cua ngon t dan chut san Tay Phng nh ong R. Fishel phan tch, che o Democratic One-ManRule cua ho Ngo du a c bien minh,(7) van phai nhan lanh li cong kch octai gia nh tr. Trong khi o pha ben kia co mot ang Cong San cng quyet thchien khong chia xe chu thuyet cua mnh, va ang tren a thanh cong trc mat vicac ang, nha nc anh em va phong trao ta phai ram ro tren the gii nh song traolp lp. Ngay t can ban l thuyet, oi au vi mot ngi cam gm om sung xocti ma lang nhang noi Phe anh cung co ieu phai ma phe toi phai hn th caithua a cam chac!

Tat nhien la ngi Cong san sau khi thang roi co the xet lai, oi mi vibao nhieu ng quanh quat thut tho co giat nhng bc au la ho phai thang,thang e roi t o moi s se nh la ong ca day dan, ban n thay oi, sang suotngay t au ch khong phai la ng bien tng giai oan, lam theo y kien cua nhngngi mot thi la phan ong. Quyen bnh trc het roi cac l thuyet gia c nuoidng se theo sau. Dan chung gom tron trong tay se la mot th con tin cho s tontai cua che o.

Mot s ieu chnh nh the khong co ong Ho Hu Tng, con ngi khong co

mot v tr ieu hanh thc te e ieu chnh. (Hay bi v suy ngh lech ra ngoai thcte ma ngay t ban than khong la chon c v tr nao trong xa hoi ca?) Sau nhngnam thang dai chu t hnh treo, ta thay khuynh hng than b cua ong boc lo ro ret.Khong biet o la do ket qua can ke vi cai chet lam noi len tnh truyen thong cuakhu vc tham nhuan t luc con tre ma tuoi thanh nien lam ong gat i c, hay ayla ket qua cua thu oan i tm quan chung tac ong ngc len con ngi lanh tu co the la ca hai. Du sao th ta thay tham vong cua ong cung thu hep lai sau 1963 nen ke them mot khoang thi gian sau o khi an t hnh cha xoa ve mat phap l.Ong dng lai pham vi nha van hoa, chi van gin ch vi cach thc noi chuyenthng/ha ngun, luon mong c chnh tr, thong nhat at nc trong the k XX vao

cau chuyen moi lien he truyen i, ham y t ban than ong noi vi nhan vat NguyenHue(8) ma hao quang quyen lc chien thang the k XVIII c hien ai hoathanh thi trang chnh tr nong dan Mien Nam, va thanh phap lenh s hoc MienBac luon lot theo y thc he maot ca tung ban co nong trum len sinh hoat hang ngay ay.

Ho Hu Tng cung la (mot) tieu bieu cho hien tng can so sanh: Con ngi(chnh tr) ca nhan cua che o t ban kh khao hn con ngi ranh ma co he


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thong cua che o cong san von phai song trong khong kh chnh tr la thongsoai.(9) Ong cung biet ngi ta che mnh noi chuyen huyen b nhng van t phula nha tien tri ban c the gii. Bang chng theo ong la t 1945 en 1974 a thehien tng trang mot nhng li ong tien oan, va do o khong co l do g ma khongung, la nhng ngay cuoi thang 4-75 se m au tch cc cho thi k dan toc VietNam se nam a v lanh tu khong co dan toc nao tranh gianh noi, thi k mang tenvan hoa Viet Nam se hng dan nhng dan toc nhc tieu A Chau, Phi Chau vachau M La tinh i vao cai nen van minh th ba cao hn van minh k s cua TayPhng va van minh chnh uy cua khoi cong san.(10) Noi theo ngon t cua tieuthuyet kiem hiep th khi ban theo Truyen Tau, ong Ho Hu Tng a b tau hoanhap ma vi cai khac la khong chet trong ong ma la t trai cai tao.

L thuyet cao cap von a khong de hieu cho quan chung huong na la l thuyetvt thng mang tnh cach tien tri. Chnh v the ma ngi ta hay lc gian e hieunhng g co the hieu c. Cho nen khong the nao ngan ngi ta hieu rang Trunglap che la trung lap, la ng gia. Va thc te cung la ng gia hai chien tuyenthc s, cho nen ngi i vao hanh ong phai chu hai lan an ieu nay ngi et cua Ho Hu Tng, ong NPC (TCD) thau hieu hn ai het v phai chu anh oibang chnh ban than. Co lan Ho Ch Minh a goi Trung lap la iem chnh tr vanc An o v ai than thng (sau nay) a b ang-ta cong kch d doi sau 1947tren bao Cu Quoc. hoi ngh ai oan ket 1961 (Sai Gon), li phat bieu nhac nhve trung lap che gay s la o cua cac chnh khach, cung thi gian co chu trng trunglap moi chai cua ngi Cong san tung ra, tat ca han a don lai, gay nen cai chet vuithay di rach Cat cua ngi thanh nien muon lam lanh tu.(11)

Ngay t khi iem cua l thuyet, macxt a mang tnh chat tien tri khi ve ra mothnh anh hap dan cho tng lai loai ngi. He thong l luan chat che mang danghnh tan tien co sc thu hut manh me, va khi Cach mang 1917 thanh cong th macxtlai co bang c cu the ve ieu tien tri a (bat au) thc hien. at Viet lai la manhat mau m ay mam mong tien tri ch i ket hp. L luan, quyen lc ong thi ioi vi nhau thuc ay sc thuyet phuc manh hn. S t nguyen a c ieu kienhoa ma ngi b ep buoc co khi khong hay biet.(12)

S kem toa cua ngi Phap cung lam tang them c vong. oc lap c nhntheo vong tng cam tnh: at nc sach bong quan thu (ngi ngoai quoc va taysai), khong thue ma, khong co phu lt phat o rac ba bai chang han... L thuyet nao

mang chut l tng, khi gian lc eu giong nhau cho nhng ieu tot ep c gilai va don cho cho nhng phng cach thc hien tho thien nhat. The gii ai ongkhong ai giau ai ngheo, khong ai ap bc ai, t hai giai huynh e... ca mot loat tintng cu long vao au oc con ngi macxt Viet, co sc manh hn v c themvao bang nhng luan c hien ai mang sc me tn mi (khoa hoc) co tam mc thegii. Hai Trieu Nguyen Khoa Van (1908-1954), ngi macxt noi danh trong cuocbut chien nghe thuat v nghe thuat hay v nhan sinh vao na sau nhng nam 30,


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tng co ong thuyet ai ong mi (hieu la macxt), lay l le rang chu ngha kiem aicua Mac T chang han a that bai la v ke no ngi oi, ke sng ngi cc khongong eu o thoi.(13) Va li m au Tuyen ngon oc lap 2-9-1945 nhac ngay enTuyen ngon oc lap cua Hoa K khong phai ch v Ho Ch Minh muon o be ngiM ma con v s cong hng cua tac gia vi cau: Moi ngi sinh ra eu bnhang... Nhng ngi dan luc bay gi cha c nghe quyen bnh mi bien minhrang muon co bnh ang phai co ap bc, co nen chuyen chnh cua Giai cap cho enhet thi k qua o khong hen ngay cham dt.

S bat chc mi, m ra bang con ng mon ngan nam cu a ong khunghng suy ngh cua ngi Cong san Viet. Loi hoc kinh ien cua nho gia c thaybang cach tung kinh ien macxt. Trongng kach menh(1927), Nguyen Ai Quockhong ch m au cho loi noi lay c bay gi ma con cho thay mot cach hocthuoc long sach v long macxt, bnh dan hoa l thuyet duy vat lch s ve cach mangt san:

cho nao chu quyen ve tay bon quyen quy ay no oi vi nhan dan no coinh trau nh ln, no bat yen mot cho e cay ruong cho no, no oi vi moi ngii buon th hang hoa no muon lay thue bao nhieu th lay... i lai phai xin chung nocho phep, no lam nhieu cach tr ngai cho viec mua ban.

a chu het sc ngan tr t ban mi, t ban mi het sc pha a chu, hai benxung ot thanh ra cach mang t ban.(14)

Va ay la hnh anh mau thuan gia t ban va vo san:V du mo than Hon Gay th lam moi ngay 11 gi... mot ngay ch c ba

hao, an khong u an mac khong co mac, au khong co thuoc, chet khong co hom...Con anh chu mo ay khong bao gi nhung tay en viec g ca.

Loai l thuyet tham nhap thc te Viet Nam nh the se la t tng nong cotcua ang lanh ao em pho bien mai cho en thi gan ay vi mong c a dantoc i vao vong hao quang cua nhan loai mi. Ma the gii ay, theo ong, t 1917 aco that mot phan roi:

Trong the gii bay gi ch co cach mang Nga la a thanh cong, va thanh congen ni, ngha la dan chung c hng cai hanh phuc, t do, bnh ang that...(14)

Loi tin tng mang mc o ton giao o gay nguy hiem ban than cho ngi naonoi trai lai khi ang cam quyen roi. Con khi ang cha co quyen th ngi bai backhong co s kien trc mat e lam bang c, ma vien dan en tnh hnh Lien Xo xaxoi th cung ch dng lai chuyen oi co phe pha, khong the thuyet phuc c ke a

tin. Nhng ngay gii han nay, cac tn o mi cung to lo phan ng that gay gattrong nhng ngon t lan lt kho thay mot cuoc tranh luan ch ngha bnh thng phan ng nay la dau hieu bao trc (ma cha ai thay) mc o s dung quyen lchoi sau. Dau hieu phe phai qua quat va trao tr ro ret khi ong Hai Trieu tranh luanvi Hoai Thanh a vien dan A. Gide thuoc phe v nhan sinh v (Gide) ngay nay laang vien cua e tam quoc te (1935), roi lai to cao cai tam l phan trac cua nhavan hao a viet ra quyenRetour de lURSS... e tay trong tay ngoai lat o cai nen


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van minh nhan ao cua loai ngi... bang nhng li vu cao hen mat... cua mot bonbat lng.(1937)(15) Chung ta cung co the hieu mot phan tam tnh nong nhiet cuaong Hai Trieu oi vi cong trnh v ai ng kien thiet Lien bang Xo viet khioc hoi k Ba nam Nga Xo viet tren 43 so cua t Tin tc(1930) Sai Gon, tacgia la Tran nh Long (1904-1946), ngi c ang Cong San Phap gi i hoc ai hoc ong Phng (Lien Xo). Nhng ieu ma sau cn bang hoang nh cci troi, cac nha viet lach ngay nay goi la ngay th e bao cha cho qua kh vabien minh cho quyen bnh hien tai, thc ra a la tn ieu va thong soai mot thi,gieo rac tham hoa vi y thc han hoan tong o cho khong biet bao nhieu ngi, vaong thi cung la sc manh lam nen chien thang trong suy kiet cua at nc.

ong vai tro bo phan cua mot tien tri ln, ngi Cong san Viet Nam tap trungvao viec thc hien chu thuyet tren at nc mnh, dan du tng bc cach mang dantoc dan chu roi cach mang xa hoi theo mot nguyen tac cng coi, khong buong thatin tng, trong o co khong t sc y cua s co chap truyen thong di dang tchng mi. S d phong vao tng lai phoi hp vi k thuat tuyen truyen khuyendu thay noi bat vi con ngi cao nhat: Ho Ch Minh. Pha hoai e kien thiet, t canban l thuyet xoa bo can ban xa hoi cu, xay dng xa hoi mi c chuyen qua hnhanh cu the hn cua cuoc khang chien tieu tho vi li ha hen cua ong Chu tch(1947):

Toi lai tran trong ha vi ong bao rang: Khang chien thang li roi toi se rasc cung ong bao sa sang tu bo lai het. Chung ta se lam nhng ng sa cau congkheo hn, nhng nha ca tot hn va xng ang vi mot dan toc oc lap t do hn.

Pha thanh pho lam mat dau vet thuoc a, pha nh mieu, cac nha t ng tgia, pha thanh quach (thanh nha Ho, luy Thay, thanh Bnh nh...) la xoa dau vet

phong kien, nh the chien tranh cung la dp giup de dang cho viec thc hien chuthuyet. Ma day, dau an tam tng truyen thong ve s pha-sach a lan at khacanh chon la, tiep noi von cung a co ngay chu thuyet. ieu pha sach nay cbien minh bang s cap thiet cua chien tranh trong muc ch gianh oc lap cao ca,nhng thc ra lai van thay tiep noi trong thi bnh, cung mot y thc hng dannhng bang bien minh khac, co tuyen bo hay khong: ao ma Tay Tau Ngu MienNam, di mo ma, tap trung en chua, t ng Mien Bac goi la e lay at canhtac.

Khong lau, hai nam sau li keu goi ngan ngui kia, ong Chu tch them bien phapthuyet phuc qua loi van ong quan chung, bang cach dung the van tieu thuyet d

tng thuc ay m mong gan vi s tnh hn: Quyen Giac ngumi nam di tenTran Lc ra i vi nhan vat la mot anh bo oi b thng, thiep i trong mi nam,thc day thay at nc oc lap, kien thiet huy hoang.(16)

Chung ta khong ro chien khu Viet Bac, Ho Ch Minh co oc Rip van Winklecua Washington Irving (1783-1859) hay khong. Tac pham co nhan vat mang ten oxuat ban nam 1819, c tai ban nhieu lan va c coi nh la tac pham e i cuanha van hao M.(17) No a c chuyen qua the opera di ten Rip,dien lan au


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Phap nam 1884 va rat noi tieng London. Kch nghe von c quan chung tanthng va nh lau hn tieu thuyet. Nhng ngay Phap lau dai va Anh ngan nguihn, khong biet Nguyen Ai Quoc co chop c Ripni cau chuyen thoang qua naokhong. Ta cung co the ngh en giac mong hoang lng, Nam Kha, nhng noi dungtrong mong dan en oan ket nao ne that vong cua cau chuyen ong Phng laikhong hp vi s phan chan ma tac gia Giac ngumi nammuon co sau khi tnhgiac.

Viec at vai chnh cho nhan vat la mot ngi thieu so han la hp vi cong tacdan van trong luc chnh phu an tron tren nui rng Viet Bac, nhng s keo lui ocung co tac dung la nham e s tien bo noi bat len. Noi bat t tiem thc na la anhen choi chan lam loa mat ngi va tnh giac. Khau hieu cua Lenin: Chu nghacong san la hp tac va ien kh hoa a c ghi nh, bay gi cho long vao tacpham, cung nh se c in tr mai vao luc cuoi i trong di chuc m tng en ientang(?!) lai cung la mot cach noi gi y, gi hnh to ln vt bc, gay khch onghn la ch mot cai g cu the, cach noi tng la bnh dan hoa nhng y tng cao xae en vi dan chung di quyen, nhng that ra la che giau luon ca cai khong bietcua ngi cam quyen. ieu ang chu y la cach noi nay rat pho bien trong can bo (ca cap cao, en tan ngay nay) nen co li che: Noi nh VeM.

Tat nhien ngi ta phu nhan tnh cach me tn (ien kh) cua Ho Ch Minh nhngchung ta thay c s no nam trong loai ngon t, truyen xa tch cu, nhng tin tngma ong a to lo trong nhng trnh bay, hoat ong chnh tr mang tnh bieu dien.

T nam 1925, khi chon hat nhan cho to ang cua Viet Nam Thanh Nien CachMang ong Ch Hoi, ong a chu toa buoi hop ket nap ang bang mot le cat co gaan the co net hoi kn cua nhng tap hop anh ch nhng thanh th phng ong

chuyen qua van minh c kh. Trong bai viet trnh bay ve con ng dan en chungha Lenin(18) c nhac nh khap ni cua cac nha bao, hoc gia the gii, ngi tac nhan manh ung theo dung y cua ong ve can ban dan toc trong t tng cua ong.Ngi ta co le ong hoa s soi noi bay to trong bai o vi nhiet tnh nhan loai noichung. Nhng mot so ngi cung ong Hoang Van Ch a lu y en dau hieu thienve than b va mot nhiet tnh en mc ton giao rieng biet cua ong.(19) Trong baibao kia, ta thay mot Ho Ch Minh giac ngo,va loai tam tng tn o nay khongnhng a ong khuon l tr cua ngi lanh tu ma con loi keo theo am quan chungkhong the thoat khoi tn ieu na. Cau chuyen Sach c trong than tch Tan Vienmuon a thay L ong A, bay gi la Ho Ch Minh. Cuoc song tron lanh lam am

net them con ngi b an cua ong, va tao net huyen b cho hnh anh nha cach mangNguyen Ai Quoc ma ong a li dung nhuan nhuyen luc mi nam chnh quyen 1945-1946.(20)

Cung mot cach bay to o, To Hu noi en Mat tri chan l choi qua timchngto s dan than ban au cua ngi Cong san khong phai bang s bien biet cua l trranh re ma la qua s chap nhan cua tnh cam:

Lien Xo, Trung Quoc vi mnh anh em,


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Tnh than mau chay ruot mem...Va cung bi s yeu kem cua l luan va s loi keo cua tnh cam o ma ta thay co

cac ng loi bat chc hung huc sau nay, van dung phoi hp vi mot th cngcng bao thu en cung cc, lay sc manh cua a so con nam trong Bon ngan namvan hien, dan du ho m c chuyen mi nam sau, keo dai en ba mi nam xngmau ng ngang e at ti hnh anh c tng la khong the nao co hn:

ng ta rong thenh thang tam thc!To Hu

CHU THCH(1) Hoang Van Ch vaD. Pike anhan ra VNQD vosan hn ang Cong San. Nhng

nhan vat tam tieng goc quan lai laHoCh Minh, Pham Van ong, Tran Phu, Hoang VanThu... V themi cochutrng vosan hoa hoi nhng nam 30 mathc ra phai c hieu laban cung hoa. (Xem cau chuyen c tieu thuyet hoacua Nguyen Van Nguyen Tnh trongtu- 1935, tap hop Thang Tam tri manh thu,1987, tr. 173-174.) Lu ynhan nh cua s

gia Andre Siegfried (1875-1954): Trai tim cua giai cap trung lu Phap phe (pha) Tanhng hau bao lai phe Hu.Cac hoi k cua Viet Tha, Tran Van Giau cho thay hoat ong cua cac sinh vien taphai

Viet Nam tai Phap vao thap nien 30. Chnh tnhng nam nay aao tao cac nhalanh aoetam, ethoat ong tch cc Nam K trc Thechien II, nhng hoat ong t nhieu gcung languyen nhan dan en stieu diet phai etkhi ngi etam len nam chnh quyensau thang Tam 1945. Mot taphai cac trng ai hoc Tay Phng lam phat sinh nhieungi tot nghiep ay rat hang say, tien bo, v dumuon mang laBaNgoBaThanh nhandanh nhng ngi tng song cac nc t ban ebenh vc cho cheooc ang vao lucngay canhng ngi day cong cung athay phan van (1991). Banay dusao cung ch lamotthhang than l lao, trong luc nhng ngi cothc quyen nh Pol Pot... acho ngi dan

Cambot biet thenao lamot cheotrong mesang cua nhng con ngi l tng.(2) Cothethay mot dang noi sang khac chnh nhng ngi macxt vathien tam hotrc 1945, va am net ni nhng ngi chong oi Mien Nam cung cac Viet kieu yeunc trc 1975, ac chng minh sau o. Cac nha luan thuyet, cac lanh tu ln nhoc snang cua a v mi, cothetiep tuc noi sang makhong ai dam ch trch, nhngnhng ngi ngoai ang, mot sonhavan, nhatr thc lai thay hut hang trc thc tai kinhhoang khong tot ep nh trong cn m cua mnh. Vathelatru lac tan ta(nh TheNguyenmay ra luc chet dc mot bai bao nhac ti). Con nh ong VuHanh th tuy khong tphunhanecon tc gian: Khong can rong ran g het! (ngha latchoi moi thay oi theo hng aicung thay can phai co) nhng cung chua xot xac nhan nhavan b vien chc hoa (tranh chvan no cua bon phan ong) roi viet bao hnh s, day do ao c, ban thuoc nam ch

khong sang tac g them ngoai quyen in lai sach cuesong vi vinh quang xa. Sthc tnhocung thay ni cac Viet kieu yeu nc trvephuc vusau 75, congi khong an nhanchthi c th luon lot era ngoai lai, congi lieu than vi bung cabien, ch may manhn lanhng ngi than trong ve tham roi lai ta i, moi mot lan kinh nghiem lamot lan rirt long nhiet thanh roi tng bien theo t theViet kieu cua mnh. (Tom tat cothexem baiphong van ong Lng Chau Phc [Canada] trong oQuyen, Nhn cay thay rng, Nxb.Van ngheCA 1997, ttr. 199-230.)


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(3) at van e: Trieu Tien / ai Han sau cuoc nh chien 1953 conay sinh mot HoHuTng khong? Ngoai nguyen nhan khi au chien tranh khac Viet Nam, Trieu Tien cohaiphe, hai a vc chia cat ranh re, hai khu vc cung nam sau trong mot vung chuyen che(Nhat vi quakhphat xt con gan, Trung Hoa vi quakhquan phiet gan vaoc tai CSmi, vaLien Xo, kecashien dien cua quan M). Con Mien Nam comot mang tdo Tay

Phng gay d ng tren mot nen tang mot at nc dehng vechuyen che coket, do o,nh athay, cac thanh th Mien Nam trthanh ni bat an, deovngay tben trong. Vieccac l thuyet gia ln nho, cac chnh khach ngay th, ngnghech maon ao phai im hi langtieng Mien Nam, hay boi sau 1975 achng toieu o. So vi tnh hnh trc kia th cotheung vi cau Mem nan ran buong. Vacung lachuyen khoi hai cua nhan thekhi sinhvien ai Han bieu tnh ram rotuan hanh ra bien gii, kecatthieu oi thong nhat at nc,thong nhat vi phan at cochungha xahoi cha truyen con noi, coong chutch - hoang e,congi dan, theo li phong vien Temps nouveauxthap tung theo Gorbachov, thay nhanayphai nhn suot qua nhakia ecanh chng nhau!

(4) Cong Giao vi hoabnh, Xa hoiso1 (8-2-1953), trang 4 vatiep theo. Cung latailieu cua GS. Nguyen Van Trung a oc.

(5) Tap ch Que hngso2 (8-1959), ttr. 11-20. Goc tai lieu nh tren.(6) Cong Giao vi hoabnh adan.(7) Marvin E., Suzan Gettleman, Vietnam History, Documents and Opinions on a

Major World Crisis (New Americain Lib. 1970). Trch dan Eqbal Ahmad trang 400, E.Fishel trang 228.

(8) Xem Li Bat cua ong cho sach Ho Thm Nguyen Hue Quang Trungcua NguyenNgu .

(9) Hay xem trng hp cua am ngi thuoc lc lng thBa h hng tng senamc chnh quyen sau thang 4-1975 echo ong ai sNguyen Xuan Phong voi vabay venc nham chc! Mot giao vien trai cai tao khi c hoi tai sao Mien Nam khong trung lapnh cac li tuyen bove trc, a that tha tra li: ang sbon t san nam quyen th kho

tr!(10) Theo mot tai lieu roneo 3 trang phat ra luc ay, noi rang ay lacuoc phong van ong

HoHu Tng sau ngay Tong thong Thieu tchc. Thc ra coveay lacuoc phong van giaeong trnh bay ykien vethi cuoc.

Theo dan chng cua BaHoHueTam, lay thoi k cha in cua than phuth ngay tlucmi lien hevi et, ong HoHu Tng trong ban thao th cua nhom trostkit Viet gi choTrostky a khang nh (1930): Trung tam cach mang thegii achuyen t Au sang A,nhng nhng ngi co trach nhiem a gat oan van lac-dao ay i. (Hue Tam Ho Tai,Radicalism and The Origin of the Vietnamese Revolution,Harvard University Press 1992,tr. 240) Chung ta khong ro tnh chat hoi tng colam ong lan lon hien tai (1969 luc viet) vaquakhkhong.

(11) ay ch lasuy oan rieng, khac vi cach giai thch cua ngi ng quyen vadluan. Ngi viet khong hechen vao cac hoat ong chnh tr cua gia nh.

Ngi ta th Nga, ngi ta theo M, ngi ta da chi chi,Em than Viet, ch da vao giong c Trai, noi Nguyen Hue.(Chm Chau, th Nguyen Ngu 30-11-1963)(12) Hay xem cau tra li cua ngi khung Nguyen Ngu khi Lu Hu Phc nh tnh

ong ch thi Thanh nien (1943-44). ru re: Hay laNguyen hay cung vao Thien Thai viLu mot chuyen?:


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... Thien Thai khong cotnh ngi...Nhath han con nhnhng cuoc tan sat Quang Ngai maanh abiet vacolan bay to

trong mot man kch cng ay, luc bay gi hanh ong khien anh suyt vechau tien toneukhong nh mot an ngha cu cu vt. (Chu nam 2004: Li on, than phuNguyen Ngu /Nguyen Hu Ng, ong Nguyen Hu Hoan, laban vi ong Phobang Nguyen Sinh Sac, nen

khi thay cau Nguyen Tat Thanh lang vang Sai Gon ong amang, ai khai, bao i ra ngoai,chloanh quanh xonhana. Chuyen nay trong quyen tieu sveNguyen Ngu xuat ban TP. HoCh Minh ab loc bov cohai cho truyen thuyet ra i tm ng cu nc cuaLanh tu. Tuy nhien cung v moi lien hexa maNguyen Ngu thoat nan Quang Ngai nhong Pham Van ong laai bieu cua chnh phuLien khu V / Mien nam Trung Bo luc baygi.)

Ngi Cong san cothebien minh rang nhng chuyen tan sat ch lacua thi lon xon lucban au, chban chat cua chungha cong san lanhan ban. ieu nay cothedung ebac bonhng ai buoc toi ngi Cong san khong conhan tnh nh nha th bay to. Tuy nhien cainhan tnh mangi Cong san muon noi lai laesdung cho tng lai, con trong hien tai thlai cotnh chat phng hoi, phe phai, canhan rat mc: thng yeu ngi cung phe vi mnh,

ngi trong mot giai oan c lanh ao hay tnh theghep vao cung phe vi mnh. Tonay sinh ra tnh trang tr trai lam mat, xoay chuyen ngay gia cac ong ch vi nhau, ratkhogoi lanhan tnh.

(13) Bao Tieng danngay 11-3-1933. Trch tHong Chng, Hai Trieu Tac pham(TP.HoCh Minh 1987), tr. 33. Cothetm thay voso bang ctng tvequan iem macxt langman cotac hai ln vesau nhng tap hop nh loai nay, xuat hien sau 1975 v phng tien inan doi dao.

(14) Ho Ch Minh toan tap,tap II (HaNoi 1981), cac trang 183-185, 206.(15) Ban vecung mot van e, Nguyen Van Nguyen (Nhan bai AndreGide va chungha

xahoi [cua Hai Van]: tieng chi tha trong Thang Tam... sd, ttr. 130-141), ong nay vanca tung Stalin, benh vc Lien Xonhng lai giai thch thai otrccua Gide mot cach thong

cam hn. Gide con b tai nan en gan ay khi mot nhavan Mien Bac covan cho mot ngi Sai Gon, bao khong nen nhac ti Gide trong mot bai viet nho.

(16) Xet vemat van hoc (t san), ay laquyen sach nhat nheo, vov nhng lai lamotmau ien hnh cua van hoc hien thc xahoi chungha Viet Nam luc bay gi trong cao traovan ong cac nha van lam ca dao, ho ve e thuc ay quan chung phuc vu khang chien.Quyen nay khong thay in lai cac Tuyen tap, Toan tap (HoCh Minh) cua cac nam 60, 80han v dphong sai cua no.

(17) Rip van Winkle lay mot covkhotnh, anh ch thay cothuvui lai san soc trongrng. Luc anh ang ngam canh th congi en loi i nhap bon uong ru roi ngusay. Khithc day anh thay mnh van ng chocunhng tren bang hieu, hnh vua Anh athay thebang hnh Tong thong Washington, con gai chuquan lay c chong giau, con vanh a

chet tlau. Thoat nan!(18) Bai viet tren mot tap ch Lien Xo thang 4-1960, vaa vao Ho Ch Minh Tuyen

tap, Toan tap, hay v dunh tap hop Marvin E. Gettleman adan.(19) Hoang Van Ch, Du colonialisme au communisme LExperience du Nord

Vietnam (Dialogue 1994), tr. 57; D. Pike, sd, tr. 10: No other world leader in moderntime is as enigmatic as Ho Chi Minh.

(20) Ong cung ieu chnh nhng li on ai bang cach viet tieu scua mnh (k ten TranDan Tien) cho c quan ang an hanh (1949), nhng nh thecung latao them mot tam man


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h ao v s mn ten kia. Theo ong Tran Trong Khac thuoc lp ngi ong du, th ongNguyen alay ten HoCh Minh cua ong HoHoc Lam enam quyen lanh ao Viet Minh lucbay gitren at Trung Quoc (Hoi k Hai mi nam hai ngoai,1970, tr. 45). ieu nay covechung mot tam l vi li truyen tung rang lanh tuKim Nhat Thanh cua Trieu Tien hien taicung lay ten tmot lanh tukhang Nhat amat.

Cn mong du Ba mi namS ket hp cua tang lp lanh ao (c quen goi la ang) va quan chung, c

ang Cong San e cao nh la mot tnh chat can ban lam nen sc manh cua ho:Nhan dan mot long theo ang. Tuy nhien s ket hp khong phai la trn tru vabao trum nh nen van chng phuc vu a gi nen.

Nhng can bo lp au cua ang vao nhng nam 20, 30 va au 40 con rat ganvi ban chat va cuoc song thon que tat nhien am net truyen thong en hoi tan ra Bac va Bac Trung Bo. Ong Trng Chinh, dong doi a chu va khoa bang, theoli o e, trong thi k tron chay a gia dang lam thay l, thay hng va qua mat

c mat tham tnh thanh, ieu o khong co ngha la ong a xuat than nhap vai mala chnh t le loi suy ngh, cung cach hoat ong cua ong a co dang nh the. Tnhchat k muc giup ong tron chay khoi ke thu thanh pho se van ton tai trong ngiong, tng luc tng luc theo a v cao hn ma phat lo trong nhng li quat nat nhngke khong ong y (nh vi nhom Tan van hoa e t) va trong viec s dung quyenuy v the tot nh trong cai cach ruong at, thi k ap dung chu ngha maot hpvi niem say me than phuc Mao Trach ong khi ong chon biet hieu cho mnh.(1)

Nh a noi, tnh chat mong huyen cua macxt c cac nha l thuyet thi ay tiepthu phat bieu vi mot chng mc khoai cam xuat than trong kieu noi huenh hoangnam vng chan l cua ho ma ngay nay co ngi t phe la a co quan niem ngay

th ve chu ngha xa hoi. Con hnh anh cua ang nhn t ben ngoai vao cung amnet than b hn: Ta gap mot nhan vat trong Giong to(Vu Trong Phung), ong gia HaiVan cc ta co dang k quai, khoang at, biet ca thoi mien t hai ngoai ve giaiquyet gon ghe an thu roi ch tau i trong mot em dong bao.

mot khu vc ac biet hn vung Nam K th tang lp tr thc cong san laa chu, ong lang hay con chau a chu ong lang, nam trong khong kh hoi knThien a Hoi, tham nhiem Truyen Tau, van khong thoat khoi vong huyen b, nentao c s xuyen suot vi cac tang lp ben di. Ong Tran Van Giau viet sachday triet hoc duy vat bien chng a dan Phong than, Tay duthay cho Promethee,cho he thong than thoai Hi La cua cac nha kinh ien phng Tay. Ngay nay ta con

gap cac biet danh anh Ba, anh Nam, ch Sau trong he thong chnh quyen trong he thong ang th thng xuyen, t nhien hn. o la cac th bc cua Thiena Hoi, cua bang ang t tnh chat gia nh chuyen sang. Chung ta gap nhngngi t ong thanh cong san trc khi c to chc ang cong nhan, va nhngngi nay lai ket tap theo lien he ba con than thuoc, lang xom, lang gieng nongthon. Ba to chc cong san rieng biet trc khi c thong nhat, chng to co s gan


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bo vi ba vung ln cua at nc ma chnh ngi ben trong cung hanh dien ve srieng biet cua mnh: Thang Cong san Nam K nao cung co mau du con...(2)

Cho nen khi ang giau bt cai vo tranh au giai cap d tn th ung la co slien ket nhuan nhuyen ve mc o sinh hoat, tinh than xuyen suot t nhng ngiCong san bat au cac lanh tu en cac tang lp dan chung, trong mc otruyen thong cap thap Viet Nam di thi Phap thuoc, va c lu gi mai ve sauv hieu qua cua no. V the trong hnh anh h ao cua nhan vat Nguyen Ai Quoc, cacong gia mi thay mat v Chu tch nc co hai con ngi. Con Nam Bo th hnhong Chu tch phai c thnh, lai phai la hnh ci, ngha la co gia tr cua mot loaibua phat tai, phat loc.(3)

Vien anh oc lap nang cao gia tr cho loai tin tng nay, va xa hn na th comot thien ng ha gii Lien Xo c ngi Cong san cho xam nhap vao danchung nh mot chon la u viet va nhat la, khong con ng loi nao khac: Th chra xem, co che o nao hn chu ngha xa hoi nao! ngi bo oi bnh thng nam1975 a day cho mot ngi Sai Gon nh the.

Bc ket hp hai muc tieu: oc lap va chu ngha xa hoi, c len vao au ocdan chung theo vi trnh t ang cung co chnh quyen va the gii cong san banhtrng tren cac luc a. Khong the co mot to quoc Viet Nam khi khi ma phai la toquoc Viet Nam xa hoi chu ngha. Ngh, lam trai vi chu ngha xa hoi la phan boi toquoc. Ai khong nhan ra ieu o th phai ben kia ranh gii cua s dung th. Vane con lai cua nhng ke o ch la s lanh chan hay cham bc ma thoi. Cho nen gianh khong co Trung Quoc th van phai co cuoc thanh trng tren toan quoc kieuStalin. Nhng Mao a thang nam 1949, va he thong on bot cua Phap ong bacdo o a b dep bo nam 1950, th chu ngha maot tran vao Viet Nam khong phai

ch la s ong cam van hoa ma con la sc e cua lc lng Van l trng chinh. Coieu uy tn lanh ao dan toc cua ngi Cong san khong suy suyen oi vi ai bophan dan chung, bi v a co s phan biet y niem dan toc xa hoi chu ngha (phe ta)va dan toc t san (phe ch) cung hieu qua cam quyen phoi hp, khien cho khong aico the (va dam) dung luan c chungha thc dan kieu miap dung cho chnh phuHo Ch Minh c, mac du ay la kieu hoan hao nhat. Cho nen ket qua la chnhsach giam to, giam tc, phong trao chnh huan, cai cach ruong at... kieu Mao cthi hanh vi s triet ha mot lp ngi co lien he vi the gii van minh Tay Phngva s noi len mot tang lp Ch Pheo, Th N c tung ho. am tr thc, van nghes thanh pho mac vao qua kh phai ngam ngui ci lot, lung tung lam vai bai van th

tan tung quan iem Giai cap e cu lay than, khong u sc san xuat ra mot Bachmao nnoi hoa e phuc vu ma ch i theo chng kien e t ran e. Ca ben ngoaia ong v chien tranh, ke noi thu von co lien he vi ben ngoai ve mat t tng ab dep bo, t ay ch co mot truyen thong ao vai chan at cu the, va nhng thantng mi.(4)

Trnh o thap xuong nhng hien than cua l tng a c keo gan lai, hap danhn thi Phap thuoc. Chien tranh mt mu khoi la chang ai biet Lien Xo la au


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nhng tieu thuyet Lien Xo a c dch, trong o v Chu tch ranh rang bo congchuyen ng quyen Tnh uyb matmang cai ten ay quyen ru, ham cha mot khongkh an khuat hao hung. Vi ngi dan thng, s sung tuc cua Lien Xo thay ro quali on, ai loai con bo co cai vu chu vi en bon met. Va cu the hn, la phngphap cay nhau Filatov than k cha u ba benh, pho bien en tan chien khu NamBo, hap dan ca ngi trong thanh lan loi tm vao. Nha khoa hoc am ra co dangong thay phap, ong ao, giai thch chuyen mon bang cong thc khoa hoc nhnghanh nghe trong khong kh than b! Gan hn na la nc Trung Hoa v ai oi vita nh moi vi rang, th ngi can bo lp chnh huan bao rang chang co mot hang tban nao cua Anh u kha nang mua so lng long heo cua thng nghiep TrungQuoc thu nhat trong mot nam.(5)

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