Slide 1

Descriptions of a few land surface modelsVIC: large-scale land surface hydrologyColSim: reservoir operationsCropSyst: cropping systemsVariable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) ModelLarge-scale land surface hydrologyModel OverviewSolves surface water balance and energy balance at every time-stepSpatially distributed at pixel resolution. Sub-grid variability in vegetation and elevation handled statistically.

Snow Model2-layer snow modelFirst layer used for surface energy balanceSecond layer is used for mass balanceSnowmelt solved using energy balanceSnow dynamics in canopies also included

Snow Elevation BandsSub-grid variability in elevation can be defined to improve snow moduleLapse rates (change with elevation) can be defined for both temperature and precipitation

Flow RoutingEach pixel in VIC is run independently from other pixels. Each pixel contributes runoff and baseflow.The routing model is a stand-alone model that accumulates these contributes and calculates streamflow.

Spatial/Temporal ScalesSpatial:Finest application: 1/16th degree (each pixel is about 6 km on a side)Coarsest application: 2 degree (each pixel is about 200 km on a side)Resolution (on the fine side) is limited by the assumption that there is no lateral subsurface transport between pixelsSpatial extent applications: moderately large to continental scaleTemporalResolution is 1hr to 24hrPeriod is unlimited (usually run for >30 years)VIC Inputs/OutputsInputs:Transient: precipitation, temperature, wind speed, radiation, relative humidityStatic: vegetation, soil, and elevation propertiesOutputs:Fluxes: runoff, baseflow, evapotranspiration, sublimation, energy fluxes, States: soil moisture, snow depth, snow density, intercepted water, surface/subsurface temperatures, ArchitectureTime before space: Each pixel is run independently from every other pixel for the entire simulation period.Lateral surface transport is performed using the offline routing modelComputing Language: C on linux/unix platform Examples of Anticipated Issuestime before space architecture: we will need to restructure to space before time for integration with atmospheric processes.

Sub-grid distributions of elevation and vegetation: vegetation classes are automatically uniformly distributed among each elevation class. For integration with ecohydrology, will need to define the sub-grid relationship between vegetation and elevation.Common ApplicationsIntended as land surface model for Global Climate Models (GCMs)Most common use: projecting changes in water availability under climate change or land use changeAttribution of observed changes in streamflow, snowpack, and other hydrologic states/fluxesData assimilation, etc

ColSimReservoir Operations

Physical Systemof Damsand ReservoirsReservoir Operating PoliciesReservoir StorageRegulated StreamflowFlood ControlEnergy ProductionIrrigation ConsumptionStreamflow Augmentation

VIC Streamflow Time SeriesThe Reservoir Model (ColSim)Slide courtesy of Alan Hamlet13Other Details

Architecture: currently runs in a system dynamic model framework (Stella) (will need to be recoded to C for direct integration with VIC)Monthly time-stepLargest reservoirs onlyCropSystCropping SystemsCropSyst DescriptionDeveloped by Claudio Stockle at WSUMulti-year, multi-crop, daily time-step crop simulation modelOperates at the point scaleAvailable for Windows, Unix, LinuxAccessible via Internet:manuals, programs, documentationlistserverrelated programs

ClimGen

SoilWeatherCropping systemsManagementBiomassYieldDSOCGHG emissionsWater, N, C balanceSimulation-based Estimation and ProjectionArc GIS CropSystCooperator

17

LCA Software BiomassYieldDSOCGHG emissionsCropSyst- Farm LCA Interaction18Input and Output Fluxes of CropSystRunoffWater risePercolationLeachingRainfallEvapotranspirationVolatilizationGHG emissionsCROPSOILirrigationtillage fertilizationresidueSoil lossManagementSOCCropSyst includes simulation of:Crop development and growth (unstressed or stressed)Simulation of growth under increased atmospheric CO2 concentration Water and nitrogen balanceSalinityResidue fateSoil erosion by waterCarbon sequestrationGreenhouse gas emissions (CO2 and N2O)

Crop processes in CropSystdevelopmentgrowth light interceptionnet photosynthesisbiomass partitioningCanopy expansionroot deepening

senescencewater uptakenitrogen uptakewater stressnitrogen stresstemperature stress

Soil Processes in CropSystwater infiltrationwater redistributionrunoffevaporationpercolationsolutes transport salinizationnitrogen fixation

residues fateO.M. mineralizationnitrogen transformationssoil erosionammonia volatilizationN2O emissionVIC/CropSyst IntegrationSummary of IntegrationCropSyst developed for online VIC runs is simplified. Not all of the management details are retained.Currently crops can only be water stressed. Nutrient stress will be added as part of BioEarth.CropSyst is invoked for each sub-grid in VIC that is occupied by a crop.Communication between models is at a daily time-step.

Sharing of States/FluxesQuestions?

Sharing of States/FluxesCrop parameters Crop Input ParametersParameters in red: High priority, to be supplied by agronomistsParameters in blue: Medium priority, to be supplied by agronomists or ClaudioParameters in black: Provided by ClaudioType of cropIs this a C3 crop? (Y/N) (alternative is C4 crop)Is this a root crop? (T/F)Is this a tree-fruit crop? (T/F)Is this a perennial crop? (T/F)Is this a grain crop? (T/F)Is this a vegetable crop? (T/F)InitializationRoot depth at emergence (m)Planting depth (m)Crop GrowthRadiation-Use Efficiency at High VPD (g/MJ PAR)Water-Use Efficiency at 1 kPa (g/kg)Slope of Water-Use Efficiency Function of VPD (negative)Optimum Mean Daily Temperature for Growth (C)Morphology:Initial Canopy Cover (0 to 1, unitless)Maximum Canopy Cover (0 to 1, unitless)Green Canopy Cover at Maturity (0 to 1, unitless)Total Canopy Cover at Maturity (0 to 1, unitless)Leaf Water Potential That Begin Reducing Canopy Expansion (J/kg)Leaf Water Potential That Stops Canopy Expansion (J/kg)Maximum Rooting Depth (m)Root Growth Sensitivity to Stress (0 - 1)These are the Crop parameters which Claudio has developed and are crop specific. For VIC-crop framework, there will be one such file for each every crop simualted. Claudio has color coded them based on their priority.This was an old slide and I do not know how much of this has actually gone into the model we are currenly working with.28Crop parameters..contd Crop Development:Base Temperature for Development (C)Maximum Temperature for Development (C)Typical Planting Date (DOY)Day of 50% Emergence or budbreak (fruit trees) (DOY)Day of 50% budbreak if chill requirements not satisfied (DOY)Day of 50% Flowering (DOY)Typical Date Beginning of Grain Filling, Root Bulking or Fruit Growth (DOY)Typical Date of Maturity or Crop Harvestable (DOY)Typical Date Full Canopy Growth is Reached (DOY)Typical Date for the Beginning of Canopy Senescence (DOY)Plant-Water RelationsCrop Evapotranspiration Coefficient (assuming full ground shading at noon)Maximum Water Uptake (mm/day)Leaf Water Potential at the Onset of Stomatal Closure (J/kg)Wilting Leaf Water Potential (J/kg)HarvestUnstressed Harvest IndexMaximum Fraction of Carbon Translocated to GrainsTree-Fruit Crops OnlyFresh Mass Fruit Load (kg/ha)Fraction of Solids in Fruits (0-1) Chill Requirements (Number of hours below 10 oC)Average Date for Beginning of Dormancy (DOY)Crop Response to Elevated Atmospheric Carbon DioxideBaseline CO2 Concentration in the experiment (ppm)Elevated CO2 Concentration in the experiment (ppm)Biomass Gain Ratio due to CO2 Increase in the experiment (unitless)Chart2116451.7102188.385668.190736.4988298.52236474.7192922.3445271.6805276.3479582.7254396.2159445.3129303.6108230.3114346.2111502.484474.9198146.88127933.5243950.7265218191663.3116503.499535.0291744.06143169.7120809.5172694.6148865.7144961.6274128.3478999.2774832489306.2214435.2122454.290126.28101895.884264.5580082.6579824.5292479.52125390.2357488.5552259.9393543.7184960.2137248.8141827.2145037.4144623.6113389.1106369.1109549.9202041.9465276.3450363.3358671.7251783.2181128.8121281.799513.8779721.2370766.3170275.0279954.1102357.9190241.9179443.2126964.796937.13103496.383545.0791291.32135431.782367.3491536.59137187265646.8428680.8520432.5317227.4164355.8150126.6113993.3104224.583208.5967877.2982425.8121136.7147245.4349987.8361550.3212236121950.191565.4789652.381220.7886655.681598.379354.95123692.1208208.9467336.1435128.7255694158616.2138015.3112075.3132750.2119189.3126827.3137658.2144252192132.6396108.6510301.3347915.1212152.8133147

VIC SimulationFlow (cfs)

Sheet1VIC SimulationObserved% of 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VIC SimulationObservedFlow (cfs)

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VIC SimulationObservedFlow (cfs)

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VIC SimulationObservedFlow (cfs)