úÿ,sh W,am;a

Springs of Electricity A reference towards a sustainable development

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úÿ,sh W,am;a ;srir ixj¾Okh i|yd úu¾Ykhla

Springs of Electrical Energy A reference towards a sustainable development

pñkao ch;=x. wdrÉÑ Chaminda Jayatunga Arachchi

2005

1

fmrjokla úÿ,s n,h j¾;udk ck iudcfha meje;afuys w;HjYH idOlhla njg m;aj we;¡ tu

ksid th ms<sn|j ffioaOdka;slj oek.ekSuo" tys ckk m%Nj .ek yd ,dxlSh ck iudcfhys tys jHdma;sh yd wkd.; ckk m%jk;d .ek m%udKd;aulj oek.ekSuo iudchg w;sYhskau jeo.;a lreKls¡

by; i|yka m%ia;=;hka ms<sn|j isxyf,ka ,shejqk fmd;m; ÿ,n wjia:djl pñkao ch;=x. wdrÉÑ uy;d úiska iïmdÈ; úÿ,sh W,am;a kue;s .%ka:hg fmrjokla iemhSug ,eîu uu b;d w.h fldg i,lñ¡ mdGlhdg jegfyk ir, NdIdjlska ,shd we;s fuu fmd; úfYaIfhkau w¡fmd¡i¡ idudkH fm, yd Wiia fm, isiqkag úÿ,s n,h yd tys ksIamdok m%Njhka .ek ks¾udKd;aulj yd .=Kd;aulj is;Sug w;aje,la imhk nj uf.a woyihs¡

fuys m<uq mßÉfPaofhka úÿ,s n,h ms<sn|j w¾: oelaùula lr we;s w;r úÿ,sh ksmoùu i|yd Ndú; l< yels l%u y;rla ms<sn|j úia;r bÈßm;a lr we;¡ úÿ,sh ksmoùu ms<sn|j jvd;a m%p,s; l%uh jk úoHq;a pqïnl fm%arK l%uh iúia;rd;aulj olajd we;¡ tfukau úÿ,sh ms<sn| uekqï o úia;r lr we;¡

fojk mßÉfPaofhka c, úÿ,s n,d.drhl m%Odk fldgia yd n,d.drfhys l%shdldß;ajh ukd f,i úia;r lr we;¡ úfYaIfhkau g¾nhsk j¾. iy c,dY fõ,s j¾. ms<sn|j lr we;s úia;r mdGlhkaf.a oekqu j¾Okhg bjy,a fõ¡ tfukau ;=kajk mßÉfPaofhka › ,xldfõ oekg ksulr we;s c, úÿ,s n,ia:dk yd bÈlsÍug we;s c, úÿ,s n,ia:dk ms<sn|j N+ úIu;d ,CIK is;shï iys;j §¾> úia;rhla bÈßm;a lr we;¡ › ,xldfõ we;s m%Odk c, úÿ,s moaO;s fol - ,CImdk yd uyje,s - fï whqßka úia;r lsÍu mdGlhdg tajdfha msysàu yd l%shdldß;ajh w.ehSug yd wjfndaOhg ukd miqìula ilihs¡ tfukau l=vd c, úÿ,s jHdmD;s ms<sn|jo" n,Yla;sh ksmoùfuka cd;sl úÿ,s moAO;shg tajdhska ie,ish yels fiajh ms<sn|jo mdGlhd oekqj;a lr we;¡

isõjk mßÉfPaofhka ;dm úÿ,sh yd ;dm n,d.dr .ek m%udKj;a úia;r bÈßm;a fldg we;¡ tfukau rfÜ by, hk úÿ,s b,a¨u iemhSu i|yd" c, úÿ,sh iSudù we;s fyhska" ;dm úÿ,sh jeä jYfhka mdúÉÑ lsÍug isÿj we;s njo YS>%fhka by, hk f;,a ñ, yuqfõ oeßh yels ñ,lg úÿ,sh iemhSug oekg we;s fyd|u m%dfhda.sl úl,amh fkdmudj .,a wÕ=re n,d.dr bÈlsÍu njo fuu lD;sfhka wjOdrKh fldg we;¡

miajk mßÉfPaoh uÕska kHIaál ;dCIKh y÷kd.ekSu yd kHIaál n,fhka úÿ,sh ksmoùu ms<sn|jo" tys f.da,Sh Ndú;h ms<sn|jo ukd f,i lreKq meyeÈ,s lr we;¡ kHIaál n,h hk jpkh flfrys ck;dj ;=, we;s yqUia ìh ÿre lsÍug l;=jrhd ord we;s fjfyi m%Yxid lghq;=h¡ ukd f,i mqyqKq lrk ,o ld¾h uKav,hla iuÕ ukd m%ñ;shg lrk ,o bÈlsÍï yd wmøjH neyer lsÍfï l%shdj,shla ;=,ska kHIaál n,fhka ksmojk úÿ,sh" mßirhg b;d ys;ldó nj ksoiqka iys;j fmkajd§ we;¡ bÈßfha§ wm rgg uqyqK §ug isÿjk jeäjk n,Yla;s b,a¨fï w¾nqohg úi÷ula jYfhka kHIaál úÿ,sn,h ms<sn|jo oeka isgu is;a fhduq lsÍu jgfkah¡

fuys ihjk mßÉfPaoh hgf;a kj úÿ,s ckk l%u /ila úia;r lr we;¡ fvkafv%da úÿ,s n,d.dr we;s lsÍu" ysre t<sfhka yd iq<x u.ska úÿ,s n,h ckkh lsÍu ms<sn|j iúia;rj lreKq bÈßm;a fldg we;¡ fmd<j hg .nvd ù we;s Yla;sh ^.,a wÕ=re yd LKsc f;,a& mßfNdackhg .ekSfuka mßir ¥IKhka isÿjk kuq;a fuu fhdackd lr we;s úÿ,s ckk l%u b;du mßir ys;ldó ksid tajd wkd.; mrmqfrys wjOdkhg fhduq lsÍu b;d jeo.;ah¡

i;ajk mßÉfPaoh uÕska l;=jrhd › ,xldfjys yd f,dalfhys úÿ,sh mßfNdack m%jK;d yd tys wkd.;h .ek ir,j úia;rhla lr we;¡ tfukau úÿ,sh mßfNdackh lrk ld, mrdih

2

wkqj tys ñf,ys fjkia ùu ms<sn|jo lreKq meyeÈ,s lr we;¡ wjidk jYfhka › ,xldfjys fukau f,dalfhys wkd.; úÿ,s wjYH;d imqrd,sh yels m%Njh .ek idOdrK jegySula we;slr .ekSu mdGlhdgu Ndr fldg we;¡

fun÷ jeo.;a fmd;a m<lsÍu i|yd pñkao ch;=x. wdrÉÑ uy;dg wkd.;fha§ jv jvd;a Yla;sh yd ffO¾hh ,efíjdhs m%d¾:kh lrñ¡

fla¡ ta¡ wurisxy î¡tia¡iS ^,xld& úÿ,s" tñ¡î¡ta¡ ^wh¾,ka;h&

jr,;a úÿ,s bxðfkare"

ksfhdacH idudkHdêldÍ ^n,Yla;s wf,ú&"

,xld úÿ,sn, uKav,h¡

fkd40$16" nx.,dj;a;

uyr" lvj;¡

3

mQ¾úldj

wmf.a ksjfia t<sh ,nd.ekSug" bùug" we÷ï fia§ug" ue§ug" rEmjdysksh mK.ekaùug yd fjk;a fkdfhl=;a m%fhdack i|yd w;HjYH Yla;s úfYaIh jkafka úÿ,sh hs¡ fujka iqúi,a fufyjrla bgq flfrk úÿ,sfha uQ,dY%h l=ulao@ ´kEu l=vd orefjl=f.a isf;ys kefÕk fuu mekhg fndfyda jeäysáhkaf.ka ,efnkafka ir, ms<s;=rls¡ —,CImdk Èh we,af,a j;=r myfrka ;,nukhla lrljd thg iïnkaO úÿ,s cklfhka msgjk úÿ,sh lïì Èf.a f.org tkjd¡˜ kuq;a tjeks ms<s;=rlska l=;=y,h ;j;a jeä jkjd ñi ixis£ula jkafka ke;¡ úÿ,sh iïnkaO §¾> l;dkaorfha bxcsfkareuh me;af;a wisßh ´kEu ;rd;srul flfkl=g —Èrjd.; yels˜ fia ir, niska bÈßm;a lsÍug .;a W;aidyhl m%;sM,hls fï¡

wm l=vd ld<fha ,xldfõ ;snqKq wdYap¾hj;au ;ekls ,CImdk úÿ,s n,ia:dkh¡

uyje,sh W;=rg yrjñka Wl=fj, yd fndaj;ekak úÿ,s n,d.drj, jev ksuùfuka wk;=rej tajd keröug .sh wOHdmk pdßld ;ju;a pu;aldr f,i u;lhg kefÕa¡ úlafgdaßhd yd fld;auf,a uyd fõ,s bÈlrk yeá oelSfuka we;sjQ úYauh ;du;a isf;a mj;S¡ ta oYl follg fmr w;S;h fï fmdf;a uQ,îchhs¡ uE; ld,hl§ cmdkfha úÿ,s n, ckkh ms<sn| wOHhk pdßldjl fh§fï Nd.Hh udyg Wodúh¡ mrudKq wúhlska urKSh f,i neg lE cmdkh mrudKq n,fhkau h<s f.dvkeÕ=Kq yeá tys§ ÿgqfjñ¡ fldafíys ñÜiqìIs yd ysfrdISudys neífldla-ys;dÑ jeks oejeka; l¾udka; wdh;k j,§ kHIaál n,d.dr j, ish¿ wxf.damdx. ksmojk yeá ÿáñ¡ .Eia g¾nhska yd jdIam g¾nhsk ;kk úYd, ,shjk hka;%hl tajd iSrefjka iu;=,s; lrñka ;, iúlrk wdldrh ksÍCIKh lf<ñ¡ lIsjdidls ys ABWR jeks w;s kùk

kHIaál n,d.dr j, md,k ueÈß ;=, ys¢ñka tajd fufyhjk yeá W.;af;ñ¡ miqj fldßhdfõ ¥idka jeks oejeka; l¾udka; Yd,djla ;=, ixhqla; pl% yd c,úÿ,s n,d.dr j, úúO fldgia jd;a;= lrk uyd Wÿkla kerUqfjñ¡ fï w;r ;=r › ,xldfõ le<Ks;siai isg bÕskshd., olajd we;s ish¿u n,d.dr j, wNHka;rh msßlaiñka ,CImdk fmd,amsáh isg Wvj<fõ olajd ks¾úkdYl mÍCIK lghq;= ;=,ska tajdfha kv;a;=jg iydh ùu uf.a rdcldßhla njg m;a úh¡

fï iEu w;aoelSulskau ,;a wjfndaOh fidhqre mdGl Nj;=ka yd fnod yod .ekSu fuu fmd; t,soelaùfï wruqKhs¡ fuh yqÿ mdG .%ka:hla f,i i,lkq fkduekú¡ úIh ks¾foaYhla ;=, isrù iQ;% yd iólrK lgmdvï fldg ,nk Bkshd úêu;a wOHdmkfhka mßndysrj mdGlhd ;=, m%n, ixcdkkhla we;s lsÍug uu fuu.ska Wolau jEhï lrñ¡

bf.k.kakd isiqka f.a wOHhk lghq;= i|yd fuys we;s ´kEu lreKla Wmqgd .ekSu i|yd lsisÿ ;ykula ke;¡ ta i|yd úfYaIfhka wjir we;¡

pñkao ch;=x. wdrÉÑ 30$8" hyïm;a WoHdkh" uyr.u¡

4

ia;+;s m%Kduh

• fuu fmd; m< lsÍug wkq.%yh ,ndÿka cd;sl mqia;ld, yd m%f,aLK fiajd uKav,hg

• w.kd fmrjokla iemhQ ,xld úÿ,sn, uKav,fha ksfhdacH idudkHdêldÍ

^n,Yla;s wf,ú& fla¡ ta¡ wurisxy uy;dg

• w;amsgm; lshjd ud Èß.ekajQ ,x¡ú¡u¡ w;sf¾l idudkHdêldÍ ã¡ wd¾¡ mq,af,afmreu uy;dg iy m%Odk bxðfkare ^ãi,a ckk& ví¡ t,a ¡ta¡ is,ajd uy;dg

• úúO wjia:d j, udf.a wjfndaOh mq¿,a lsÍug odhl jQ isisr pkaøfidau

^,CImdk&" tka¡ Ô¡ tia¡ mKaä;r;ak ^le<Ks;siai GT7&" lu,a ,laisß ^l=l=f,a& hk úÿ,s-hdka;%sl bxðfkare uy;ajrekg iy wd¾¡tï¡tia¡fla¡ r;akdhl" ^m%¡ b¡ ;ekSï - WDj m<d;& uy;dg

• fuh fmd;la f,i m<lsÍug wjYH iEu Wmldrhlau lrñka ks;ru ud Èßu;a l<

wdorKSh mshdKka jk fca¡ tA¡ wurùr uy;dg

• fuys we;s ish¿ lreKQ ksrjq,aj t<soelaùug wjYH iqj myiq mßirh ilia lrÿka m%sh ìß| ;=Idßg

5

ixlafIamh msgq wxlh

mQ¾úldj 1¡ úÿ,s n,h y÷kd.ksuq - - - 07

2¡ .,d hk c,fhka úÿ,sh - - - 10

2¡1 g¾nhsk j¾. - - - 10

2¡2 fõ,s j¾. - - - 13

2¡3 Èhux Wux yd mSvk k< - - 14

3¡ › ,xldfõ c, úÿ,s jHdmdr - - 16

3¡1 ,laImdk úÿ,sn, moaO;sh - - 16

3¡2 uyje,s nyqld¾h jHdmdrh - - 18

3¡3 iuk,jej yd l=l=f,a.Õ - - 22

3¡4 l=vd c, úÿ,s jHdmD;s - - - 24

4¡ ;dm úÿ,s n, ckkh - - - 27

4¡1 ;dm úÿ,s n,h hkq l=ulao@ - - 27

4¡2 yqud,fhka úÿ,sh ksmoùu - - 28

4¡3 ãi,a tkaðka" .Eia g¾nhska yd ixhqla; pl% - 30

4¡4 › ,xldfõ ;dm úÿ,sh - - - 34

5¡ kHIaál n,fhka úÿ,sh - - - 37

5¡1 kHIaál úÿ,s ;dlaIKh y÷kd.ksuq - - 37

5¡2 kHIaál m%;sldrl j¾.SlrKh - - 38

5¡3 úúO kHIaál n,d.dr j, l%shdldß;ajh - 41

5¡4 mdúÉÑ l< bkaOk yd kHIaál wmøjH - 46 6¡ kj úÿ,s ckk l%u - mqk¾ckk l%u - - 47

6¡1 fvkafv%da - —úÿ,sh .ia˜ jjuq - - 47

6¡2 yuk iq<x úÿ,sh njg - - - 48

6¡3 iQ¾h ;dm n,fhka jev .ksuq¡ - - 50

6¡4 N+-;dm úÿ,sh - - - 53

6¡5 uqyqfoka úÿ,sh - - - 54 7¡ úÿ,sh mßfNdack m%jK;d iy tys wkd.;h - 57 wdY%s; .%ka: - - - - 62

6

1¡ mßÉfþoh

úÿ,s n,h y÷kd.ksuq mßirfha we;s ish¿ øjH fyj;a mod¾: iE§ we;s mrudKq ;=, bf,lafg%dak yd fm%dafgdak kï

úoHq;a wdfrdams; wxY= we;s nj wms oksuq¡ we;eï øjH j, mrudKq ;=, we;s bf,lafg%dak tajdfha kHIaá j,g oeä wdl¾IKhlska ne£ mj;sk w;r iuyr øjH j, bf,lafg%dak ksoyfia .uka l< yels f,i mj;S¡ tjeks ksoyia bf,lafg%dak mj;sk øjH ikakdhl kñka ye¢kafõ¡ ikakdhl ;=,ska bf,lafg%dak Odrdjla f,i .uka lsÍu yd bka we;sjk m%;sM, wms úÿ,sh kñka y÷kajuq¡ ikakdhl ;=,ska úÿ,sh .uka lsÍu ksid yg.kakd ;dmh" wdf,dalh" pqïnl;ajh wd§ w;=re M, wms tÈfkod Ôú;fha lghq;= iy hka;% iQ;% l%shd lrùu i|yd Ndú; lruq¡

úÿ,sh ksmoùu i|yd wkq.ukh lrk l%u lsysmhla we;¡ tajd kï(

1¡ úoHq;a pqïnl fm%arKh ^Electro-magnetic induction& úÿ,s fudagr fukau vhskfuda fyda fckf¾gr f,i ye¢kafjk ckl hka;% l%shd;aul

jkafka fuu uQ,O¾uh wkqjh¡ jvd;a ld¾hCIuj;a úYd, n,hla ksmoùu i|yd;a Ndú; l< yelafla m<uqjekak jk úoHq;a pqïnl fm%arKhhs¡ fuu fmdf;a m%Odk jYfhka úia;r jkafka fuu l%uhh¡

2¡ m%ldY úoHq;a wdprKh fyj;a m%Nd úoHq;a wdprKh ^Photo electric effect& wdf,dalh u.ska úÿ,s Odrdjla we;s lsÍfï l%uhls¡ m%Nd úoHq;a fldaI ^iQ¾h fldaI& ksmojd

we;af;a fuu uQ,O¾uh Ndú; lsÍfuks¡ fuh 6 jeks mßÉfþofha úia;r lr we;¡

3¡ úoHq;a ridhksl m%;sl%shd

wms idudkHfhka negß f,i y÷kajk úÿ,s fldaI fuu l%uh wkqj ksmojd we;¡ ridhksl m%;sl%shdjl w;=reM,hla f,i fuu úÿ,s fldaI u.ska úÿ,s Odrdjla ksmojhs¡ Ndú;h;a iu. lAIh ù hk iy kej; wdfrdamKh l< yels ^rechargeable& hkqfjka fldaI j¾. folls¡

4¡ ;dm úoHq;a wdprKh ^Thermo electric effect& tlsfklg fjkia f,day j¾. j,ska ;ekQ lïì len,s 2l fl<jrj,a iïnkaO fldg tu ikaê fol fjkia WIaK;aj follg Ndckh l< úg tu lïì ;=, úÿ,s Odrdjla we;sfõ¡ ;dm úoHq;a wdprKh hkq fuhhs¡ fuu l%uh ;dm hq.au ^thermo couple& l%uh f,io ye¢kafõ¡ fuu.ska we;sjk Odrdj b;d ÿ¾j, CIqø Odrdjla neúka th m%fhdackj;a f,i Ndú;d fkdflf¾¡

fuu l%u w;ßka jvd;a ÈhqKq yd m%p,s; l%uh m<uqjekakhs¡ ikakdhl lïìhla ;=,ska bf,lafg%dak Odrdjla .uka lrkúg tu ikakdhlh jgd pqïnl fCIa;%hla j¾Okh fõ¡ tfiau tys úf,dauh jYfhka pqïnl fCIa;%hla ;=, ikakdhlhla p,kh lrkúg ikakdhlh ;=, úÿ,s Odrdjla yg.kS¡ fuu ixisoaêh úoHq;a pqïnl fm%arKh f,i ye¢kafjk w;r th uq,skau ksÍCIKh lr we;af;a fvkaud¾la cd;slfhl= jk ydkaia wziagâ ^Hans Oersted& úiska 1820 § nj i|yka fõ¡ Bg jir 12 lg miqj bx.%Sis cd;sl uhsl,a *erfâ úiska úoHq;a pqïnl fm%arKh wdY%fhka l%shd lrk úÿ,s ckl iy úÿ,s fudagr ksmojd ;sfí¡

1-1 rEmfha olajd we;af;a ir, úÿ,s cklhls¡ iïu; l%uh ^ì%;dkH l%uh& wkqj iDK wdfrdams; bf,lafg%dak Odrdj .uka lrk ÈYdjg m%;súreoAO ÈYdjg úÿ,s ^Ok& Odrdj .uka lrkafka hehs i,lkq ,efí¡ ta wkqj negßhl Ok w.%fha isg iDK w.%hg Odrdfõ ÈYdj ,l=Kq lrkq ,efí¡ pqïnlhl W;=re O%ejfha isg ol=Kq O%ejh lrd n,f¾Ld .uka lrkafka hehs i,ld tys pqïnl fCI;%fha ÈYdj ksrEmKh flf¾¡ úoHq;a pqïnl fm%arKfhka ikakdhlhla yryd Odrdjla we;s lrùug th pqïnl fCI;%hg ,ïnl ÈYdjlg ^n, f¾Ld lefmk mßÈ& p,kh l< hq;=h¡ n, f¾Ld j,g iudka;rj p,kh jkúg Odrdjla we;sjkafka ke;¡ fuu Odrdj" pqïnl fCI;%h yd p,kh jk ÈYdjka tlsfklg ,ïnl ÈYdjkg úysfok w;r *af,ñx f.a iqr;a kshuh u.ska th fmkajd fokq ,efí¡ ABCD hkq y;/iaj kjk ,o ;ksfmdg lïì oÕrhls¡ oÕrh oCIsKdj¾;j lrlefjk úg A isg B olajd;a C isg D olajd;a Odrdjla we;s fõ¡ oÕrh 180x la lrleù AB fldgi ol=Kq

7

O%ejh ^S& wi,ska .uka lrk úg D isg C olajd iy B isg A olajd Odrdjla .uka lrhs¡ tkï l,ska .uka l< ÈYdjg m%;súreoaO w;gh¡ tksid fujeks cklhl we;s jkafka jßka jr ÈYdj fjkia jk tkï m%;Hdj¾; Odrdjls¡ oÕrfha fmdgj,a tllg jvd jeä .Kkla fh¥ úg fmdgj,a .Kkg iudkqmd;slj Odrdj jeä fõ¡ oÕrfha N%uKfhka Wmßu úÿ,s Yla;shla ,nd .ekSug tlsfklg 120x la wdk;j oÕr ;=kla fh§fuka f;l,d ^Three phase& úÿ,s ckl ;kd we;¡ n,d.dr j, we;s úYd, úÿ,s ckl j, oÕr ixLHdj 3 ys hï .=Kdldrhla jk w;r Bg iudk pqïnl O%ej hq., .Kkla o we;¡ m%;Hdj¾; úÿ,sfha ixLHd;h cklfha N%uK fõ.h iy O%ej ixLHdj u; r|d mj;sk neúka § we;s úÿ,s cklhla m%Odk úÿ,s iemhqug iïnkaO lsÍug kï th ksh; fú.hlska N%uKh úh hq;=h¡ tfukau N%uKh p,s;fha tla fudfyd;l§ ckl oÕrhla yd pqïnl fCI;%h w;r we;s fldaKh uÕska ckkh jk úÿ,sfha ‘l,dj’ ksYaph jk w;r th m%Odk iemhqfï l,dj yd .,md.; ^synchronize& hq;=h¡ › ,xldfõ úÿ,sn, moaO;sfha ixLHd;h ;;amrhg jg 50 fyj;a y¾Üia 50 ls¡ we;eï rgj, th y¾Üia 60 la fõ¡ meyeÈ,s lsÍfï myiqj ;ld N%uKh jk oÕrh iys; cklh fuys bÈßm;a l<o fndfyduhla úÿ,sckl hka;% j, oÕr ia:djrj mj;sk w;r N%uKh jkafka pqïnl O%ej moAO;shhs¡ fï wdldrfha ckl j, we;s,af,k yd f.ùhk nqreiq fkdue;s w;r tajd kv;a;=jo myiq fõ¡

úÿ,s cklhl oÕr yryd Odrdjla .uka lrkafka cklhg únerla ^Load& iïnkaO fldg we;súg muKs¡ 1-1 rEmfha th úÿ,s nqnq,lska ksrEmKh lr we;¡ úner rys; wjia:djl§ oÕrh fofl,jr we;af;a úÿ,s mSvkhla fyj;a úoHq;a .dul n,hla ^Electromotive force -EMF& muKs¡

m%udKwdfrdwjia:th omßj¾fjdÜúÿ,s fjdÜiudkm%fõ.fyj;iudk

rEmh 1-1

úoHq;a .dul n,h fyj;a fjda,aàh;djh fjda,aÜ ^Volts, V& j,ska ukskq ,nk w;r Odrdfõ h ukskq ,nkafka weïmshr ^Ampere, A& j,sks¡ weïmshrhla hkq ikakdhl mßm:fha .,dhk amK m%udKhg iudkqmd;sl ñkquls¡ fjda,aàh;djh yd weïmshr .Kk w;r .=Ks;h uÕska hï djl§ ckkh jk fyda mdúÉÑ jk úÿ,s Yla;sfha YS>%;djh fyj;a CIu;djh ,efnk w;r lajkafka fjdÜ ^Watts, W& u.sks¡ fjdÜ tlla ;;amrhg cQ,a ^Joules per second, J/s& tll Yla;s ;k YS>%;djhlg iudk jk mßÈ by; olajk ,o tall w¾: olajd we;¡ lsf,dafjdÜ tlla oyila jk w;r fu.dfjdÜ tlla fjdÜ ñ,shkhlg iudk fõ¡ wm ksjdi j, Ndú; lrk Yla;sh i|yd ,efnk ì, .Kkh flfrk ‘tAllhla’ hkq lsf,dafjdÜ-meh ^kWh& tlla tkï odyl n,hla mehla ;siafia Ndú; lsÍug iudk w.hls¡ th lsf,dacQ,a 3600 lg ^3600 kJ& fõ¡ ^cQ,a tlla hkq lsf,da.%Eï tll ialkaOhla u; ;;amrhla ;=,§ ;;amrhg óg¾ tll hla ,nd§ ógrhla ÿr p,kh lsÍug wjYH Yla;shhs¡ hka;%hla u.ska Yla;sh ,ndfok fõ.h a n,h fyda cjh ukskafkao fjdÜ fyda lsf,dafjdÜ j,sks¡ wYajn, 1la hkq fjdÜ 746 lg Yla;shls¡&

8

oeka wms kej;;a úÿ,s cklh foig yefruq¡ cklhg únerla fhduq jkúg tkï wm hïlsis úÿ,s WmlrKhla mdúÉÑ lrk úg tu.ska weo.kq ,nk Odrdj cklfha oÕr ;=,ska .uka lrhs¡ túg tu oÕr jgd úoHq;a pqïnl fm%arKhla we;sfõ¡ fï wjia:dfõ we;sjk pqïnl;ajh u.ska oÕrfha N%uKh j,lajd,Sug W;aidy lrhs¡ tkï m%;súreoaO w;g lrleùug h;ak ork fudagrhl l%shdjla cklh ;=, we;sfõ¡ ^1-2 rEmfha ir, fudagrhl l%shdldß;ajh fmkajd we;¡ fudagrhla i|yd n,mdkafka ‘iqr;a kS;sh’ fkdj ‘ju;a kS;sh’ hs¡&

tfia ´kEu l%shdjlg m%;súreoaO n,hla fyj;a m%;sl%shdjla we;sùu iajNdj O¾uhhs¡ fuu m%;sl%shdj mrdch lr wmg wjYH úÿ,s Yla;sh ,nd.ekSug hï lsis ndysr n,hla fhdod cklh lrleúh hq;= fõ¡ wfma úúO WmlrK l%shdlrùu i|yd m%fhdackhg .kq ,nkafka úÿ,s Yla;sh njg mßj¾;kh jQ fuu n,hhs¡ fufia wmg fhdod.; yels úúO ndysr n, m%Nj wkqj úúO n,d.dr bÈlrkq ,efí¡ WodyrK f,i by< isg my<g .,dhk c,fha pd,l Yla;sh u.ska c,úÿ,s n,d.dro .Eia fyda jdIam g¾nhsk u.ska ;dm n,d.dro l%shd;aul jk whqre fmkajdÈh yelsh¡ ãi,a tkaðka u.ska o úÿ,s ckl l%shd;aul fõ¡ wm jeäfhka úÿ,sh Ndú; lrk úg cklh ;=,ska .,k Odrdj o jeä fõ¡ túg N%ulfha m%;sl%shdjo jeä jk ksid ndysr n,ho jeä l< hq;=h¡ tkï c,dY j, c,h fyda ;dm n,d.dr bkaOk jeäfhka jeh l< hq;=h¡ wm úÿ,sh wrmßiaifuka Ndú; lr kslrefKa th kdia;s ùfuka j<lajd.; hq;af;a fï ksidh¡ ó<Õ mßÉfþo j,§ úÿ,sh W;amdokh lrk úúO l%u idlÉPd flf¾¡

rEmh 1-2

9

2 mßÉfþoh

.,dhk c,fhka úÿ,sh l÷lr m%foaY j, isg oi w; .,dhk" iajNdj O¾ufha wk.s odhdohla jQ Èh oyrdjka jQ l,S

b;du ,dNodhl n,Yla;s m%Njhls¡ ñksid b;d wE; w;S;fha isg c, frdao ^water wheel& Ndú;fhka OdkH weUÍu we;=¿ ;udf.a ld¾ñl wjYH;d bgq lr .ekSug oek isáfhah¡ uhsl,a *erfâ úiska úÿ,s ckl hka;%h ksmoùfuka miq th lrleùu i|yd c, frdaoh iïnkaO lr.ekSu c,úÿ,sfha wdrïNhhs¡ úúO mSvk ;;ajhkag yd c, m%jdyfha m%udKhkag .e,fmk fia jeä ÈhqKq l< jvd ld¾hCIu c, frdao" c, g¾nhsk fyj;a Èh ;,nuk ^hydro turbines& kñka y÷kajuq¡ fmd,fõ by< uÜgul c,h /ia lsÍug bÈl< c,dYhla fyda fmdl=Kla yd tys isg mSvkh jeä lr.ksñka c,h my,g f.k tau i|yd k< ud¾.hla" c,úÿ,sh ckkh i|yd wjYH uQ,sl wx. jk nj wms oksuq¡ kuq;a m%dfhda.slj jvd;a ixlS¾K moaO;s ms<sn| iúia;rj f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lsÍu fuu mßÉfPaofha wruqKhs¡

c, úÿ,s jHdmD;shl fmdÿfõ oelsh yels wxf.damdx. my; 2-1 rEmfha olajd we;¡ )

) c, úuÜgu lsÍfï§^;;amrfjdÜ jysi x .ixLHdjuefkklsf,da.

2¡1 g

fõ¡ Èhysfiyta ta W

m%;sl%shN%uKhmsysgqjd

rEmh 2-1

ÿ,sh ksmoùfï§ c,dYfha u;=msg uÜgfuys ^headrace level&isg g¾nhskfhka msgù hk c,fha ^tailrace level&olajd we;s isria neiau —Èh ysi˜ ^head& kï jk w;r th n,Yla;sh .Kkh b;d jeo.;a ñkquls¡ by; rEmfha Èh ysi-h ^ógr j,ska&" ;;amrhg msgjk c, ialkaOfhka hg lsf,da.%Eï& yd .=re;ajc ;ajrKfhka-g ^9.82 kg m-2& .=K l< úg úÿ,s ckk Odß;dj ,ska ,efí¡ fu.dfjdÜ tlla hkq fjdÜ ñ,shkhls¡ c,dYfha uq¿ c, mßudfõ ialkaOh x Èh =re;ajc ;ajrKh hk .=Ks;fhka" ksmoúh yels iïmQ¾K úÿ,s Yla;sh cQ,a j,ska ,efí¡ fuu 3600 x 109 ka fn§fuka .s.dfjdÜ-meh .Kk ,efí¡ .s.dfjdÜ-meh tlla hkq ksjfia úÿ,sh ‘tall’ ^lsf,dafjdÜ-meh& ñ,shkhls¡ by; .Kkhka i|yd c,h >k ógrhl mßudjla %Eï 1000 l ialkaOhlska hqla; nj ie,lsh yelsh¡

¾nhsk j¾.

Èh ysi ^head& iy m%jdyh ^discharge flow& u; c, úÿ,s n,d.drhl ckk Odß;dj ;SrKh ysi jeä jk ;rug wvq m%jdyhlska jeä úÿ,s tall m%udKhla ckkh l< yelsh¡ Èh

s Wi wvq kï úÿ,sh ckkh i|yd jeä c, m%jdyhla wjYH fõ¡ my; j.=fõ fmkajd we;af;a i uÜgï i|yd idudkHfhka ks¾udKh lr we;s g¾nhsk j¾.hkah¡

m%;sl%shd ^reaction& iy wdfõ.Sn, ^impulse& hkqfjka g¾nhsk m%Odk jYfhka ldKav folls¡ d g¾nhsk c, ud¾.h ;=, iïmQ¾Kfhka .s,S mj;S¡ c,fha mSvkh iy pd,l Yla;sh tys i|yd Wmfhda.S lr.efka¡ ta i|yd i¾ms,dldr wdjrKhla ^spiral case& ;=, g¾nhsk N%ulh ;sfí¡ we;eï b;d wvq ysi uÜgï j,oS by<ska újD; jD;a;dldr ;gdlhl ^approach flume)

10

g¾nhsk N%ulh msysgqjd we;¡ wdfõ.Sn, g¾nhsk we;af;a c,fha .s,ajd fkdfõ¡ g¾nhskfha mßêh jgd we;s fndl=gq ^buckets& ;=,g fõ.fhka úÈkq ,nk c, msysrl ^water jet& pd,l Yla;sfhka l%shd;aul fõ¡

Èh ysfiys Wi óg¾

(head m) g¾nhsk ldKavh

(Turbine class) g¾nhsk Odjl j¾.h

(Turbine runner type) 50 olajd (low head) m%;sl%shd g¾nhsk (reaction turbine) lma,dka (Kaplan) 50-150 (medium head) m%;sl%shd g¾nhsk (reaction turbine) *%ekaisia (Francis) 150 g jeä (high head) wdfõ.Sn, g¾nhsk (impulse turbine) fm,agka (Pelton)

N%u^axN%uwlc,

c,lrc,

rEmh 2-2

lma,dka (Kaplan) iy *%ekaisia (Francis) hkq m%;sl%shd g¾nhsk N%ul j¾. folls¡ lma,dka lh yevfhka kejl wjrfm;s frdaoh ^propeller& jeksh¡ tys wlaISh ÈYdjg c, m%jdyh fhduq fõ ial flow&¡ *%ekaisia N%ulh nUrhla we;=,;ska N%uK ;, iúl<dla jeks WmlrKhls¡ fuu lfha mßêh jfÜ we;s ljq¿ ;=,ska we;=,g wÍh f,i c,h .uka fldg lrleùfuka miq aIShj my,g msgù hhs ^radial inward & axial outflow&¡ weÿï k,h ^draft tube& fya;=fjka N%ulfhka h msgjQ miqjo ;j ÿrg;a c,h weo.ksñka g¾nhskhg iïmQ¾K Èh ysfia n,mEu ,ndfohs¡

wdfõ.Sn, ldKavhg .efKk fm,agka (Pelton) N%ulh hkq fldamam wdldrfha ;, iúl< frdaohls¡ ;=vq lmdghlska hq;a keiskafkka msgjk fõ.j;a c, myr g¾nhsk ;, u; je§ th ljhs¡ fuh iam¾YSh m%jdyhla ^tangential flow& f,i y÷kajhs¡ N%ulh c,h ;=, .s,ajd ke;s neúka fha pd,l Yla;sh muKla m%fhdackhg .kS¡

rEmh 2-3

11

lsgj.wfjN;lllm.

r

rEmh 2-4

rle

ystem¾nhïmiKkdjrKyda jYfh%ulh=, y%shd;%u w%shd l%;Hdje,mSu

Emh

rEmh 2-5

úÿ,s cklh uÕska ckkh jk úner ^load& ord.ksñka ksh; fõ.hlska g¾nhskh fkdlvjd ùu i|yd c, m%jdyh l%udKql+,j md,kh l< hq;=h¡ fï i|yd md,l moaO;shla ^governor & fhdod .kq ,efí¡ m%;sl%shd g¾nhsk j, lvq¿ j,,a, ^wicket gate control ring& iy wdfõ.Sn, sk j, ;=vq lmdg keisks ^spear jet needle valve & fuu md,l moaO;shg we;=,;a fõ¡ 2-6 rEmfha we;af;a m%;sl%shd g¾nhsk md,l moaO;shl fldgils¡ ueÈka /|jQ ^centre pivoted& l=vd fodrgq djlska iukaú; lvq¿ j<,a, msysgd we;af;a i¾ms, wdjrKh ;=, we;s g¾nhsk N%ulh h jk mßÈh¡ lvq¿ j<,a,g idfmaCIj md,l j<,a, u|la lrlejQ úg lvq¿ fodrgq weÍu eiSu isÿfõ¡ 6-2 rEmfha ol=Kqmi we;s wdfõ.Sn, g¾nhsk md,l moaO;sfha md,l wCIh iq¿ ka lrleùfuka ;=vq lmdgh weÍu fyda jeiSu isÿfõ¡ fuu.ska keiskak yryd g¾nhsk g úÈkq ,nk c, myr wvq-jeä l<yelsh¡ cklfhka ,nd.kakd úÿ,s úner jeä jk úg th g .;a;d pqïnl m%;sl%shdj ksid tys N%uK fõ.h wvqùug ;e;alrhs¡ túg md,l moaO;sh aul ù c, m%jdyh jeä fldg kshñ; N%uK fõ.h mj;ajd.kS¡ úoHq;a fyda hdka;%sl ixfõol dOdrfhka cklfha úner iy c, m%jdyfha YS>%;dj iajhxlS%hj uek" ta wkqj md,l moaO;sh rhs¡ tu.ska únefrys w.h l=ula jqj;a cklfha N%uK fõ.h ksh;j ;nd .kS¡ úÿ,s moaO;sfha ¾; ixLHd;h ^50 Hz& ksh;j ;nd.ekSug;a cklfha l,dj ^Phase& m%Odk moAO;sh yd g;a ^Synchronize& fuh w;HdjYH fõ¡

2-6

12

2¡2 fõ,s j¾. úÿ,s ckkh i|yd wjYH uQ,sl m%Njh jQ c,h /ia lsÍu i|yd iajNdúl fyda lD;%su

c,dYhla wjYHfõ¡ .x.d ksïkhla yryd fõ,a,la ne£fuka c,dYhla ks¾udKh lr.ekSug yels nj ñksid w;S;fha isg oek isáfhah¡ ñáhdj;la miq lr .x.d ksïkh mgq jk ia:dkhla ^neck formation& fyda ksïk folla tl;= jk iA:dkhla ^confluence& fõ,a,la ne| c,h /ia lsÍug iqÿiq fõ¡ kuq;a m%foaYfha N+f.da,Sh ,CIK" mfiys iajNdjh" neïu fomi ^abutments& mdIdK j, .;s.+K" yqKq.,a .=yd msysàu ^solution caverns&" N+ me¨ï wdosh neïfï meje;aug oeä n,mEula t,a, lrhs¡ mdßißl iy wd¾Ól idOl wkqj bÈlsÍug f;dard.kq ,nk fõ,s j¾. lsysmhla my; olajd we;¡

fõ,s j¾.h › ,xldfõ oelsh yelss WodyrK lsysmhla

1¡ mia ^ueá& msrjQ fõ,a, earthen dam Wvj<fõ" bÕskshd.,

2¡ .,a msrjQ fõ,a, rock fill dam fld;auf,a" rkafoks.," iuk, jej

3¡ .=re;aj fõ,a, gravity dam udWiaidlef,a" ldi,aÍ

4¡ wdrelal= fõ,a, arch (curvature) dam úlafgdaßhd (fo-jla double curvature) by; j.=fõ wxl 3 yd 4 hkq fldkal%SÜ fyj;a fmof¾re fõ,s ^masonry dam& jk w;r uq,a fol mdxY= fõ,s ^earth dam& f,i ye¢kafõ¡

rEmh 2-7

13

´kEu fõ,a,la my; oelafjk n,fõ. j,g ,lajk w;r tajdg Tfrd;a;= §fï yelshdj ;sìh hq;=h¡

1¡ c, ialkaOfhka t,a,jk mSvkh (water pressure) 2¡ fõ,a, ;kd we;s øjH j, nr (self weight) 3¡ bms¨ï mSvkh (uplift pressure) 4¡ f;;a jQ mfika kefÕk mSvkh (earth pressure) 5¡ iq<fÕka we;sjk mSvkh (wind pressure) 6¡ N+ lïmk (earth quakes / seismic pressure)

fndfyda úÿ,s n,d.dr wdY%s; fõ,s j, by; mrdñ;Ska uekSu i|yd iQCIau WmlrK iys; wdrCIl yd wk;=re yeÕùfï moaO;s (safety & warning devices) iúfldg we;¡

úYd, c,úÿ,s jHdmdr i|yd b;d Wi fõ,s bÈlr úYd, c, m%udKhla /ia lsÍug wjYH jk w;r l=vd c,úÿ,s jHdmD;s i|yd .Õl .,dhk c,fhka fldgila muKla ,nd.ekSug Wia fkdjQ yerjqï neïula ^diversion weir& fhdod .kS¡ tjeks jHdmD;s j,§ we;s jk mdßißl n,mEu o wvqh¡

c,dYhl Wmßu Odß;djg ^msgdr uÜgug& jvd c,h .,d tk úg ^WÞ( wêl j¾Id ld,hl§& jeä c,h wdrCIdldÍ f,i msg lr yeßh hq;=h¡ ta i|yd bÈlr we;s fldgi msgjdk ^spillway& kï fõ¡ c,h le<öfuka jk ydks wju lsÍu i|yd msgjdfkys ;sria m%fCIamkh ^.=jfka isg fmfkk yeá – plan view& iDcq úh hq;=h¡ tfukau c,fha iajNdúl wkdl+, m%jdyhg wkqn, fok S yevfha /,a,la iys;j ^ski jump chute& msgjdk nEjqï fõ¡ we;eï úg wNHka;r msgjdka ^Wux yd ihs*ka& o oelsh yelsh¡

msgdr c,h md,kh lsÍu i|yd úúO f.aÜgq j¾. fhdod.kq ,efí¡ wÍh fodrgq ^radial gate& yd fidfrdõ fodrgq ^sluice gate& bka j¾. folls¡ kv;a;= lghq;= iy m;=f,a uv fidaod heùu i|yd m;=,a fodrgq ^bottom outlet& o we;¡

rEmh 2-8

2¡3 Èh ux Wux yd mSvk k< ckl hka;% lrleùu i|yd fyd| úNj Yla;shla we;s Èh ysila ,nd .ekSu i|yd fndfyda

úg c,dYfhka wE; we;s l÷ nEjqula lrd c,h f.k hd hq;=h¡ úYd, c,úÿ,s jHdmD;s j,§ fï i|yd Wux ud¾. ^tunnels& o l=vd c,úÿ,s jHdmD;s j,§ újD; we, ud¾. ^open channels& o fhdod.efka¡ mia l÷ yryd lKsk Wux ud¾. jdfka fyda fldkal%SÜ fhdod fjr .kajk ^steel lined or reinforced concrete tunnels& w;r ;o l¿.,a iys; l÷ yryd tfia fkdue;s ^unlined tunnels& Wux fhdod .; yelsh¡ újD; we, ud¾. fhdod .ekSfï§ l=vd ksïk yryd Wäka oeuQ Èh ux ^flumes& Ndú; flf¾¡

WuÕ fyda we, Tiafia meñKs c,h f*dafí kñka y÷kajk tla;rd gexlshlg ^forebay tank& meñfKa¡ g¾nhskhg imhk c,fha mSvk úp,k j<ld l%uj;aj yeisrùu ^regulating pond& fuys ld¾hhhs¡ fuh úYd, jHdmD;s j,§ le<Uqï l=àrh ^surge chamber& kï Wie;s gexlshla jYfhka bÈfõ¡ fuhska miq c,h g¾nhskh lrd tl t,af,a my,g Èfjk mSvk k, ud¾.h jk fmkaiafgdla k,h ^penstock line) ;=,g msúfia¡ fndfyda úg kv;a;= lghq;= i|yd c,h keje;aùug wjYH jqjfyd;a ta i|yd lrdu .Dyhla ^valve house& fmkaiafgdla k,h uqÿfka we;¡ jvd;a ld¾hCIu ùu i|yd n,d.drhl ckl hka;% .Kkg iudk fmkaiafgdla k< ixLHdjla fhÈh hq;=h¡ we;eï úg

14

g¾nhsk follg tl fmkaiafgdla k<hla fhdÞ we;¡ túg g¾nhsk wi, § fon,a k< ^bifurcation manifold& uÕska c, Odrdj folg fn§ hhs¡ fmd<j u;=msáka Èfjk fmkaiafgdla k< j, wdk;sh l÷ nEjqu wkqj ;SrKh fõ ^20o – 40o w;r&¡ N+.; fmkaiafgdla k< isria w;g mjd fhÈh yelsh¡ tjekakla vertical pressure shaft kñka ye¢kafõ¡ ysu fyda kdh hdï we;s jk m%foaY j, N+.; fmkaiafgdla ^underground penstocks& iqÿiq fõ¡ jdfka k< fldgia mEiaiSfuka ;ekQ fmkaiafgdla k< j, WIaK;ajh wkqj isÿjk m%idrK yd ixfldapk j,ska ydkshla fkdùug rEgk uQÜgq fhdod frda,r wdOdrl u; msysgqjd we;¡ uqÿfka § úYalïNh jeä jk w;r my< fl<jr úYalïNh wvqh¡ tfuka u k<fha >Klu my<g h;au jeä fõ¡ jvd;a fyd| l%shdldß;ajhla i|yd fmkaiafgdla k< j, jx.= we;sùu j<lajd yels ;rï fl,ska msysàu jeo.;a fõ¡ fmkaiafgdla k<h fl<jf¾§ Èh ysfia úNj Yla;sfhka ,nd.kakd wêl mSvkh yd pd,l Yla;sh g¾nhsk N%ulhg ^turbine runner& imhñka c,h msg lrhs¡ m%;sl%shd ^reaction& g¾nhskhl i¾ms, wdjrKhgo wdfõ.S ^impulse& g¾nhskhl ;=vq keisks ^spear jet& moaO;shgo fmkaiafgdla k<fhka c,h imhhs¡ hïlsis fya;=jlska yÈisfha ckl hka;% keje;aùug isÿjqj fyd;a .,d tñka ;snQ c, myf¾ mSvkfhka we;s jk c, uqIaáh ^water hammer& ksid jk ydks le<Uqï l=àrfha c, uÜgu by< hdu ksid je<fla¡

g¾nhskh l%shd;aul lsÍfuka wk;=rej weÿï k<h ^draft tube& ;=,g c,h msgfõ¡ th úIalïNh l%ufhka jeä jk f,i my<g iúl< k<hls¡ fuuÕska pQIKhla we;s lrk ksid oshysfia n,mEu jeä lr g¾nhsk N%uKh jeä ÈhqKq lrhs¡ kuq;a wdfõ.S ^impulse& g¾nhsk j, weÿï k<hla ke;¡ N+.; n,d.dr j< weÿï k<h wi,o le<Uqï l=àrhla we;¡ fuu k<fhka msg jk c,h my< we;s ksïkhlg fyda c,h msg flfrk ud¾.hlg ^outfall channel& .,d hhs¡

rEmh2-9

15

3 mßÉfþoh

› ,xldfõ c, úÿ,s jHdmdr

3¡1 ,laImdk c, úÿ,s n, ixlS¾Kh

› ,xldfõ uyd mßudK c, úÿ,s n,d.dr bÈlsÍu uq,skau wrUk ,oafoa ,laImdk c, úÿ,s ixlS¾Kh wdYs%;jh¡ le,Ks .`. by;a;dfõ m%Odk YdLd folla jk flfy,a.uq Th yd uiafl<s Th msysgd we;s ksïk fol Tiafia .,d niakd c, ialkaOfhka fuu n,d.dr moaO;sh ls%hd;aul fõ¡ jir mqrd me;sreKq wêl j¾Idm;kfhka ,efnk c,h isßmd wvúfha uiafl<sh m%foaYfha isg ls;=,a., m%foaYh olajd flá ÿrl§ óg¾ 1100 ^wä 3600& l muK neiaulska .,d nisk fuys we;s N+f.da,Sh msysàu wLKavj úÿ,s n,h ckkh lsÍug b;du;a fhda.H mßirhla imhhs¡

,laImdk úÿ,s n, ixlS¾Kh ls%hd;aul ùug wjYH c,h /iaflfrk m%Odk c,dY folla fjhs¡ tajd kï oslaTh ldi,aÍ ys§ flfy,a.uq Th yryd fõ,a,la ne| ;ekQ ldi,aÍ c,dYh;a uiafl<sh k.rh wi,§ uiafl<s Th fõ,a,lska yria lr ;kd we;s udWiaidlef,a c,dYh;ah¡ ldi,aÍ c,dYfha c,h WuÕla Tiafia f.keú;a fkdagka ì%Ê ys bÈlr we;s úu,iqf¾kaø n,d.drhg fhduqfldg úÿ,sh ksmojhs¡ fuu n,d.drfhka msgjk c,h /iafldg flfy,a.uq Th ksïkfha isg l÷ jeáh yryd WuÕlska uiafl<s Th ksïkhg f.keú;a tys úYd, neiaul msysá ,laImdk ^merKs& n,d.drh uÕska úÿ,sh ksmojhs¡ ta w;r udWiaidlef,a c,dYfha c,fhka ymq.ia;ekafka msysá leksfhdka úÿ,s n,d.drh ls%hd;aul ùfuka wk;=rej bka msg jk c,h kej; WuÕlska kj ,laImdk n,d.drhg fhduq fldg úÿ,sh W;amdokh flf¾¡ kj ,laImdk yd merKs ,laImdk hk n,d.dr foflkau msgjk c,h tla/ia fldg ;j;a WuÕlska fmd,amsáfha iuk< n,d.drhg fhduq fldg úÿ,sh ckkh lsÍfuka miq msgjk c,h le,Ks .Õ Tiafia my<g .,d hhs¡ bÈßfha§ fuu c,fhka fmd,amsáfha isg ls;=,a., olajd we;s neiau Wmfhda.S fldgf.k fn%daâ,kaâ kue;s úÿ,s n,d.dr jHdmD;sh o bÈlsÍug fhdað;h¡

j.=j 3-1¡ ,laImdk úÿ,s n, ixlS¾Khg wh;a c,dY ms<sn| úia;r

udWiaidlef,a ldi,aÍ leksfhdka fkdagka ,laImdk fmd,amsáh

Odß;dj

>k óg¾ ñ,shk 114.7 55.3 0.9 0.4 0.2 -

fõ,af,a Wi óg¾ 41.2 47.2 28 28.7 29.6 -

fõ,af,a È. óg¾ 187.5 202.0 181.5 103.0 137.2 -

uqyqÿ uÜgfuka Wi ó¡ 1167.4 1076.4 962.3 863.8 380.1 122.4

fuys ldi,aÍ iy udWiaidlef,a hk c,dY fol muKla úYd, c,dY jk w;r wfkla l=vd c,dY Bg by<ska we;s n,d.drfhka msgjk c,h my< n,d.drhg f.k hk WuÕg fhduq lsÍug muKla fhdod.kakd ?|jqï fmdl=Kq jYfhka ye|skafõ¡

úu,iqf¾Jø" leksfhdka" fmd,amsáh hk n,d.dr uOHu m%udKfha Èh ysi lska hqla; jk w;r tajdg .e,fmk isria wlaI *a/kaisia j¾.fha g¾nhsk fhdod we;¡ merKs ,CImdk n,d.drfha úYd, Èh ysila hgf;a l=vd c, Odrdjlska ls%hd;aul jk oaú;aj fcÜ ;sria wCI fm,agka j¾.fha g¾nhsk hka;% iúlr we;¡ kj ,CImdk n,.drh úYd, Odß;djla fukau › ,xldfõ Wiu osh ysi jk óg¾ 578 ^wä 1775& l úNjhg iß,k fcÜ y;f¾ isria wCI fm,agka g¾nhsk fhdodf.k we;¡ ,laImdk úÿ,s n, ixlS¾Kfha uq¿ ia:dms; Odß;dj fu.d fjdÜ 335 la jk w;r jirlg .s.dfjdÜ-meh 1600 l muK úÿ,s n, Yla;shla fuu moaO;sfhka ksmofõ¡ › ,xldfõ ish¿u n,d.dr úÿ,sh ckkh lrkafka y¾Üia 50l ixLHd;fhka hqla;jh¡

16

j.=j 3-2¡ ,laImdk ixlS¾Khg wh;a úÿ,s n,d.dr ms<sn| úia;r

úu,iqf¾kaø leksfhdka merKs

,laImdk wÈhr 1

merKs ,laImdk wÈhr 11

kj ,laImdk

fmd,amsáh iuk<

WufÕa È. óg¾ 6096 4025.8 2560 2560 5638.8 7743.9

fmkaiafgdla os. óg¾ 886.9 876.2 1527.2 1527.2 1798.8 603.7

Y=oaO osh ysi óg¾ 227.4 204.2 449.3 449.3 578.5 259

ckl hka;% m%udKh 2 x 25MW 2 x 30MW 3 x 8.3MW 2 x 12.5MW 2 x 50MW 2 x 37.5MW

N%uK fõ.h úkdähg jg 500 500 600 500 428 500

ckl hka;% m%udKh 2 x 25MW 2 x 30MW 3 x 8.3MW 2 x 12.5MW 2 x 50MW 2 x 37.5MW

ckl úNjh ls¡fjda¡ 12.5 12.5 11 11 12.5 12.5

ckl Odrdj weïmshr 2500 2824 888 1283 4706 3750

uq¿ ckk Odß;dj fu¡fjd¡ 50 60 25 25 100 75 jd¾Isl wfmaCIs; úÿ,sn, ckkh .s¡fjd¡ me¡ 105 175 265 558 427

igyk ckl úNjh x ckl Odrdj x n, idOlh = ckk Odß;dj fõ¡

fuys n, idOlh ^Power factor& 0¡80 - 0¡85 w;r mj;S¡

rEmh 3-1

17

fufia ckkh jk úÿ,s n,h ,laImdk iy fmd,amsáfha msysá jyre wx.k ^switch yard& j,g meñfKa¡ t;eKska tu úÿ,sh wêlr mßKdul ^step-up transformers& uÕska fjda,aÜ 1 32 000 ^132

kV& g kxjd wêier iïfm%aIK ud¾. ^high-tension transmission lines& Tiafia Èjhsfka úúO ia:dk p, msysá úner uOHia:dk ^load centres& yd fnodyeÍï uOHia:dk ^distibution centres& fj; iïfm%aIKh flf¾¡ ,laImdfka isg nÿ,a, yryd bÕskshd.,g;a" uykqjr yryd l=rKE.,g;a" fmd,amsáfha isg fld<Ug;a" n<xf.dv Tiafia ol=Kq m<d;g;a" wkqrdOmqrh yryd W;=re m<d;g;a fuu 132 kV iïfm%aIK ud¾. úysfoa¡ 1980 oYlfhka miq jvd úYd, Yla;s m%udKhla iïfm%aIKh lsÍu i|yd 220 kV iïfm%aIK moaO;shlao bÈù we;¡ fuu úNjhka fol w;r Yla;s yqjudrej i|ydo interbus transformers kue;s úfYaI mßkdul j¾.hla fhdod we;¡ fuu iïfm%aIK ud¾. we;=,;a jk cd;sl iïfm%aIK cd,h ^National grid& uÕska Èjhsfka ish¿u úÿ,s n,d.dr tlg iïnkaO lr we;¡ cd;sl cd,hg iïnkaO m%dfoaYSh Wm uOHia:dk ^grid sub-stations& j,§ fjda,aàh;djh 33 kV iy 11 kV jYfhka wvq lr tla tla kd.ßl yd .%dóh m%foaY j,g fnodyef¾¡ wjidk jYfhka .Dyia: mßfNdackh i|yd fjda,aÜ 230 l iy y¾Üia 50 l ixLHd;fhka hq;=j úÿ,sh iemfha¡

3¡2 uyje,s nyqld¾h jHdmdrh › ,xldfõ iuia; c,jyk mßudfjka 20] la u wh;a jk" osjhsfka os.u .x.dj jQ uyje,s

.Õ úÿ,s n, ckkh i|yd fhdÞ .ekSu rfÜ ixj¾Ok m%h;akfhys oejeka; msïula fõ¡ tfia jkafka fuu ixj¾Ok jHdmdrh úÿ,s n,h iemhSu wrNhd muKla fkdj lDIsld¾ñl ixj¾Okh" ëjr l¾udka;h" ixpdrl jHdmdrh wd§ fCI;% .Kkdjla b,lal lr.;a fhdaO nyqld¾h jHmD;shla jk fyhsks¡ tksid fuu fldgfiys úÿ,s ckkhg wu;rj jdßud¾. lghq;= ms<sn| f;dr;=reo ieflúka i|yka jkq we;¡

fydagka ;ekafkka werfUk w.%d Th yd oU.ia;,dj Th;a" kqjrt<sh wjáka ìysjk kdkq Th" mqKav¨ Th" mQkd Th yd rïfndv Th;a tlaj ieos fld;au,d Thg ÈlaTh m%foaYfhka werfUk yegka .Õ tlaù uyje,s .Õ m%Njh ,nhs¡ l÷lr f;;a l,dmfhka fufia we/fUk uyje,s .Õ l÷lr úh,s l,dmh hehs ye|skafjk WDj fødaKsh Tiafia .,d nisk Wud Th" nÿ¿ Th yd f,d.a.,a Tfhka o fmdaIKh fõ¡ tfukau kla,aia l÷ mka;sfhka ìysjk yq¿ .Õ" ySka .Õ yd yi,l Tho uyje,s .Õg tlajk w;r iqÿ .Õ yd l¿ .Õ ^we,yer& tlaj ìysjk wUka .Õ uyje,s .fÕa m%Odk YdLdjla fõ¡ fï wkqj w;s úYd, fmdaIl m%foaYhla uyje,s .Õ i;=jk nj meyeos,s fõ¡

uyje,s ixj¾Ok jHdmdrh wdrïN lrk ,oafoa uykqjr fmd,af.d,af,a§ yerjqï fõ,a,la (Diversion barrage) bÈfldg tys c,h WuÕla Tiafia Wl=fj, msysgqjd we;s úÿ,s n,d.drhg fhduq lr úÿ,sh ksmojd bka msg jk c,h W;=re osYdNsuqL iqÿ .Õ ksïkhg fhduq lsÍfuks¡ uyje,s .Õ W;=rg yerùu hkqfjka fuh y÷kajk ,§¡ ta iuÕu kdW,§ iqÿ .fÕa bosl< neïulska ieÈ fndaj;ekak c,dYfhka yrjd hefjk c,h" fndaj;ekak f,kfodr Wu. Tiafia lkav,u yd oUq¿ Th c,dY j,g fhduq flf¾¡ wk;=rej tu c,h bmerKs yd kj jdßud¾. moaO;s Tiafia l,djej" kdÉpd¥j" kqjr jej" ;sid jej" rdcdx.kh hk c,dY hgf;a we;s f.dúìï j,g Èhjr imhhs¡ fndaj;ekak c,dYfhka we/fUk ;j;a Wu.lska fndaj;ekak úÿ,s n,d.drhg fhduq flfrk c,h" tu n,d.drh l%shd;aul fldg iqÿ .Õ .,d niakd wUka .Õgu h<s;a tlafjhs¡ fuu c,h" wUka .Õ uyje,s .Õg tla ùug fmr merKs we,yer wuqfKka yeÍ ñkafkaß" .sß;f,a" yqre¿ yd lka;f,a jeõ lrd fhduqfjk w;r ;j;a fldgila wÕueä,a, wuqfKka yeÍ mrdl%u iuqøh wdYs%; m%foaYh fmdaIKh lrhs¡

Wl=fj, yd fndaj;ekak n,d.dr fu.dfjdÜ 40 ne.ska jQ Odß;dfjka hq;a uOHu m%udKfha tajd úh¡ fuu ld,fha Èjhsfka iuia; Odß;dj fu¡fjd¡ 400la muK úh¡ th fkdlvjd jeä jk úÿ,s n, b,a,qu iemhSug m%udKj;a fkdjQ ksid úYd, m%udKfha n,d.dr lsysmhla bÈlsÍfï wruqKska läkï uyje,s ixj¾Ok fhdackd l%uh wdrïN flßKs¡ fï hgf;a úlafgdaßhd" fld;auf,a yd rkafoks., hk jHdmD;s j, bÈlsÍï tljr l%shd;aul jQ w;r wk;=rej rkagefò bÈlsÍï we/ôKs¡ fuu n,d.dr moaO;sh ksuùfuka miqj fu¡fjd¡ 1000 l muK iuia; Odß;djla rgg ,eìKs¡

uyje,s .fÕa by< l<dmfha m%Odk YdLdj jk fld;auf,a Th yryd udiafj, lvfodr ys§ bÈl< oejeka; fõ,a,lska fld;auf,a c,dYh ks¾udKh fõ¡ Wi" È. yd bÈlsÍï mßudj wkqj Èjhsfka we;s úYd,;u fõ,s y;frka fuho tlls¡ iDcq .,a msrjQ j¾.fha ^rockfill& fõ,a,la jk fuh c,dYh me;af;ka fldkal%SÜ w;=rd ksu lr we;s w;r óg¾ 87 l Wmßu Wilska yd ó¡ 600l

18

È.lska hqla; fõ¡ fld;auf,a c,dYfha /iajk c,h WuÕlska W,mfka wdikakfha lkaola hg we;s N+.; úÿ,s n,d.drhla ;=,g hjd úÿ,sh ksmojd bka msgjk c,h wgndf.a Th wi,§ uyje,s .Õg kej; tl;= fõ¡ .ïfmd,-kqjr m%foaYfha yÈis c, .e,Sï md,kh yd fmd,af.d,a,g hefjk c, m%jdyh l%uj;a lsÍu fuu jHdmD;sfha wfkl=;a m%fhdack fõ¡

fldgila W;=rg yrjd hejQ miq fmd,af.d,af,ka msgdr hk c,Odrdjg udriaik§ fn,syq,a Th;a bkamiq yq¿ .Õ;a tlaù kej; uyje,s .Õ c,fhka msÍ .,d hhs¡ yq¿ .Õ uyje,s .Õg tl;=jk ia:dkfha ksïkh mgq jk w;r tu iA:dkfha úlafgdaßhd fõ,a, bÈlsÍfuka iqúYd, úlafgdaßhd c,dYh ks¾udKh lr we;¡ osjhsfka Wiu fõ,a, jk fuh fojla ^double curvature& yevfhka ksulr we;af;a úYd, yd .eUqre c,dYfhka t,a, jk mSvkh ord isàu i|ydh¡ wE; isg n,k úg fmd,a lgqjl yevfhka fuh fmfka¡ WuÕla ;=,ska .uka .kakd úlafgdaßhd c,dYfha c,h tu ksïkfhau my< yl=re;f,a bÈlr we;s › ,xldfõ úYd,;u c,úÿ,s n,d.drfha§ fu¡fjd¡ 210 l Odß;dfjka hq;=j úÿ,s n,h ksmojhs¡ w¿;ska ckl hka;% iúlsÍfuka Odß;dj jeälsÍfï bvlv o we;¡ fuu n,d.drfha msgdr c, uÜgu B<Õg my<ska we;s rkafoks., c,dYfha Wmßu uÜgug iudkh¡ rkafoks., fõ,a, bÈlr we;af;a wjg m%foaYfha we;s iïm;a wkqj wmdr.uH ueá msrjQ uOH yrhlska hq;=j l¿.,a msrjQ fõ,a,la ^rock fill with centre clay core& jYfhks¡

rEmh 3-2

19

rEmh 3-3

jmißfhka b;d úYd, jQ rkafoks., c,dYh fojeks jkafka fiakdkdhl iuqøhg muKs¡ msÿre;,d., l÷ j, W;=re nEjqfuka werfUk l=re÷ Tho fuu c,dYhg tl;= fõ¡ fõ,a,g hdnoj bÈlr we;s rkafoks., úÿ,s n,d.drh fu¡fjd¡ 126 l Odß;dfjka hqla; fõ¡ rkafoks.,g my,ska Wud Th uyje,s .Õg tla jk ia:dkfha rkagefò c,dYh bÈlr we;¡ úlafgdaßhd yd rkafoks., n,d.dr j,ska úÿ,sh ksmojd msg flfrk c,h /iafldg kej; úÿ,sh ksmojñka jdßud¾. lgh;= i|yd l%uj;aj ksl=;a lsÍu rkagefò c,dY jHdmdrfha ld¾hh fõ¡ fõ,a,gu iïnkaO fldg bÈlr we;s rkagefò n,d.drfha Odß;dj fu¡fjd¡ 52 ls¡ oekg › ,xldfõ by,u uÜgu jk 220kV wêier /yeka moaO;shla u.ska rkafoKs.," úlafgdaßhd iy fld;auf,a n,d.dr" le,Ks;siai n,d.drh iuÕ cd;sl úÿ,s cd,hg tlafjhs¡

rkagefUka msgjk uyje,s c,h ;j ÿrg;a m%fhdackhg .ekSu i|yd úYd, jdßud¾. moaO;shla we;¡ fldgila ñKsfma merKs wuqfKka yrjd jï bjqr fhdaO we, Tiafia we,yer olajd

20

.uka lrñka uyje,s lDIsld¾ñl l,dm i›l lrk w;r b;sß fldgi kj ñKsfma yerjqu u.ska ol=Kq bjqr fhdaO we,g fhduq fõ¡ fuu we, nÿ¿ Thg by,ska iqúfYaI Wäia Èhu.lska (flume aqueduct& f.dia f,d.a.,a Th c,dYhg iïnkaO fõ¡ kej; tu c,dYfha ol=Kq bjqfrka werfUk fhdaO we, fødaKs;rK we,la ^transbasin canal& jYfhka fymafmd, Th yryd f.dia W,aysáh c,dYhg iïnkaO fõ¡ W,aysáh-r;als| hq., c,dYh mqrjñka uyje,s c,h WuÕla ;=,ska f.dia udÿreTh c,dYhg msúfihs¡ udÿreTh fõ,a, fomiska kslafuk jdßud¾." l=vd úÿ,s n,d.dr 2la ^fu¡fjd¡ 5 ne.ska& Tiafia msysgqùug uq,ska ie,iqï fldg ;snqK;a hï hï fya;= u; th fuf;la bÈù ke;¡

uyje,s uyd ie,eiafï kj úÿ,s n,d.dr 12la we;=,;aj ;snQ w;r fï jk úg 6la bÈlr wjika ù ld,hla .;ù we;¡ bÈlsÍug fhdað; b;sß n,d.dr jk by< fld;auf,a" fudr.ylkao" WudTh" l¿.Õ wdÈh w;=ßka by< fld;auf,a n,d.drh wd¾Òl w;ska jvd jeo.;alula Wiq,k w;r" th ld,hla ;siafia úYd, wdkafÞda,khlgo ;=vq§ ;sfí¡ by< fld;auf,a jHdmD;sh wdY%s;j fu¡fjd¡ 150 l úYd, m%udKfha n,d.drhla ;sfnk uq;a ta i|yd úYd, c,dYhla bÈ fkdlsÍu úfYaI ,laIKhls¡ ta fjkqjg c, ud¾. .Kkdjl ;ekQ tl;= lsÍfï fmdl=Kq ^intake ponds& j,ska /ia flfrk c,h kj;u wldrhl Wux moaO;shla ;=,g fhduq fldg tu c,h le<Uqï l=àrhla yryd n,d.drhg fhduq lsÍfï ;rula fjkia l%uhla fuu jHdmD;sfha§ wkq.ukh flf¾¡ fuh N+.; c,dYhla jeksh¡ ta ksid bvï hgùfï iy kej; mÈxÑ lrùfï ixlS¾K;d we;s fkdfõ¡ fld;auf,a Thg kdkq Th tlajk ;,jdlef,a wi, l=vd c,dYhla bÈflf¾¡ thg fvfjdka wef,a isg WuÕla ;=,ska c,h f.k ths¡ bkamiq ;,jdlef,a c,dYfha isg È.= WuÕlska mqKav¿Th bÈflfrk le<Uqï gexlshg c,h f.khhs¡ rïfndv Th" mQkd Th yd mqKav¿ Tfhka c,h f.k tk ;j;a WuÕla thg iïnkaO lsÍfuka m%udKj;a c, m%jdyhla we;s lrhs¡ tu c,h j¾;udk fld;auf,a c,dYh uÜgfï mqKav¿Th msysgqjk úÿ,s n,d.drhg óg¾ 470 l muK úYd, Èh ysila yryd fhduq lsÍfuka úÿ,sh ksmofõ¡ kùk ;dCIKsl l%u wkqj bÈflfrk fuu jHdmD;sfha úÿ,s n, ckk úhou fnfyúka wvq nj .Kka n,d we;s ksid iuia; úÿ,s iemhqu ,dNÞhl njg m;alsÍug fuu n,d.drh w;sYhska WmldÍ jkq we;¡

by< fld;auf,a n,d.dr jHdmD;sh mßißl jYfhka ixfõ§ lreKla jkafka tuÕska rïfndv we,a," mQkd we,a," iy vkaiskka ISka" fvfjdka" fikaÜ fC,hd¾ hk Èhwe,s j, c,h is£ hdfï ;¾ckhhs¡ tu n,mEu wvq lsÍu i|yd Wux moaO;sh ;=,g c,h .ekSu läka lv muKla isÿ lsÍfï yd rd;%s ld<fha Wmßu b,a¨ï wjia:dfõ muKla iïmQ¾K Odß;dfjka úÿ,sh ksmoùfï úfYaI ie,eiaula l%shdjg kefÕk nj m%ldY ù we;¡ fuys§ isysm;a l< yels ;j;a lreKla jkafka ,CImdk moaO;sfha leksfhdka yd fkdagka fõ,s uÕska iïmQ¾Kfhka Èh myr yria lsÍfuka ,CImdk yd wen¾ãka we,s uqyqK ÿka ;¾ckhhs¡ tfy;a tu Èh we,s w;=reoka jQfha ke;¡

B<Õg fudr.ylkao fhdackd l%uh l%shd;aul lsÍfuka fu¡fjd¡ 40-50 l úÿ,sn, ckkhla iu. W;=reueo yd W;=re m<d;a j, lDIsld¾ñl wjYH;d i|yd iA:djr c, iemhqula o ,efnk w;r WudTh yd l¿.Õ fhdackd l%u ;ju;a YlH;d wOHhk uÜgfï mj;S¡

Wl=fj, fndaj;ekak fld;auf,a úlafgdaßhd rkafoks., rkagefò

fõ,af,a Wi óg¾ 16.8 31.4 87 122 94 41.5 fõ,af,a È. óg¾ 172.2 235 600 520 485 420 c, Odß;dj ñ,shk M3 4.42 49.8 174 722 565 16.6 uqyqÿ uÜgfuka Wi ó¡ 438.6 244 703 438 232 152 Wuf.a È. óg¾ 5197 1240 6954 5700 - - fmkaiafgdla os. óg¾ 396 197 514 430 270 50 Y=oaO osh ysi óg¾ 78 55.2 201.5 190 77.8 32.7 ckl hka;% m%udKh 2 x 20MW 1 x 40MW 3 x 67MW 3 x 70MW 2 x 63MW 2 x 26 MW ckl fjda,aàh;dj kV 12.5 11.0 13.8 12.5 12.5 12.5 ckl Odrdj kA 1.88 4.28 5.71 6.59 5.93 2.45 uq¿ ckk Odß;dj MW 40 40 201 210 126 52 wfmaCIs; ckkh GWh/yr 200 108 478 984 428 180

j.=j 3-3¡ uyje,s ixlS¾Khg wh;a úÿ,s n,d.dr ms<sn| úia;r

21

3¡3 iuk,jej yd l=l=f,a .Õ iuk, jej jHdmD;sh Èjhsfka úYd,;u c, úÿ,s fhdackd l%u y;frka tlla jkafka Bg wh;a fhdaO fõ,a, iy c,dYh fya;=fjks¡ n<xf.dv yd fn,syq,aTh wdikakfha uyj,;ekak idkqfjys fuu c,dYh bÈlr we;¡ ›mdo wvúfhka we/ö n<xf.dv k.rh wi,ska .,d tk j,fõ .Õ;a fydagka ;ekafkka mek kefÕk fn,syq,a Th;a tla jk ia:dkfha l=U,a.u wi, l÷.eg folla hdfldg ;ekQ oejeka; fõ,af,a Wi óg¾ 107 ls¡ óg¾ 530 la È. fuu fõ,af,a ks¾udKh rkafoks., fõ,a,g iudkh¡ rkafoks., fõ,af,a msgjdk ^spillway& ol=Kq bjqr me;af;a msysgd we;s w;r iuk, jej fõ,af,a th jï bjqr wi,ska msysgd we;¡ >k ógr ñ,shk 274l Odß;djh w;ska fuhg jvd úYd, jkafka úlafgdaßhd yd rkafoks., c,dY muKs¡ fydagka ;ekafka f,daldka;hg iuk, jej c,dYh iïmQ¾Kfhka o¾Ykh fõ¡

c,dY neïug wE;ska n<xf.dv-l,af;dg mdf¾ mqjla.yjdäh kï ia:dkh wi, jgj, lkao wi,ska mgka .kakd Èh WuÕ rcjl ymq., olajd Èfjhs¡ t;ek le<Uqï gexlsfha isg ol=Kg we;s YS>% nEjqu u;ska my,g Èfjk fmkaiafgdla k, hq.,h my,ska Èfjk lgqm;a Th wi, we;s n,d.drfha ckl hka;% j,g fõ.j;a c, m%jdyhla imhhs¡ fu¡ fjd¡ 120 l Odß;djla we;s fuh Èjhsfka isõjeks ia:dkhg úYd, c, úÿ,s n,d.drh fõ¡

;ekska ;ek msysá yqKq.,a .=yd uyj,;ekak idkqj wjg m%foaYfha mj;sk úfYaI ,CIKhls¡ fuh iuk, jej fõ,af,a iy Wux ud¾. j, bÈlsÍï j,go wys;lr n,md we;¡ fõ,af,a w;a;sjdru wjg b;d .eUqrg isfuka;s fmdïm lsÍfuka fïjd wdjrKh lsÍug h;ak ord we; ^curtain grouting&¡ uq,a jrg c,dYh mqrjk wjia:dfõ neïu wi, ol=Kq bjqf¾ l=vd lkaola lvd jeàu;a c,dYfhka msg;g c, ldkaÿjla we;sùu;a ksid neïfï wdrCIdj ms<sn| .eg¿ u;=úh¡ ta fya;=fjka ld,hla ;siafia c,dYh Wmßu uÜgug ógr 30la wvqfjka mj;ajdf.k hk ,§¡ miqj neïu wi, c,dY m;=f,a fhdok ,o uv wdjrKhlska tys wdrCIdj jeä lr by< uÜgulg c,dYh mqrjd úÿ,sh ksmoùu lrf.k hk kuq;a ie,lsh hq;= ldkaÿjla ;ju;a mj;S¡ flfia fj;;a tu ldkaÿfjka msgjk c,h jdßud¾. lghq;= i|yd fhduq lr we;¡

oekg osjhsfkys .x.d w;=ßka jd¾Islj jeäu c,h m%udKhla kslrefka uqyqog .,d hkafka l¿ .Õ Tiafiah¡ isxyrdc jkdka;rfhka we/ö l¿ .Õ fmdaIKh lrk m%Odk YdLdjla jQ l=l=f,a .Õ úÿ,s n,h i|yd o jeo.;a m%Njhla jYfhka oYl follg fmr isg y÷kdf.k ;sìKs¡ l¿ .Õ m%Odk jYfhka my;a uÜgul msysá ksïk yd ;eks;,d yryd .,d niS¡ WÞyrKhla f,i r;akmqr isg l¿;rg we;s neiau óg¾ 25 la muK fõ¡ kuq;a l=l=f,a .Õ msysgd we;af;a óg¾ 200 la muK by,ska msysá idkqjla Tiafiah¡ w.,j;a; isg ,;am÷r" nÿ/,sh Tiafia l,jdk ud¾.fha ómd.u md,u wi, l=l=f,a .Õ fõ,a, boslr ;sfí¡ uq,ska mej;s ie,iqï wkqj óg¾ 100 la Wi fõ,a,la uÕska úYd, c,dYhla ;ekSug kshñ;j ;snqK;a jákd jkdka;r ìï

rEmh 3-4

22

hgùfï yd mÈxÉ ck;dj ú;eka ùfï .eg¿ fya;=fjka tu ie,iqï w;yer" óg¾ 20 l l=vd yerjqï wuqKla ^Diversion weir& fhdÞ f.k c,h /ia lr" .fÕa m%jdyh wkqj l%shd;aul jk ^Run off the river type& fu¡ fjd¡ 80 l N+.; úÿ,s n,d.drhla bÈlr we;¡ fuda,aldj kï .fï lkaola hg we;s fuu Èjhsfka fojeks N+.; n,.drfha isg u;=.u jyre wx.kh olajd w¿f;ka bÈl< 132 kV iïfm%aIK ud¾.hlska jd¾Islj .s.dfjdÜmeh 317 l n,Yla;shla cd;sl úÿ,s moaO;shg iemhSug wfmaCIs;h¡

l=l=f,a.Õ c, úÿ,s jHdmD;sfha bÈlsÍï j, ,xldfõ fjk;a c, úÿ,s jHdmD;s j,g jvd ;rula fjkia ,CIK we;¡ je,s yd frdkauv bj;a lsÍfï ;gdlh ^Sand trap& yd WufÕka miqj c,h .,d niakd —isria mSvk m;=j<˜ ^Vertical pressure shaft& ta w;r úfYaI fõ¡ l¿., iys; lkafoa uqÿfka isg my,g isriaj leKSfuka idk ,o fuys w;ruÕ§ yuqjk Èh WufÕa isg my<g we;s fldgi fmkaiafgdla k,h f,i l%shd lrhs¡ by,g újD;jk fldgi l<Uqï l=àrhla jYfhka l%shdlrk w;r fuh Surge shaft kñka y÷kajhs¡ fuh WuÕg c,h we;=¿jk ia:dkfha isria w;g we;s Gate shaft kï jHqyh iuÕ iudka;rj mSvk moAO;sfha c, iemhqfï we;sjk mSvk úp,;djka iukh lrk w;r g¾nhskfhka miqj c,h .,d niakd msgdr WufÕka by,g we;s YdLdjla ^ Surge gallery& uÕska tys mSvk fjkiaùï ord.kS¡ fuhska iuia; N+.; moAO;sfha bÈlsÍï j, wdrCIdj ;yjqre fõ¡ my; rEmfha tu úia;r oelafõ¡

flfia jqjo w;S; ie,iqu jQ úYd, l=l=f,a c,dYh uÕska fu¡ fjd¡ 120l ia:dms; úÿ,s Odß;djg wu;rj WuÕla yd fødaKs;rK we, ud¾.hlska weô,smsáh yd yïnkaf;dg m%foaY olajd c, iemhqula iuÕ l¿;r m%foaYfha .xj;=r md,kh lsÍu ms<sn|j ;snQ wfmaCIdjka j;auka l=vd lrk ,o l=l=f,a .Õ jHdmD;sfhka bgq fkdfõ¡

iuk, jej l=l=f,a .Õ

fõ,af,a Wi óg¾ 107 20 fõ,af,a È. óg¾ 530 110 c, Odß;dj >k óg¾ ñ,shk 274 1.63 uqyqÿ uÜgfuka Wi ó¡ 445 206 Wuf.a È. lsf,daóg¾ 5.5 5.65 fmkaiafgdla os. óg¾ 258 155 (V.P.S.) Y=oaO osh ysi óg¾ 320 185 ckl hka;% m%udKh 2 x 60MW 2 x 40MW ckl fjda,aàh;dj kV 10.5 13.8 ckl Odrdj kA 6.72 3.41 uq¿ ckk Odß;dj fu¡fjd¡ 120 80 jd¾Isl Yla;s ckkh .s¡fjd¡ me¡ 460 317

rEmh 3-5

23

3¡4 l=vd c, úÿ,s jHdmD;s lsf,dafjdÜ 500g wvq ^fu¡fjd¡ ½& ckk tall CIqø c,úÿ,s ^micro hydro& jHdmD;s f,i;a

ls¡fjd¡ 500 isg fu¡fjd¡ 15 muK jk n,d.dr l=vd c,úÿ,s ^mini hydro& jHdmD;s f,i;a idudkHfhka y÷kajkq ,efí¡ fujeks c, úÿ,s jHdmD;s wdldr folla wm rfÜ we;¡

tAjd kï 1¡ l÷lr CIqø yd l=vd c, úÿ,s jHdmD;s

2¡ jdßud¾. jeõ wdY%s; c, úÿ,s jHdmD;s

w;S;fha f;a j;= wdY%s;j CIqø yd l=vd c, úÿ,s ckl hka;% rdYshla l%shd;aulj meje;sKs¡ tajdhska f;a lïy,a ^we;eï úg rn¾& j, hka;% iQ;% l%shd lrùu yd j;= nx.,d j,g wdf,dalh iemhSug wjYH n, Yla;sh iemhsks¡ 1928 § rcfha úÿ,s iemhSï fomd¾;fïka;=j ^Department of Government Electrical Undertakings –DGEU kñka ye¢kajQ fuu wdh;kh 1969 § ,xld úÿ,sn, uKav,h njg m;ajQfhah¡& msysgqùfuka wk;=rej we;s l< cd;sl úÿ,s n, moAO;sfhka jvd myiqjg yd ,dNhg úÿ,sh ñ<§ .; yels jQ ksid tu merKs hka;% w;ayer oeñKs¡ oeka tAjdfha fldgia fyda oelsh fkdyelafla fjk;a rgj,g f.k f.dia fyda mrK hlv j,g úl=Kd oud fyda we;s fyhsks¡ oeka oeka by< hk b,a¨u yuqfõ we;s úl,amhla jYfhka kej;;a tjeks c, úÿ,s hka;% we;s lsÍug Wkkaÿjla mj;S¡ fuu l=vd úÿ,s jHdmD;s ixj¾Okh lsÍfï j.lSu fm!oa.,sl wxYh uÕska Ndrf.k we;¡ fï jkúg › ,xldfõ iA:dk rdYshl fm!oa.,sl jHjidh jYfhka l=vd c, úÿ,s n,d.dr bÈflfrñka yd l%shd;aul fjñka mj;sk ksid tajd ms<sn| ixLHd yd f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lsÍu wiSreh¡ fuu wdh;k u.ska ckkh flfrk úÿ,s tall kshñ; ñ<lg úÿ,s n, uKav,h ñ<§ .kS¡

rEmh 3-6 CIqø yd l=vd c, úÿ,s jHdmD;s

i|yd c,h ,nd .ekSug úYd, c,dY bÈ flfrkafka ke;¡ .,d nisk Èh myrl l+vd wuqKla idod .,d hk Èfhka fldgila muKla úÿ,sh ckkh i|yd fhdÞ .ekSu fïjdfha idudkH ,CIKhls ^run-off river basis& ¡ f*dafí gexlsh iy fmkaiafgdla k< lrd c,h f.k hdug újD; we, ud¾.hla fhdod.kS¡ fndfyda úg ;sria wCI *%ekaisia l%uh fhdod.kakd ksid n,d.dr f.dvkeÕs,a, ;ks uyf,a ir, tlla fõ¡ l=vd we,j,a wdY%s;j bÈ flfrk l=vd úÿ,s n,d.dr j, ckk yelshdj j¾Idj yd kshx ld<h wkqj fjkia fõ¡ tksid jeä iq,N;d idOlhla ^Availability factor& mj;ajd .ekSu wmyiq úh yelsh¡ kuq;a yels iEu wjia:djlu l=vd úÿ,s n,d.dr l%shd;aul lrùfuka ta fjkqjg úYd, c,dY j, c,h jeh ùu wvq lr.; yelsh¡ tu.ska kshx ld< j,§ úYd, n,d.dr j, ckk yelshdj mj;ajd .ekSug lsishï rel=,la we;sfõ¡

wdrïNhla jYfhka úÿ,s n, uKav,h run-off river l%uhg bÈ lr we;s n,d.drhls ks,a,fò l=vd úÿ,s n,d.drh¡ uyje,s .fÕa w;= Thla jk ks,a,fò Th yryd óg¾ 11la Wi fldkal%SÜ neïula uÕska yrjkq ,nk c,h ls¡ó¡ 2¡5 la muK È.ska hq;= fldkal%SÜ we;srE we, ud¾.hla Tiafia f.k f.dia .ïfmd<-fod¿j mdr wi, we;s l÷ nEjqula uqÿfka ;kd we;s f*dafí gexlsh fj; fhduq flf¾¡ t;eka isg my,g Èfjk fmkaiafgdla k<h óg¾ 300la muK

24

È.h¡ th my< fl<jf¾§ folg fn§ fu¡fjd¡ 1¡6 l Odß;dfjka hq;a ckl hka;% follg c,h imhhs¡ fuys Èh ysi óg¾ 110la muK fõ¡ ;sria wCI *%ekaisia g¾nhsk folla Ndú; lr we;¡ 1988 § bÈl< fuu n,d.drfhka miqj ÈlaTh" frdie,a," ymq.ia;ekak" fn,syq,aTh" l=reúg" oerKsh., jeks m%foaY .Kkdjl fm!oa.,sl wxYh uÕska l=vd c, úÿ,s n,d.dr rdYshla bÈlr we;¡ fujeks n,d.dr uÕska úÿ,s tall ñ,shk 120 la 2003 § úÿ,sn, uKav,hg imhd we;¡ rdcfha Èß .ekaùï wkqj 2004 wjika jkúg fu¡fjd¡ 75 l muK iA:dms; Odß;djla o 2008 jk úg fu¡fjd¡ 300 l muK iA:dms; Odß;djlao f.dvkeÕSug wfmaCId flfrk w;r tall ñ,shk 1500 l muK jd¾Isl Yla;s ckkhla bka n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh yelsh¡ th foaYSh ld¾ñl ;dCIK bxðfkare fCI;%hkays wNsjDoaêhg o fya;= fõ¡ fuu m%udKh bÈßfha§ ;j ÿrg;a jeäfõ hehs wfmaCId l< yelafla fujeks n,d.dr msysgqùug yels ia:dk 80la muK oekg y÷kdf.k we;s ksid;a" n,d.dr .Kkdjla bÈflfrñka mj;sk ksid;ah¡ tfukau úfoaY úksuh b;sß jk mßir ys;ldó mqk¾ckKSh m%Njhla f,i fuu l%uh jvd;a wdl¾IKSh jkq we;¡

1952 § .,aTh nyqld¾h jHdmdrh hgf;a fiakdkdhl iuqøh kï iqúYd, c,dYhla bÈlr we;¡ j¾. ls¡ó¡ 78 la mqrd me;sreKq fuh › ,xldfõ fuf;la bÈlr we;s úYd,;u c,dYhhs¡ fuu c,dYfhka jdßud¾. i|yd c,h ksl=;a lsÍfï§ úÿ,s n,ho ckkh flf¾¡ bÕskshd., we;s fuu n,.drfha fu¡fjd¡ 3-4 w;r Odß;dfjka hq;a ckl hka;% 3 la we;¡ c,dYfha neïu ;=,ska tk fmkaiafgdla k<fha È. óg¾ 220 ls¡ óg¾ 40 la Wi ó¡ 14¡5 l úIalïNfhka hq;a le<Uqï gexlshla fmkaiafgdla k<h my< fl<jf¾ we;¡ tys isg ;sria k< 3 lska isria wCI *%ekaisia j¾.fha g¾nhsk 3g c,h imhhs¡ Èh ysi óg¾ 25la muK fõ¡ jirlg .s.dfjdÜ-meh 35 la muK ckkh l< yelsh¡

Wvj<fõ jHdmdrh hgf;a o l=vd úÿ,s n,d.dr 2la msysgd we;¡ 1963 § j<fõ .Õ yria lr weô,smsáh wdikakfha bÈlr we;s Wvj<fõ c,dY neïfï fomi fidfrdõ 2lska jï bjqr iy ol=Kq bjqr jYfhka jdßud¾. 2lg c,h imhhs¡ fuu jdßud¾. fofla l=vd n,.dr folla we;¡ fu¡fjd¡ 1¡8 ne.ska jQ ckl 2la iys; n,d.drhla jï bjqf¾o tjeks ;j;a cklhla iys; n,d.drhla ol=Kq bjqf¾ o we;¡ uq¿ Odß;dj fu¡fjd¡ 5¡4 ls¡ úÿ,sh ksmofjkafka f.dú;eka i|yd c,h ksl=;a lrk ld, iSud ;=, muKla ksid jirlg .s.dfjdÜ-meh 5 lg jvd ckkh fkdflf¾¡ c,dYh we;=,a me;af;a bÈlr we;s fuu wdldrfha n,d.dr Èjhsfka fjk;a lsisu ia:dkhl ke;¡ c,dYfha isg n,d.drfha we;s is,skavrdldr l=áhlg we;=¿jk c,h" wvq ysilska l%shd;aul jk lma,dka ^low head Kaplan& j¾.fha g¾nhsk hka;% lrljñka jdßud¾. fidfrdõjgg .uka lrhs¡ fuu fmdf;a 2 jeks mßÉfþofha 2-3 rEmfha olafjkafka fï j¾.fha n,d.drhl Ñ;%hls¡

Èjhsfka bmerKs ixialD;sh yd ne£ mj;sk úYsIaG Wreuhla jQ jej o l=vd úÿ,s n,d.dr i|yd iïnkaO lr.; yels ;j;a úl,amhls¡ jej wdY%s; ck Ôú;h yd ne÷Kq lDIsld¾ñl Ndú;hg ydkshla fyda wjysrhla fkdjk whqßka" jdß c,h ksl=;a lsÍu yd iu.dój hïlsis m%udKhl úÿ,s n, Yla;shla o W;amdokh l< yelsh¡ f.dú iuQmldr l%uhlg .%dóh jeishkaf.a wjYH;d msßuid.; yels YlH;djhla fuys we;s nj ksielh¡ óg¾ 10 - 20 w;r Wi jeõ neñ iys; tjeks bmerKs iy w¨;a c,dY lsysmhla ms<sn|j o< jYfhka l< iajdëk wOHhkhl o;a; my; oelafõ¡ fuu .Kkh lsÍï Èklg meh 3l fyda jirlg meh 1000 l úÿ,s W;amdok ld,hla wkqj weia;fïka;= lr we;¡

c,dYfha ku neïfï Wi ó¡

msgjdka Odß;dj

>¡ó¡$;;a¡

iM, Odß;dj

>¡ó¡ ñ,shk wfmaCIs; úÿ,s Odß;dj fu¡fjd¡

jd¾Isl Yla;sh

.s¡fjd¡me¡

kd,kao 35 100 15 9¡5 10

W,aysáh-r;als| 25 50 100 3¡5 3¡7

ljqvq,a, jej 32 7 55 0¡6 0¡7

ñkafkaßh jej 20 12 130 0¡7 0¡7

pkaøsld jej 19 21 17 1¡1 1¡2

lKav,u jej 21 ^6& 29 0¡4 0¡4

rdcdx.kh jej 18 ^20& 100 1 1¡1

lka;f,a jej 16 ^20& 89 0¡9 1

l,djej 14 12 100 0¡5 0¡5

mrdl%u iuqøh 15 21 127 0¡9 0¡9

25

cd;sl uÜgñka ie,l=jfyd;a fu¡fjd¡ 1la hkq b;d l=vd Odß;djla jqjo .%dóh uÜgfï§ tys ie,lsh hq;= w.hla we;¡ fjdÜ 1000l úÿ,s WmlrK mdúÉÑ lrk ksjdi 1000 lg tu.ska tljr n,h iemhsh yelsh¡ ;jo Èklg meh 3 l ld,hla jYfhka uilg tall 90la muK iemhsh yelsh¡ bkaÈhdfõ fujeks yqfol,d .%dóh úÿ,s jHdmdr Ndú;fhka c,h by< m%foaY j,g fmdïm lsÍu" ù flàu" OdkH weUÍu wd§ wjYH;d imqrd .kakd nj wikakg ,efí¡ fï jk úg l=vd úÿ,s n, ckl ms<sn| ;dCIKh fõ.fhka ÈhqKq fjñka mj;S¡ › ,xldfõ o úoHd yd ;dCIK wud;HdxYh hgf;a we;s NERD uOHiA:dkfhka l=vd úÿ,s ckl hka;% /ila y÷kajd § we;¡ fujeks hka;% ksmojQ foaYSh ld¾ñl Ys,amSyq /ila o isá;s¡ Tjqka w;=frka we;efula miq.shod fld<U mej;s l=vd yd .%dóh l¾udka; m%o¾Ykhgo bÈßm;aj isáhy¡ fï wkqj uq¿ukska foaYSh jQ m%Njhlska .eñ ck Èúhg kj t<shl udj;la mE§ we;s nj meyeÈ,sh¡

26

4 mßÉfþoh

;dm úÿ,s n, ckkh 4¡1 ;dm úÿ,s n,h hkq l=ulao@ ;dmh fya;= fldg f.k øj yd jdhq ;=, we;sjk fN!;sl fjkiaùï" tkï jdIamSNjkh yd mßud m%idrKh ksid yg.kakd mSvk Yla;sh" úÿ,s W;amdol hka;% l%shd;aul lrùu i|yd fhdod .ekSu fuhska woyia flf¾¡ ;dmfhka Yla;sh ,nd.ekSu ms<sn| ish¿ kshuhka ;dm .;s úoHdj ^thermodynamics& u.ska úia;r flf¾¡ fuu mßÉfÊofhka tu uQ,O¾u j, m%dfhda.sl Ndú;djka lsysmhla ir,j meyeos,s lsÍug W;aidy flf¾¡

bkaOk oykfhka l%shd;aul jk ;dm úÿ,s ckkh uQ,sl jYfhka l%u follg isÿ flf¾¡ ta ;dm.;sl ;,nuk hka;% wdOdrfhka iy msiagka tkaðka wdOdrfhks¡ tla hka;%hlska úYd, úÿ,s Yla;shla ckkh lsÍu i|yd ;,nuk hka;% Ndú;d flfrk w;r msiagka tkaðka u.ska ckkh l< yelafla idfmACIj wvq úÿ,s Yla;s m%udKhls¡ ;,nuk fyj;a g¾nhsk" yqud, ^jdIam& g¾nhsk ^steam turbine& yd oyk g¾nhsk ^combustion turbine& jYfhka j¾. folls¡ oyk g¾nhsk nyq,j y÷kajkafka jdhq ;,nuk ^gas turbine& hkqfjks¡ msiagka tkaðka fyj;a wNHka;r oyk tkaðka ^piston / internal combustion engines& o isõmyr pl%h ^four-stroke cycle& yd fomyr pl%h ^two-stroke cycle& jYfhka fukau iïmSvk oyk ^compression ignition& yd mq,sÕ= oyk ^spark ignition& tkaðka jYfhka j¾. flf¾¡ my; oelafjk igyfka oyk hka;% yd tajdfha Ndú;d l< yels bkaOk j¾. fmkajd fohs¡

rEmh 4-1

;dm úÿ,s ckkh i|yd oekg Ndú; jk bkAOk w;s nyq;rh fmdis, bkaOk kï ^fossil fuels& fõ¡ fmfg%da,shï" .,a wÕ+re yd iajNdúl jdhq jYfhka fmd<da .efí we;s fuh jir ñ,shk .Kklg fmr Ydl yd i;aj øjH" mdßißl úm¾hdi j,g n÷ka ù ks¾udKh jQjls¡ fïjdfhys wêl Ndú;h ksid laIh fjñka mj;sk w;r fmdf<dfõ kej; tu øjH ks¾udKh jkafka ke;¡ fmdis, bkaOk fjkqjg fhdod.; yels wfkla j¾.h mqk¾ckkSh bkaOk ^renewable fuels& kï fõ¡ or" oyhshd" ,S l=vq" Ydl f;,a yd iam%S;= j¾. wd§ fuu bkaOk kej; kej; ksmoúh yelsh¡ wkd.;h i|yd ;srir l%u ^sustainable methods& jYfhka fuu bkaOk iïnkaO Wkkaÿj jeä fjñka mj;S¡ óg wu;rj kHIaál n, Yla;sho ;dm úÿ,s ckk l%uhla jk w;r fjk;a mßÉfþohl ta ms<sn|j úia;r flf¾¡

27

4¡2 yqud,fhka úÿ,sh ksmoùu c,h fyda fjk;a øjhlg ;dmh ,nd§fuka th øj wjia:dfõ isg jdhq wjia:dj olajd

fjkia l< yelsh¡ fuu úm¾hdifha§ idudkH mSvkh hgf;a o< jYfhka oyia .=Khlska muK øjHfha mßudj jeä fõ¡ tksid ixjD; n÷kla ;=< fuu l%shdj isÿ l< fyd;a tys mSvkh úYd, jYfhka jeä fõ¡ tu mSvkh g¾nhskhla lrljñka ksoyia lsÍug ie,eiaùfuka N%uK n,hla fyj;a jHdjD;hla ^torque& we;s lr tu.ska úÿ,s cklhla lrleùug ie,eiaùu jdIam úÿ,sn, ckkh ^steam power generation& kñka y÷kajuq¡

yqud, úÿ,sh ckkh i|yd >k øj fyda jdhq hk ´kEu wjiA:djlu mj;sk bkaOk Ndú; l< yelsh¡ f,dalfha we;s yqud, úÿ,s n,d.dr jeä m%udKh l%shd;aul jkafka .,a wÕ=re j,sks¡ › ,xldfõ le<Ks;siai n,d.drfha uq,skau bÈ lrk ,oafoa oeúf;,a oykfhka l%shd;aul jk yqud, ckl hka;% folls¡ f;,a bkaOk fhdod .ekSfï§ øjiSlr ^atomizer& iys; f;,a fmdïmhla u.ska Wÿkla ;=,g úÈkq ,nk f;,a iq<x íf,dajrhla u.ska fyd|ska jd;h yd uqiqù oykh fõ¡ oyk ld¾hCIu;dj jeä lsÍug f;,a yd iq<x l<ska r;a l<hq;= w;r msgdr jdhqfõ WIaK;ajfhka th isÿ flf¾¡ .,a wÕ=re Ndú;fha§ l=vq l< .,a wÕ=re WKqiqï jd;h iuÕ Wÿk ;=<g úÈkq ,nhs¡ .,a wÕ=re j, f.kao.ï bj;a lsÍug .,a wÕ=re iuÕ yqKq.,a l=vq ñY% flfrk w;r ðmaiï njg m;a jk th w¿ iuÕ bj;a lr .; yelsh¡

.,a wÕ=re wx.kfha isg má t<ejqï ^conveyor& wUrk hka;% Wÿka j¾. ^pulverized coal burners, fluidized bed, chain grate burners& wdÈh wkqj tksfklg fjkia odyl fudaia;r ^designs& .Kkdjla we;¡ leg .,a wÕ=re fyda or Ndú;fha§ t<jqï oe,la ^chain grate& Tiafia Wÿkg bkaOk iemfha¡

oyk ;dmfhka c,h yqud,h njg m;a lsÍug fndhs,rhla Ndú; fõ¡ Wmßu ;dmhla c,h fj; Wlyd .ekSug ;dmk mDIaGh ^heating surface& jeä l< hq;= w;r ta i|yd fndhsf,are k< úYd, m%udKhla fhdod we;¡ m%Odk jYfhka fndhs,r j¾. folls¡

tkï( 1¡ .sks k< fndhs,r ^fire tube boiler& yd 2¡ Èh k< fndhs,r ^water tube boiler& hkqfjks¡

l=vd Odß;djka i|yd ^fu¡ fjd¡ 2 muK olajd& m<uq j¾.h o úYd, ^fire tube boiler& i|yd ^fu¡ fjd¡ 1000 olajd jqjo& fojeks j¾.ho Ndú; flf¾¡ ÿïßh fndhs,r yd l¾udka; Yd,d j, Ndú; flfrk ‘fldlardka’ ^Cochran&" ,ekalIh¾ yd FTP fndhs,r" .sks k< fndhs,r i|yd WodyrK fõ¡ Rcq k< iys; î wekaâ ví,sõ ^Babcock & Wilcox& fndhs,rh yd keuqKq k< iys; iag¾,sx fndhs,rh" Èh k< fndhs,r i|yd WodyrK h¡

úm;mT

rEmh 4-2

úúO fndhs,r w;=ßka úYd,u j¾.h jk iag¾,sx fndhs,rfha l%shdldß;ajh muKla u|la uid n,uq ^rEmh 4-3 gï me;a;&¡ iemhqï lmdgh ^feed valve& yryd fmdïmhla uÕska fndhs,rfha sßuiajkh ^economizer& kï k< moaO;sh ;=,g c,h fmdïm flf¾¡ msgdr ÿu uÕska wmf;a hk dmh wdOdrfhka c,h hï m%udKhlg r;a lsÍu fuys ld¾hhhs¡ tu WKq c,h bka miq by<ska we;s Svk n÷k ^upper drum& fj; .uka lrhs¡ tys isg my< n÷k ^lower drum& fj; we;s k< rdYshla iafia c,h .uka lrk úg ;dmdxlhg m;afõ¡ my< n÷fka Wÿk me;a;g jkakg we;s k< fma,s

28

;=, we;s c,h kgñka jdIam ù kej; by< n÷ka lrd hhs¡ fufia k< ;=,ska fndhs,rfha Ññksh me;af;a isg Wÿk me;a;g c,h hk wla jla ^zig zag& .ufka § WKqiqï oejqKq jdhq j, we;s ;dmh Wrd .ksñka yqud,h ksmofõ¡ fndhs,rfha by< n÷ka uqÿfka /ia jk yqud,h ;j;a k< moaO;shla ^super heater coil& ;=,ska f.dia wê;ma; jdIam njg m;aj jeä Yla;shla .nvd lr.kS¡ fndhs,rh uqÿfka wê;ma; jdUam" wê mSvkfhka hq;=j r|jd ;efnk n÷klska werfUk m%Odk jdIam k<fhka ^main steam pipe& g¾nhskhg yqud,h imhhs¡

rEmh 4-3

fndfyda úg yqud, g¾nhsk wCISh m%jdy ^axial flow& j¾.fha tajdh¡ g¾nhskfha wCIh yd ta jgd we;s ;, tl,i fmdÿfõ N%ulh ^rotor& kñka y÷kajhs¡ N%ulh jgd we;s wdjrKh ia:djrlh ^stator& fõ¡ N%ulfha we;s N%ul ;, ^rotor blades&" j<¨ jeks mshjr ^stages& lsysmhla jYfhka we;af;a msg; ÈYdjg hk úg l%ufhka úYd, jk mßÈh¡ ta N%ulh lrljñka yqud,h m%idrKh ùug ie,iaùu i|ydh¡ tla N%ul ;, mshjrla lrleùfuka miq úisfrk yqud,h B<Õ N%ul ;, mshjr fj; fhduq lsÍug ia:djr ;, moaO;shla ^stator blades& w;rg fhdod we;¡ l%ufhka m%idrKh jk yqud,fha Yla;sh Wlyd .ekSu i|yd g¾nhsk ;, mshjfrka mshjr úYd, lr we;¡ fï wkaoug yqud,fha we;s Yla;sh yels ;rï g¾nhskhg wjfYdaIKh lr .efka¡ úYd, ckl moAO;s j, tlu wCIhg fY%aKs.;j iïnkaO l< g¾nhsk lsysmhla we;¡ uq,ska yqud,h we;=¿ jkafka wêmSvk ^high pressure& g¾nhskhg h¡ B,Õg wjmSvk ^low pressure& g¾nhsk j,gh¡ we;eï úg wjmSvk g¾nhskhg fjku yqud, k<hla fyda kej; ;dmh ,nd §fï Wml%uhla fhdod we;af;a ld¾hCIu;dj jeä lr.ekSugh¡ g¾nhskh lrlefjk úg tys wlaIhg iïnkaOj we;s cklfhka úÿ,s n,h W;amdokh fõ¡

rEmh 4-4 .,awÕ=re n,d.drhla

29

g¾nhskhg Yla;sh imhñka m%idrKh ù msg;g tk yqud,h fndfyda ÿrg isis,a fõ¡ .x.djlska fyda uqyqfoka ,nd .kakd isis,k c,h wdOdrfhka tu yqud,h isis,a lr kej; øj c,h njg >kSNjkh flf¾¡ th isÿjkafka >kSldrlh ^condenser& ;=,§ h¡ tu c,h kej;;a fndhs,rhg heùug iQodkï flfrk gexlshlg hefõ¡ fufia ;dm yqjudrej isÿ lrñka fndhs,rh yd g¾nhskh w;r È.gu c,h ixirKh fõ¡ ldrl øjh ^working fluid& f,i ye¢kafjk fuu c,h" ,jK yd whk bj;a lr msßisÿ lr we;s ksid isis,k c,h yd ñY% ùu fyda msg;g ldkaÿ ùu j<lajkq ,efí¡ uqyqo fyda c,dYhla wi, ke;s n,d.dr j, yqud,h >kSNjkh flfrkafka isis,k l+¿Kq ;=,h¡ th isÿjkafka yqud, k< u;g biskq ,nk c, ì¢;s jdIamSlrKh ùfuka iy ixjyk Odrd uÕska ;dmh bj;a ùfuks¡

4¡3 ãi,a tkaðka" .Eia g¾nhska yd ixhqla; pl% ãi,a tkaðka hkq msiagka tkaðka ldKavhg .efkk tla tkaðka j¾.hls¡ fmg%,a fyda

N+ñf;,a j,ska l%shd lrk msiagka tkaðulaa fh¥ l=vd ckl hka;%" we;eï ksjdi moaO;s yd ld¾hd, j, iSrefjka ;nd ^stand by& we;af;a m%Odk úÿ,sfha ì| jeàula jqjfyd;a m%fhdackhg .ekSugh¡ kuq;a m%Odk úÿ,s moaO;shg cjh imhk msiagka tkaðka iys; úÿ,s n,d.dro we;¡ fujeks tkaðka fu¡fjd¡ 20la fyda 30la olajd úÿ,s ckl hka;% i|yd fhÈh yelsh¡ wNHka;r oyk tkaðka ^internal combustion engine& hkqfjka o ye¢kafjk fuu hka;%" isõ myr ^four stroke& yd fomyr ^two stroke& jYfhka j¾. folls¡

f¾Çh myiqj by< fmsgdr ljefkklf|a otys wliïfm%aYlruq¡

rEmh 4-5 ir, msiagka tkaðula

is,skavrhla ;=, msiagkh by<g fyda my,g hk tla jdrhla myrla kïfõ¡ msiagkfha fuu p,s;h oÕr l| ^crank shaft& u.ska N%uK p,s;hla njg m;alrkq ,nhs¡ f;areï .ekSfï msKsi ;ks is,skavrfha isõ myr ãi,a tkaðul l%shdß;ajh m<uqj úuid n,uq¡ is,skavrfha l<jr wjYH úg wefrk yd jefik lmdg ^jE,aõ& folls¡ tajd pQIK lmdgh ^inlet valve& yd mdgh ^exhaust valve& kï fõ¡ msiagkfha ueÈka yryg we;s l=vd weKhla ^gudgeon pin& jgd f,i /|jQ msiagka wf;a ^connecting rod& wfkla fl<jr fyj;a uy fldK ^big end& oÕr Õr weKh ^crank pin& jgd /|fõ¡ oÕr lf|a .eiaiSï j<ld iqug N%uKhla mj;ajd.ekSug aIhg iïnkaO jQ n/;s cj frdaoh ^fly wheel& WmldÍ fõ¡ tkaðfï N%uK n,h msg;g Kh jkafka oÕr lf|a wlaIh fl<jßks¡ oeka wms tkaðfï isõ myr pl%h .ek idlÉPd

30

m<uqjekfoig .umsg;ska j

fojeks mjE,aj foWIaK;ajhl=àrfha&

;=kajeks ãi,a iajmSvkh umuKla jl%shd;aulùug mgk

isõjeks miuÕu¡ ãTiafia ÿïmyrlg i

lmdú§ug wjYlsÍfuks¡ flrlefjk uÕska oÕr ùug mgka is,skavrhgtkaðka j,

rEmh 4-6 isõ myr pl%h

s myr( pQIK myr ^inlet stroke& - fuu wjia:dfõ is,skavrh uqÿfka isg msiagkh my< ka lrhs¡ ta iuÕu pQIK jE,ajh újD; fõ¡ msiagkfhka we;sjk pQIKh ^suction& ksid d;h is,skavrh ;=,g we;=¿ fõ¡

yr( iïmSvk myr ^compression stroke& - msiagkh by<g .uka lrhs¡ pQIK yd msgdr hk lu jeiS mj;S¡ is,skavrh ;=, we;s jd;h ;Èka f;rmS mßudj wvqjk w;r tys by< hhs¡ is,skavrh uqÿkg ^TDC& msiagkh meñKs úg tys b;sß jk bfvys ^oyk

isrù we;s jd;fha WIAK;ajh ãi,a j, Êj,kdxlh ^flash point& blaujd hhs¡

myr( n, myr ^power stroke& - oyk l=àrfha we;s WKqiqï jd;h ;=,g bkafclagrfhka ,amhla ì¢;s jYfhka úÈhs¡ ta iuÕu ãi,a .sksf.k msmqreula f,i yg.kakd wêl Õska msiagkh jefrka my,g ;,a¨ lrhs¡ tkaðu ;=, n,h ksmofjkafka fuu myf¾§ qj;a cjfrdaoh lrleùu uÕska b;sß myrj,a ;=ko mj;ajdf.k hñka tkaðu È.gu ùu wrUhs¡ n, myr ;=,§ o jE,aj folu jeiS ;sî myr wjidkfha msgdr myr újD; a .kS¡

yr( msgdr myr ^exhaust stroke& - msiagkh kej; jrla my< isg by<g .uka wrUhs¡ ta i,a oykfhka yg.;a jdhQka ^ÿï& újD;ù we;s msgdr jE,ajh ;=,ska f.dia msgdr ljq¿j nghg msgù hhs¡ isõ myr pl%h iïmQ¾K jk fuu myr wjidkfha kej;;a jQIK Qodkï fõ¡

g ^jE,aj& újD; jkafka lrlefjk leñhla u.ska f;rmSfuks¡ bkafclagrfhka ãi,a H f;rmqu ,nd fokafkao leñhla uÕska bkafclagr fmdïmfha ma,kacr l%shd;aul uu ish¿u leñ iys; leñ o~q lrljkq ,nkafka oÕr lf|a jg follg tla jrla f,i ilik ,o uqyq¾;k ^timing& .shr moaO;shlsks¡ fudagrhla fyda tjeks ndysr n,hla l| jg fol ;=kla lrlejQ úg by; ish¿ fldgia bfíu l%shd;aul ù tkaðu Odjkh .kS¡ n,h jeälr.ekSu i|yd g¾fndapdcrhla uÕska pQIK jd;h iïmSvkh lr

iemfha¡ g¾fndapdcrh hkq msgdr ÿfï pd,l Yla;sfhka Odjkh jk g¾nhskhls¡ úYd, g iïnkaO l< jdhq iïmSvlhla ^air compressor& uÕska wêmSvkfhka hq;= jd;h iys;

31

mSvk n÷kla ^pressure vessel& mj;ajd .kS¡ tkaðu jrla keje;ajQ miq kej; mK.kajkafka fuu iïmSä; jd;h wdOdrfhka msiagka p,kh lsÍfuks¡

isõ myr tkaðfï n,h ksmofjkafka jg follg jrls¡ fomyr tkaðul iEu jghl§u n,h ksmofõ¡ fomyr tkaðka j, jE,aj moaO;shlao ke;¡ tksid fïjd ieye,a¨ yd fõ.j;a tkaðka j¾.hls¡ kuq;a bkaOk ld¾hCIu;dj ;rula wvqh¡ is,skavrhg jd;h we;=¿ùu yd msgùu isÿjkafka is,skavr nf|a we;s ljq¿ Tiafiah¡ fuu ljq¿ weÍu yd jeiSu msiagkh u.skau isÿfõ¡ fomyr fmg%,a tkaðul Odjk pl%h oeka i,ld n,uq¡

iitwyyifiimi>c

iñyã

rEmh 4-7 fo myr pl%h

m<uqjeks myr by<g( iïmSvk yd Êj,k myr ^compression & igntion stroke& - is,skavrhg we;=¿ ù we;s jd;h yd bkaOk ñY%Kh f;rmd fuu myr wjidk jkúg mq,sÕ= fmakqj ^spark plug& uÕska Êj,kh lrhs¡ msiagkh by<g hkúg my<ska we;s pQIK ljq¿fjka jd;h yd bkaOk oÕrl| l=àrh ;=,g we§ ths¡

fojeks myr my<g( n," msgdr yd fm%arK myr ^power, exhaust & induction stroke& - bkaOk oe,aùfuka yg.kakd jdhq j, mSvkfhka msiagkh my<g ;,a¨ fõ¡ msiagkh my<g h;au msgdr ljq¿j újD; ù oyk jdhq msgù hdu werfò¡ ta iuÕu msiagkfha há me;af;ka f;rfmk w¿;a jd;h yd bkaOk ixl%uK ljq¿j ^transfer port& ;=,ska is,skavrhg we;=¿ fõ¡ tuÕska oykh jQ jdhQka o msiod yef¾ ^scavenge&¡

fomyr ãi,a tkaðul mq,sÕ= fmakqj fjkqjg bkafclagrhla we;¡ g¾fndapdcrhla uÕska ïmSvkh l< jd;h is,skavrhg iemfha¡ keõ j, fndfyda úg we;af;a fomyr ãi,a tkaðka h¡ dudkHfhka úYd, ãi,a tkaðka j, N%uK fõ.h wvqh ^úkdähg jg 350-750&¡ ;ks is,skavrhl kaðulska fooÍula we;sfõ¡ is,skavr jeä .Kkla fhdod úúO N%uK wjia:d j,§ n, myr e;sjk fia ks¾udKh lsÍfuka jvd iqug Odjkhla ,nd.; yels w;r cj frdaofha nr o wvq l< elsh¡ tkaðka n| yd oÕr lf|a È. wvq lr .ekSu i|yd —ù˜ wl=f¾ ^V& yevhg is,skavr msysgqúh elsh¡ tkaðfï hdka;%sl fldgia yd iafkayk ^lubrication& f;,a ms,siaiSfuka wdrCId lr .ekSug sis,k c, ixirK moaO;shla we;¡ is,skavr jgd we;s l=yr ^water jackets&" c, gexls" ¾äfhagr$isis,k wg¿$ isis,k l=¿Kq wdÈh Bg wh;a fõ¡ tkaðfï l%shdldß;ajh iy l,ameje;au |yd w;HdjYH ;j;a moAO;s .Kkdjla we;¡ ^Wod( bkaOk msßisÿ ldrl yd iemhqï moAO;sh" afkayk moaO;sh" jdhq ixirK moaO;sh" fõ. md,l moaO;sh" jdhq iïmSvk yd mK.ekajqï oaO;sh wdÈh& kuq;a tajd ms<sn| jeäÿr úia;r lsÍu fuu fmdf;a wruqK fkdfõ¡ tkaðfï n,h s,skavr j, mßudjg iudkqmd;sl fõ¡ tksid tkaðul n,h m%ldY lrkafka is,skavr mßudj ¡fi¡ó¡ ^c.c.& fyda ,Sgr j,sks¡ is,skavrhl úYalïNh yd myf¾ È. ^bore & stroke& uÕskao tkaðul jh y÷kajkq ,efí¡

ãi,a tkaðka n,d.drhla idfmaCIj flá ld,hlska wvq bv m%udKhl bÈlsÍug yelsh¡ yÈis emhqï i|yd fukau iSrefjka ;nd .efkk n,d.dr i|yd fuu l%uh Ndú; fõ¡ tfia jqjo bkaOk < jeä ksid fujeks tkaðka uÕska ksmojk úÿ,s tallhlg wêl úhoula oeßh hq;=h¡ wêl Yíoh d lïmkho fuu hka;% j, ,CIKhls¡ idudkHfhka c, úÿ,sh fyda .,a wÕ=re ysÕ wjia:d j,§ i,a tkaðka n,d.dr Ndú; lrkq ,efí¡

32

fmm

hfuloyjfg.g,

;l.

Yhllkl

wvW^hiúrEO^c

rEmh 4-8 .Eia g¾nhskh

bkaOk uÕska ckl hka;% lrleùug fhdod .kakd ;j;a hka;% úfYaIhls .Eia g¾nhsk¡ b;d õ.fhka lrlefjk úg jvd ld¾hCIu jk fïjd fu¡fjd¡ 120la muK úYd, ckl hka;% i|yd jd oeka fhdod .efka¡ fuu g¾nhsk i|yd ldrl ;r,h ^working fluid& jkafka oykfhka %idrKh jk WKqiqï jdhQka h¡ .Eia g¾nhsk úÿ,s cklhl rEmhla by; bÈßm;a lr we;¡

fudagrhla fyda l=vd tkaðula uÕska g¾nhsk N%ulh lrljd wdrïNl fõ.hla ,nd§fuka ka;%h l%shd;aul ùu werfò¡ iïmSvlh ^compressor& fldgfia we;s N%uK ;, lrleùfuka jd mryk ^air cleaner& yryd hka;%h ;=,g jd;h weo.kS¡ iïmSvlh N%uK ;, ^rotor blades& w;r drefjka udrejg we;s ia:djr ;, ^stator blades& uÕska jd;h oyk l=àrh ;=,g fhduq lrhs¡ fuu %shdj,sh fõ.j;a jk úg l%ufhka l=vd jk wjldYh ;=, jd;h iïmSvkh fõ¡ iïmSvkh jQ jd;h k l=àrh ;=,g meñKs úg th ;=,g bkaOk úiqrejd úo mq,sÕ=jla uÕska o,ajhs¡ jd;fha mSvkh

eä jQ úg th ;=, bkaOk oykh fyd¢ka yd fõ.fhka isÿfõ ^fuh msiagka tkaðka j,§o hdod.efka&¡ oykfhka yg .kakd WKqiqï jdhQkaf.a m%idrKfhka we;sjk n,fhka B<Õg we;s ¾nhskfha ;, lrlefõ¡ jdhq j, l%ñl m%idrKhg bvfoñka fyd¢ka Yla;sh wjfYdaIKh lr ekSu i|yd wKql%ufhka úYd, jk N%ul yd iA:djr ;, mshjr lsysmhla we;¡ we;eï úg ¾nhskfha ia:djr ;, moaO;sh nozzle ring f,i yd N%ul ;, moaO;sh bucket ring f,i y÷kajkq nkafka tajdfha yrialv yevh wkqjh¡

g¾nhskfha we;sjk N%uK n,fhka lrlefjk N%ul wCIh uÕska iïmSvlh lrljd ;j j;a jd;h .kakd w;r g¾nhskho fõ.j;a fõ¡ oeka wêl fõ.hla we;s g¾nhskfha N%uK wCIh a,É yd .shr iïnkaOhla yryd úÿ,s cklhg tl;= lrhs¡ tuÕska úÿ,sh W;amdokh ùug mgka kS¡

N%uK M,h jYfhka úÿ,s cklhg ,efnkafka bkaOk j, Yla;sfhka 1$3 la muKs¡ b;sß la;s m%udKh ;dmh jYfhka msgù hk w;r iïmSvlh lrleùu i|ydo fldgila jehfõ¡ wmf;a k ;dmfhka iïmSvlhg iemfhk jd;h yd bkaOk WKqiqï lsÍfuka ^regeneration& oyk d¾hCIu;djh jeä lr .; yelsh¡ ms<siaiSfuka jk ydks je<elaùug uq,a hq.fha g¾nhsk j, oyk =àr WIAK;ajh fi¡ wxYl 700-900 w;r mj;ajd.; hq;= jQ w;r jeäÈhqKq l< wuqøjH Ndú;fhka ùk .Eia g¾nhsk j, ;, fi¡ wxYl 1300 lg muK Tfrd;a;= fok f,i ksmojd we;s ksid 40] a muK olajd ld¾hCIu;dj jeä lrf.k we;¡

g¾nhskhg n,h ,nd foñka m%idrKh jk ksid oyk jdhq j, WIaK;ajh hï lsis ÿrlg q jk kuq;a Ññksfhka msgù jdhqf.da,hg wmf;a hk msgdr jdhqj i;=j o fix¡ 500 l muK

IaK;ajhla we;¡ fuu wmf;a hk ;dm Yla;sh mdúÉÑ lsÍug fndhs,rhla fyj;a yqud, cklhla eat recovery steam generator - HRSG& iúlsÍfuka bkaOk j, Yla;sh ;jÿrg;a m%fhdackj;a ld¾h |yd fhdod .ekSug wjia:dj ,efí¡ fufia ksmojk yqud,h uÕska jdIam g¾nhskhla lrljd ;j;a ÿ,s cklhla l%shd;aul lrùu —ixhqla; pl%˜ ^combined cycle& úÿ,s ckkh kñka ye¢kafõ¡ 4-9 mfha oelafjkafka tjeks n,d.drhl igykls¡ idudkHfhka oyk pl%fha ckl hka;%fha dß;djfhka wvl muK Odß;djla yqud, pl%fha cklfhka ,efí¡ fujeks ie,iqula iyckkh ogeneration& f,io ye¢kafõ¡

33

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rEmh 4-9 ixhqla; jl% n,d.drh

by; oelajQ whqre m%;sckk yd iyckk ^regeneration & cogeneration& .Eia g¾nhsk ixhqla; l% n,d.dr j,ska bkaOk oykfhka 50] blaujQ ld¾hCIu;djhlska úÿ,sh W;amdokh l< yelsh¡ ,dalfha fï wdldrfha úYd, úÿ,s n,d.dr y÷kajdfokq ,enqfõ 1975 ka fumsg ;rï uE;l§ h¡ kaOk úhou wvqlr .ekSu i|yd ixhqla; pl% n,d.dr fyd| úl,amhls¡ blaukska mK.ekaùu rula wmyiq ksid ckk YS>%;djh ia:djrj mj;ajd .; hq;= mdoï úner ^base load& n,d.dr i|yd qÿiqh¡ úYd, Odß;djka iys; n,d.dr w;=ßka b;d flá ld<hlska ia:dmkh l<yelafla .Eia ¾nhsk n,d.drhkah¡ ta i|yd .;jkafka udi 6 - 12 w;r ld<hls¡ ixhqla; pl% n,d.drhla ÈlsÍu i|yd ;j;a jir 1½ la muK .;jk w;r .,a wÕ=re n,d.drhla bÈlsÍug wju jYfhka ir 5la muK .;fõ¡ kuq;a fïjd w;=ßka .Eia g¾nhsk n,d.drhl úÿ,s tallhg hk úhou v;a;=" fufyhqï yd bkaOk& jvd;a wêlh¡

¡4 › ,xldfõ ;dm úÿ,sh › ,xldfõ ;dm úÿ,sh ckkhg o È.= b;sydihla ;sfí¡ njqiagâ kï mqoa.,sl iud.u uÕska

95 § ;dm úÿ,s cklhla f.kajd we;s w;r miqj fldf,dkakdfõ" msgfldgqfõ yd hdmkfha msysgjq =vd ;dm n,d.dr uÕska m%dfoaYShj úÿ,s wjYH;d imqrdf.k we;¡ ta w;r ;=r l÷lr f;a j;= dY%s;j l=vd c, n,d.dr bÈjQ nj l<ska mßÉfþohl i|yka úh¡ fï jkúg fuu hka;% ish,a, Ndjhg f.dia we;¡ 1928 § msysgjQ rcfha úÿ,s bÈlsÍï fomd¾;fïka;=j ^DGEU& Èjhsfka úúO ;eka , msysgqjd ;snQ n,d.dr iïnkaO lr iïfm%aIK cd,hla ^National grid& ;ekSu wdrïN lf<ah¡ 1950 lfha werô ,CImdk c, úÿ,s n,d.drfhka wk;=rej úYd, ;dm n,d.drhla jYfhka 1960 § e<Ks;siai n,d.drh wdrïN lrk ,§¡ fï w;r hdmkfha pqkakdlï ys fu¡fjd¡ 14 l ãi,a ,d.drhla o lkalika;=f¾ fu¡fjd¡ 7l yqud, g¾nhskhla o msysgqjd ;sìKs¡

fld<U k.rhg msúfikafkl=g oelsh yels b;d Wi Ññks ^ÿï k<& folla iys; e<Ks;siai n,d.drfha oeúf;,a oykfhka l%shd;aul jk fndhs,r folla we;¡ Èjhsfka bÈjQ Yd,u fndhs,rh jQ fuh iag¾,sx j¾.hg wh;a Èh k< fndhs,r ^water tube boiler& hq.,hls¡ jdIam ¾nhsk moaO;s follska l%shd;aul jk tlla fu¡ fjd¡ 25 ne.ska jQ ckl hka;% folla fuys ;sfí¡ a ì%;dkHfha bx.a,sIa bf,laá%la iud.fuka imhk ,o tajdh¡ úYd, ld¾h Ndrhla bgq lsÍfuka k;=rej kv;a;= yd fufyhqï wmyiqlï ksid 2001 § fuu ;dm n, hka;%fha Ôú; ld,h wjika lßKs¡ j¾;udkfha le<Ks;siai n,d.drh .Eia g¾nhska ^ir, pl%& iy ixhqla; pl% cklhka .ka iukaú; fõ¡

1980 § iafldÜ,ka;fha ‘fcdaka n%jqka’ iud.fuka fu¡fjd¡ 20 ne.ska jQ ysgdÑ j¾.fha .Eia ¾nhsk 3 la o 1982 § m%xYfhka fu¡fjd¡ 20 ne.ska jQ we,aiaf;dï j¾.fha .Eia g¾nhsk 3 la o Yfhka f.kajd fu¡fjd¡ 120 l .Eia g¾nhsk úÿ,s ckl moaO;shla le<Ks;siai n,d.drfha bÈlr e;¡ 1997 § úYd, fu¡fjd¡ 115 l *shÜ taúfhda j¾.fha .Eia g¾nhskhla b;d,sfhka f.kajk ,§¡

34

bkamiq we,aiaf;dï j¾.fha g¾nhska hka;% iys; fu¡fjd¡ 165 l ^110+55& ixhqla; pl% n,d.drhla bÈ lrk ,§¡ 2001 § tlajQ fuu n,d.drh iuÕ le<Ks;siai n,d.drfha ia:dms; Odß;dj fu¡fjd¡ 400 ls¡ fï w;r le<Ks;siai n,d.drhg hdnoj AES kï wfußldkq iud.u uÕska bÈlr fm!oa.,sl wxYfhka fufyhefjk ;j;a fu¡fjd¡ 165 l ixhqla; pl% n,d.drhla 2002 § ,x¡ú¡u¡ g úÿ,sh iemhSu wdrïN lf<ah¡ fckr,a bf,laá%la j¾.fha hka;% j,ska iukaú; fuys yÈisfha yg.;a .skaklska jdIam ckl moaO;sh úkdY ùu ksid 2004 § úYd, w,dNhla isÿjQ kuq;a läkñka w¿;ajeähd flßKs¡ fuu .Eia g¾nhska hka;% ish,a,u ãi,a jdIam yd kema;d j,ska Odjkh fõ¡ Èjhsfka ;dm n, ckkfha ;j;a iqúfYaI mshjrla jQfha 1984 § imq.ialkao ãi,a úÿ,s n,ia:dkh weröuhs¡ fuys is,skav¾ 18 lska hq;a úYd, isõmyr ãi,a tkaðka 4 lska n,.ekafjk fu¡fjd¡ 20 ne.ska jQ ckl hka;% 4 ls¡ m%xYfha we,aYaf;dï-w;a,dka;sla iy S.E.M.T-mS,aiaála iud.ï j,ska imhk ,o fuu hka;% hdno imq.ialkao f;,a msßmyÿfjka ,efnk ukaäf;,a ^residual oil& j,ska l%shd;aul fõ¡ 1997 § imq.ialkao úÿ,s n,ia:dkfha fojeks wÈhr werUqKq w;r fu¡fjd¡ 10 ne.ska jQ ckl hka;% 4 la tl;= flßKs¡ c¾uksfhka f.kajQ MAN B&W is,skav¾ wfÜ ãi,a tkaðka j,ska iukaú; jQ fuu j¾.fha ;j;a hka;% 4la 1999 § tlaùfuka fuu n,d.drfha iïmQ¾K Odß;dj fu¡fjd¡ 160 la njg m;aúh¡

1996 § oeä kshÕhla ksid c,dY is£hdfuka úÿ,s w¾nqohla yg.;af;ah¡ úÿ,sh lemSug isÿjQfhka rfÜ wd¾Ólhgo wys;lr n,mEula t,a,úh¡ fuhska miqj ;dm úÿ,s iemhqu j¾Okh lsÍu werUqKq w;r fï i|yd fm!oa.,sl wxYfha odhl;ajho ,eìKs¡ úÿ,s n, uKav,hg wkqnoaO ,xld g%dkaiaf*dau¾ia iud.u uÕska iaùvkfhka f.k wd fu¡fjd¡ 6 ne.ska jQ jd¾Üis,d ckl hka;% 4 lska iukaú;j imq.ialkao ld¾ñl ckmofha ^LINDEL& bÈjQ ,laokú ãi,a n,d.drh fuys mqfrda.dó úh¡ fldaÜfÜ m%foaYfha§ cx.u ãi,a ckl hka;% uÕska cd;sl moaO;shg úÿ,sh iemhSu werUQ ;j;a iud.ula jQ l+,athd¾ wdh;kh miqj fu¡fjd¡ 20 la muK jQ ;u n,d.drh lkalika;=rhg f.k .sfhah¡ tAIshdmj¾ kñka ;j;a ãi,a n,d.drhla ,laokú n,d.drhg kqÿßka bÈúh¡ tys Odß;dj fu¡fjd¡ 51 ls¡ fï w;r cmdkfha ñÜiqhs bxðfkare iud.fuka imhk ,o fu¡fjd¡ 30 ne.ska jQ ãi,a tkaðka follska hq;a n;a;,l msysgqjk ,o ^barge-mounted& mdfjk n,d.drhla jk l,ïnq mj¾ n,d.drh fld<U jrdfha ia:dk.;j le<Ks;siai iïfm%AIK ud¾.hg iïnkaO lrk ,§¡ thsÜlka iafmkaia iud.fuka ACE Power kï fu¡fjd¡ 20 ne.ska jQ n,d.dr 2la ud;r yd fydrK msysgqjk ,§¡ fuu n,d.dr ish,a,u ,xld LKsc f;,a ixia:dfjka imhkq ,nk oeúf;,a ^fernace oil& j,ska Odjkh fõ¡ fuu n,d.dr j,ska jirlg ,x¡ú¡u¡ ñ<§ .ekSug .súif.k we;s wju úÿ,s Yla;s m%udKhka tall ñ,shk ^.s¡fjd¡me¡& j,ska fufiah(

,laokú - imq.ialkao ( 193 tAIshdmj¾ - imq.ialkao ( 343

l,ïnqmj¾ - jrdfha ^n;a;,&( 420 ACE - ud;r ( 167" fydrK ( 167

fï w;r 2002 § o oeä kshÕhla we;sùu ksid c, úÿ,s ksmehqu wvd, jQfhka jeämqr ;dm úÿ,sh m%udKhla yÈis ñ<§ .ekSï mßmdáhla hgf;a ,nd.ekSug úÿ,sn, uKav,hg isÿúh¡ fï wkqj läkñka f.k wd cx.u n,d.dr iuQyhla wdOdrfhka ´,kaofha we.%sflda iud.u fldgqf.dv" u;=.u" fldia.u" wúiaidfõ,a, we;=¿ Èjhsfka ia:dk 8 l§ o ,laokú iud.u mq;a;,u yd weô,smsáfha§ o m%xYfha we,aiaf;dï iud.u hdmkfha pqkakdlï ys§ o cd;sl úÿ,s moaO;shg úÿ,sh iemhSug iïnkaO úh¡ fï hgf;a uq¿ tl;=j fu¡fjd¡ 290la jQ n,d.dr rdYshlska úÿ,s tall ñ,shk 913 la ñ<§ .ekSug 2002 § ,x¡ú¡u¡ g isÿúh¡ fuu úÿ,sh i|yd úYd, msßjehla orkakg isÿùu fkdje,elaúh yels fohls¡ wjidkfha úYd, uq,H w¾nqohlg mjd ,x¡ú¡u¡ g uqyqK mEug isÿjQfha fï fya;=fjks¡ lreKq tfia ;sìh§ 2003§ o yÈis iemhqï Odß;dj fu¡fjd¡ 370 olajd jeä lsÍug isÿúh¡ flfia jqjo 2004 w.§ l=l=f,a .Õ n,d.drh;a l=vd c,úÿ,s n,d.dr /il=;a l%shd;aul ùfuka ;;ajh ;rula hym;a jQ w;r mq;a;,fï bÈl< fu¡fjd¡ 100l fy<okú ;dm n,d.drfha iemhQu 2005 § we/UQ miq fndfyduhla yÈis iemhqï n,d.dr w;aysgqùug yelsfõ¡ fu¡fjd¡ 100l ;j;a ;dm n,d.drhla ^ACE& weô,smsáfha bÈfjñka mj;sk w;r tho 2005 § wdrïN lsÍug kshñ;h¡

wdrïNfha§ jd¾Isl úÿ,s tall iemhqfuka 98] lau c,úÿ,sh jQ w;r ;dm úÿ,sh b;d iq¿ m%;sY;hla úh¡ WodyrK jYfhka" 1978 § c, úÿ,sh .s¡fjd¡me¡ 1366 l=;a ;dm úÿ,sh .s¡fjd¡me¡ 19 l=;a úh¡ 1996 § c, ( ;dm wkqmd;h 3 ( 1 njg m;aj ;sìKs ^c,-.s¡fjd¡me¡ 3250 yd ;dm-.s¡fjd¡me¡ 1126& 2000 § ;dm úÿ,sh" c, úÿ,sh wNsnjd hdu werUqKq w;r 2002 § c, ( ;dm wkqmd;h 2 ( 3 jQfha c, úÿ,sh .s¡fjd¡me¡ 2690 olajd wvq ù yd ;dm-.s¡fjd¡me¡ 4259la ksmoùu ksidh¡ 2005 § rfÜ uq¿ úÿ,sh b,a¨u .s¡fjd¡me¡ 8500 blaujd hkq we;¡ bka c,úÿ,s mx.=j" ,eìh yels j¾Idm;kh wkqj .s¡fjd¡me¡ 3000 - 4500 w;r foda,kh úh yel¡ ta wkqj jirlg wju jYfhka ;dm úÿ,sh .s¡fjd¡me¡ 4000 la

35

ksmoùug wjYH nj meyeÈ,s fõ¡ wjqreÿ m;d fuu m%udKh by< hhs¡ oekg fuu m%udKh ksmojkafka LKsc f;,a oykfhka muKs¡ tfy;a jeäjk f;,a ñ< yuqfõ fuh oeßh fkdyels úhoula njg m;aù wjidkh¡ Bg jvd;a m%dfhda.sl úi÷u jkafka úYd, .,a wÕ=re n,d.drhla bÈlsÍuhs¡ .,a wÕ=re i|yd jeh jkafka f;,a j, ñf<ka wvlg;a wvq m%udKhls¡ ;jo oekg f,dj fidhdf.k we;s .,awÕ=re ksê bÈß jir 200la muK i|yd m%udKj;a jk nj .Kka n,d we;¡ tksid f,dal fj<|fmdf,a .,a wÕ=re j, ñ, jvd;a iA:djrj mj;skq we;ehso wfmaCId l< yelsh¡

;j ÿrg;a c, úÿ,sh ksmoúh yelafla iSñ; m%udKhls¡ tho j¾Idm;kh fjkiaùu u; oeä f,i /£ we;¡ tksid §¾> ld,Skj wvq ñ<lg ;dm úÿ,sh ckkh lsÍfï jHdmD;shl wjYH;djh u;=ù we;¡ mq;a;,u wi, fkdfrdÉfjdaf,a ys fu¡fjd¡ 900 l .,awÕ=re ;dm úÿ,s n,d.drhla bÈlsÍu i|yd ie,eiaula 1991 isg m%ldYhg m;a ù ;sìKs¡ fu¡fjd¡ 300 ne.ska jQ yqud, ckl tall 3 la iys; jk tys m%:u wÈhr jYfhka fu¡fjd¡ 300 la cd;sl moaO;shg jir 2000 § tla lsÍug kshñ;j ;sìKs¡ fkdfhl=;a fya;= ksid fuu jHdmD;sh ie,iqï l< mßÈ weröug fkdyels úh¡ bkamiq yïnkaf;dg udje,af,a fyda ;%sl=Kdu,fha fu¡fjd¡ 400 - 700 w;r .,awÕ=re n,d.drhla bÈlsÍfï ie,iqï bÈßm;aúh¡ 2006 - 2009 w;r ld,fha fuu ie,iqï ;=ku l%shd;aul fldg bÈlsÍï wjika ùug kshñ; úh¡ flfia fj;;a 2005 jkf;la .,awÕ=re n,d.drhla weröug fkdyels ùu ksid ;djld,sl ãi,a hka;% j,ska jeä ñ<g úÿ,sh ksmoùug isÿù we;¡ fuu .eg¿jg iq¿ m%udKhlska fyda iykhla ,nd.; yels jk mßÈ fu¡fjd¡ 300 l ixhqla; pl% n,d.drhla j;a;, flrj,msáfha bÈlsÍug mshjr f.k we;¡ fï i|yd fm!oa.,sl wxYfha odhl;ajh ,eîug kshñ; w;r ;%sl=Kdu,fha fu¡fjd¡ 400 l .,a wÕ=re n,d.drhla i|yd o fm!oa.,sl wxYfha fhdackdjla bÈßm;a ù we;¡ 2005§ Ökh iuÕ rch t<eô .súiqulg wkqj 2009 g fmr fkdfrdÉfpdaf,a .,a wÕ=re n,d.drfha uq,a wÈhr ^fu¡fjd¡ 300& ksu lsÍug wfmaCIs;h¡ úYd, mßudKfha úÿ,sh jHdmD;s rcfha ueÈy;a ùfukq;a l=vd fyda uOH mßudK jHdmD;s fm!oa.,sl wxYfha fufyhùfukq;a l%shd;aul lsÍu wkd.;fha wd¾Òl jYfhka M,odhS jev ms<sfj,la jkq we;¡ foaYSh jYfhka /lshd iemhSu" fukau ld¾ñl yd ;dCIKsl ixj¾Okh hk fCI;% flfrys th iqNodhl n,mEula we;s lrkq ksielh¡

rEmh 4-10

5 mßÉfþoh

36

kHIaál n,fhka úÿ,sh 5¡1 kHIaál úÿ,s ;dCIKh y÷kd.ksuq¡

kHIaál Yla;sh hkq fuf;la úia;r lrk ,o wdldr j,g fnfyúka fjkia jQ tfy;a l=vd mod¾: ^bkaOk& m%udKhlska l=vd bv m%udKhl w;s úYd, n, Yla;shla ckkh l<yels l%uhls¡ tfukau f,dalfha wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,k n, jHQyh fjkia l<djQ;a we;eï l=vd cd;Ska mjd c.;a n,j;=ka njg m;aùug Wmia:ïNl jQ;a m%Njhls¡ kHIaál n,h hkq kùk wê ;dCIKh m%uqL jYfhka fhdod.; hq;= tfukau ;dCIKfha Ndú;hka iudcfha úúO fCI;% lrd fõ.fhka iïfm%AIKh lsÍug ksielfhkau fya;= jkakdjQ iqúfYaI wxYhls¡ wfußldj" tx.,ka;h" m%xYh" c¾uksh muKla fkdj cmdkh" fldßhdj" Ökh we;=¿ rgj,a /ila fï i|yd ksoiqka imhhs¡ úfYaIfhka kHIaál fndaïnfha w;s oejeka; úkdYldÍ n,fha m%udKh fyd|ska w;aÿgq cmdkh" fuu n, Yla;shu md,kh fldg hym;a wkaoug ck;d wNsjDoaêh i|yd fhdod.ekSfï m%;sM, wo N=la;s ú|shs¡ miq .sh wv ishji ;=, ñksid úiska y÷kdf.k YS>% ÈhqKqjlg Ndckh jQ fuu n,Yla;s W;amdok l%uh f,dalfhau ÈhqKqjg fya;=ldrl ù ;sfí¡ ta wkqj úÿ,s n, ckkh ms<sn|j i,ld n,k úg úYd, jeo.;a lula .kakd kHIaál ;dCIKhg miqìï jk fN!;sl úoHd;aul isoaOdka; lsysmhla ieflúka úuid n,uq¡

mßirfha we;s ish¿u øjH ;ekS we;af;a mrudKq j,ska ;ekqKq ixfhda. j,ska nj wms ieu oksuq¡ ish¿u mrudKq j, uOHfha we;s kHIaáh ;=, fm%dafgdak kï Ok wdfrdams; wxY= úfYaIh msysgd we;¡ fm%dafgdak ixLHdj tllg jvd jeä jk úg" mrudKqfõ m%udKhg idfmaCIj b;d l=vd tallhla jk kHIaáh ;=, yg.kakd wêl úl¾Yk n, uev meje;aùu i|yd kshqfg%dak msysgd we;¡ tu kshqfg%dak iy fm%dafgdak .Kk tlaj .;aúg mrudKqfõ wkkH;djh fyj;a th lskï uQ, øjHhlg wh;a o hkak oek.; yels w;r mrudKql ialkaO l%udxlh"A ^kshqfg%dak .Kk"N + fm%dafgdak .Kk"Z& uÕska th ksrEmKh fõ¡ kHIaáfha we;s Ok wdfrdamK WodiSk jk mßÈ ndysr ljp j, mj;sk bf,lafg%dak .Kk u; fuu mrudKqfõ ridhksl .;s.=K ks¾Kh fõ¡

§ we;s fm%dafgdak ixLHdjlska hq;a kHIaáhl ia:dhS meje;au i|yd hï ksYaÑ; kshqfg%dak .Kkla ;sìh hq;=h¡ b;d l=vd kHIaáh ;=< Ok wdfrdams; wxY= .Kkdjla tlg ne| ;nd .ekSug w;s úYd, Yla;shla wjYH jk w;r kshqfg%dak iy fm%dafgdak w;r yqjudre fjñka mj;akd fuu Yla;sfhka tys .;sl iu;=,s; njla we;sù kHIaáfha meje;au we;sfõ¡ tfia fkdjk wjia:d j,§ we;sjk wia:dhS mrudKq" úlsrK jYfhka hï hï wxY= yd lsrK msg lrñka ia:dhS ùug W;aidy lrhs¡ fuu wjia:dj, fm%dafgdak .Kk fjkia jk úg uq,a mrudKqj fjk;a uQ, øjHhla njg m;afõ¡ fujeks úm¾hdihla kHIaál m%;sl%shdjla f,i y÷kajhs¡ kHIaál m%;sl%shdjl§ msgjk úlsrK i;=j we;s Yla;sh Bg ksrdjrKh jk ´kEu øjHhla whkSlrKh lsÍug iu;a ksid úfYaIfhka m%fõYï úh hq;=h¡

.eud úlsrK iuÕ îgd fyda we,a*d wxY= msg lrñka isÿjk idudkH kHIaál m%;sl%shd j,g jvd úYd, Yla;shla uqodyßñka isÿjk jvd;a m%n, m%;sl%shd j¾. folls kHIaál úLKavkh yd kHIaál ú,hkh ^nuclear fission & fusion&¡ úYd, wiA:djr kHIaá l=vd kHIaá lsysmhlg leã hdu úLKavkh f,i;a l=vd kHIaá folla fyda lsysmhla tl;= ù jvd úYd, kHIaáhla ;ekSu ú,hkh f,i;a ye¢kafõ¡ fuu m%;sl%shd j¾. foflkau w;s úYd, Yla;s m%udKhla msgfõ¡ iEu úgu m%;sl%shl j, ialkaOhg jvd bka ,efnk M, j, ialkaOh wvqh¡ msgjk Yla;sh fuu ialkaOhg iudkqmd;sl jk w;r th whskaiaghska iólrKhg wkqrEm fõ¡ tkï E=mC2" fuys E hkq Yla;sh cQ,a j,skao" m hkq ialkaOh lsf,da.%Eï j,skao C hkq wdf,dalfha fõ.h ;;amrhg óg¾ j,skao fõ¡ ñka ,efnk Yla;s w.h w;s úYd, tlls¡

f,dalfha oekg we;s ish¿u kHIaál úÿ,s n,d.dr l%shd;aul jkafka kHIaál úLKavk m%;sl%shdfjks¡ fuu m%;sl%shdj i|yd uQ,sl jYfhka Ndú; jkafka hqf¾kshï ^U& h¡ hqf¾kshï uQ,øjHh iajNdjfha mj;skafka U-238 99¡3] la iy U-235 0¡7] la jk iuia:dksl ^isotopes& ñY%Khla jYfhks¡ fï w;=ßka úLKavkhg Ndckh úh yels ^fissile& jkafka U-235 iuia:dkslh muKs¡ úLKavkhg Ndckh l< yels ;j;a iuia:dksl folls maÆfgdakshï 239 ^Pu-239& iy hqf¾kshï 233 ^U-233&¡ kuq;a tajd fmdf<dfjka fidhd.; fkdyels w;r kHIaál kshqfgdak m%;sl%shd u.ska m%;sldrl ;=, ksmofõ¡ ta ms<sfj,ska U-238 iy f;daßhï Th-232 kHIaá ;=,g kshqfg%dakhla ne.ska we;=¿ ùfuka wk;=rej îgd lsrK msg lrñka kj fm%dfgdakhla ne.ska we;sùfuks¡

37

j.=j 5-1 kHIaál m%;sl%shd j¾.

wia:dhS njg fya;=j ksrEmKh m%;sM,

iu;=,s; ;;ajhg jvd jeämqr kshqfg%dak we;sùu¡

n → p+ + β-

Wod¡ 14C → 14N + β-

îgd wxY= ^β-& msgùu¡

wdj¾;s;d j.=fõ tla ia:dkhla by<ska we;s uQ,øjHh njg m;aùu

jeämqr fm%dafgdak we;sùu¡ p+ + e- → n *fuu bf,lafg%dakh kHIaáfhka msg; uq,a ljpfhka ,nd.kS¡ ^electron capture&

fyda p+ → n + β+

,dlaIKsl X-lsrK msgùu

fmdisfg%dak ^β+& msgùu¡

wd¡j¡ tla ia:dkhla my<ska we;s uQ,øjHh njg yeÍu¡

kHIaá jvd;a úYd, ùu ^úfYaIfhka f,â 82Pb-207 j,g jvd&

Wod¡ 88Ra-226 → 86Rn-222 + 42α

^f¾ähï f,dayh f¾fvdaka jdhqj njg m;aùu&

we,a*d wxY= ^42α& msgùu¡ fïjd yS,shï kHIaá j,g iudkh¡

wd¡j¡ ia:dk folla my<g hdu

úYd, kHIaá ;=, wiu;=,s; wNHka;r n, yg.ekSu

Wod¡ 92U-235 + n →

55Cs-137 + 47Ag-96 +3 n

kHIaáh úLKavkh ùu

kshqfg%dak msgùu

fjk;a úúO uQ,øjH ìysùu

jvd;a l=vd wxY= mej;Su iy úYd, ndysr Yla;shla ^;dmh& ;sîu¡

Wod¡ 2H 2H → 4He + n

ú,hkh ^úYd, kHIaá iys; uQ,øjH we;sùu&

by; ish¿ m%;sl%shd j,§ kHIaá j, wNHka;r Yla;sfha we;sjk le<öï ksid .eud ^γ& lsrK msgfõ¡

.eud iy tlaia ^X& lsrK hkq wê Yla;s úoHq;a-pqïnl ;rx. fõ¡ kHIaáfhka msg; ^kHIaáh wjg& fCI;%h iuÕ wxY+kaf.a wka;¾l%shd j,ska tlaia ^X& lsrK msgfõ¡ .eud lsrK msgjkafka kHIaá wNHka;rfhk¡s fuu lsrK foj¾.hu i;=j øjH úksúo hdfï wêl n,hla we;¡

fï wkqj hqf¾kshï U-235" U-233 iy maÆfgdakshï Pu-239 jYfhka —mrudKq bkaOk˜ j¾. ;=kla we;s nj Tng meyeÈ,s jkq we;¡ bka U-235 ys l%shdldß;ajh oeka úuid n,uq¡ fuys Ok wdfrdams; fm%dafgdak 92 l úl¾Ykh ue~ tajd tlg ne£ we;af;a b;d ishqï f,i iu;=,s; ù we;s kshqfg%dak 143 l wka;¾l%shdfjks¡ U-235 kHIaáh ;=,g ;j;a kshqfg%dakhla we;=¿ l< úg by; lS iu;=,s; nj ì£f.dia th le<ö hhs¡ ta iu. we;sjk wiu;=,s; wNHka;r úl¾Yk n, fya;=fjka kHIaáh len,s lsysmhlg ì§ hhs¡ bka l=vd kHIaá lsysmhla ìysù kshqfg%dak lsysmhla o úisÍ hhs¡ fï iuÕ msgjk wxY= j, pd,l Yla;sh yd ;dmh fya;=fjka udOHfha WIaK;ajh YS>%fhka by< hhs¡ fufia msgjk ;dmh m%fhdackhg f.k yqud,h ksmojd jdIam g¾nhsk u.ska úÿ,sh ksmoùu kHIaál úÿ,s n, ckkh fyj;a mrudKq n,d.drfha l%shdjhs¡ ta wkqj kHIaál n,ho ;dm úÿ,s n, úfYaIhls¡

hqf¾kshï bkaOk lsf,da.%Eï tllska msgjk ;dm Yla;sh .,awÕ=re fgdka 5000 lska muK ,efnk ;dm Yla;shg iudkh¡ m%dfhda.slj jirlg fu¡fjd¡ 1000 l ;dm n,d.drhlg .,a wÕ=re fgdka ñ,shk 26la wjYH fõ¡ kuq;a ta i|yd kHIaál n,d.drhlg wjYH jkafka ilia l< bkaOk fgdka 20 la muK m%udKhls¡ Bg fya;=j ;dm ridhksl m%;sl%shdjl§ msgjk Yla;sh fuka ñ,shkhl .=Khl muK úYd, Yla;shla kHIaál m%;sl%shdjl§ tla mrudKqjlska msgùuhs¡

5¡2 kHIaál m%;sldrl j¾.SlrKh kHIaál m%;sl%shdj fkdlvjd mj;ajd .ekSu ^odu m%;sl%shdj& i|yd wjYH fN!;sl ;;a;aj

we;s lsÍu" md,kh" ;dmh bj;a lsÍu yd m%fhdackhg .ekSu wd§ lreKq wkqj úúO udÈ,s j,g wh;a m%;sldrl ^reactors& j¾. .Kkdjla we;¡ ffioaOdka;slj fujeks m%;sldrl j¾. úYd, .Kkla ;sìh yels kuq;a f,dalfha m%Yia; f,i l%shd;aul jk m%;sldrl j¾. lsysmhla ms<sn|j muKla fuu mßÉfþofha úia;r flf¾¡ m<uqj wms kHIaál n,d.drhl yoj; jk m%;sldrlhl l%shdldß;ajhg wod, fhÿï lsysmhla úuid n,uq¡ ^fuys§ reactor hkakg m%;sldrlh hk jpkh fh§u fl;rï iqÿiqoehs .eg¿jla mj;S¡ th ridhk úoHdfõ reagent iuÕ mg,efjk neúks¡ kuq;a

38

oekg m%p,s;j we;s Ndú;h wkqj tu jpkh fhdod we;¡ fuu úIhg iïnkaO bx.%Sis jpk i|yd iqÿiq isxy, jpk fh§fï ;j;a .eg¿ ;sìh yels ksid fndfyda ;eka j, wod, bx.%Sis jpk jryka ;=, olajd we;&

rEmh 5-1

iqfmdaIKh" ire lsÍu ^enrichment& kHIaál n,d.drhl l%shdldß;ajh weröu i|yd odu m%;sl%shdjla isÿ l< hq;=h¡ tkï tla U-

235 kHIaáhlg kshqfg%dakhlska myr§ th úLKavkfhka msgjk w¨;a kshqfg%dak ;j ;j;a U-235 kHIaá úLKavkhg ,la lrñka È.ska È.g fuu l%shdj fkdlvjd isÿ lsÍuh¡ iajNdúl hqf¾kshï ksêhl úLKavkhg Ndú; lrk U-235 we;af;a 0¡3] la jeks iq¿ m%;sY;hls¡ idudkH ;;a;aj hgf;a fuhska odu m%;sl%shdjla isÿ fkdfõ¡ ^tfia jQjd kï f,dalh w;sYhska Nhdkl ;ekla úh yelsj ;sìKs¡& m%fhdackhg .;yels kHIaál bkaOk ñY%Khla ilia lr lr .ekSfï tla l%uhla jkafka U-235 m%;sY;h jeä lsÍuh¡ fuu l%shdj,sh iqfmdaIKh ^enrichment& kï fõ¡ ta i|yd hqf¾kshï f,dayh *af,daÍka iuÕ UF6 jdhqj njg m;afldg wêl fõ.fhka lerflk is,skavrdldr WmlrKhl wdOdrfhka we;s flfrk flakaødmidÍ n,hg ,la flf¾¡ fuys§ nr jeä U-238 msg; mßêh foig fhduq jk w;r U-235 ueo yßfha /£ug ;e;a orhs¡ kuq;a fuh t;rï myiq ld¾hhla fkdjkafka fï hqf¾kshï iuia:dksl fol w;r fjki b;d iq¿ neúks¡ lsisÿ ridhksl l%uhlska o fufia fjka l< fkdyelsh¡ by; i|yka l< wdldrfha N%ul hka;% úYd, .Kkla yryd UF6 jdhqj hejQ miq hï m%udKhlska fuu iuia:dksl idkaøKh fjkia fõ¡ idJøKh jeä lr.;a bkaOk ire hqf¾kshï ^enriched Uranium& f,io b;sß jk jeämqr U-238 iys; fldgi msßyqKq hqf¾kshï ^depleted Uranium& f,io ye¢kafõ¡ fuu l%shdj,sh w;sYhska úhoï iys; jk w;r ÈhqKq rgj,a lsysmhl muKla fï i|yd myiqlï we;¡

fndfyda úg kHIaál n,d.dr bkaOk Wmßu jYfhka 4]l muK iqfmdaIKhlska hqla;h¡ n,d.drhl jrlg fhdok fuu ;;ajfha bkaOk ialkaOhla úLKavkhg ,laj iïmQ¾K Yla;sh msg lsÍu i|yd wjqreÿ 2la muK .;fõ¡ kuq;a iqfmdaIKh 90] la muK blaujd we;s úg tys iïmQ¾K Yla;sh laIKhlska msgùug ie,eiaúh yelsh¡ mrudKq fndaïnh hkq fuhhs¡ ^kuq;a kHIaál n,d.dr bkaOk lsis úfgl mrudKq fndaïnhla fuka úkdYldÍ f,i mqmqrd fkdhk nj;a mrudKq fndaïnhla ;ekSu b;du ÿIalr lghq;a;la nj;a jgyd .; hq;=h¡ øjH idkaøKh jeä lsÍfuka úYd, fjkia lï we;s l< yels njg ;j;a ksoiqkls" 20] la jQ jdhqf.da,Sh Tlaiscka 95] muK ;snqfKa kï l=vd .,la ìu m;s; ùfuka yg.kakd iq¿ .sks mqmqrlska f,dalh ìysiqKq f,i oeù w¿ù hd yels ùu¡&

5-2 rEmfha oelafjkafka fmd<fjka ,nd.kakd hqf¾kshï j,ska n,d.dr bkaOk ksmoùfï l%shdj,shhs¡ uq,skau mia j, we;s hqf¾kshï ridhkslj ksiaidrKh lrkq ,efí¡ yhsfv%d*a¨fjdßla wï,h Ndú; fldg hqf¾kshï fylaid*a¨fjdrhsâ kï ly meye;s ;,mhla jeks øpHh ^UF6& ksmojd th iqfmdaIKhg ,la lsÍfuka wk;=rej wefudakshd j, Èh fldg úh,d ms<siaiSfuka hqf¾kshï Tlaihsâ bkaOkh ksmojkq ,efí¡ th mekai,l we;s ulkfha m%udKhg iudk lene,s f,i ilia fldg i¾fldakshï ñY% u< fkdnef|k k<hla ;=, wiqrd bkaOk o~q idod.kq ,efí¡ fuh óg¾ 3 - 4 la os.h¡ fujeks o~q 8x8 fyda 9x9 jYfhka ilia l< ñáhla bkaOk tl,i kïfõ¡ bkaOk tl,ia úYd, .Kkla wiqrd m%;sldrl yrh idod.kq ,nkafka w;rueÈka md,l o~q Èfjk f,ih¡ yrfha m<, óg¾ 3 isg 5 olajd fõ¡

39

rEmh 5-2

oekg f,dj Ndú; jk ish¿u ieye,a¨ c, m%;sldrl ^Light water reactor - LWR& n,d.dr j, Ndú; jkafka 2] - 4] w;r U-235 iys; hqf¾kshï Tlaihsâ bkaOk h¡ hqf¾kshï f,dayhg jvd Tlaihsvfha øjdxlh jeä ksid bkaOk øj ùfuka ^core melting& f;drj by< WIaK;ajhla mj;ajd.; yels fõ¡ maÆfgdakshï-239 iq¿ m%udKhla ñY% bkaOk ^mixed oxide or MOX fuels& o we;eï úg Ndú; flf¾¡ iajNdjfha we;s U-235 jeks úLKavkhg ,la l< yels øjH" ^fissile material& m%d:ñl bkaOk ^primary fuel& f,i;a m%;sldrl ;=, iEfok Pu-239 oaú;Shsl bkaOk ^secondary fuel& f,i;a ye¢kafõ¡ oaú;Shsl bkaOk njg m;al< yels Th-232 yd U-238 hk øjH ire øjH ^fertile material& f,i ye¢kafõ¡

kshka;%Kh fyj;a m%udKj;a lsÍu ^moderation& U-235 kHIaáhla úLKavkh ùfuka msgjk kshqfg%dak j, úYd, pd,l Yla;shla we;¡ fõ.fhka .uka lrk fïjdfha Yla;sh 1MeV g jvd jeä w;r tAjd YS>% kshqfg%dak ^fast neutrons& f,i y÷kajuq¡ fujeks YS>% kshqfg%dak ;j;a U-235 kHIaáhla ;=,g we;=¿ ùfï iïNdú;dj b;d wvqh¡ ta th bj;g fmd<d mekSu fyda ksYal%sh kHIaáhla uÕska wjfYdaIKh lr.ekSu Bg fya;= fõ¡ kshqfg%dak ukaokh fldg tajd U-235 kHIaá ;=,g we;=¿ ùug wjYH ;dm .;sl ;;ajhg m;alsÍu kshka;%Kh ^moderation& kï fõ¡ fujeks kshqfg%dakhl Yla;sh 0.025MeV muK fõ¡ fï ;;a;ajfha kshqfg%dak thermal neutrons kï fõ¡ øjH lsysmhl idfmaCI kshka;%K yelshdj my; j.=fõ oelafõ¡

j.=j 5-2 øjH lsysmhl idfmaCI kshka;%K yelshd w.hka

idudkH c,h 1 ldnka ^ñksrka& 2¡4

ner c,h ^D2O& 170 fnß,shï 2¡2

fuhska fmkS hkafka ner c,h ^ähqàßhï Tlaihsâ c,h& Ndú;fhka iajNdúl hqf¾kshï j, mjd odu m%;sl%shdj weröfï iïNdú;dj jeä l< yels njh¡ th iqfmdaIKh lsÍfï myiqlï rys; rgj,g úYd, wiajeis,a,ls¡ wer;a ner c,h m%jdykh lsÍu kHIaál bkaOk m%jdykh lsÍu fuka wjodkï lghq;a;lao fkdfõ¡ bkaÈhdfõ iy fldßhdfõ jeämqr we;af;a ner c, m%;sldrl ^Heavy water reactor - HWR& .Khg wh;a PHWR n,d.dr h¡

YS>% ckk m%;sldrl ^Fast breeder reactor - FBR& hkq YS>% kshqfg%dak ^fast neutrons& j,ska odu m%;sl%shdj isÿùfï iïNdú;dj jeä l< ;;a;aj ^fast conditions& iys; kHIaál m%;sldrl j¾.hls¡ fuys kshka;%K ldrlhla ke;¡

isis,kh yd isis,ldrl ^cooling and coolants& fuys woyi yqfola m%;sldrlh isis,a lsÍu fkdj m%;sldrlh ;=, yg.kakd ;dmh bj;g .ekSuhss¡ wms m%fhdackhg .kafka fuu ;dm Yla;shhs¡ fuu ;dmh uÕska yqud,h ksmojd g¾nhsk lrljhs¡ LWR .Khg .efkk BWR yd PWR m%;sldrl j, isis,ldrlh idudkH c,hhs¡ fuu c,h" ,jK iy whk rys; b;d msßisÿ ;;ajfhka mj;ajd.; hq;=h¡ HWR m%;sldrl j, kshka;%Kldrlh ^moderator& muKla fkdj isis,ldrlho jkafka ner c,hhs¡ FBR i|yd jvd;a iqÿiq isis,ldrlh jkafka øj fidaähïh¡ øj fidaähï j, ukaokldrl .=Kh b;d wvq ksid YS>% ;;a;aj ^fast conditions& i|yd th fhda.Hh¡

40

md,l o~q ^control rods& leâñhï f,dayfhka fyda fndafrdaka ñY% f,dayhlska ;kk ,o fïjd m%;sldrlh ;=< ießirk kshqfg%dak wjfYdaIKh lrhs¡ fuu.ska odu m%;sl%shdj md,kh lsÍu fyda keje;aùu isÿ l< yelsh¡ o~q f,i ye|skajqjo fïjd ieuúgu rjqï yrialv iys; tajd fkdfõ¡ PWR n,d.drj, md,l o~q isyska rjqï yevfhka hq;= w;r BWR n,d.drj, we;af;a l;sr yevfhka hq;= jvd >klï md,l o~qh¡ we;eï n,d.dr udÈ,s j, y;/ia fyda Ivdi% yeve;s yrialv iys; o~q Ndú; fõ¡

5¡3 úúO kHIaál n,d.dr j, l%shdldß;ajh oeka wms kHIaál n,d.drhl l%shdldß;ajh jvd;a meyeÈ,sj úuid n,uq¡

ncm.wn

m.hbcmfge;f

rEmh 5-3

5-3 rEmfha oelafjkafka iïmSä; c, m%;sldrl ^Pressurized water reactor - PWR& j¾.hg wh;a ,d.drhl iïmQ¾K igykls¡ fuys kshka;%Kldrlh yd isis,ldrlh jkafka idudkH c,hhs¡ tu ,h fi¡ wxYl 450 l§ mjd jdIam fkdjk mßÈ wêl mSvkhg ,la flf¾¡ th jdhqf.da, 150 - 180 uK fõ¡ tu c,fha .s,ajd we;s m%;sldrl yrh ^reactor core& bkaOk tl,ia ^fuel assemblies& Kkdjla iy ta ;=, .s,ajk ,o md,l o~q ^control rods& .Kkdjlska iukaú; fõ¡ fï ish,a, r|jd e;af;a m%;sldrl mSvk n÷k ^reactor pressure vessel& kï fi¡ó¡ 20 la muK >Klï jQ úYd, jdfka ÷kla ;=,h¡ fuys Wi óg¾ 12la muK jk w;r úIalïNh ó¡ 6la muK fõ¡

bkaOk ;=, b|ysg we;sjk iajhx isoAO úLKavk ^spontaneous fission& ksid kshqfg%dak sgfjñka mj;S¡ fuu kshqfg%dak" md,l o~q ^control rods& uÕska wjfYdaIKh flfrk f,i tajd s,ajd we;s ksid odu m%;sl%shdjlg wjYH wu;r kshqfg%dak we;sùu j<lkq ,nhs¡ md,l o~q dka;%slj l%ufhka by,g Tfidjk úg úLKavk m%udKh by< hk ksid yrh ;=, WIaK;ajh y< hhs¡ isis,ldrl ixirK fmdïm ^coolant circulation pumps& l%shd lrùfuka tu WIaK;ajh ,hg weo .kS¡ md,l o~q Tijk tla;rd uÜgul§ WIaK;ajh YS>%fhka by< hhs¡ odu m%;sl%shdj gka .kakd fuu ;;ajh wjê wjiA:dj ^criticality& kïfõ¡ fuu wjia:dfõ§ iemhqï fmdïm õ.fhka l%shd lrjd isis,ldrl c, ixirKh jeä lrhs¡ fuu c,h yqud, cklh ^steam nerator& lrd f.dia tys we;s oaù;shsl c,h ^secondary coolant& jdIam njg yrjhs¡ yqud, cklh hkq dm yqjudre k< ^heat exchanger tubes& oyila muK wvx.= úYd, jHqyhls¡ tys by<ska we;s f;;uk mrKh ^moisture separator& yryd tu c, jdIam wêmSvk g¾nhskhg .uka lrhs¡ wêmSvk g¾nhskh

41

lrljd úÿ,s cklh mk .kajk fuu jdIam hï ;rulg m%idrKh ù wvq mSvk g¾nhsko lrljd úÿ,s ckk Odß;dj jeä lrhs¡ fuu fldgfia l%shdldß;ajh idudkH ;dm n,d.drhlg iudkh¡ g¾nhsk j,ska bj;ajk jdIam ndysr isis,k Wml%uhlska ^isis,k c,h fyda isis,k l=¿Kq& h<s øj c,h njg yrjd kej; jrla yqud, cklh fj; fhduq lrhs¡ m%d:ñl isis,ldrlh jdIam fkdù fi¡ wxYl 400 l muK WIaK;ajfha ;nd .; hq;= mSvkh mj;ajd .ekSug iïmSvlh ^pressurizer& wdOdr fõ¡

idudkHfhka m%;sldrl n÷k jgd yqud, ckl ;=kla fyda y;rla mj;S¡ rEmfha olajd we;af;a tlla muKs¡ iEu yqud, cklhlskau msgjk c, jdIam fmdÿ m%Odk yqud, k<hg iïnkaO fõ¡ yÈishl§ m%;sldrlh isis,a lsÍfï moaO;shla ^emergency core cooling system - ECCS& yd Bg wh;a c, gexls n,d.dr f.dvke.s,af,a by<ska mj;S¡ c, ixirK fmdïm fyda fjk;a moAO;shla wl%sh jqjfyd;a md,l o~q ish,a, tljr my,g jeà m%;sl%shdj kejf;k mßÈ n,d.drh ie,iqï fldg ;sfí¡¡ ;j ÿrg;a md,kh lsÍu i|yd yrh u;g fndaßla wï,h úiqrejhs¡ tys we;s fndafrdaka kHIaá uÕska kshqfg%dak wjfYdaIKh flf¾¡ kuq;a fujeks wjia:d we;sjkafka l,d;=rlsks¡ jrla bkaOk msrjQ miqj jirla muK n,d.drh fkdlvjd l%shd;aul fõ¡ jd¾Isl kv;a;= kej;=ul§ ^annual maintenance shut down& bkaOk j,ska fldgila udre lrk w;r B<Õ kej;=fï§ b;sß fldgi udre lrhs¡ f,dalfha jvd;a ckm%sh n,d.dr j¾.h PWR jk w;r rgj,a 16 l we;s m%;sldrl 213 la fu¡fjd¡ 203 725 l uq¿ Odß;djlska l%shd;aul fõ¡ fu¡fjd¡ 1520l Wmßu Odß;dfjka hq;= PWR n,d.dr m%xYfha we;¡ weußldj" cmdkh" c¾uksh we;=¿ rgj, we;s fndfyda PWR n,d.dr fu¡fjd¡ 1000 isg 1400 olajd m%udKfha tajdh¡ reishka ni wkqj WWER f,i y÷kajk m%;sldrlho iïmSä; c, m%;sldrl j¾.hg wh;a fõ¡ fjk;a j¾. j, m%;sldrl j, úia;r 5-4 rEmfha olajd we;¡

meijqï c, m%;sldrl ^Boiling water reactor - BWR&

fuh ;j;a ieye,a¨ c, m%;sldrlhls¡ fuys PWR j, fuka m%d:ñl yd oaú;shsl jYfhka isis,ldrl c, moaO;s folla ke;¡ m%;sldrl mSvk n÷k ;=,§u yqud,h we;sjk w;r g¾nhsk ;=,ska hkafkao tu c, jdIamhu fõ¡ fuh PWR j,g jvd ;rula blaukska l%shd;aul l< yelsh¡ m%;sldrlh ;=, wNHka;r mSvkh wvq ksid mSvk n÷fka >kluo wvqh¡ yqud, cklh jeks nr Wmdx. wvq ksid bÈlsÍï .eg¿ wvqh¡ mSvk n÷k ;=, by<ska f;;uk fmrKh we;s ksid md,l o~q we;=¿ jkafka my<sks¡ n,h ckkh wdrïNfha§ md,l o~q .uka lrkafka há w;gh¡ isis,ldrlhg úlsrKYS,S øjH ñY%ùu je<elaùu i|yd fyd¢ka uqød ;enQ wdjrK k< ;=, nydÆ bkaOk Ndú; lsÍfï jeo.;alu jeäh¡ rgj,a 9l we;s BWR n,d.dr tall 92 lska fu¡fjd¡ 80655 l uq¿ Odß;djla ckkh flf¾¡ fuhg jeä ÈhqKq l< ABWR j¾.fha n,d.dro wh;a fõ¡ cmdkfha we;s tjeks tla n,d.drhl Wmßu Odß;dj fu¡fjd¡ 1350ls¡ ABWR n,d.dr j, wNHka;r ixirK fmdïm jeä .Kkla fhdod isis,k ld¾hCIu;dj jeä lr we;¡

jdhq isis,l m%;sldrl ^Gas cooled reactor - GCR, AGR&

úÿ,sn, ckkh i|yd lemjqKq f,dalfha m%:u jdksc kHIAál n,d.drh f,i ie,flk 1956 § wdrïN jQ ì%;dkHfha le,av¾ fyda,a n,d.drh fuu j¾.hg wh;a h ^50MW&¡ uq,a ld,fha fuu n,d.dr j¾.h i|yd fhdok bkaOk leg" TlaislrKh fkdjk ue.akSishï ñY% f,dayhlska ;ekQ k< ;=, nydÆ bkaOk o~q Ndú; l< fyhska ue.afkdlaia ^Magnox& kñka y÷kajk ,§¡ fïjdfha Ndú; lrk bkaOkh idudkH hqf¾kshï jk w;r ldnka vfhdlaihsâ jdhqj isis,ldrlh fõ¡ .%e*hsÜ ^ñksrka& o~q u.ska kshqfg%dak kshka;%Kh isÿfõ¡ wjê ;;ajh ^Criticality& ,nd.ekSug idudkH hqf¾kshï úYd, m%udKhla wjYH ksid m%;sldrl yrh b;d úYd,h ^bkaOk fgdka 300la muK&¡ 2] muK iqfmdaIKhla uÕska ÈhqKq l< bkaOk fh§u iy fjk;a fjkialï uÕska ld¾hCIu;dj jeä l< AGR (Advanced Gas cooled Reactor) m%;sldrlh ;j;a jdhq isis,l m%;sldrlhls¡ hqf¾kshï f,dayh fjkqjg tys hqf¾kshï Tlaihsâ Ndú; jk ksid jvd jeä WIaK;ajhlg Tfrd;a;= fohs¡ tu.ska yqud, ckk yelshdj jeä fõ¡ yS,shï jdhqj Ndú; flfrk jdhq isis,l m%;sldrl j¾.hla o we;¡ fïjd wê WIaK m%;sldrl ^HTR& kï fõ¡

m%;sldrl yrh yryd fõ.j;a jdhq m%jdyhla we;s lsÍug úÿ,s mxld fhdod we;¡ m%;sldrlh ;=, ixirKh jk jdhqfõ WIaK;ajh th jgd we;s c,h f.k hk oÕr k< u.ska Wlydf.k yqud,h ksmofõ¡

42

iïmSä; ner c, m%;sldrl ^Pressurized heavy water reactor - PHWR&

fuu j¾.fha m%;sldrl j¾. lsysmhla we;¡ by; úia;r lrk ,o PWR j¾.hg iudk tfy;a m%d:ñl isis,ldrlh f,i ner c,h fhdok m%;sldrl j¾.h bka tlls¡ fujeks n,d.dr .Kkdjla fldßhdfõ we;¡

lekvdfõ ks¾udKh l< Candu (Canadian Duterium Uranium reactor) m%;sldrl j¾.h ;j;a PHWR udÈ,shls¡ fmkqfuka yd l%shdldß;ajfhka fuh ;rula úfYaI;ajhla .kS¡ fmr,d we;s is,skavrhl yevh .;a jdfka j,ska ;ekQ m%;sldrl n| ;=, ñksrka j,ska ;ekQ kshka;%Kldrlh we;¡ th yryd ;sria w;g ieliQ l=yr ;=< le,ekaä%hd ^calandria& kñka ye¢kafjk mSvk k< msysgd we;¡ tajd ;=, bkaOk o~q nyd we;¡ md,l o~q we;af;a le,ekaä%hd w;ßka kshka;%Kldrlh yryd isria w;gh¡ mSvk k< fomiskau újD; lsÍfï myiqlu we;¡ mSvk k< ;=,ska Èfjk ner c,h isis,ldrlh jYfhka l%shdlrñka yqud, ckl lrd ;dmh f.k hhs¡ ner c,h iy ñksrka hk foflkau kshka;%K l%shdj isÿjk ksid idudkH hqf¾kshï Ndú; lr l=vd Odß;djlska hq;= Candu n,d.dro ks¾udKh l< yelsh¡ fuu j¾.fha n,d.dr j, ;j;a úfYaI;ajhls n,d.drh l%shd;aulj mj;sk w;r;=r§u bkaOk udre l< yels ùu ^on load refuelling&¡ fldßhdj fukau bkaÈhdj yd mdlsia;dkho fuu j¾.h f;dardf.k we;¡

rEmh 5-4

43

YS>% ckl m%;sldrl ^Fast breeder reactor - FBR&

óg by; úia;r l< ish¿u n,d.dr u|fõ. kshqfg%dak ^‘slow’ or ‘thermal’ neutrons& uÕska odu m%;sl%shdj we;s lrk m%;sldrl j,ska hq;= tajdh¡ kuq;a FBR m%;sldrlh ;=, kshka;%Kldrlhla fkdue;s neúka we;af;a YS>% kshqfg%dakh ^fast neutrons&¡ wê iqfmdaIs; ^high enriched& bkaOk wvq m%udKhlska m%;sldrlh mK.kajd bka msgjk fõ.j;a kshqfg%dak u.ska U-238 jeä m%udKhla Pu-239 njg yrjhs¡ fuu maÆfgdakshï o odu m%;sl%shdjg iyNd.s fõ¡ fhdok m%udKhg jvd bkaOk m%udKhla m%;sldrlh ;=, ksmofjk neúka fuh ckl ^breeder& m%;sldrlhla f,i y÷kajhs¡ 10] blaujQ iqfmdaIKfhka hq;a bkaOk l=vd m%udKhla fh§fuka odu m%;sl%shdj weröfï iïNdú;dj jeä lr .ekSu YS>% m%;sldrl i|yd wjYH fõ¡ bkaOk o~q m%;sldrl yrfha ueo fldgfiao yrh jgd ^blanket region& f;daßhï Th-232 iys; o~q fh§fuka ;j;a bkaOkhla jQ U-233 ksmojd.; yelsh¡ › ,xldfõ we;s LKsc je,s j, f;daßhï hyñka ;sfnk ksid fuh wkd.;fha wmgo fyd| wdrxÑhla úh yelsh¡

FBR n,d.drhl isis,ldrlh jYfhka øj fidaähï fyda fidaähï$fmdgEishï ñY%Khla fhdod.kq ,efí¡ øjdxlh fi¡ wxYl 208 yd ;dmdxlh fi¡ wxYl 1625 jQ fidaähï u.ska idudkH mSvkh hgf;a jeä WIaK;ajhla ,nd.ekSug yels ùu jdishls¡ úlsrKYS,S øjH uqiqùfï ^contamination& wjodku bj;a lsÍug w;rueÈ ;dm yqjudrejla ^intermediate heat exchanger& u.ska isis,ldrl moaO;s folla fhdod we;¡ l=vd bkaOk m%udKhlska jeä n,Yla;shla ksmoùu" jeä ;dm ld¾hCIu;djh yd wê mSvk wk;=re j,ska f;dr ùu hk fyd| .=Kdx. FBR j, mj;S¡ tfy;a fidaähï iu. lghq;= lsÍfï§ úúO ÿIalr;d mek kÕS¡ tfukau fujeks n,d.dr ;=, hqOuh bkaOk ^weapon grade material& ksmoùu myiq ksid wúpdrj;a Ndú;h je,elaùfï úêúOdk o ;sìh hq;=h¡

ñksrka kshka;%Kldrl iys; c, m%;sldrl ks¾udKfhys ,d fidaúhÜ foaYh mqfrda.dó úh¡ reishka ni wkqj RBMK f,i y÷kajk m%;sldrlh ñka tlls¡ bx.%Sis ni wkqj LWGR f,i y÷kajk fuys Candu fuka fkdj bkaOk o~q isria w;g we;s l=yr ;=, msysgd we;¡ reishdj yereKq úg ,s;=fõkshdj i;= fuu j¾.fha n,d.dr úúO .eg¿ ksid oeka w;aysgqjd we;¡ hqlaf¾kfha p¾fkdì,a n,d.drh fujekakls¡ tys isá ld¾ñlfhl=f.a fkdie,ls,af,ka isÿjQ w;aje/oaola ksid bkaOk l=yr ;=, ;dmh wêl f,i jeäù mSvkh by< f.dia mqmqrd hdfuka 1986 § úYd, wk;=rla isÿúh¡ ÿyqú,s njg m;ajQ úlsrKYS,S øjH mßirhg úisÍ hdfuka úúO .eg¿ we;súh¡ fuu wk;=r" b;d úYajdiodhl yd wdrCIdldÍ f,i jir 40 la mqrd m%;sldrl ydrish .Kkla f,dj mqrd l%shd;aul fjñka mej;s kHIaál úÿ,sn, fCI;%hg l¿ me,a,ula tlajQ wjdikdjka;u isoaêh úh¡ óg fmr weußldfõ ;%S uhs,a whs,kaâ yd úkaâiafla,a n,d.dr j,;a cmdkfha ñydud ys;a isÿj ;snQ wk;=re óg jvd fnfyúka my< uÜgfï isoaëka úh¡ ‘kHIaál’ hk f,an,h fkd;snqfKa kï fjk;a fCI;% j, we;sjk wk;=re yd ii|k l< fuu wk;=re j,ska we;sjQ ydksh b;d w,amh¡

2004 j¾Ih wdrïNfha§ f,dalfha l%shd;aul jk kHIaál n,d.dr ms<sn| f;dr;=re iuyrla

oekg mj;sk m%;sldrl

Connected to the Grid w¿f;ka bÈjk m%;sldrl

Under Construction m%;sldrl j¾.h

Reactor type m%;sldrl .Kk

úÿ,s Odß;dj MW

rgj,a

.Kk

m%;sldrl

.Kk

úÿ,s Odß;dj MW

rgj,a

.Kk

PWR 213 203 725 16 7 6721 4BWR / ABWR 92 80 655 9 3 3396 1(Japan)GCR / AGR 26 10 864 1(U.K.) - - -PHWR / Candu 38 19 182 7 8 3135 3LWGR / RMBK 17 12 589 2 1 925 1(Russia)WWER 50 33 040 8 10 8310 4FBR 3 1039 3 - - -

tl;=j Total 439 361 094 (30) 29 22487 (11)

44

f;dard.;a rgj,a lsysmhl kHIaál n,fha odhl;ajh¡

rg m%;sldrl .Kk

m%;sldrl j¾. kHIaál úÿ,s Odß;dj MW

iuia; Odß;dfõ m%;sY;h ]

fn,aðhu 7 PWR 5760 55.5 n%iS,h 2 PWR 1901 3.7 lekvdj 16 PHWR (Candu) 11323 12.5 Ökh 8 PWR, PHWR 5977 2.2 m%xYh 59 PWR, FBR 63363 77.7 c¾uksh 18 PWR, BWR 20643 28.1 bkaÈhdj 14 PHWR, BWR, FBR 2550 3.3 cmdkh 53 BWR, PWR, ABWR 44139 25.0 o¡ fldßhdj 19 PWR, PHWR 15850 40.0 fulaisfldaj 2 BWR 1310 5.2 mlsia;dkh 2 PWR, PHWR 425 2.4 reishdj 30 LWGR/RMBK, WWER 20793 16.5 ol=Kq wm%sldj 2 PWR 1800 6.1 iamd[a[h 9 PWR, BWR 7584 23.6 iaùvkh 11 BWR, PWR 9451 49.6 iaúÜi¾,ka;h 5 PWR, BWR 3220 39.7 ì%;dkHh 27 AGR/GCR, PWR 12052 23.7 weußldj 104 PWR, BWR 98298 19.9 fuys i|yka fkdjk wdckaákdj" wdfïkshdj" n,af.aßhdj" fpla" iaf,djdlshd" *ska,ka;h" yxf.aßhdj" ,s;=fõkshdj" ´,kaoh" refïkshdj" iaf,dfõkshdj" hqlaf¾kh hk rgj,o kHIaál n,Yla;sh jeo.;a ;ekla .kS¡ brdkh" W;=re fldßhdj yd ms,smSkh w¨f;ka kHIaál fCI;%hg tlafjñka isák w;r b;d,sh yd lidlaia:dkh ish kHIaál n,d.dr w;aysgqjd we;¡ kHIaál úÿ,s n,fha jeäu wkd.; j¾Okh bkaÈhdfõ yd Ökfha olakg ,efí¡

Source : IAEA Power Reactor Information System (www.iaea.org/programmes/a2) ; IAEA referance data series No. 2 / April 2004

2003 wjidkh jkúg 34288 MW l uq¿ úÿ,s Odß;djhlska hq;= m%;sldrl 103la l%shd úrys; fldg we;¡ fïjdhska fndfyduhla l=vd mÍCIKd;aul ^experimental& m%;sldrl fyda h,amskQ ^outdated& ;;ajfha tajdh¡ oekg l%shd;aul jk kHIaál n,d.dr fndfyduhla 500-1000 MW m%udKfha tajdh¡ wd¾Ól yd úÿ,s l<ukdlrK fya;= u; tajd .e,fmkafka iuia; Odß;dj fu¡fjd¡ 50 000 la muK fyda Bg jeä jk jk ÈhqKq rgj,g h¡ wfkl=;a rgj,a i|yd .e,fmk l=vd Odß;djfhka hq;= tfukau fufyhqï myiqlï" wvq úhoï yd wdrCIdj w;ska m%Yia; ;;a;ajhlg ÈhqKq l< kHIaál n,d.dr ;ekSu ms<sn| oeka fndfyda rgj, wjOdkh fhduqj we;¡ weußldj AP600 (PWR) yd SBWR jYfhka ye|skafjk fu¡fjd¡ 600 olajd jQ ks¾udK lsysmhla bÈßm;a lr we;s w;r Candu ;dCIKh wkqj bkaÈhdj 200-500 MW m%udKfha n,d.dr iïu;SlrKh lr we;¡ ol=Kq wm%sldfõ ks¾udKh l< fu¡fjd¡ 165 l PBMR (Pebble bed modular reactor) kï m%;sldrlh ñka úfYaI;ajhla .kS¡ yS,shï isis,ldrl HTR j¾.fha ,d ie,lsh yels fuh i|yd fhdok bkaOkh hqf¾kshï wxY= ñY% l< l=vd ñksrka fnda, úfYaIhls¡ kHIaál wú wdhqO j,ska bj;a lr.;a hqf¾kshï fï i|yd fhdod.ekSu ksid fuh f,dal ksrdhqOlrKhg wk.s iydhls¡ úÿ,s n,h ksmoùu yd uqyqÿ c,fha ,jK bj;afldg mdkSh c,h ksmoùu ^Sea water desalination& wruqKq fldg .;a oaú;ajld¾h l=vd kHIaál n,d.drhla SMART kñka ol=Kq fldßhdj bÈßm;a lr we;¡ f,dj mqrd Woa.; jk mdkSh c, w¾nqoh úi£ugo kHIaál n,h fhdod.ekSug fndfyda rgj,a lghq;= lrñka mj;S¡ fuu l=vd n,d.dr fndfyduhla oekg m¾fhaIK uÜgfï we;s w;r tajdfha jdksc Ndú;hka i|yd bÈlsÍï 2006 isg 2010 w;r ld,fha we/fUkq we;¡

45

5¡4 mdúÉÑ l< bkaOk yd kHIaál wmøjH iEu l¾udka;hl§u wmøjH we;s jk kuq;a kHIaál fCI;%fha§ we;sjk wmøjH úlsrKYS,S núka hq;= ùu ksid ne?reï .eg¿ mek kÕS¡ úúO uÜgfï úlsrKYS,S wmøjH kHIaál n,d.drhl ;sfí¡ fiajlhskaf.a bj; ,k w;ajeiqï yd wdjrK wvq uÜgfï wmøjH ^low level waste& f,i ie,fla¡ ldkaÿ jQ isis,ldrl" bkaOk iuÕ .efgk fldgia wdÈh uOH uÜgfï wmøjH ^medium level waste& f,i;a" mdúÉÑ l< bkaOk by< uÜgfï wmøjH ^high level waste& f,i;a ye¢kafõ¡

my< yd uOHu uÜgfï wmøjH úhe<Sfuka ^drying& idkAøKh lsÍfuka ^concentration& yd ms<siaiSfuka ^incineration& miq b;sß jk øjH iïmSvkh fldg fldkal%SÜ iuÕ ñY% lr Yla;su;a ner,a ;=, wiqrkq ,efí¡ th iqÿiq iA:dkhl fmd<j hg .eUqßka j<,kq ,efí¡

mdúÉÑ l< bkaOk ;=, úúO wdldrfha úlsrKYS,S úLKavk M, ^fission products& fukau kej; Ndú; l< yels bkaOko ;sfí¡ m<uqfjka mdúÉÑ l< bkaOk jirla fyda folla .eUqre fmdl=Kla ;=, ^spent fuel pool& .nvd lrkq ,efí¡ fuu ld,h ;=, flá ld,Sk úlsrKYS,S iuia:dksl laIh ù hhs¡ bkamiq tajd m%;sieliqï uOHia:dkhlg ^reprocessing centre& hjhs¡ tys§ kej; Ndú; l< yels bkaOk fjka fldg m%;spl%SlrKh l< yelsh¡ ffjoH yd ld¾ñl lghq;= i|yd m%fhdackj;a uOH ld,Sk úlsrKYS,S iuia:dksl ^Ir-192, Se-75, C0-60, Sr-90& o fjka lr.kq ,efí¡ fï i|yd úúO ridhksl l%u Ndú; fõ¡ fndfyda úg iam¾Y lsÍfuka f;drj iajhxl%Sh hdka;%sl WmlrK fhdod f.k fuh isÿ flf¾¡ uOH ld,Sk úlsrKYS,S iuia:dksl laIh ùug jir 5 isg 30 la muK .;fõ¡ È.= ld,Sk iuia:dksl laIh ù hdug jir ishhlg jvd .;úh yelsh¡ fï ksid m%fhdackj;a øjH fjka lr.ekSfuka miqj b;sß jk foa Yla;su;a Ndck ;=, wiqrd f,dalfha ckY=kH m%foaY j, ^O%ejdikak fyda uqyqÿ m;=f,a& we;s fmd<j hg b;d .eUqßka we;s mdIdK hg ;ekQ l=yr ;=< ;ekam;a lrkq ,efí¡ fuu øjH weisrE Ndck j, isg fmd<jg tl;= jkafka jir ish .Kklg miqjh¡ ta jk úg tajdfha ydkslr wjêh miqlr we;¡ flfia jqjo mßirfhka ,nd.;a foa kej; mßirhg NdrÈh hq;=h¡ kHIaál n,d.dr mßirhg ydkslr nj we;uqka mjik kuq;a th lsisÿ mokula ke;s ñ;Hdjls¡ fmdis, bkaOk oykfha§ fuka lsisu jdhqjla kHIaál n,d.dr j,ska jdhqf.da,hg msg fkdfõ¡ tfukau jirlg bj; ,k >k wmøjH m%udKh .,awÕ=re n,d.drhlg idfmaCIj fkd.sKsh yels ;rï iq¿ m%udKhls¡ ^úÿ,s tallhla ksmoùug .,awÕ=re lsf,da.%Eï 2¡5 la jeh jk w;r th oeùfuka CO2 lsf,da.%Eï 8¡5la jdhqf.da,hg tlafõ¡& f,dalfha fï olajd kHIaál n,fhka úÿ,sn, tall á%,shk 48la muK ^48000 TWh& ksmojd we;s w;r ta i|yd .,a wÕ=re Ndú; jQfhakï CO2 fgdka ì,shk 400 la jdhqf.da,hg tlaùug bv ;sìKs¡ tfukau oekg kHIaál n,h ksid jirlg CO2 fgdka ñ,shk 2600 la jdhqf.da,hg tlaùfuka je<fla¡

iEuúgj úlsrKYS,S øjH mßyrKh iy wmyrKh i|yd wka;¾cd;sl mrudKqn, tackaisfha ^IAEA& fyda Bg wod, cd;sl kshduk wdh;kfha ^National regulatory authority), oekg › ,xldfõ kï mrudKql Yla;s wêldßh& wkque;sh yd wëCIKh ,nd.; hq;=h¡ oekg úlsrKYS,S øjH ;ekam;a lsÍu i|yd kshñ; ia:dk lsysmhla we;s w;r fuu lghq;af;a§ IAEA uÕska m%ldYs; Wmfoia yd kS;s Í;s j,g wkqj lghq;= lsÍfuka lsisÿ .eg¿jla we;s fkdfõ¡ kHIaál fCI;%fha iEu lghq;a;l§u fiajlhka" uyck;dj yd mßirh wdrCId lsÍfï úfYaI úêúOdk fhÈh hq;= w;r ta i|ydo IAEA uÕska m%ldYs; kS;s Í;s ^ICRP& ;sfí¡

IAEA iy WANO ^World Assocoation of Nuclear Operators& hk wdh;kj, ióm iyfhda.S;djfhka rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl fo wxYfhkau f,dj mqrd l%shd;aul jk kHIaál n,d.dr" M,odhS;djh wkqj úÿ,s n, fCI;%fha fyda ´kEu bxðfkare fCI;%hl by<u fufyhqï wdrlaIdjla ^Operational safety record& yd úYajdikSh;ajhla ^Reliability & Availability& ,ndf.k we;s nj ixLHd f,aLK wkqj uekúka meyeÈ,s fõ¡

46

6 mßÉfþoh

kj úÿ,s ckk l%u - mqk¾ckk l%u

6¡1 fvkafv%da - —úÿ,sh .ia˜ jjuq fvkafv%da úÿ,s n,d.dr hkq or oeùfuka l%shd;aul jk ;dm n,d.dr úfYaIhls¡ or

mdúÉfhka úÿ,s n,h ksmoùfï woyi lK jefl;au we;ful=g jkdka;r úkdY lsÍug hkafkaoehs iel is;sh yelsh¡ ,;ska niska fvkafv%da ^dendro& hkafkys woyi jefjk w;= hkakh¡ fvkafv%da úÿ,s n,d.dr j, mdúÉÑhg .kafka ta i|ydu j.d lrk ,o .ia j, w;= len,s h¡ tfukau oyhshd" ,Sl=vq" Wlafrdvq" fjk;a lDIsld¾ñl wmøjH iy .DydY%s; wmøjHo Ndú; l< yelsh¡ fmdÿfõ fïjd ffcù øjH ^biomass& kñka ye¢kafõ¡ › ,xldfõ ´kEu fmfoil irejg jefjk .sksiSßhd" ,dvmamd" we,aîishd hk kï j,ska y÷kajkq ,nk .a,sßiSähd ^Gliricidia sepium& Ydlh fï i|yd b;d iqÿiq nj y÷kdf.k we;¡

or j,ska úÿ,sh ksmoùu i|yd l%u 2la wkq.ukh l< yelsh¡ m<uqjekak fndhs,r Wÿkla ;=, or oykh fldg yg.kakd ;dmh Ndú; fldg c,h r;alr yqud,h ksmojd tuÕska jdIam g¾nhskhla l%shd;aul fldg úÿ,sh cklhla lrleùfuks¡ ^6-1 rEmh n,kak& fojeks l%uh f,i ks¾jdhq ;;a;aj hgf;a .eis*hrhla ^Gasifier& ;=, or oykh fldg ksmojk or-jdhqj ^wood gas / producer gas& uÕska .Eia g¾nhskhla l%shd;aul fldg úÿ,sh ckkh lsÍuh¡ jdIam g¾nhsk" .Eia g¾nhsk yd ixhqla; jl% ms<sn|j óg fmr úia;r lrk ,o fyhska fuys jeä úia;r lsÍu wjYH fkdfõ¡ or jdhqfjys wvx.= oykh jk ix>gl jkafka ldnka fudfkdlaihsâ ^CO&" yhsv%cka yd óf;akah¡ úYd, yd wLKav bkaOk iemhqula we;akï fuu l%u folu iïnkaO fldg ixhqla; pl% moAO;shla ;eksh yels kuq;a ;ju tjeks n,d.dr jdksc jYfhka l%shd;aul fkdfõ¡ lDIsld¾ñl wmøjH ^f.du" msÿre yd Ydl fldgia& Ô¾Kh lr ksmojk Ôj jdhqj ^bio gas& o fï i|yd m%fhdackhg .; yelsh¡ Wlafrdvq iy meKsuKaä ^fud,Eiia& meiùfuka ksmoúh yels t;fkda,a o fyd| bkaOkhls¡

rEmh 6-1

fvkafv%da n,d.drhl

o< igykla

› ,xldfõo fvkafv%da n,d.dr i|yd úYd, Wkkaÿjla we;sù ;sfí¡ fujeks úl,am n,Yla;s l%u ms<sn| wOHhkh lsÍu i|yd úoHd yd ;dCIK wud;HxYfha mqk¾ckk Yla;s tallh uÕska uQ,sl jev ms<sfj,la wrUd ;sìKs¡ ta hgf;a n, Yla;s wjYH;d i|yd wjYH .ia jeùug we;eï m%foaY j, fm<Uùula we;slr ;sfí¡ oekg .a,sßiSähd or j,ska l%shd;aul jk fu¡fjd¡ 1l fvkafv%da n,d.drhla kqjrt<sfha j,mfka m%foaYfha wrUd we;¡ ta uÕska wod, or iemhqï lrejka úYd, msßilg wdodhï ud¾.hlao we;sù ;sfí¡ fï w;r fudKrd., m%foaYfhao l=vd fvkafv%da n,d.drhla bÈj we;¡ oyhshd j,ska l%shd;aul jk fu¡fjd¡ 1l n,d.drhla fmdf,dkakrefõ o ,Sl=vq j,ska

47

l%shd;aul jk tjeks ;j;a n,d.drhla fudrgqfõo wdrïN lsÍug ie,iqï bÈßm;aj we;¡ fujeks l=vd n,d.dr uÕska ,nd.kakd w;aoelSï mokï lrf.k bÈßfha§ fuu fCI;%fha úYd, ÈhqKqjla n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh yelsjdla fukau th w;HdjYH lreKlao fõ¡

Èjhsfka iajNdúl jkdka;r we;af;a 25]lg;a wvq m%udKhls¡ kuq;a wd¾Ól jeú,s yereKqúg lDIsld¾ñl f.dúìï 36] l muK fCI;% M,hla mqrd me;sÍ we;¡ fï wkqj fyd| ixúOdkhla ilid.; fyd;a ie,lsh hq;= ffcj øjH iemhqula we;s lr.; yelsh¡ kd.ßl le<s li, m%Yakhgo fuuÕska tla;rd úi÷ula iemfhkq we;¡ rfÜ we;s ksire ,÷ ìï yd w;ayer ouk ,o jeú,s ;snQ bvï j, or i|yd .ia jeùu Èß.ekaúh hq;=j we;¡ rks, l=,hg wh;a Ydl jeùfuka mfia ksire nj l%ufhka ke;sù hhs¡ bms,a bms,a" .a,sßiSähd jeks Ydl fï i|yd b;d iqÿiq nj y÷kdf.k we;¡ yels iEu ;eklu or .ia jeùu mßirh wdrCIdùug fya;= jk w;r th fyd| wdfhdackhla o fõ¡ fuu lreKq wkq.ukh lsÍfuka fu¡fjd¡ 2000 isg 4000 l muK n,Yla;shla ksmoúh yels nj úfYaI{ u;h fõ¡ flfia fj;;a bÈß oYlh ;=, fu¡fjd¡ 1000 la j;a fuuÕska ,nd.ekSug lghq;= lrkafka kï LKsc f;,a i|yd úfoaY j,g we§ hk úYd, uqo,la b;sß lrf.k th .%dóh ck;djf.a ÈhqKqjg fhoúh yels fõ¡

or n,d.dr ksid mßir ydkshla isÿfõ hehs is;Su idjoHh¡ fmd<j hg ;ekam;aj we;s LKsc f;,a oykh lsÍu ksid jdhqf.da,h ¥IH ù ldnkavfhdlaihsâ uÜgu by< hk nj fkdryils¡ kuq;a fvkafv%da l%uh uÕska mßirh msßisÿ jk w;r or oykfhka msgjkafka jdhq f.da,fhka ,nd.;a ldnkavfhdlaihsâ muKla ksid mßirhg Y=oaO n,mEula ke;¡ wfkla w;g fuu Yla;sh uq¿ukskau foaYSh yd mqk¾ckkSh jk w;r .%dóh uÜgfuka /lshd oyia .Kklao iemhsh yels ;srir iïm;la nj wjOdrKh l< hq;=h¡ › ,xldfõ lS¾;su;a m¾fhaIlhska fom,la jk wdpd¾h ta¡tka¡tia¡ l=,isxy iy f¾ úfÊj¾Ok hk úHd{hska w;ska fï i|yd mqfrda.dó lghq;= /ila isÿj we;¡

.a,sßiSähd Ydlh › ,xldfõ isõjeks wd¾Ól fNda.h jYfhka m%ldYhg m;a flÍ we;s w;r fuu ‘;srir bkaOk’ ^sustainably grown fuel - SGF& j.d fCI;%h .%dóh bvï fylaghdr 75"000 l f.dùka 50"000 lg y÷kajd §fuka LKsc f;,a wdkhkfhka 10] la je,laùu ksid b;sß jk úfoaY úksuh m%udKh jirlg re¡ ì,shk 46 la nj fmkS f.dia we;¡ ;j tys w;=reM, f,i mi ire ùu jd¾Islj hQßhd fgdka 22"000 lg iudk nj;a mY= iïm;a ixj¾Okh wu;r lsß ,Sg¾ ñ,shk 32 nj;a .Kka n,d we;¡ tksid .%dóh wd¾Ólhg yd mßirhg bka ie,fik fi; w;s uy;a nj fkdlsjukdh¡ ^ffcj Yla;s ix.uh&

6¡2 yuk iq<x úÿ,sh njg

iq<fÕa Yla;sho lsis Èfkl wjika fkdjk n, m%Njhls¡ iq<fÕa pd,l Yla;sh m%fhdackhg f.k OdkH weUÍug yd c,h fmdïm lsÍug wE; ld,hl isg ñksid oek isáfhah¡ tfukau w;S; kdúl n,ho /£ mej;sfha iq<fÕa n,h u;h¡ kuq;a iq<fÕa yeisÍu jßka jr fjkia jk ksid fndfyda .eg¿ Woa.; úh¡ ta w;r iq<x fuda,a u.ska úÿ,sh ckkh lsÍu i|yd o we;eï rgj, Wkkaÿjla we;súh¡ ´,kaoh ^fko¾,ka;h& yd fvkaud¾lh bka úfYaI;ajhla .kafka iq<x fuda, tu rgj, cd;sl ixfla;hla f,io ie,flk ksidh¡

idudkHfhka iq<x fm;s 3la fyda 4la we;s óg¾ 3 l úYalïNfhka hq;= iq<x g¾nhskhla uÕska me¡ls¡ó¡ 30 l fõ.hlska yuk iq<x m%jdyhlska ls¡fjd¡ 1 l muK úÿ,s Yla;shla ksmoúh yelsh¡ iq<x fm;s j, È. yd iq<fÕa fõ.h jeäjk úg ksmoúh yels úÿ,s Yla;sh YS>%fhka jeäfõ ^th iq<x fm;af;a Èf.ys fojeks n,hg yd iq<x fõ.fhys ;=kajeks n,hg iudkqmd;sl fõ¡&¡ fïksid Wjukdjg jvd iq<fÕa fõ.h jeä jqjfyd;a úÿ,s cklhg ydks isÿúh yelsh¡ tksid iq<fÕa n,mEu md,kh lsÍu i|yd fm;s j, we,h ^pitch& fjkia l< yels jk mßÈ iq<x g¾nhskh ;kd we;¡ tfukau iq<x yuk ÈYdjg th iajhxl%Shj yerfõ¡ 6-2 rEmfha jïmi we;s we;s m%ia;drfhka fuu fCI;%fha uE; ld,Skj we;s jQ úYauhckl ÈhqKqj oelafjk w;r ol=Kqmi f,dj ckm%sh g¾nhsk udÈ,s lsysmhla WodyrK jYfhka olajd we;¡

.,a wÕ=re yd fjk;a m%Nj uÕska myiqfjka wvq ñ<g úÿ,sh ksmoúh yelsj ;snqKq ksid fndfyda rgj, iq<x úÿ,s n,d.dr ms<sn| Wkkaÿjla we;s fkdúKs¡ kuq;a 1980 oYlfha§ fuu fCI;%h .ek úYd, Wkkaÿjla we;s jQfha LKsc bkaOk l%ufhka laIh ù hk ksidh¡ 1990 oYlfha§ .=jka hdkd i|yd fhdod.kakd wuqøjH iy ;dCIKho úYd, f,i ÈhqKq úh¡ tksid .=jka hdkd ;dlaIKhg wkqj ie<iqï l< b;d ld¾hCIu ldnka *hsn¾ ixhqla; ^composite& fm;s iys; iq<x n,d.dr ksid fuu fCI;%fhao fmr<shla we;s úh¡ c¾uksh" iamd`Coa`Coh" ì%;dkHh" fvkaud¾lh"

48

wfußldj" cmdkh" iaùvkh hk rgj,aj, fuu fCI;%fha úYd, ÈhqKqjla ,nd we;¡ jir 2000g fmr hqfrdamfha olakg ,enqKq kùk iq<x g¾nhsk ls¡ fjd¡ 250-1000 w;r m%udKfha tajdh¡ kuq;a 2004 jkúg fu¡fjd¡ 5l Odß;djlska hq;a iq<x úÿ,s ckl mjd fuu rgj, ksmoùu weröh¡ fuu w;s úYd, g¾nhsk j, N%uK fõ.h wvq ^6-12 rpm& ksid;a fmd<fõ isg Wi ^hub height& óg¾ 120 la muK úYd, ksid;a jvd;a ia:djr úÿ,s ckkhla we;sfõ¡ g¾nhsk úYd, .Kkla iys; ‘iq<x n, WoHdk’ bÈlsÍfuka idïm%odhsl n,d.dr j,g wdikak ia:djr;djhla we;slr .ekSug iu;a j we;¡ kuq;a iq<fÕa úp,H iajNdjh wkqj wjYH fõ,djg wjYH m%udKfhka úÿ,sh ckkh l< fkdyels ksid fjk;a n,d.dr j,g mßmQrl f,i fujeks n,d.dr fhdod .efka¡ flfia jqjo fï jkúg iq<x úÿ,s ckl Ndú;h ksid ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhlska LKsc f;,a oeùu j<lajd .ekSug iu;aj we;¡ 2004 wjika jk úg f,dj mqrd .s.dfjdÜ 47¡3 l iq<x n, ia:dms; Odß;djla mej;s w;r bka .s¡fjd¡ 8 lau ^8000 MW& 2004 jir ;=, f.dvkeÕ=Kq tajdh¡ 2008 jk úg .s¡fjd¡ 100 blaujQ f.da,Sh Odß;djl iq<x n, ixj¾Okhla oelsh yels jkq we;¡ ñka jeä m%udKhla iuqødikak m%foaYhkah¡

rEmh 6-2

6-B

00 4i

rEmh 6-3

› ,xldfõ yïnkaf;dg iQßhjej m%foaYfha iq<x úÿ,s ckl moaO;shla msysgqjd we;¡ ls¡fjd¡ ne.ska jQ iq<x g¾nhsk 5 lska hqla; fuys úÿ,s ckkh wdrïN jQfha 1999 §h¡ jd¾Isl .s¡fjd¡me¡ 3 w;r Yla;s m%udKhla ^ckk idOlh 13] muK& fuuÕska ckkh flf¾¡ Èjhsfka jhU yd dkÈ. fjr< wdY%s;j fukau iQßhlkao" yqkakia.sßh" ßj¾iagka ^kl,aia& jeks m%foaYo iq<x úÿ,s

49

ckl i|yd iqÿiq hehs ie<fla¡ l,amsáh" wfòfj, yd weô,smsáfha kùk ;dCIKfhka hq;= iq<x n,d.dr moaO;s lsysmhla bÈlsÍug fhdackd ù we;¡ c¾uka úfYaI× lKavdhula l< wOHhkhlg wkqj wkd.;fha fu¡ fjd¡ 10"000 lg jvd ia:dms; Odß;djl iq<x n,d.dr › ,xldfõ we;s l< yels nj m%ldY ù ;sìKs¡ kuq;a iq<fÕa we;s wúksYaÑ; iajNdjh ksid ñka wfmaCId l< yels ia:djr Odß;dj fu¡ fjd¡ 1500 la muK jkq we;¡ uE;l§ l< ióCIK wkqj wfußldkq mQk¾ckk Yla;s m¾fhaIK j,g ^NREL/USAid& iïnkaO úoajf;l= jk uydpd¾h ,laIauka .=reiajdñ úiska m%ldY lr ;snqfKa › ,xldfõ fu¡ fjd¡ 24"000 l iq<x úÿ,s úNjhla we;s njhs¡ Èjhsfka N+ñfhka 6] la tkï j¡ls¡ó 5000 la muK fï i|yd iqÿiq njo wkdjrhKh ù we;¡ ^Sunday Observer 22/05/2005& tfy;a fkdñf,a ,efnk fuu mqk¾ckkSh Yla;s m%Njh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu wkd.;fha wjYH;djhla jk njo ksielh¡

6¡3 iQ¾h ;dm n,fhka jev .ksuq¡

wm Ndú; lrk ish¿u Yla;s m%fNao j, uQ,sl m%Njh iQ¾hhd nj wms fyd|ska oksuq¡ iQ¾hhdf.a l%shdldß;ajh ksid §¾> ld,Skj /iajQ Yla;sh LKsc f;,a yd .,awÕ=re ^fmdis, bkaOk& jYfhka wms wo Ndú; lruq¡ kuq;a wmsg is;sh yels wkd.; ld,hl tu øjH kej; we;s fkdfõ¡ tksid tajd CIh ù hk ^exhaustible& iïm;a f,i y÷kajuq¡ iQ¾hhdf.a fláld,Sk yd ffoksl l%shdldß;ajh fya;=fjka yg.kakd c,úÿ,sh iq<x yd or j, Yla;sh mqk¾ckk ^renewable& m%Nj f,i y÷kajuq¡ fuu foj¾.hgu fjkiaj iDcq f,i iQ¾h Yla;sh m%fhdackhg .ekSu fuu fldgfia§ úia;r flf¾¡

fmdf<da ;,h u; m;s; jk iQ¾h lsrK j, n,h fu¡fjd¡ 1.7 x 1011 muK fõ¡ fuh f,dj mqrdu ksmojk úÿ,s n, Odß;dj fuka 80000 .+Khla muK fõ¡ iQ¾hhdf.ka ,efnk Yla;sfhka fldgila úÿ,sh njg yerùug ñksidf.a we;s Wkkaÿj o jeä fjñka mj;skafka by< hk n,Yla;s b,a¨ug fukau fmdis, bkaOk ysÕhlgo wkd.;fha uqyqK §ug isÿjk ksidh¡ iQ¾h Yla;sh Ndú;fhka úÿ,sh ksmoùfï l%u folla wkq.ukh lrkq ,efí¡ tlla kï iQ¾h ;dmh /iafldg ;dm úÿ,s ckl hka;% l%shd lrùuhs¡ wfkl m%ldY úoHq;a wdprKh ^photo-electric effect& u; l%shd lrk iQ¾h fldaI ^solar cells& uÕska iQ¾hdf,dalh m%fhdackhg f.k úÿ,sh ksmoùuhs¡ tkï ;dmh tl l%uhlg;a wdf,dalh ;j;a l%uhlg;a m%fhdackhg .ekSuhs¡

iQ¾h ;dmh /ialrk ia:dk ^solar heat collectors& hkq wmg t;rï yqremqreÿ fkdjqK;a iQ¾h Wÿka yd úh,k hka;% ms<sn| jegySula we;¡ iQ¾h ;dmh tla?ia lsÍu ms<sn| ir, WodyrKhls th¡ úYd, fCI;%M,hla mqrd me;sfrk ysre rYañh l=vd ;eklg fhduq lsÍfuka wêl WIaK;ajhla ,nd.; yelsh¡ iQ¾h ;dm úÿ,s n,d.dr (SEGS) j¾. lsysmhla my; úia;r flf¾¡

rEmh 6-4

mrdj,hsl Tre

fuys mmDIaGhla we;s .uka .kakd f,úYd, .Kkla fjk;a øjhla j,§ c,h fjk

iQ¾h úÿ,s ckl moaO;s ^Parabolic Trough Solar Electric Generating System &

rdj,hsl yrialv yevh iys; È.= ldKqjla fyda mS,a,la wdldrfha mrdj¾;k w;r tys kdNs f¾Ldj Èf.a fh¥ k< ud¾. Tiafia ;dm.%dyl ;r,h ^ldrl ;r,h& i ilia lr we;¡ fylaghdr .Kkl j¾. M,h iys; úYd, m%foaYhl fujeks Tre

we;sÍfuka iQ¾h ;dmh úYd, f,i tl;= lr.; yelsh¡ fuu ;dmh uÕska c,h fyda jdIam njg yrjd g¾nhsk lrleùfuka úÿ,sh ckkh flf¾¡ wvq WIaK;aj wka;r qjg Ndú; l< yels øjH w;r wefudakshd fyda ldnksl øj j¾. we;¡ we;eï úg øj

50

moaO;s folla ixhqla; lsÍfuka ^binary cycle& Wmßu Yla;s mßj¾;khla ,nd.; yelsh¡ fujeks tla tla øj j, ;dm.;sl yeisÍï úúO jk ksid tajd ms<sn|j fyd|ska wOHhkh lsÍfuka miqj ldfkda pl%h" iag¾,sx pl%h" /kalska pl%h wd§ úúO ;dm-fN!;sl isoaOdka; wkqj l%shd;aul jk g¾nhska hka;% j,ska iqÿiq l%u f;dard.; hq;=h¡ ^fuu isoAOdka; úia;r lsÍu fuu fmdf;a wruqK fkdjkafka th b;d ixlS¾K úIhhla ksidh¡& .%Sish" brdkh" bkaÈhdj iamd[a[h yd weußldj hk rgj, fuu j¾.fha n,d.dr msysgqjd ;sfí¡

uOH m%;s.%dyl n,d.dr ^Central Receiver Power Plant &

rEmh 6-5

ysref.a ffoksl .uka m:h Tiafia iajhxl%Shj yerfjk fi!riaÓ;s ^heliostat& o¾mK moaO;shla iy tu o¾mK iys; N+ñh ueÈka l=¿Kla u; msysgqjk ,o ;dm m%;s.%dylh ^heat receiver tower& fuu j¾.fha n,d.drhl we;s m%Odk wx. fõ¡ ojfia jeä ld,hla mqrd ´kEu ÈYdjlska tk ysre lsrK ,nd.; yels ùu fuys we;s jdishls¡ m%xYfha" iamd[a[fha yd weußldfõ uOH m%;s.%dyl iQ¾h n,d.dr msysgqjd ;sfí¡ m%xYfha we;s 6¡3 rEmfha olajd we;s wdldrfha n,d.drhlska fi¡ 3000x g jeä WIaK;ajhla Wmojd ;sfí¡ fuys fi!riaÓ;s o¾mK j,g wu;rj úYd, jl%% o¾mKhlska ysre /ia kdNs.; lrkq ,efí¡ j<dl=¿ iy fõ,dj wkqj iQ¾h ;dmfha we;sjk fjkialï ksid fl,skau c,fhka l%shd;aul jk ;dm n,d.dr j,g úúO ÿIalr;d we;sfõ¡ Bg úl,amhla jYfhka ú,Sk ,jK ^molten salt& Ndú;h" le,sf*dakshdfõ we;s n,d.drhl id¾:lj l%shd;aul fõ¡ úYd, ;dm mßjdrl gexls ;=< fuu ,jK j, WIaK;ajh ydks fkdù i;shla muK ;nd.; yelsh¡ fuuÕska tu ‘Solar Two’ kue;s n,d.drfha fu¡fjd¡ 10la wLKavj ksmofõ¡ iamd[a[fha we;s ;j;a n,d.drhl øj fidaähï Ndú; fõ¡

iQ¾

njbyfuwe;fuj¾n,

;eá

rEmh 6-6

h Ññks n,d.dr ^Solar Chimney Power Plant& úYd, jy,hla u; m;s; jk ysre rYañh ksid tu jy,hg háka iam¾Y jk jd;h r;a jk

wfma iq,N w;aoelSuls¡ .nvd yd lïy,a jeks úYd, ;yvq jy< j, we;sjk ;dmh msgù hdug <g iúl< ixjyk k< we;¡ fïjd ;=,ska fõ.j;a jdhq oyrdjla .uka lrhs¡ iQ¾h Ññks hkq jekakls¡ úYd, ;yvq jy,hl yg.kakd WKqiqï jd;h Wie;s Ññkshla Èf.a .uka lrk úg sjk pd,l Yla;sh uÕska isria wCI iq<x g¾nhskhla lrljd úÿ,sh ksmoúh yelsh¡ iamd[a[fha

jeks ls¡fjd¡ 50l mÍCIKd;aul n,d.drhla bÈlr we;¡ tys Ññksh óg¾ 200la Wi jk w;r . óg¾ 45000 l fCI;%M,hl ysre/ia m;s; fõ¡ ldka;dr m%foaY j, fu¡fjd¡ 30 isg 100 olajd d.dr bÈl< yels nj lshefõ¡ iag¾,sx moaO;s¡ ^Dish Sterling System&

51

iEuúgu iQ¾hhd foig t,a,jk mßÈ iajhxl%Shj ilia jk mrdj,hsl §is o¾mKhl ^parabolic dish mirror& kdNsfha ;dm m%;s.%ylh msysgqjd ;ekQ WmlrKhls¡ yhsv%cka fyda yS,shï jdhq j,ska l%shd;aul jk iag¾,sx tkaðka kï l%ufhka l%shd;aul jk g¾nhskhla iys; l=vd úÿ,s cklhla fuys we;¡ fujeks tall .Kkdjla iïnkaO lsÍfuka jeä Odß;djla we;s l<yelsh¡ c¾uksh" TiafÜ%,shdj" fi!os wrdìh" cmdkh jeks rgj, fujeks úÿ,s ckl Ndú; fõ¡

rEmh 6-7

fouqyqka iQ¾h-

iQ¾h Y.uka lrk jl%uhls¡ tuÕskyels Bðma;=fõj,ska l%shd;aufulaisfldafõ mdrdj,hsl Tr

iQ¾h;dm fmdl

fuh ;c,dYhla uÕsm;=,g h;au idudkHfhka rYañfhka WKyg.kS¡ ldnkWIaK;aj fjk;sfí¡ BY%dh,fóg¾ 6250 l j15&¡ weußldfõóg¾ 3350 ls¡

by; mÍCIKd;aulbÈlsÍï yd fu;=,§ iQ¾h ;dmyd m%dfhda.sl lsÍug ie,iqï12 l ldnkavfjdhqf.da,h WKwe¡t¡c¡ fvd,¾jefgkq we;ehwe;¡

m%ldY úoHq;a w

iQ¾h YiQ¾h fldaI fmeñKs iQ¾h fwNHjldY pJ

.Eia g¾nhska ixhqla; pl% n,d.dr ^ISCCS or Hybrid plants& la;sh Ndú; l< yels ;j;a iqúfYaI l%uhls¡ .Eia g¾nhska hka;%hl iïmSvlh yryd d;h iy bkaOk iQ¾h ;dmh wdOdrfhka r;alrkq ,efí¡ fuh m%;sckk ^regeneration& a .Eia g¾nhskfha ld¾hCIu;djh 30] lska muK jeä fõ¡ WodyrKhla f,i oelaúh we;s fï j¾.fha n,d.drhl Odß;dj fu¡fjd¡ 135 ls¡ øùlD; iajNdúl jdhq ^LNG& l jk tys iQ¾h Yla;s odhl;ajh fu¡fjd¡ 30 ls¡ fudfrdlafldafõ fu¡fjd¡ 150 l yd fu¡fjd¡ 310 l fouqyqka n,d.dr we;s w;r bkaÈhdfõo fujeks n,d.dr lsysmhla we;¡ e ^Trough& l%ufhka fuu n,d.dr j,g iQ¾h Yla;sh imhkq ,efí¡

=Kq n,d.dr ^Solar Pond Power Plant& j;a w¿;a ixl,amhls¡ úYd, fmdl=Kl idkaø f,i ¨Kq Èhlr idod .kakd ,jK

ka iQ¾h ;dmh fyd¢ka wjfYdaIKh lr.kS¡ c,dYfha ,jK idkaøKh u;=msg isg l%ufhka jeä fjk ksid isria >K;aj wkql%uKhla yg.kS¡ fï fya;=fjka c,fha we;sjk ixjyk Odrd we;sùu je<fla¡ WKqiqï øj ia:r m;=f,a isrù ;jÿrg;a ysre qiqï fõ¡ fuu ;;a;ajh ksid c,dYfha m;=, iy u;=msg w;r WIaK;aj wka;rhla sl øj$jdIam uÕska l%shd;aul jk /kalska pl% g¾nhskhla Odjkh lrùug fuu i m%udKj;a fõ¡ fix 90 l muK WIAK;ajhla fujeks ,jK fmdl=Kq m;=f,a we;sù ha we;s fujeks úÿ,s ckk l%uhl fu¡fjd¡ 150 l Odß;djla we;¡ tys c,dYh j¾. mißhlska hqla;h¡ TiafÜ%,shdfõ we,sia iam%sxia ys o fujeks n,d.drhla we; ^fu¡fjd¡ t,a mefida ys we;s fu¡fjd¡ 70 l iQ¾h fmdl=Kq n,d.drhg wh;a ,jK c,dYh j¾.

úia;r lrk ,o iQ¾h ;dm n,d.dr j,ska fndfyduhla u wdo¾Y uÜgfï iy o;a; ,nd .ekSfï wruqKska ;kk ,o tajdh¡ oekg fuu iQ¾h ;dm n,d.dr j, fyhqï úhoï wfkl=;a n,d.dr j¾. j,g jvd idfmaCIj jeäh¡ kuq;a 1980 oYlh ;dlaIKh fyd¢ka ÈhKq ù we;¡ wod, rgj, ta iïnkaOj ,nd.;a m%;HCI kHdhsl

w;aoelSï m%fhdackhg f.k 2015 jkúg fu¡fjd¡ 5000 l muK Odß;djla ixj¾Okh lr we;¡ ta wkqj bkaOk oeùfuka jdhq f.da,hg jd¾Islj uqod yefrk fgdka ñ,shk hdlaihsâ m%udKhla keje;aùug wfmaCId flf¾¡ f,dalfha mßirh wdrCId lsÍug yd qiqï ùfï fõ.h wvq lsÍug fuu mshjr ufydamldÍ jkq we;¡ oekg úÿ,s tallhg

Y; 20 l muK uÜgfï we;s ckk úhou 2010 jk úg fvd,¾ Y; 06 olajd my; so wfmaCId flf¾¡ ÈhqKq jk rgj,a lrdo fuu ;dCIKh fhduq ùug th fya;= jkq

dprKh yd iQ¾h fldaI

la;sfhka úÿ,sh ckkh lsÍu .ek i|yka lrk úg ks;e;skau isyshg kefÕkafka yj;a m%Nd-úoHq;a fldaI ^solar cells or photovoltaic cells& h¡ 19700oYlfha§ Ndú;hg ldaI w;a Trf,daiq yd idlal= >kl hka;% mK.ekaùu i|yd ckm%sh úl,amhla úh¡ øsld i|yd o fyd|u n, iemhqu njg m;a jQfha iQ¾h fldaIh¡ oeka oeka th m%Odk

52

iïfm%AIK ud¾. <Õd fkdjQ msáir .ïudk j, yqfol,d ksjdi j, úÿ,s myka oe,aùfï l%uhla njg m;aj ;sfí¡

iQ¾h fldaI l%shd;aul jkafka m%ldY úoHq;a wdprKh ^photo-electric effect& kï ixisoaêh Wmfhda.S lrf.k h¡ th lafjdkagï fN!;sl uQ,O¾u uÕska meyeÈ,s lrkq ,efí¡ tys§ wdf,dalh wjldYh yryd .uka lrkafkaa ika;;sl lsrKhla jYfhka fkdj Yla;s melÜgq jYfhka hehs lshkq ,efí¡ tajd lafjdkagd ^quanta& f,i y÷kajk w;r tla lafjdkagdjl ksYaÑ; Yla;shla fukau .uH;djlao we;s nj kùk fN!;sl úoHdj fmkajd fohs¡ fuu .uH;dj wfma w;g yiqjk ufyaCI ^macroscopic& jia;+ka flfrys n,fkdmEjo bf,lafg%dak jeks b;d ishqï Wm mrudKql wxY= flfrys n,mdhs¡ leâñhï i,a*hsâ fyda tla;rd is,m;s; jQúg tu øjH j, wKq ;=, we;s bf.uH;djh iu;a fõ¡ tu bf,lafg%dak w¾Obf,lafg%dak Odrdjla we;sfõ¡ iQ¾h fldaIfhk

flfia jqjo fuu l%uh wfkla iQ¾h wvqh¡ tksid oekg úÿ,s tallhl úhouo Ndú;h jvd;a .e,fmkafka l=vd úÿ,s OdrdWmlrK i|yd h¡ oyj,a ld,h ;=, iQ¾h fbkaj¾gr mßm:hla u.ska rd;%S myka oe,aùugiQ¾h fldaI mek, › ,xldfõ uyshx.kh" ia:dk j, Ndú; fõ¡ tajd myiq f.ùfï l%uiA:dms;j we;¡

m%ldY úoHq;a fldaI ksIamdokfha úYld¾hCIu;dj by< kexùu yd ksIamdokh jksmoùfï wNsfhda.h ch.ekSug cmdkh" iïnkaOfhka weußldj yd TiafÜ%,shdjo l%shidudkH ld¾hCIu;dj 5] - 15] w;r jk wnj fidhdf.k we;¡ 2004 jkúg jd¾Isl ijk úg iQ¾h fldaI úÿ,s tallhl ñ< cd,flf¾¡

iQ¾h Yla;sh ms<sn| tla m%Odk .eg¿jfkdùuhs¡ rd;%sfha§ m%fhdackhg .ekSug úÿ,yels kuq;a th úhoï wêl l%uhls¡ tfukauldka;dr j,gh tjeks ia:dk iQ¾h úÿ,s n,iA:dk lrd ls¡ó¡ oyia .Kkla iïfm%AIKh lm%fhdackhg .ekSug fuu .eg¿ i|ydo i;dmfhka c,h WKqiqï lsÍu yd ksjdi WKqit<sfhka ,efnk m%fhdackhls¡

6¡4 N+-;dm úÿ,sh

fmdf<da .¾Nh we;=,g hkakg hkakgmDÒúfha uOHh lelEfrk f,daÈh .nvdjla id.r yd uydoaùm háka we;s ls¡ó¡ 3 isg 1fmdf<da .¾Nh ;=, fi¡ wxYl 700 isg 25^geothermal energy& kï fmdf<dj i;= fï uy

rEmh 6-8

slka iaMál j¾.hlska ;ekQ ;=kS ;yvq u; ysre t<sh ,lafg%dak lsysmhla bj;a lsÍug by; lS lafjdkagï ikakdhl m%;s.%dyl ia:rhla yryd .uka lrùfuka a úÿ,sh ckkh jkafka fï wdldrhgh¡

;dm mßj¾;k l%u j,g jvd ld¾hCIu;djfhka b;d wêlh¡ ^fvd,¾ Y; 70$ls¡fjd¡me¡&¡ iQ¾h fldaI iDcqj ^uhsfl%da weïmsh¾ .Kka& wjYH jk bf,lafg%daksl ldaI uÕska negß wdfrdamKh lr /ialr.kakd Yla;sh fhdod.; yelsh¡ fujeks 3W isg 60W muK olajd jQ

fudKrd., jeks m%foaY j, cd, .; úÿ,sh fkdue;s hg ,nd fok wdh;k .Kkdjlao fujeks m%foaY j,

d, j¾Okhla 1995 ka miqj we;súh¡ Yla;s mßj¾;k eä lsÍu ;=,ska ;rÕldÍ ñ<lg ysre t,sfhka úÿ,sh c¾uksh yd iAmd`Coa`Coh fmruqK f.k we;¡ fï dYS,Sj we;¡ oekg fj<|fmdf<a we;s iQ¾h mek, j, ;r bÈßfha§ th 20] - 25] muK olajd jeä l<yels Q¾h fldaI ksIamdokh fu¡fjd¡ 1000 blaujd we;¡ 2015 .; úÿ,sh ñf<ys uÜgug meñfKkq we;ehs wfmaCId

la jkafka th iq,Nj ,efnkafka wmg wjYH fõ,djg sh .nvd lr ;nd.ekSug negß wdfrdamKh fhdod .; iQ¾hdf,dalh ksrka;rfhka ,efnkafka ckY=kH úh,s d.dr msysgqùug b;d iqÿiq jk uq;a tu úÿ,sh wjYH sÍuo ÿIalr lghq;a;ls¡ iQ¾h Yla;sh jvd M,odhS f,i qÿiq ,dNodhl úi÷ï fidhd.; hq;=h¡ ta w;r iQ¾h qï lsÍu yd iu.dój úÿ,s n,h b;sß lr .ekSu o ysre

WKqiqu jeäjk nj m;,a lrefjda w;aoelSfuka oks;s¡ nj wmg huy,a ^.sKsl÷& úodrKhl§ fyd¢ka jegfya¡ 5 muK >Klï mdIdK ;Ügqjlska wdjrKh ù we;s 00 muK olajd WKqiqï ia:dk yuqfõ¡ N+;dm Yla;sh d Yla;s m%Njh o úÿ,s W;amdokh i|yd fhdod .ekSfï

53

Nd.Hh we;eï rgj,g ysñj we;¡ fmdf<dj u;=msg wdikakhg N+;dm Yla;sh ,Õdjk iA:dk .Kkdjla úúO rgj, msysgd we;¡ WKqÈh W,am;a ^hot springs& iy lelEfrk j.=re ^geysers& we;af;a fujeks ia:dk j,h¡ úfYaIfhka fmdf<dj u;=msg N+ ks¾udKfha moku f,i ie,flk N+;eá ^tektonic plates& j, udhsï wjg N+;dm Yla;sh nyq, h¡ tmuKla fkdj .sksl÷ yd N+ñlïmd nyq,j we;af;ao fuu l,dm j,h¡

N+;dm úÿ,s n,d.dro uQ,sl jYfhka ;dm-jdIam n,d.dr úfYaIhls¡ fmdf<da .en ;=, we;s mdIdK ;Ügqjla ì| l=yrhla idod u;=msg isg thg c,h iemhQ úg jdIam ,nd.; yelsh¡ iqÿiq mßÈ ;ekQ mSvk k< ud¾. Tiafia tu jdIam yqud, g¾nhskhlg fhduq lsÍfuka úÿ,sh ckkh l< yelsh¡ c,h jdIam lrùug m%udKj;a fkdjk wvq WIaK;aj wka;r j,§ fjk;a ldrl ;r,hla jYfhka wefudakshd fhdodf.ko g¾nhsk l%shd;aul fldg we;¡ fuu l%uh /kalskwkqj l%shd lrhs¡ fjkia WIaK;aj i|yd .e,fmk mßÈ wefudaki|yd fhÈh yelsh¡ 1904§ fuu wdldrfha n,d.drhla kjiS,ka;fha" whsia,ka;fha" fkdaa¾fõ" ms,smSkfha" fulaisfld.Kkdjla bÈù we;¡

2000 jir wjik f,dj rgj,a 30l we;s N+;dm úÿ,s n,blauùh¡ bka fu¡fjd¡ 2500 la muKu weußldfõ le,sf*dakshd cd;sl úÿ,s iemhqfuka 27]la u N+;dm úÿ,sh fõ¡ úÿ,s nlDIsld¾ñl lghq;= i|ydo fuu ;dm Yla;sh nyq,j fhmÈh;,dj" weô,smsáh ^uyme,eiai& hk ia:dk j, olakg ,hkafka N+;dm Yla;sh › ,xldfõo úoHdudk jk njhs¡

6¡5 uqyqfoka úÿ,sh

f,dj jid me;sÍ we;s uyd id.rho n,Yla;s wdlrhYla;sfhka jeä m%udKhla uqyqo ;=, .nvd fõ¡ uqyqo wdY%fhka ms<sn|j l,l isg úúO rgj, wjOdkh fhduqù we;¡ fï w;we;s l%u 3 la flfrys wmf.a wjOdkh fhduq lruq¡

1¡ id.r ;dm Yla;s mßj¾;k l%uh ^OTEC – Ocean thermal ene1881§ m%xY cd;sl úoHd{fhla úiska uq,skau bÈßm;a lrk

ixj¾Okh ùug ishjila muK .;ù we;¡ OTEC l%uh ógfmdl=Kq ixl,amhg ;rula iudkh¡ kuq;a WIaK;aj wkql%uKu;=msg isg .eUqrg hkúg c,fha WIaK;ajh wvqfõ¡ .eUqre uqylg jeä fjkila fmkajk l,dm iEu id.rhlu me;sÍ mjfldg /kalska pl% g¾nhsk u.ska úÿ,sh ckkh lsÍug fuuyelsh¡ óg¾ 1000 l muK .eUqf¾ isg u;=msgg fmdïm flfrnjg m;a lrkq ,efí¡ u;=msg WKqiqï c,h uÕska tu wefulrljñka m%idrKh fõ¡ wefudakshd jdIamh kej; isis,a c,h pl%hla wrUhs¡ 6-10 rEmfha fuu úÿ,s ckk l%uh úia;r wka;rhla mj;sk id.r l,dmfha is;shulao fmkajd we;¡ Om%isoaOh¡

rEmh 6-9

a pl%h ^Rankin cycle& kï uQ,O¾uhg shd yd c,h ñY%Khla o fuu ld¾hh uq,skau ;kk ,oafoa b;d,sfhah¡ afõ iy wfußldfõ N+;dm n,d.dr

d.dr j, uq¿ Odß;dj fu¡fjd¡ 8000 iy fkjdvd m%foaY j,h¡ ms,smSkfha ,hg wu;rj fjk;a ld¾ñl yd dod .efka¡ ;%sl=Kdu,h ^lkakshd&" efnk WKqÈh W,am;a wkqj fmkS

ls¡ iQ¾hhdf.ka fmdf<djg ,efnk úÿ,sh ckkh l<yels l%u lsysmhla ßka oekg m%dfhda.sl ;;ajhg m;aj

rgy conversion& ,o fuu uQ,O¾uh m%udKj;a mßÈ

by; úia;r lrk ,o iQ¾h ;dm h we;af;a m%;súreoAO w;gh¡ uqyqo qÿ c,h u;=msgg jvd fi¡ wxYl 20 ;S¡ wefudakshd jeks øjHhla Ndú; WIaK;aj fjki m%fhdackhg .; k isis,a c,h u.ska wefudakshd øj dakshd jdIam njg m;aù g¾nhskhla uÕska >kSNjkh fldg kej; w¿;a flfrk w;r m%udKj;a WIaK;aj TEC n,d.dr i|yd yjdhs ckmoh

54

2¡ Woï

CIs;scuÜgujvd bmeñfKúYd, úg thmsysgkwe;eïwúksY

fodrjiïnkfu¡fjj¾.fksid Wúÿ,s n,d.dmj;aj

rEmh 6-10

fyj;a jvÈh yd ndÈh uÜgï fjkiska we;sjk n,h ^tidal power& uqyqfoa c, uÜgu Èklg fojrla by< my< hhs¡ fuh isÿ jkafka if|ys n,mEfuks¡ pkaøhd

fhys fmfkk úg tys wdl¾IKhg ,lajk uqyqÿ c,h i| foig wefoa túg wm wjg uqyqfoa my< niS¡ meh 6lg muK miq i| wyfia uqÿkg meñKs úg uqyqÿ uÜgu idudkH m%udKhg y< hhs¡ ;j;a meh 6lg miqj kej;;a uqyqÿ uÜgu wvqù B<Õ meh 6 § idudkH ;;ajhg a¡ .eUqre uqyqola ueo msysá ¥m;l fjfik wmg fuu Woï fjki oefkkafka wvqfjks¡ kuq;a

fkd.eUqre f,ajd jeks wNHka;r uqyqÿ iys; rgj, lemS fmfkk Woï fjkila we;¡ fndfyda óg¾ 4 - 5 muK fõ¡ mif,diajl fmdah oskj,§ iQ¾hhd" pkaøhd yd fmd<j tl fl<ska w;r pkaøhd fjkodg jvd fmdf<djg ióm jk ksid Woï uÜgu úfYaIfhka jeä fõ¡ wjia:d j, th óg¾ 10 blaujhs¡ c, úÿ,sfhys fuka kshÕ iy j¾Idj fjkia ùu ms<sn| aÑ; njla Woï iïnkaOfhka we;sjkafka ke;¡ th ffokslj ksYaÑ;ju yg.kS¡

m%xYfha rhska .xfudah yryd ne| we;s ?kaia jvÈh neïu ^tidal barrage& ueÈka fhdod we;s ìys ,a 24l fhdod we;s wjrfm;s g¾nhsk úÿ,s ckl moaO;shla u.ska úÿ,sh ksmoùu Woï n,h aOfhka f,dj we;s fyd|u WodyrKhls¡ ^6-11 rEmh n,kak& 1967 isg l%shd;aul jk fuh d¡ 240 l Wmßu Odß;djlska hqla;h¡ lekvdfõ o fu¡fjd¡ 20 l Woï n,d.drhla ;sfí¡ fï ha úÿ,s n,d.dr i|yd iqÿiq iA:dk t;rï iq,N ke;¡ iqÿiq ;eka j, mjd we;sjk mßir .eg¿ oï n,d.dr t;rï ckm%sh úl,amhla njg m;aù ke;¡ jvÈh we;sjk wjia:dj iy Wmßu

b,a¨u iys; wjia:dj iEuúgu iumd; fkdjk ksid Woï n,d.drhla fjk;a j¾.hl r iu. iïnkaëlrKfhka d.; hq;=h¡

rEmh 6-11

55

3¡ r< fyj;a ;rx. Yla;sh ^wave energy& oji mqrd Wia my;a jk uqyqÿ r< u.ska fjr< u; úYd, mSvkhla we;s lrhs¡ fuu ;rx.

Yla;sh m%fhdackhg .; yels kï th Woï j,go jvd úYd, m%Njhls¡ fï ld¾hh i|yd iqÿiq Wml%u lsysmhla w;ayod n,d fyd| m%;sM, w;a lrf.k we;¡ 6-12 rEmfha jï me;af;a fmkajd we;s l%uh ì%;dkHfha ÈhqKq l< tlls¡ r< u.ska we;sjk mSvkh ksid jßka jr Wia my;a jk bms,s ^floaters& fma,shla r|jd we;af;a ueo we;s ia:djr fldgi jgd N%uKh jk mßÈ h¡ tys N%uKh wxYl 60 lg muK iSud jk mßÈ ;kd we;s wCISh jeá uÕska ta w;r we;s c,h f;rmd yÍ¡ bms,sh my<g yefrk úg ia:djr n| ueÈka we;s pQIK k<fha isg ljq¿ yryd w;rueo rduqjg c,h we§ ths¡ bms,sh by<g hk úg w;rueÈ rduqfõ isg mSvk k< ;=,g c,h .uka lrhs¡ fuu c,h wdmiq hdu je<elafjk mßos ljq¿ ;=, ;ks w;g hk lmdg iúlr we;¡ fufia mSvk k< ;=,g tk c,h uÕska we;s flfrk m%jdyhla wdOdrfhka g¾nhskhla lrljd úÿ,sh ckkh lrhs¡ cmdkfha ks¾udKh lr we;s ;rx. u.ska úÿ,s ckkh lrk kejo ;j;a úfYaI n,d.dr j¾.hls¡ kej m;=f,a uqyqo foig újD; jk ldur fmA,shla we;¡ by< my< hk ;rx. uÕska tu ldur ;=, we;s jk jdhq mSvk fjkia ùu ksid we;sjk iq<x oyrdjka" jdhq g¾nhsk lrleùug fhdod .kS¡ th 6-12 rEmfha ol=Kq me;af;a fmkajd we;¡

uÜul%shdhq;= n,d

‘Woï

i|yl,dWoïoreK^cmkiïnkuq;Yla;fjrfjrfndf

rEmh 6-12

fujeks l%u uÕska ckkh flfrk úÿ,s tallhla i|yd jeh jk úhou oekg ;rula by< l mj;S¡ jdksc uÜfuka fuu n,d.dr bÈlsÍug kï r¿ uqyqÿ mßirhg Tfrd;a;= fok f,i ldÍ fldgia ;ekSu i|yd iqÿiq wuqøjH imhd .ekSu iy kv;a;= lghq;= iïnkaOfhka ch.; wNsfhda. lsysmhla we;¡ tfy;a fuh ysÕjk fmdis, bkaOk j, ia:dkh .ekSu i|yd

fmdfrd;a;= ;eìh yels ;j;a mqk¾ckkSh m%Njhla nj lsjukdh¡

r<’ iy ‘;aiqkdñ’ .ek

2004 jir wjidkfha › ,xldp we;=¿ w.aksÈ. wdishdj w;aú|s oreKq ‘;aiqkdñ’ jHikh d ‘Woï r<’ ^tidal wave& hk idjoH fhÿu ckudOH j,ska fndfyda jdrhla m%ldY úh¡ wdishdkq mfha fjr<dikak m%foaY ì,s.;a ;aiqkdñ kue;s ;;ajh yd Woï w;r lsisÿ iïnkaOhla ke;¡ hkq ksrka;rfhka we;sjk ffoksl l%shdj,shls¡ id.r m;=f,a we;sjk n,j;a N+ñlïmdjla fyda q msmsÍula tfia;a ke;akï uqyqog úYd, W,aldmd;hla lvd je§u ksid ;aiqkdñ ;rx. yg.kS¡ a niska ;aiqkdñ" tsunami hkafkys woyi jrdh j,g myrfok ?<s hkakh& fuh wm rg kaOfhka ÿ¾,N w;aoelSula jk w;r fujekakla isÿúh yelafla jir ish .Kklg jrls¡ a meismsla id.rh wjg jßka jr fujeks ;;a;aj we;s fõ¡ idudkHfhka ;aiqkdñ ;rx.hl sh .eUqre uqyqfoa háka .uka lrk w;r úkdYldÍ f,i msg;g meñfKkafka fjr<la wi,§h¡ f<ka wE; uqyqfoa§ ;aiqkdñhlska t;rï n,mEula we;s fkdfõ¡ cmdkh jeks rgj, <dikakfha úúO wdldrfha úÿ,s n,d.dr rdYshla we;¡ tajd N+ñlïmd fyda ;aiqkdñ j,ska yda ÿrg wdrCId úh yels ;dCIKsl ,laIKhkaf.ka hq;=j bÈlr we;¡

56

7 mßÉfþoh

úÿ,sh mßfNdack m%jK;d iy tys wkd.;h miq.sh mßÉfþo j,§ iïmQ¾K wjOdkh fhduq lrk ,oafoa úÿ,sh W;amdok l%shdj,sfhys

úúO uqyqKqjr flfrysh¡ kuq;a úÿ,sh wfma ksjfia Ndú;hg meñfKk f;la f;jeoEreï l%shdj,shlg Ndckh fõ¡ tkï W;amdokh ^Generation&" iïfm%aIKh ^Transmission& yd fnodyeÍu ^Distribution& h¡ uQ,sl cd;sl l¾udka;hla jYfhka úÿ,sh fCI;%fhys ukd meje;au yd úYajdiodhl;ajh i|yd fuu wxY ;=fkau ukd iïnkaëlrKh yd l<ukdlrKh fukau hym;a kv;a;=j yd ixj¾Okh o w;HdjYH fõ¡ tal mqoa., úÿ,s mßfNdackh" rgl udkj ixj¾Okh uefkk o¾Ylhla ù we;s w;r" iemhqfuys ia:djr nj yd ;srir nj tu rfÜ há;, myiqlï j, ;;a;ajh ks¾Kh flfrk ;j;a ñkqula fõ¡ rgl wd¾Ólh j¾Okh j;au l¾udka; yd .Dyia: mßfNdackh i|yd úÿ,sh b,a¨u fõ.fhka jeä fõ¡ idudkHfhka wd¾Ól j¾Ok fõ.h fuka 1¡5 l .+Khlska úÿ,sh b,a¨u jeäjk nj fmkS hhs¡ fujeks ;;a;ajhl§ úÿ,sh fCI;%h jdKsc;ajhg keUqre ùu fukau fj<|fmd< n,fõ. j,g hg;aùug isÿfõ¡ úúO Yla;s m%Njhka M,odhS f,i l<ukdlrKh lsÍu" ;rÕldÍ ñ< .Kka j,g n,h imhd.ekSu" wld¾hCIu l%ufõohkaf.ka bj;aùu yd jvd M,odhS kùk l%fudamdhka fiùug Wkkaÿ ùu wdÈh tys idOkSh ,CIK fõ¡ ;dCIKsl f;dr;=re j,g wu;rj úÿ,s n, fCI;%fhys fulS m%jK;d j, n,mEuo fuu mßÉfþofha§ ieflúka idlÉPd flf¾¡

úye¢kafõtfy;a msysgqùuúysÿKq jeä jkwêier Yla;sh yelsh¡ lsf,dafjfuu /yfmd< ktransformWmk.rksjdi yfjda,aÜ úÿ,s /

rEmh 7-1 úÿ,s n, iemhqï fCI;%fhys úúO wjia:d

ÿ,sh úYd, jYfhka mßfNdackh flfrk m%Odk k.r úner uOHia:dk ^Load centres& f,i ¡ ffioaOdka;slj úÿ,s ckk uOHia:dk we;s l< hq;af;a úner uOHia:dk j,g iómjh¡ fkdfhl=;a fya;= ksid m%Odk k.r j,ska fndfyda ÿr neyer m%foaY j, úÿ,s n,d.dr g isÿfõ¡ WodyrK jYfhka c,úÿ,s n,d.dr oelaúh yelsh¡ fï ksid úYd, ÿr m%udKhla úÿ,s /yeka u.ska úÿ,s Yla;sh iïfm%aIKh l< hq;=h¡ Odrdfõ m%udKh ^weïmsh¾ .Kk& úg ;dmh jYfhka úÿ,s Yla;sfhka fldgila ydksù hhs¡ tu kdia;sùu j<lajd.ekSu i|yd ^high-tension& /yeka fhdod.efka¡ úÿ,sfha fjda,aàh;djh by< kexjQúg iïfm%aIKh jk wvq fkdù weïmshr .Kk wvq fõ¡ fï ksid ydksh wju fldg jeä ÿrla úÿ,sh f.khd úÿ,s n,d.dr wi, we;s wêlr mßkdul ^step-up transformers& wdOdrfhka fjda,aàh;djh da,aÜ 132 ^fjda,aÜ 1 32 000& fyda 220 olajd by< kxjd m%Odk k.r lrd iïfm%aIKh flf¾¡ eka moAO;sh wêfjda,aàh ud¾. ^HV Lines& f,io y÷kajhs¡ bkamiq k.r wdY%s;j we;s Wm e;fyd;a cd, Wm uOHia:dk ^grid substations& kñka ye¢kafjk wjlr mßkdul ^step-down ers& moaO;s u.ska by; lS wêier iemhqu ls¡fjda¡ 33 iy 11 olajd wvqlr ;odikakfha we;s yd .ï lrd f.k hhs¡ fuu /yeka ueÈfjda,aàh ud¾. ^MV Lines& jYfhka y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ d fjk;a mßfNdack ia:dk wdY%s;j we;s wjidk mßkdul u.ska fjda,aÜ 230 ^tl,d& fyda 400 ^f;l,d& njg m;afldg wvqier /yeka ^LV Lines& Tiafia úÿ,sh iemfha¡ fuu tla tla yeka j,g" wjYH wjia:d j,§ úÿ,sh iïnkaO fldg fnodyeÍu i|yd jyre wx.k

57

^switching yard& msysgqjd we;¡ rg mqrd we;s jyre wx.k iïnkaëlrKh fldg wjYH fufyhqï ix{d yd Wmfoia ,nd§ug m%Odk iïnkaëlrK uOHia:dkhla ^liaison centre& we;¡ fuu ish¿u iïfm%AIK ud¾. tlaj iEÿKq §m jHdma; moaO;sh cd;sl úÿ,s cd,h ^National grid& f,i ye¢kafõ¡ cd;sl úÿ,s cd,hla mj;ajd .ekSu ksid rfÜ úúO m%foaY j, mj;sk n,d.dr j,ska Wmßu m%fhdackh ,ndf.k iEu m<d;lu wjYH;d imqrd,Sug yelshdj ,efí¡ rfÜ úÿ,s iemhqfï Wiia m%ñ;sh" tkï ia:djr fjda,aàh;djh iy wLKav iemhqu mj;ajd.ekSu i|yd by; olajk ,o Wm uOHia:dk" jyre wx.k yd fufyhqï uOHia:dk j, ld¾hCIu l%shdldß;ajh fnfyúka bjy,a fõ¡ ÈhqKq rgj, fuu wxY j, Wiia l%shdldß;ajh i|yd Wmßu ;dCIKsl Wml%u fhdod we;af;a yÈis úÿ,s ì|jeàï ksid ta rgj, m%jdyk l%u we;=¿ kd.ßl myiqlï j, iy ck Ôú;fha ixlS¾K m%Yak we;s jk neúks¡

› ,xldfõ 220kV wêier /yeka moaO;sh oekg uyje,s ixlS¾Kfha isg Tref.dvj;a; ^le,Ks;siai&" ìh.u" fldgqf.dv" mkaksmsáh" fldf<dkakdj yd wkqrdOmqr cd, uOHia:dk lrd úysfok w;r Bg flrj,msáh o iïnkaO lr we;¡ fuu uOHia:dk j,g wu;rj rg mqrd ;j;a Wm uOHia:dk 35 la muK 132kV iïfm%aIK /yeka uÕska iïnkaO fõ¡ ;j;a Wm uOHia:dk 8 la muK bÈfjñka mj;S¡ m%Odk úner uOHia:dkh jk fld<U k.rh jgd 132kV háìï flan, ^underground cable& moaO;shlao f.dvkÕd we;¡ 16"700la muK jk fnodyeÍfï Wm uOHia:dk Tiafia we;s lsf,daóg¾ 25"000 la muK ueÈier ^MV& yd ls¡ó¡ 76"000la muK wvqier ^LV& fnodyeÍï ?yeka yryd mdßfNda.slhska ^.Dyia:" jdksc yd ld¾ñl& ñ,shk 3¡6 la lrd ^2004 jk úg& imhkq ,efí¡ fuys ls¡fjda¡ 132" 220" 33 jeks ^11fya .=Kdldr& fjda,aàh;d w.hka we;af;a ì%;dkH iïu;hlg wkqjh¡ úYd, Odß;djhla we;s we;eï rgj, ls¡fjda¡ 500" 1000 fyda fjk;a w.hka we;¡ wkd.;fha§ › ,xldfõ bÈlsÍug kshñ; úYd, .,a wÕ=re ;dm n,d.dr" cd;sl cd,hg iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd ls¡fjda¡ 400 iïfm%AIK moaO;shlao bÈlsÍug kshñ;h¡

rgl úÿ,s ckk moaO;sh ck;djf.a ffoksl mßfNdack rgdjka j,g wkql+, jk mßÈ fufyhúh hq;=h¡ ta i|yd úúO j¾.fha yd úúO Odß;d m%udK j, n,d.dr mK.ekaùu mj;ajd.ekSu yd keje;aùu hk lghq;= i|yd ffokslj ie,iqï ilia l< hq;=h¡ .%dóh m%foaY j, jeämqr úÿ,sh Ndú; jkafka rd;%sfha myka oe,aùu i|yd jk w;r ld¾ñl m%foaY j, oyj,g ld¾hd,hSh lghq;= yd l¾udka; i|yd jeämqr úÿ,sh jeh fõ¡ › ,xldfõ jeäfhkau úÿ,sh wjYH jkafka l¾udka; i|yd fkdj wdf,dalh ,nd.ekSu i|yd h¡ iji 6¡30 isg rd;%S 10¡30 muK olajd Wmßu Odß;djla wjYH fõ¡ fuys WÉp w.h fu¡fjd¡ 1500 la muK fõ¡ oyj,a ld,fha ld¾hd,hSh fõ,djka jk Wfoa 8 isg iji 5 olajd fu¡fjd¡ 925 la muK wjYH fõ¡ Wfoa 6¡00 ;a 7¡00 ;a w;r fu¡fjd¡ 1000 g wdikak ;rula jeä Odß;djla wjYH jkafka WoEik bjqï msyqï wdÈh i|ydh¡ uOHu rd;%sfha isg mdkaor 4¡30 muK jk f;la m%Odk jYfhka úÿ,sh jeh jkafka ùÈ myka i|yd jk w;r" tys wjuh fu¡fjd¡ 600 la muK fõ¡ fuu w.h mdoï úner ^base load& kï jk w;r" úÿ,s b,a¨u lsisu wjia:djl fuu w.fhka my,g fkdhhs¡ f;dard.;a jev lrk Èkhl › ,xldfõ ffoksl mßfNdack rgdj 7-2 rEmfha we;s ffoksl úner jl%fhka m%ia:dßlj ksrEmkh fõ¡ tys mdoï úner fu¡fjd¡ 600 la jk w;r WÉp úner ^peak load& fu¡fjd¡ 1600 ls¡ fu¡fjd¡ 1000 g jvd jeä b,a¨ula we;sjkafka iji 6¡30 isg rd;%s 10¡30 olajd jk meh y;r ;=, muKs¡ fuh Wmßu b,a¨ï ^peak demand& ld, iSudj fõ¡

rEmh 7-2

58

7-2 rEmfha fmkajd we;s úner jl%hg wkqrEmj iemhqï Odß;dj fnodyeÍfï ffoksl ie,eiau ol=Kq me;af;a fmkajd we;¡ th o< jYfhka úner jl%fhka wdjrKh jk fCI;%M,hg iudk iajrEmhlska hqla;h¡ tys ks,a mdáka olajd we;s fldgfia fmkajd we;af;a fu¡fjd¡ 600 l Odß;djfhka hq;= mdoï úner iemhquhs¡ fï i|yd meh 24 mqrd Odjkh jk ;ks n,d.drhla fyda n,d.dr moaO;shla fhdod.; hq;=h¡ w;rueos Odß;dfõ uq,a fldgi jYfhka WoEik 5¡30 isg miqod w¿hu 1¡30 olajd fu¡fjd¡ 100la meh 20 l ld,hla tl;= fõ¡ B<Õg Wfoa 6¡00 isg rd;%s 12¡00 f;la meh 18 la fu¡fjd¡ 100 lska iemhqu by< kxjhs¡ fuu ld,iSudj mqrd fu¡fjd¡ 900 l uq¿ ia:djr iemhqula ;sìh hq;=h¡ Èjd ld,fha we;sjk l=vd úp,H b,a¨ï ;;a;aj ^r;= mdáka we;s& i|yd fu¡fjd¡ 25fya mshjr lsysmhla tl;= flf¾¡ iji 7¡00 g werfUk WÉp wjia:dfõ ;j;a fu¡fjd¡ 500 l Odß;djla tl;=ù fu¡fjd¡ 1400 olajd iuia; Odß;dj by< kxjhs¡ rd;%s 7¡30 yd 9¡00 w;r w;s WÉp b,a¨u imqrd ,Sug CIKslj cd,.; l< yels fu¡fjd¡ 100 isg 200 olajd ckl hka;% ^ãi,a tkaðka jeks& wjYH fõ¡

rgl úÿ,s mßfNdack rgdj ks¾Kh jkafka tys wd¾Ól l%shdldrlï ^ld¾ñl" lDIsld¾ñl" m%jdyk yd fjk;a jdksc lghq;=& u.sks¡ ta wkqj úúO rgj, fyda m%dka; j, úner jl% 7-2 rEmhg jvd yevfhka yd m%udKfhka fnfyúka fjkia fõ¡ WodyrKhla f,i c¾uksh yd cmdkh jeks ÈhqKq ld¾ñl rgj, WÉp úner mj;skafka oyj, jev lrk meh .Kk ;=,h¡ tfukau WIaK ld<h fyda YS; iD;= wkqjo úner rgdj fjkia fõ¡

úÿ,s n,d.dr j¾. j, iajNdjh wkqj tajd iqÿiq jkafka l=uk wjia:d j,go hkak wkqjo j¾.SlrKhla olakg ,efí¡ ta wkqj n,d.dr j¾. ;=kla we;¡ tajd kï( mdoï úner n,d.dr ^base load power plant&" w;rueÈ úner n,d.dr ^mid-range load power plant&" WÉp úner n,d.dr ^peak load power plant& jYfhks¡ tajd ms<sn|j hï wjfndaOhla my; j.=fõ oelafjk lreKq wkqj ,efnkq we;¡

j.=j 7-1 ta ta úner ldKav j,g fhda.H n,d.dr j¾.

ldKavh iqÿiq n,d.dr j¾. › ,xldfõ WodyrK

mdoï úner base load

.,a wÕ=re ;dm" kHIaál" ixhqla; pl%" fvkafv%da" c, úÿ,s" N+-;dm" f;;a l,dmsl c,dY ^storage pond& j¾.fha c, úÿ,s

,CImdk ixlS¾Kh"

le<Ks;siai ^ixhqla; pl%&"

w;rueÈ úner mid-range load

ixhqla; pl%" .Eia g¾nhska" run-off river j¾.fha c, úÿ,s" ãi,a$oeúf;,a tkaðka" c,dY ^storage pond& j¾.fha c, úÿ,s

le<Ks;siai ^GT& imq.ialkao ^oeúf;,a&" Wl=fj," fndaj;ekak" rkafoKs.," l=l=f,a .Õ"

WÉp úner peak load

ãi,a tkaðka" c,dY ^storage pond& j¾.fha c, úÿ,s ^úh,s l,dmsl&" Pumped storage j¾.fha c, úÿ,s" .Eia g¾nhska

le<Ks;siai ^GT1-6&" fm!oa ãi,a" úlafgdaßhd" fld;auf,a" rkagefò

mdoï úner i|yd fhdod.; hq;af;a ckk úhou wvq n,d.dr j¾.hs¡ tfukau mK.ekaùfï ld,h jeä yd Odß;dj fjkia l< fkdyels n,d.dr ^Wod( kHIaál yd .,a wÕ=re& o fhdod.; yelafla mdoï úner i|ydh¡ w;rueÈ yd WÉp úner i|yd blaukska mK.kajd cd,.; l<yels n,d.dr j¾. wjYHfõ¡ ta w;ßka ckk úhou jeä n,d.dr fhdod.; hq;af;a WÉj úner i|yd h¡ b,a¨u wkqj iemhqï Odß;dj fjkia l< yels ùuo ^load following capability& WÉp úner n,d.dr j, ;sìh hq;= ,CIKhls¡ fufia iemhqu ie,iqï l< hq;af;a iuia; ckk úhou wju uÜgul ;nd f.k" ;sfnk iïm;a fyd¢ka l<ukdlrKh lsÍu i|ydh¡

by; oelajQ lreKq fyd¢ka úYaf,aIKh lsÍfï§ fmkS hkafka mdoï úner i|yd iqÿiq n,d.dr moaO;shl wvqmdvqjla › ,xldfõ we;s njh¡ jeä j¾Id c,hla ,efnk ,CImdk moaO;sh yd l=l=f,a n,d.dr tl;= jQ úg fu¡fjd¡ 600 ,nd.; fkdyelsh¡ WÉp wjia:dj i|yd ie,iqï lr we;s uyje,s n,d.dr oji mqrd l%shd;aul jqjfyd;a blaukska c,dY j, c,h is£ hhs¡ tksid úh<s ld,fha§ muKla fkdj ffoksljo bkaOk oykfhka jeä ñ<g úÿ,sh ksmoùug isÿfõ¡ fuu.ska biau;= jkafka .,a wÕ=re n,d.drhl wjYH;djhhs¡

Èjhsfka Wmßu úÿ,s b,a¨u fu¡fjd¡ 1600 la muK jqjo ia:dms; uq¿ Odß;dj ^installed capacity& fu¡fjd¡ 2400 la muK fõ¡ neÆ ne,aug w;sßla; úÿ,s iemhqula we;ehs yeÕ=Ko h:d ;;ajh tfia fkdfõ¡ WodyrKhla f,i ckl hka;% ;=kla iys; n,d.drhl iEu úgu tu hka;% ;=ku tljr l%shd;aul fkdflf¾¡ fndfydaúg hka;% folla Odjkh fj;a§ b;sß hka;%h kv;a;=

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lghq;= j,g fjkaù fyda iSrefjka ;nd we;s ^stand by& ;;a;ajfha mj;S¡ fï wkqj Wmßu b,a¨u" ia:dms; Odß;dfjka 2$3 l muK uÜgfï ;nd.; hq;=h tfia fkdjqKfyd;a yÈis wjia:djl§ iuia; úÿ,s moaO;shu ì|jeàug yelsh¡ › ,xldfõ idudkHfhka 2$3 uÜgug iudk ;;a;ajhla mej;sho kshÕ ld, j,§ c,úÿ,s Odß;dj wvqùu ksid úÿ,s iemhqï w¾nqo we;s fõ¡ túg yÈis iemhqï moku hgf;a fm!oa.,sl wxYfhka jeä ñ<lg úÿ,sh ,nd.ekSug isÿfõ¡ wfkla w;g kshx ld, j,§ m%fhdackh i|yd jeämqr ;dm n,d.dr bÈl<fyd;a tajd wjYH fkdjk ld, iSud i|ydo wdfhdack fmd,S" kv;a;= yd fiajl úhoï oeßh hq;=h¡ c, úÿ,s n,d.dr j, ckk úhou wvq jqjo j¾Okh jk úÿ,s b,a¨u yuqfõ Bg iß,k YS>%;djlska c, úÿ,s n,d.dr bÈl< fkdyelsh¡ ta i|yd iqÿiq ia:dk yd c, iïm;a iSudùu fukau j¾Idm;kho wvqjk neúks¡ fuu .eg¿ ish,a, i|yd m%Yia; úi÷ula fidhd .ekSu úYd, wNsfhda.hls¡

w;sßla; ckk Odß;dj m%fhdackhg .ekSu¡

kHIaál fyda .,awÕ=re n,d.dr we;s fndfyda rgj,a idudkHfhka ld¾ñl wxYfhka ÈhqKqh¡ tksid WÉp b,a¨u we;s jkafka oyjf,ysh¡ tfukau mdoï úner iy WÉp úner w;r wka;rho b;d úYd,h¡ WodyrKhla jYfhka ÈhqKq ld¾ñl rgla jk cmdkh .ksuq¡ cmdkfha iuia; Odß;dj .s.dfjdÜ 200 ls¡ ^fu¡fjd= fo,CIhls& tys WÉp úner .s¡fjd¡ 150la muK jk w;r mdoï úner .s¡fjd¡ 50 la muK fõ¡ kuq;a kHIaál yd .,a wÕ=re n,d.dr u.ska .s¡fjd¡ 90 l muK ia:djr Odß;djla mj;ajdf.k hhs¡ fï ksid rd;%s ld,fha .s¡fjd¡ 40 l muK w;sßla; Odß;djla we;s fõ¡ kHIaál yd .,a wÕ=re n,d.dr j, Odß;dj b,a¨u wvqùu;a iu. wvq l< fkdyelsh¡ kuq;a th" úp,H Odß;d myiqlu iys; f;,a fyda .Eia ckl hka;% Ndú; lsÍug jvd ,dnodhlh¡ tksid w;sßla; úÿ,sh Ndú; fldg rd;%s ld,fha§ tys iuyr c,úÿ,s jHdmD;s j, my<ska mj;sk c,dY j, isg by< uÜÜï j, we;s c,dY lrd c,h fmdïm lrkq ,efí¡ WÉp b,a¨ï wjia:dfõ§ tu c,fhka jeä Odß;djla ckkh l< yelsh¡ fujeks c,úÿ,s moaO;s pump storage plants kñka y÷kajkq ,efí¡ ^7-3 rEmh n,kak& fujeks n,d.dr j,ska moaO;shg Y=oaO Odß;djla tl;= jkafka ke;¡ ta c,h fmdïm lsÍu i|yd" thska ckkh jk Yla;shg jvd jeä Yla;shla wjYH ksidh¡ kuq;a pump storage n,d.dr j, úfYaI m%fhdackh jkafka ffoksl úner fjki ;=,kh lsÍuh ^load balancing&¡ th WÉp b,a¨u i|yd wuq;=fjka ;dm n,d.dr l%shd;aul lrùug jvd M,odhS fõ¡

› ,xldfõ fu¡fjd¡ 900 l .,awÕ=re n,d.drhla we;ehs is;uq¡ tfukau keje;ajQ úg kslrefKa c,h wmf;a hk run off river c, úÿ,s n,d.dro fu¡fjd¡ 300 la muK we;ehs is;uq¡ fuu ;;a;ajh hgf;a fu¡fjd¡ 1200 l ia:djr Odß;djla mj;S¡ kuq;a mdoï úner fu¡fjd¡ 600la muK jk ksid w¿hï ld,h ;=, fu¡fjd¡ 600l w;sßla;hla mj;S¡ fuu n,h m%fhdackhg f.k rkafoKs., c,dYfhka úlafgdaßhd c,dYhg c,h fmdïm l< yelsh¡ túg úlafgdaßhd n,d.drfha Odß;dj fo.=K l< yels ^kj ckl hka;% tl;= fldg& w;r c,dYh fkdis£ jir mqrd mj;ajd.; yelsh¡ fuu.ska ãi,a iy .Eia hka;% i|yd jehjk w;sf¾l úhofuka fldgila b;sß lr.ekSugo yelsfõ¡ iq<x" iQ¾h n, iy Woï jeks n,d.dr j, ckk Yla;sh mj;sk wjia:dj iy rfÜ b,a¨u mj;sk wjia:dj ks;ru iumd; jkafka ke;¡ tksid we;sjk w;sf¾l n,h ;=,kh lsÍugo pump storage l%uh fhdod.; yelsh¡

rEmh 7-3

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cd;sl iemhqï cd,hg iïnkaO fkdjk ^off grid& .%dóh" iQ¾h fyda iq<x úÿ,s moaO;s i|yd Ndú; l< yels ;j;a úÿ,sh .nvd lr.ekSfï l%uhls" yhsv%cka bkaOk fldaI ^Hydrogen fuel cells&¡ kùk úÿ,s fudag¾ r: i|yd o fuh úl,am n, iemhqula f,i fhdokq ,nhs¡ úÿ,s Yla;sh Ndú;d fldg c,h úoHq;a-úÉfþokh ^electrolysis& lr yhsv%cka yd Tlaiscka njg m;a lsÍfuka fuh wdfrdamKh lrkq ,nhs¡ úÿ,s w.% iys; m%dÖr folla ueo yhsv%cka yd Tlaiscka tlaù kej; c,h yg.ekSug ie,eiaùfuka úÿ,s Yla;sh ,nd.; yelsh¡

mdoï úner mj;sk wjia:dfõ§ úÿ,s tallhl ckk úhoug jvd WÉp úner wjia:dfõ§ tallhlg hk úhou jeäh¡ LKsc f;,a ñ, jeä ùu;a iu. fuu fjki ;=ka .=Khla muK fõ¡ tksid úÿ,sh b;sß lr.ekSu Èß.ekafjk Wml%u úÿ,s n,h imhk wdh;k u.ska l%shd;aul lrkq ,efí¡ ,xld úÿ,sn, uKav,fha .Dyia; .dia;= l%uh óg ksoiqkls¡ tys tall wvq .Kkla Ndú; lrk mdßfNda.slhkaf.ka wvq .dia;=jla wh flfrk w;r hï hï iSudjka blaujd mdúÉÑ lrk úg úÿ,s ì, YS>%fhka jeä fõ¡ cmdkfha we;s l%uh wkqj mdoï úner wjia:dfõ tallhl ñ< wvq w;r WÉp wjia:dfõ§ tallhl ñ< jeäh¡ taksid ffokslj ld,h wkqj fjkia jk .dia;=-tall l%uhla iys; ógr tys Ndú;d fõ¡ ;jo b,a¨u wvq wjia:dfõ úÿ,sh mdúÉÑ lrk l¾udka; i|yd úfYaI wkq.%yhkao tys we;¡

Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ól j¾Ok fõ.h 5] l uÜgfï mej;=Kfyd;a úÿ,sh b,a¨u 7] lska muK jeä fõ¡ fï wkqj o< jYfhka úÿ,s Odß;dfõ j¾Ok rgdj my; j.=fõ olajd we;¡

j.=j 7-3 › ,xldfõ úÿ,s b,a¨fï wkd.; j¾Okh

j¾Ih 2004 2010 2015 2020 2025 2028 2030 2035 2040

Odß;dj 2000 3000 4200 6000 8250 10000 12000 16000 23000

fuu rgdj È.gu mj;ajd.; yelso@¡ jir 10 lg jrla fo.=K fjñka jir ;sia myla ;=, wo mj;sk Odß;dj fuka oy.=Khla olajd úÿ,s iemhqu j¾Okh l< hq;=h¡ fï jkúg rfÜ c, úNjhka iïmQ¾Kfhka Ndú;d lr wjikaj ;sìh yelsh¡ È.ska È.gu LKsc f;,a u; r|d mej;sh yelso@¡ .,awÕ=re n,d.drhla bÈlsÍu iïnkaOfhka mjd ixlS¾K m%Yak Woa.; ùu yuqfõ kHIaál n,d.dr ms<sn|j lsisu woyila rfÜ ke;¡ úfoaY úksuh jehlr LKsc f;,a u; hemSug isÿùu rfÜ ÈhqKqjg ndOdjla ùu fkdje<elaúh yelsh¡ ;j jir úismyl§ n,Yla;shg we;sjk wiSñ; b,a¨u imqrd,Sug fmdf<da .efí we;s fmdis, bkaOk iu;a fkdjkq we;¡ fmdf<dfõ .nvd ù we;s Yla;shg jvd wõfjka iq<fÕka tÈfkod ,efnk Yla;sh msßuid .ekSug wmg isÿjkq we;¡ ta jkúg rfÜ ixj¾Okfha moku jkq we;af;a mqk¾ckkSh Yla;s m%Njhkah¡ mßirh iqrlsñka iajNdj O¾uh yd ne÷kq w,afmaÉP ckÔú;h › ,xldfõ ;srir meje;au i|yd Wmia:ïNl jkq we;¡

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wdY%s; .%ka:

1. History of Engineering in Sri Lanka - Vol 2. Part 1 Kulasinghe Felicitation Volume. Colombo: IESL, 2001 2. Mahaweli: Projects & Programmes. Colombo: Ministry of Mahaweli Development – 1997 3. Yadao, K.L. Thermal Engineering. Delhi: Khanna Publishers, 1999 4. Nagpal, G.R. Power Plant Engineering. Delhi: Khanna Publishers, 1996 5. Frazer, Frank Discovering Energy. London: Stonehenge Press, 1981 6. Electricity Review Japan. Tokyo: The Federation of Electric Power Companies, 2000 7. Nuclear Power Reactors in the World: Reference Data Series No. 2 - April 2004. Vienna: IAEA 2004 8. Renewable energy sources for electricity generation in selected developed countries – IAEA TECDOC Vienna: IAEA 1992 9. Ceylon Electricity Board – Annual Reports – 2001, 2002 & 2003 10. Central Bank of Sri Lanka. Recent Economic Indicators – August 2004 (from website) 11. Patterson, Walter C. Nuclear Power with a new postscript. Middlesex: Penguin, 1986 12 ú;dkf.a" bkaÈl¡ ydialï msß isxy, jej¡ rUqlalk( ñ;% m%ldYk" - 2004

13¡ Okmd," ta¡ tÉ¡ f,dal ixj¾Ok .eg¿¡ fld<U" 1992

14¡ isõfoi - 2004 fkdjeïn¾ l,dmh

15¡ Èhou - cd;sl mdßißl udislh - 56 jk l,dmh

16¡ biqr udislh - 1989 iema;ïn¾ l,dmh

18¡ kjhq.h - udisl iÕrdj 2004 foieïn¾ l,dmh

19¡ Renewable Energy World – Bimonthly magazine (UK) issues: Sept-Oct 2004; Nov-Dec 2004 & May-June 2005 20¡ w;a;¾ cd,fha wod, fjí wvú

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