vgtu ekonomikos teorijos pagrindai -...

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VGTU EKONOMIKOS TEORIJOS PAGRINDAI ( 4 – tas, pataisytas ir papildytas leidimas ) $-DNXWLV93HWUDªNHYLþLXV$6WHSDQRYDV/âHþNXW 6=DLFHYDV Vilnius, 2003

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Page 1: VGTU EKONOMIKOS TEORIJOS PAGRINDAI - elibrary.ltelibrary.lt/resursai/Leidiniai/Litfund/Lithfund_leidiniai/verslas... · e wlqd vlg p wl ndgvydueldxvlv u\ªldl\udelqdulqldl nlwdlsvdndqw

VGTU

EKONOMIKOS TEORIJOS PAGRINDAI

( 4 – tas, pataisytas ir papildytas leidimas )

$�-DNXWLV��9�3HWUDãNHYLþLXV��$�6WHSDQRYDV��/�âHþNXW � 6�=DLFHYDV�

Vilnius, 2003

Page 2: VGTU EKONOMIKOS TEORIJOS PAGRINDAI - elibrary.ltelibrary.lt/resursai/Leidiniai/Litfund/Lithfund_leidiniai/verslas... · e wlqd vlg p wl ndgvydueldxvlv u\ªldl\udelqdulqldl nlwdlsvdndqw

Ek 34 EKONOMIKOS TEORIJOS PAGRINDAI/ Algirdas Jakutis, Vladislavas 3HWUDãNHYLþLXV��$UW UDV�6WHSDQRYDV��/DLPD�âHþNXW � 6WHSDQ�=DLFHY�- Kaunas: Smaltijos leidykla, 2000 - 344 psl.: iliustr.

ISBN 9986-965-35-7

Šioje knygoje pateikti ekonomikos teorijos pradmenys. Knygos turinys - tai tas minimumas, kuris bus pamatDV��SHUWHLNLDQW�LU�SHULPDQW�HVPLQHV�åLQLDV�DSLH� N ãL GLHQ V O\JRPLV��0RNVODV��WLULDQWLV�YLVXRPHQ V NLQYHLNO � VHQLDL�LãVLUXWXOLRMR� LãVLNHURMXVL HNRQRPLNRV�PRNVO VLVWHP � HNRQRPLNRV�WHRULMRV�NXUVDV�OLNR�MRV� YDGLQ LQWHJUXRWD�mokomoji disciplina,�WHLNLDQWL�SLUPXRVLXV� J GåLXV�QRULQWLHPV�WDSWL�SURIHVLRQDOLDLV�ãL ODLN HNRQRPLNRV

.DOERV�UHGDNWRU $LVW äXNDXVNDLW UDK 330. Vyr. redaktorius Aivaras Kirejevas Ek 34 © Smaltijos leidykla, 2000

©A. Jakutis, � 9��3HWUDãNHYLþLXV����$��6WHSDQRYDV��©/��âHþNXW � ��6��=DLFHY "Rekomendavo spaudai: $XNãW M PRN\NO EHQGU M YDGRY OL OHLG\ERV�NRPLVLMD�

UAB Smaltijos leidykla, Gedimino g. 47-134, LT3000 Kaunas tel. (27) 228122, el.p. [email protected], www.slknygos.lt

8åVDN\PR�1U������� 6SDXVGLQR�VSDXVWXY Ä0DåRML�SROLJUDILMD���$��6PHWRQRV�DL����-LT3016 Kaunas, tel. (27) 34 56 98, el.p. [email protected]

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6XWUXPSLQW å\P MLP V UDãDV

BFK – bendrieji fiksuoti kaštai BK – bendrieji kaštai BKK – bendrieji kintami kaštai BNP – bendras nacionalinis produktas BN – bendras naudingumas BP – bendros pajamos BP – bendras produktas GNP – grynasis nacionalinis produktas GP – grynosios pajamos MRPP –�PDå MDQWLV�ULELQLV�SDMDP SURGXNWDV RDK – ribiniai darbo kaštai RK – ribiniai kaštai RN – ribinis naudingumas RP –�ULELQ V SDMDPRV RPP –�ULELQLV�SDMDP SURGXNWDV RPT – ribinis polinkis taupyti RPV – ribinis polinkis vartoti RU –�ULELQLV�XåGDUELV VBK – vidutiniai bendrieji kaštai VFK – vidutiniai fiksuoti kaštai VKK – vidutiniai kintami kaštai VP –�YLGXWLQ V SDMDPRV VP – vidutinis produktas

Page 4: VGTU EKONOMIKOS TEORIJOS PAGRINDAI - elibrary.ltelibrary.lt/resursai/Leidiniai/Litfund/Lithfund_leidiniai/verslas... · e wlqd vlg p wl ndgvydueldxvlv u\ªldl\udelqdulqldl nlwdlsvdndqw

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,ãW\U YLHQHWXNXV��LPDPH�QDJULQ WL�SRULQLXV�NDWHJRULM U\ãLXV��,QIOLDFLM LU�DPRUWL]DFLM SDW\ULQ MXV�JHQHWLQLX�PHWRGX��DLãN MD��NDG�DPRUWL]DFLMRV�NLWLPDV�JDOL�LããDXNWL�LQIOLDFLMRV�SRN\�LXV��-XN�VXO W MXV�DPRUWL]DFLMDL��NDXSLDVL�SDVHQ UHQJLPDL��NXULDLV�SDJDPLQDPD�PDåLDX�LU�SUDVWHVQ V NRN\E V SUHNL � ��SLQLJNLHNLV�SDWHQNDQþL FLUNXOLDFLM � QHPDå MD��7RG O DXJD�LQIOLDFLMD��)RUPXOXRMDPH�G VQ ��DPRUWL]DFLMRV�VXO W MLPDV�GLGLQD�LQIOLDFLM ���3DQDXGRWDV�JHQHWLQLV�PHWRGDV�

,ãQDJULQ MXV 15�GHULQL � JDXWD�HLO G VQL � SULQFLS � VDY\EL � 0DWRPH��NDG�VYDUELDXVL�\UD binariniai V U\ãLDL��GYHMHWXNDL���7UHMXNXV�LU�W�W��PRGHOLXRWL�OHQJYLDX��NDL�MDX�WXULPH�GYHMXNXV� 9HUVOR�HNRQRPLNRMH�VYDUEX�UDVWL�SUDGLQHV�NDWHJRULMDV��Lã�NXUL JDOLPD�PRGHOLXRWL�HNRQRPLQHV�QXRVWDWDV��

palaipsniui prijungiant kitas kategorijas. ieškant pradLQL NDWHJRULM � QDJULQ WL�WDV�Lã�M � NXULRV�SDDLãNLQDPRV�PLQLPDOLX�NLW NDWHJRULM VNDLþLXPL� (NRQRPLQL NDWHJRULM V UDãR�IUDJPHQWDV�LU�M DSLEU åLPDV

(NRQRPLQL NDWHJRULM \UD�åLQRPD�DSLH 80000.�0HV�VX�VDYR�GLSORPDQWDLV�QDJULQ MRPH�DSLH 1�W NVWDQWekonRPLQL NDWHJRULM � -RV�SDVLULQNWRV�Lã� YDLUL OLWHUDW URV�ãDOWLQL � GDXJLDXVLD�Lã�HNRQRPLQL åRG\Q � %XYR�UHQNDPRV�SDSUDVWRV�NDWHJRULMRV��EHW�QHLãYHQJWD�LU�VXG WLQL � Lã�GYLHM åRGåL VXVLGHGDQþL NDWHJRULM � .DL�NXULRV�VXG WLQ V NDWHJRULMRV�GDåQDL�YDUWRMDPRV�SUDNWLNRMH�LU�EH�M QH PDQRPD�SDDLãNLQWL�NDL�NXUL HNRQRPLQL UHLãNLQL �9LV�G O WR�EXYR�VWHQJWDVL�DSVLHLWL�VX�SDSUDVWRPLV�NDWHJRULMRPLV��QHV�GDXJHOLV�VXG WLQL NDWHJRULM VXVLGHGD�Lã�GYLHM DU�GDXJLDX�SDSUDVW � WRG O Q UD�UHLNDOR�NDUWRWL�W SDþL NDWHJRULM �3ULVWDWDX�WRN HNRQRPLQL NDWHJRULM V UDãR�IUDJPHQW �

Akceptas Atliktas darbas $SPRN MLPR�WHUPLQDV�������$WO\JLQLPDV Apskaita Atsarga $VPHQLQ V SDMDPRV������������$WVWDW\PDV Toliau bus paWHLNWL�QXURG\W HNRQRPLQL NDWHJRULM DSLEU åLPDL��$SLEU åLPXRVH�SDEUDXNWRV�SODþLDXVLDL�SDSOLWXVLRV�LU�ODELDXVLDL�YDUWRMDPRV�HNRQRPLQ V NDWHJRULMRV��/DXåWLQLXRVH�VNOLDXVWXRVH�QXURGRPDV�OLWHUDW URV�ãDOWLQLR�QXPHULV��R�OLWHUDW URV�V UDãDV�SDWHLNWDV�DWDVNDLWRV�JDOH��-HL�DSLEU åLPDV�\UD�YLVLãNDL�DGHNYDWXV�OLWHUDW URV�

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ãDOWLQLR�DSLEU åLPXL��MLV�å\PLPDV�NDEXW PLV��-HL�DSLEU åLPDV�Q UD�YLVLãNDL�DGHNYDWXV�OLWHUDW URV�ãDOWLQLR�DSLEU åLPXL��WDL�MLV�UDãRPDV�EH�NDEXþL � -HLJX�WDL�DXWRULQLV�DSLEU åLPDV��WDL�ãDOLD�MR�å\PLme [ - ].

(NRQRPLQL NDWHJRULM DSLEU åLPDL� Akceptas -�VXWLNLPDV�VX�NLWRV�SXV V SDVL O\PX�VXGDU\WL VXWDUW QXURG\WRPLV�V O\JRPLV [4]. $SPRN MLPR�WHUPLQDV - nustatytas laikas DSPRN MLPR�RSHUDFLMDL�XåEDLJWL [-]. Apskaita -�GXRPHQ ULQNLPDV�LU�VLVWHPLQLPDV [-]. $VPHQLQ V SDMDPRV - pajamos,�NXUL YLHQD�GDOLV�XåGLUEWD, o kita VXPRN WD PRNHVþLDLV [-]. Atliktas darbas - naudingi�YHLNVPDL��DWOLNWL�SHU�WDP�WLNU ODLNR�WDUS �Atlyginimas - darbo� YHUWLQLPDV [-]. Atsarga - tausotinas daiktas [2]. Atstatymas - fizLQL VDY\EL DWQDXMLQLPDV [-]. .DWHJRULM SDNRSLãNXPR�QXVWDW\PDV

(NRQRPLQ V NDWHJRULMRV�\UD�QHYLHQRGR�DEVWUDNFLMRV�ODLSVQLR��YLHQRV�å\PL�NRQNUHW HNRQRPLQ UHLãNLQDU�SURFHV � NLWRV -�UHLãNLQL JUXS � WUHþLRV -�JOREDOLQ UHLãNLQ � 7RG O NDWHJRULMDV�VXVNLUVWRPH� SDNRSDV��1XOLQHL�SDNRSDL�SULNODXVR�NDWHJRULMD��NXULDL�DSLEU åWL�QHSDQDXGRWD�Q YLHQD�HNRQRPLQ NDWHJRULMD��R�LãVLYHUþLDPD�SDSUDVWDLV�EXLWLQLDLV�åRGåLDLV�DUED�NLW PRNVOR�VULþL NDWHJRULMRPLV��3LUPDL�SDNRSDL�SULNODXVR�NDWHJRULMD��NXULDL�DSLEU åWL�SDNDQND�QXOLQ V SDNRSRV�NDWHJRULM LU�W�W��7DLJL��HNRQRPLQ V NDWHJRULMRV�SDNRSRV�QXPHULV�QXVWDWRPDV�šiais etapais:

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Išvada: kategorija ,,akceptas" priklauso 1-ai pakopai. 3DNRSLãND�HNRQRPLQL NDWHJRULM VLVWHPD

3DNRSLãND�HNRQRPLQL NDWHJRULM VLVWHPD�VXGDURPD�UHPLDQWLV�HNRQRPLQL NDWHJRULM SDNRSRV�QXPHULX��Sudaryta sistHPD�>�@�VXVLGHGD�Lã���SDNRS � 6LVWHPRMH�Q UD�ãXROL WDUS�SDNRS � W�\��VLVWHPD�QHWXUL�WXãþL SDNRS �7DL�SDVLHNWD�Y\NXVLDL�SDVLULQNXV�NULWHULM � SDJDO�NXU VNDLþLXRMDPRV�SDNRSRV�

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Sistemos panaudojimas

3DNRSLãND�HNRQRPLQL NDWHJRULM VLVWHPD�SDQDXGRWD�VSUHQGåLDQW�NRQNUHþLXV�XåGDYLQLXV��6XGDU\WRMH�VLVWHPRMH�HNRQRPLQ V NDWHJRULMRV�\UD�O\J���SDPDWDV���WRG O ãL VLVWHP UHLN W SULLPWL�LU�ODLN\WL�VWDQGDUWLQH�V YRN VLVWHPD�Lietuvoje. 5HPLDQWLV�ãLD�SDNRSLãND�HNRQRPLQL NDWHJRULM VLVWHPD�JDOL�E WL�QDJULQ MDPL�åRG\QDL�LU�åRG\Q OLDL��UXRãLDPL�HNRQRPLQLDL�WHNVWDL�� VWDW\PDL��SR VWDW\PLQLDL�DNWDL��YDGRY OLDL��VWUDLSVQLDL��UDãRPL�NXUVLQLDL�LU�EDLJLDPLHML�darbai... Teksto recenzavimas

3DNRSLãND�HNRQRPLQL NDWHJRULM VLVWHPD�JDOL�E WL�QDXGRMDPD�WHNVWDPV�UHFHQ]XRWL ir jiems tobulinti. 3ULLPDPH�SULHODLG � NDG�YLHQRMH�HNRQRPLQ MH�QXRVWDWRMH�DU�NHOLRVH�JUHWD�YLHQD�Lã�NLWRV�LãG VW\WRVH�QXRVWDWRVH�WXUL�E WL�WRV�SDþLRV�SDNRSRV�HNRQRPLQ V NDWHJRULMRV�DUED�JUHWLP SDNRS NDWHJRULMRV��R�ãXROL QHWXU W E WL� 3DQDJULQ NLPH�NRQNUHW SDY\]G �3DVLULQNLPH�DNWXDO WHNVW LU�MDPH�SDEUDXN HNRQRPLQHV�NDWHJRULMDV��VNOLDXVWHOLXRVH�QXURG\NLPH�MSDNRSRV�QXPHU �,,Rengiant statybos (1)�SURMHNWXV��QXVWDWRPD�VNDLþLXRMDPRML�statybos (1) kaina (4), kuri yra SODQXRMDPRML�SURMHNWR� Y\NG\PR�kaina (4):� M HLQD�YLVRV�XåVDNRYR (1) išlaidos (4), susietos su projekto J\YHQGLQLPX� 6NDLþLXRMDPRML�statybos (1) kaina (4) nustatoma visai statybai (1) arba ir paleidimo kompleksams,

atskiriems statybos objektams�����M GDOLPV��GDUE (0)�JUXS PV��NRQVWUXNFLM GDOLPV��DWLGXRGDPLHPV�naudojimui (2) nustatytu norminiu (0), o jeigu norminis (0) nenustatytas - sutartiniu (0) laiku.

6NDLþLXRMDPRML�kaina (4) nenustatoma, kai statybos (1) remonto GDUE (0)�YHUW (0)�PDåHVQ NDLS�������OLW �>��@� Išvados: 1 - oMH�QXRVWDWRMH�\UD�ãL SDNRS HNRQRPLQ V NDWHJRULMRV� 1, 1,4, 4, 1,4,

2 - oje nuostatoje: l ,4, 1, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0. 3 - oje nuostatoje: 4, 0, 0.

.DLS�PDW\WL�Lã�SDY\]GåLR��WLHN�WRMH�SDþLRMH��WLHN�JUHWLPRMH�QXRVWDWRVH�\UD�YDUWRMDPRV� YDLUL SDNRSHNRQRPLQ V NDWHJRULMRV��7RG O WREXOLQDQW�WHNVW � UHLNLD�DWVLåYHOJWL� HNRQRPLQL NDWHJRULM SDNRSDV�LU�MDV�GHULQWL�WDLS��NDG�QHE W GLGHOL SDNRS ãXROL LU�WHNVWH�DWVLVSLQG W SDNRS QXRVHNOXPDV��W��\��MXG MLPDV�QXR�DXNãWHVQ VSDNRSRV�OLQN�åHPHVQ V LU�DWYLUNãþLDL� 7REXOLQDQW�WHNVW VL ODX�WRN YDULDQW �

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,,Rengiant statybos (1)�SURMHNWXV��DSVNDLþLXRMDPRV�pajamos (2),�NXUL WLNLPDVL�JDXWL�� WDV�SDMDPDV (2) HLQD�YLV VX�statyba (1)�VXVLMXVL LãWHNOL (1) panaudojimas bei kompensacija (2)�Xå�SDWLUWXV�VWDW\ERV (1) metu nuostolius (0).

6NDLþLXRMDPRV�SDMDPRV (2)�JDOL�E WL�QXVWDWRPRV�YLVDL�statybai (1) arba ir paleidimo kompleksams, atskiriems statybos objektams (0),�M GDOLPV��GDUE (0)�JUXS PV��NRQVWUXNFLM GDOLPV��DWLGXRGDPLHPV�vartojimui (0) nustatytu norminiu (0), o jeigu norminis (0) nenustatytas - sutartiniu (0) laiku.

Kai statybos (1) remonto GDUE (0) YHUW (0)�PDåHVQ NDLS 30000�OLW � apskaitos (0) DSPRN MLPR�terminai (0)�QHQXVWDWLQ MDPL��

Išvados: 1 -�RMH�QXRVWDWRMH�\UD�ãL SDNRS HNRQRPLQ V NDWHJRULMRV� 1,2,2, 1, 1, 2, 1,0. 2 - oje nuostatoje: 2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0. 3 - oje nuostatoje: l, 0, 0, 0, 0.

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1. Ekonomikos teorijos objektas

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2 pav.Technologijos

kitimo poveikis gamybos JDOLP\E PV

(a) technologijos SRN\þLDL� YLHQRGL�abiejose gamybos šakose

(b) technologijos SRN\þLDL� GLGHVQL�B gamybos šakoje

(c)technologijos SRN\þLDL� GLGHVQL���������A gamybos šakoje

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2.Rinka

2.1. Rinka, jos funkcijos ir formos

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*UDILNXRVH� �F�� LU� �G�� SDYDL]GXRWDV� SDVL ORV� NLWLPDV�� HVDQW� SDVWRYLDL� SDNODXVDL��.DL� SDVL OD� GLG MD�� MRV�NUHLY SDVLVOHQND� Lã� SDG WLHV�S1 62. *UDILNH� �F�� SUHN V SLQLJLQ YHUW ULQNRMH� VXPDå MD�� R� SDUGDYLPR� DSLPWLV�SDGLG MD� .DL�SDVL OD�PDå MD��R�SDNODXVD�SDVWRYL��SDVL ORV�NUHLY SDVLVOHQND� NDLU Lã�61 62 SDG W � SDUGDYLPR�DSLPWLV�VXPDå MD��R�NDLQD�SDGLG MD� *UDILNXRVH��H��LU��I��SDYDL]GXRWDV�SDNODXVRV�LU�SDVL ORV�NUHLYL Vinchroninis pasislinkimas - paklausa ir SDVL OD� NLQWD� NDUWX�� .DL� SDNODXVD� LU� SDVL OD� DXJD� �JUDILNDV� �H���� SDUGDYLPR� DSLPWLV� SDGLG MD�� R� NDLQD� LãOLHND�QHSDNLWXVL��HVDQW�YLHQRGDP�SDVL ORV�LU�SDNODXVRV�SULHDXJLXL� 3DNODXVDL� GLG MDQW�� MRV� NUHLY SDVLVOHQND� GHãLQ Lã SDG WLHV� '1 D2, R SDVL OD WRNLX� SDW� G\GåLX�VXPDå MD -� NUHLY SDVLVOHQND� NDLU Lã� SDG WLHV� S1 62� NDLQD� SDGLG MD�� SDUGDYLPR� DSLPWLV� QHSDVLNHLþLD� �åU��JUDILN �I��� 3DWHLNWL�JUDILNDL�URGR�SDUGDYLPR�DSLPWLHV�LU�NDLQ VY\UDYLPXV��NLQWDQW�SDVL ODi ir paklausai. Per SDVWDU M VDQW\NLR�NLWLP SUHN V NDLQD�\UD�YHLNLDPD�PDGRV��SLUN M WXULP SLQLJ � NLW SUHNL NDLQRV��SLUN MVNDLþLDXV��WHFKQRORJLMRV��LãWHNOL NDLQ � JDPLQWRM VNDLþLDXV��SLUN M LU�SDUGDY M SRåL ULR� ULQNRV�DWHLW LU�NLWNLQWDP M � 7DþLDX�WLHVLRJLDL�NDLQD�\UD�YHLNLDPD�E WHQW�SDNODXVRV�LU�SDVL ORV� 3UHNL SLQLJLQ V YHUW V LU�SDNODXVRV�EHL�SDVL ORV�SULNODXVRP\E GDåQDL�YDGLQDPD�NDLQ � DUED�SDNODXVRV

- SDVL ORV�G VQLX��SDNODXVRV -�SDVL ORV��NDLQ DUED�ULQNRV�PHFKDQL]PX�

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3.Elastingumo teorija

3.1.�3DNODXVRV�LU�SDVL ORV�HODVWLQJXPDV

Elastingumo samprata ekonomikoje

$QNVWHVQLDPH�VN\ULXMH�DSWDU PH�NDLQ LU�SDNODXVRV�EHL�SDVL ORV�U\ã ULQNRMH��'LG MDQWL�NDLQD�V O\JRMD�SDNODXVRV�PDå MLP LU SDVL ORV�GLG MLP LU DWYLUNãþLDL��7DþLDX�NLHN�NDLQRV�NLWLPDV�NHLþLD�SDNODXV LU SDVL O "$NLYDL]GX��NDG�NDLQRV�DXJLPDV� WXR�SDþLX� ODLSVQLX� WXU V QHYLHQRG WDN REXROL LU�EHQ]LQR�SDNODXVRV�SRN\þLXL� 3DNODXVRV� LU� SDVL ORV� SRN\þLDPV� YHUWLQWL� HNRQRPLNRMH� YDUWRMDPD� HODVWLQJXPR� V YRND�� (ODVtingumas SULNODXVRPDL�QXR�MR�DSLEU åLPR�WLNVOR�QXVWDWRPDV�GYHMRSDL� • NDL� QRULPD� HODVWLQJXP SDDLãNLQWL�� MLV� DSLEU åLDPDV� NDLS� SDNODXVRV� DU� SDVL ORV� NLHNLR� NLWLPR� SURFHQWDV��

kainoms pakitus vienu procentu; • NDL� QRULPD� PDWHPDWLãNDL� DSVNDLþLXRWL�� MLV� DSLEU åLDPDV� NDLS� SDNODXVRV� DU� SDVL ORV� NLHNLR� SURFHQWLQLR�SDGLG MLPR�LU�NDLQ SURFHQWLQLR�SDGLG MLPR�VDQW\NLV�

¨'� ¨ 6�Paklausos E= ¨ 3 %� 3DVL ORV�������E = ¨ P %

)RUPXO VH�SDNODXVRV��SDVL ORV�LU�NDLQRV�NLWLPDV�SDWHLNWDV�SURFHQWDLV��VLHNLDQW�HODVWLQJXP LãUHLNãWL�NRHILFLHQWX��NXULV�OHLVW SDO\JLQWL�VNLUWLQJ U ãL SUHNHV� 3DVL ORV� LU�SDNODXVRV�HODVWLQJXPR�NRHILFLHQWDV��VNDLþLXRMDQW�SDJDO�ãLDV� IRUPXOHV��\UD�VNLUWLQJR�åHQNOR��3DVL ORV� G VQLV� LãUHLãNLD� WLHVLRJLQ NDLQ LU� SDVL ORV� NLHNLR� SULNODXVRP\E � WRG O SDVL ORV� HODVWLQJXPR�NRHILFLHQWDV� \UD� WHLJLDPDV�� 3ULHãLQJDL�� SDNODXVRV� G VQLV� LãUHLãNLD� DWYLUNãþL NDLQ LU� SDNODXVRV� NLHNLR�SULNODXVRP\E � WRG O SDNODXVRV�HODVWLQJXPR�NRHILFLHQWDV�\UD�QHLJLDPDV��7DþLDX�WROLDX�WHNVWH�PHV�QHQDXGRVLPH�QHLJLDP NRHILFLHQW � QHV�MDX�SDWL�SDNODXVRV�HODVWLQJXPR�V YRND�NRQVWDWXRMD�ã IDNW �(ODVWLQJXPR�NRHILFLHQW IRUPXO V URGR��NDG�WLHN�SDNODXVRV��WLHN�SDVL ORV�HODVWLQJXPDV�JDOi keistis nuo 0 LNL�EHJDO\E V��7DþLDX�WROHVQLDP�ULQNRV�WHRULMRV�VXSUDWLPXL�SDNDQND�VNLUWL�SHQNLV�VNLUWLQJXV�HODVWLQJXPR�G\GåLXV�

ir juos pavaizduoti grafiškai. *UDILQ HODVWLQJXPR�LãUDLãND

Absoliutus elastingumas pavaizduotas 12� SDY�� D�� %H� JDOR� PDåDV� NDLQ pasikeitimas nuo P1 iki P2V O\JRMD�GLGHO SDNODXVRV�LU�SDVL ORV�SDGLG MLPR�SURFHQW � 6NDLWPHQLQLV�HODVWLQJXPDV yra begalinis.

Santykinis elastingumas parodytas 12� SDY�� E�� 7DP� WLNUDV� NDLQ NLWLPDV� QXR� P1 iki P2 OHPLD� GLGHVQSDNODXVRV�LU�SDVL ORV�NLHNLR�SDVLNHLWLP QXR�Q1 iki O2� 6NDLWPHQLQLV�HODVWLQJXPDV�\UD�GLGHVQLV�Xå�YLHQHW �Vieneto elastingumas.� 7DP� WLNUDV� NDLQ NLWLPDV�� LãUHLNãWDV� SURFHQWDLV�� VXNHOLD� WRN SDW� SDNODXVRV� LU�SDVL ORV�NLHNLR�SDVLNHLWLP � ���SDY��F�NDLQDL�SDNLWXV�QXR�31, iki P2 paklausos�LU�SDVL ORV�NLHNLV�SDVLNHLþLD�QXR�41

iki Q2 Skaitmeninis elastingumas lygus vienetui. Santykinis neelastingumas.�.DLQ SDVLNHLWLPDV�V O\JRMD�PDåHVQ SDNODXVRV�LU�SDVL ORV�SDVLNHLWLP � ���SDY��G�NDLQD�SDVLNHLþLD�QXR�31 iki P2,�R�SDNODXVD�LU�SDVL OD�QXR�41 iki Q2� 6NDLWPHQLQLV�HODVWLQJXPDV�\UD�PDåHVQLV�Xå�YLHQHW � EHW�GLGHVQLV�Xå��� Absoliutus neelastingumas.�.DLQ NLWLPDV�QHSDNHLþLD� SDNODXVRV�EHL� SDVL ORV�� ���SDY�� H� SDYDL]GXRWD��

jog kainai pakitus nuo P1 iki P2 SDNODXVD�LU�SDVL OD�OLNR�WRNLRV�SDW�WDãNH�41. Skaitmeninis elastingumas lygus 0. ��� SDY�� SDWHLNLDPRV� NUHLY V WLN� YL]XDOLDL� LOLXVWUXRMD� D� YDLUDXV� ODLSVQLR� HODVWLQJXP � 7DþLDX�� QRULQW�SDVDN\WL��DU�SDNODXVD�EHL�SDVL OD�\UD�HODVWLQJD�DU�QH��QHSDNDQND�UHPWLV�YLHQ�NUHLYL SDVYLULPR�NDPSX��7RV�SDþLRV�

krHLY V WDãNXRVH�HODVWLQJXPR�NRHILFLHQWDV�Q UD�YLHQRGDV��QHV�M VNDLþLXRMDQW�QDXGRMDPL�SURFHQWLQLDL�G\GåLDL��R�MLH�DSVNDLþLXRMDPL�UHPLDQWLV�VNLUWLQJD�ED]H� YDLULXRVH�NUHLY V WDãNXRVH�

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Paklausos elastingumas ir bendrosios pajamos

3DUGDY MDV�JDOL� YHUWLQWL�SDUGXRGDP SUHNL SDNODXVRV�HODVWLQJXP � ILNVXRGDPDV�NDLS�NLQWD�MR�Sajamos, NLQWDQW�SUHNL NDLQRPV�

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%HQGU VLDV� SDUGDY MR� SDMDPDV� VXGDUR� SDUGXRW SUHNL NDLQRV� LU� NLHNLR� VDQGDXJD�� ��� SDY�� D� JUDILNH�EHQGURVLRV�SDUGDY MR�SDMDPRV��SDUGDYXV���� VNDLþL SURGXNW � NXUL NDLQD�31� \UD� O\JLRV� VWDþLDNDPSLR�31AQ1Oplotui.

3ULNODXVRPDL�QXR�SDNODXVRV�HODVWLQJXPR�NHLþLDVL�LU�EHQGU M SDMDP SULNODXVRP\E QXR�NDLQ NLWLPR��.DL�HODVWLQJXPDV�PDåHVQLV�Xå�YLHQHW � NDLQ NLWLPDV�QXR�31 iki P2 VXPDåLQD pajamas nuo P1AQ1O iki P2BQ2O�åU�����SDY��D���.DL�HODVWLQJXPDV�O\JXV�YLHQHWXL��NDLQ NLWLPDV�QHSDNHLþLD�SDMDP � NLQWDQW�NDLQRPV�QXR�31 iki P2,SDMDP G\GLV�32BQ2O liko toks pat kaip ir esant kainai P1 - t.y. P1AQ10.

Esant paklausos santykiniam elastinguPXL��GLGHVQLDP�Xå�YLHQHW ���PDå MDQW�NDLQDL�SDUGDY MR�SDMDPRV�GLG MD�����SDY��F�� 3DNODXVRV�LU�SDVL ORV�HODVWLQJXPR�YHLNVQLDL�

.RNLH� YHLNVQLDL� YHLNLD� SDVL ORV� LU� SDNODXVRV� HODVWLQJXP " <UD� GYL� SDJULQGLQ V SULHåDVW\V�� QXR� NXULpriklauso tiek paklausos, tiHN�SDVL ORV�HODVWLQJXPDV��7DL�- substitucija ir laikas.

Substitucija -�\UD�YDUWRMDP SUHNL SDNHLþLDPXPDV��-HL�\UD�GDXJ�VXEVWLWXW LU�GLGHOLV�M SDNHLþLDPXPDV��SLUN MDV� JDOL� YLHWRM� YLHQRV� SUHN V SUDG WL� YDUWRWL� NLW � QHSDWLUGDPDV� GLGHOLR� QHSDVLWHQNLQLPR�� 7XRPHW� GLG MDQW�NXULRV� QRUV� SUHN V NDLQDL�� R� MRV� VXEVWLWXW NDLQRPV� OLHNDQW� SDVWRYLRPV�� YDUWRWRMR� LãODLGRV� EXV� QXNUHLSWRV�QHSDEUDQJXVLDV� SUHNHV�� 7XR� WDUSX� SUHN V�� NXUL� SDEUDQJR�� SDNODXVD� VXPDå V�� 7DLJL� HVDQW� WLQNDPLHPV�VXEVWLWXWDPV��SUHN V SDNODXVD�\UD�HODVWLQJD�NDLQ NLWLPXL� .LWD� YHUWXV�� MHLJX� Q UD� WLQNDP VXEVWLWXW � YDUWRWRMDL� QHJDOL� UHDJXRWL� NDLQ NLOLP LU� SHUND� SUDGLQSUHN V NLHN � 3DNODXVD�QHHODVWLQJD� 3UHN V SDVL ORV�HODVWLQJXPDV�SULNODXVR� LU�QXR�VXEVWLWXFLMRV�JDPLQDQW�SUHNHV��.DL� WXRV�SDþLXs išteklius JDOLPD�QDXGRWL�GYLHM U ãL SUHNL JDP\EDL��YLHQRV�Lã�M NDLQ DXJLPDV�V O\JRV�LãWHNOL SHUOLHMLP MRV�JDP\E �R NLWRV�SUHN V SDVL OD�VXPDå V� -HLJX�VXQNX�SDQDXGRWL� WXRV�SDþLXV�LãWHNOLXV�NLWRV�SUHN V JDP\EDL��WXRPHW�MRV�NDLQ NLWLPDV���QHSDNHis SLUPRVLRV�SUHN V JDP\ERV�DSLPWLHV�LU�SDVL ORV��3DVL OD�QHHODVWLQJD� Laikas� WDLS�SDW�GLGLQD�SDVL ORV�LU�SDNODXVRV�HODVWLQJXP � 9DUWRWRMDL� LU�JDPLQWRMDL��SDVLNHLWXV�NDLQRPV��JDOL� SDNHLVWL� VDYR� HOJVHQ � NDL� WDP� \UD� SDNDQNDPDL� ODLNR�� /DLNDV� \UD� E WLQDV� VXEVWLWXW SDLHãNRPV�� QRULQW�

padidinti pajamas ir pan.

/DLNR� SRYHLN SDNODXVRV� HODVWLQJXPXL� JDOLPD� YDL]GåLDL� SDURG\WL� WUXPSR� LU� LOJR� ODLNRWDUSL SDNODXVRV�NUHLY PLV� Kaip pavaizduota 14�SDY���SLUN MDL�\UD�SULVLWDLN SULH�NDLQRV�31, esant rinkos pusiausvyrai taške E1. Jeigu NDLQD�SDGLG MR�LNL�32� WUXPSX�ODLNRWDUSLX�SLUN MDL�LPD�SLUNWL�PDåLDX�SUHNL LU�M SUDGLQ UHDNFLM URGR�WDãNDV�(2,

kuriame, esant naujai kainai P2� SHUNDPDV�SUHNL NLHNLV�41� 9DUWRWRMR�HOJVHQ URGR�SXVLDXVY\URV�WDãNR�MXG MLPDV�paklausos kreive D1 iš taško E1 WDãN (2.3UD MXV� ODLNR� WDUSXL�� UHLNDOLQJDP� YDUWRWRMXL� SULVLWDLN\WL� LU� YDUWRWL� PDåHVQ SDEUDQJXVLRV� SUHN V NLHN �SDNODXVD�JDOL�GDU�VXPDå WL� LNL�Q3,�HVDQW� WDL�SDþLDL�NDLQDL�32� 9DUWRWRMR�QDXM SDG W URGR�WDãNDV�(3. Tai reiškia, kad VXVLGDUR�QDXMD�SXVLDXVY\UD�QDXMRMH�SDNODXVRV�NUHLY MH�'2� -HLJX�NDLQD�GDU�NDUW SDGLG MD�LNL�32 YDUWRWRMDL�Y O

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UHDJXRMD� VXPDåLQGDPL� SDNODXV LNL� 42. Pasiekiama pusiausvyra trumpu laikotarpiu taške E4� %HW� SUD MXV�LOJHVQLDP�ODLNRWDUSLXL��YDUWRWRMDL�SDM J V GDU�VXPDåLQWL�YDUWRMLP LNL�45 ir taške E5 SDVLHNLD�SXVLDXVY\U LOJDP�periodui.

Per pusiausvyros taškus E1 E3 ir E5 QXEU åWD�QDXMD�SDNODXVRV�NUHLY '4 yra ilgo laikotarpio paklausos NUHLY � .DLQDL�SDGLG MXV�QXR�P1 iki P3 LOJX�SHULRGX��SDNODXVD�VXPDå MD�QXR Q1 iki Q5. Ilgo laikotarpio paklausos NUHLY '4 \UD� å\PLDL� QXRODLGHVQ Xå WUXPS SHULRG NUHLYHV�D1, D2 ir D3. Tai reiškia, kad ilgo laikotarpio SDNODXVD�\UD�JHURNDL�HODVWLQJHVQ �.DL�NXULH�YHLNVQLDL�YHLNLD�DWVNLUDL�WLN�SDNODXVRV�DUED�WLN�SDVL ORV�HODVWLQJXP � 3DNODXVRV�HODVWLQJXPXL�SRYHLN WXUL�YDUWRWRMR�ELXGåHWR�GDOLV��VNLULDPD�SUHNHL�SLUNWL��'HJWXN � GUXVNRV��GDQW ãHSHW OL SLUNLPR�LãODLGRV�VXGDUR�ODEDL�QHGLGHO YDUWRWRMR�ELXGåHWR�GDO � WRG O WRNL LU� MDV�SDQDãL SUHNL SDNODXVD�ODEDL�QHVLNHLþLD�SDNLtus M NDLQRPV��âL SUHNL SDNODXVD�\UD�QHHODVWLQJD� 3UDEDQJRV�LU�E WLQLDXVL SUHNL SDNODXVRV�HODVWLQJXPDV�\UD�VNLUWLQJDV��9DUWRWRMDV�QHJDOL�DSVLHLWL�EH�E WLQLDXVLSUHNL �PDLVWR�SURGXNW � NDVGLHQLQL GUDEXåL � YLHãRMR�WUDQVSRUWR�SDVODXJ LU�SDQ����7RG O WRNL SUHNL SDNODXVD�yra neelastinga.

3UDEDQJRV�SUHNL YDUWRMLPR�DSLPW YDUWRWRMDV�JDOL�NHLVWL�QHMDXVGDPDV�GLGHOL QHSDWRJXP �7RG O SDNLOXV�M NDLQRPV��JDOL�JHURNDL�VXPDåLQWL�YDUWRMLP � 7RNL SUHNL SDNODXVD�\UD�HODVWLQJD� 3UHNL VDXJRMLPR�JDOLP\E V LU�NDãWDL�VWLSULDL�YHLNLD�SDVL ORV�HODVWLQJXP � âYLHåL PDLVWR�SURGXNW �JUHLW�JHQGDQþL YDLVL EHL�XRJ SDVL ORV�HODVWLQJXPDV�\UD�ODEDL�PDåDV��QHV�M SDUGDYLPR�QHJDOLPD�DWLG WL�Y OHVQLDP�ODLNXL��MHLJX�NDLQRV�NUHQWD��7DLS�SDW�QHJDOLPD�VXGDU\WL�DWVDUJ SDVL ODL�SDGLGLQWL�GLG MDQW�LU�NDLQRPV� 3ULHãLQJDL�� QHJHQGDQþL � OHQJYDL� VDXJRMDP SUHNL DWVDUJRPLV� SDUGDY MDV� JDOL� PDQLSXOLXRWL,UHDJXRGDPDV� NDLQRV�NLWLP , LU�VSDUþLDL�GLGLQWL�DUED�PDåLQWL�SDVL O �

Paklausos elastingumas pajamoms

3UHNL SDNODXVD�NLQWD�PDå MDQW�YDUWRWRMR�SDMDPRPV��5\ã\V�WDUS�ãL SDUDPHWU JDOL�E WL�JODXGHVQLV�DUED�PDåLDX�JODXGXV��NDLS�LU�WDUS�NDLQ EHL�SDNODXVRV��7DL�SULNODXVR�QXR�SUHNL SDVNLUWLHV� .DVGLHQLR�YDUWRMLPR�SUHNL �SDJULQGLQL PDLVWR�SURGXNW � GUDEXåL � QDP DS\YRNRV�GDLNW � YDUtojimo DSLPWLV�GLG MD�WLN�HVDQW�QHGLGHO PV�SDMDPRPV� 15�SDY��D�WDL�SDURG\WD�'�NUHLY V 2$�DWNDUSD��NXUL�VSDUþLDL�N\OD�DXNãW\Q��3R�WR��HVDQW�QRUPDOLDP�YDUWRMLPXL��ãL SUHNL YDUWRMLPDV��GLG MDQW�SDMDPRPV��DXJD�ODEDL�QHå\PLDL�DUED�

net yra pastovus.

15 pav. Paklausos elastingumas pajamoms

Pajamos Pajamos Pajamos D��.DVGLHQLQLSUHNL

vartojimas kintant pajamoms

b) Prabangos SUHNLvartojimas kintant pajamoms

F��1HNRN\ELãNDU�PDåDL�SHUGLUEW SUHNLYDUWRMLPR�NUHLY

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7DLJL�� WRNL SUHNL SDNODXVRV� HODVWLQJXPDV�� SDMDPRPV� NLQWDQW�� \UD� PDåDV�� SDNODXVD�neelastinga.

Prabangos, pasilinksminimo, poilsio, iOJR� YDUWRMLPR� SUHNL SDNODXVD� VSDUþLDL� GLG MD� DXJDQW�pajamoms. Kaip matyti 15�SDY��E��SDNODXVRV�NUHLY VSDUþLDL�N\OD�DXNãW\Q�GLG MDQW�SDMDPRPV�QXR�WDV�NR�$��NDL�MDX�\UD�SDWHQNLQWL�E WLQLDXVL SUHNL SRUHLNLDL��7DLJL�SDNODXVD�ODEDL�HODVWLQJD�SDMDP NLWLPXL�

<SDWLQJRV�IRUPRV�NUHLY WXUL�PDåDL�SHUGLUEW DUED�QHNRN\ELãN YDUWRMLPR�UHLNPHQ SDNODXVRV�SULNODXVRP\E QXR�SDMDP � 3DVWHELPD��NDG�DXJDQW�YDUWRWRM SDMDPRPV��WRNL SUHNL SDNODXVD�GLG MD��WDþLDX� SDVLHNXV� WDP� WLNU G\G � NDL� YDUWRWRMDL� JDOL� SLUNWL� JHUHVQ V NRN\E V EUDQJHVQHV� SUHNHV��QHNRN\ELãN SUHNL SDNODXVD� VSDUþLDL� PDå MD� DXJDQW� SDMDPRPV� 15 pav. c šis paklausos ryšio su SDMDPRPLV�SDVLNHLWLPR�WDãNDV�$�SDYDL]GXRWDV�SDNODXVRV�NUHLY MH� .U\åPLQLV�HODVWLQJXPDV

9LHQRV�SUHN V SDNODXVRV�U\ãLR�JODXGXP VX�NLW SUHNL - VXEVWLWXW LU�NRPSOHPHQWDUL J U\EL - NDLQ NLWLPX�QXVDNR�NU\åPLQLR�HODVWLQJXPR�V YRND� .RPSOHPHQWDUL SUHNL SDNODXVRV�HODVWLQJXPDV�\UD�QHLJLDPDV��QHV�SDGLG MXV�YLHQRV�SUHN V NDLQDL��VXPDå MD�VX�MD�NDUWX�YDUWRMDP SUHNL SDNODXVD��SDY\]GåLXL��EUDQJVWDQW�EHQ]LQXL��PDå MD�DXWRPRELOL SDNODXVD�� 3UHN V VXEVWLWXWDL� WXUL� WHLJLDP NU\åPLQ SDNODXVRV� HODVWLQJXP � QHV� SDGLG MXV� YLHQRV� SUHN V NDLQDL��YDUWRWRMDL�QXNUHLSLD�VDYR�LãODLGDV� NLW SUHN � NXUL�JDOL�SDNHLVWL�SDEUDQJXVL SUHN �

3.2. Elastingumo teorijos praktinis taikymas

9DOVW\ELQ NDLQ NRQWURO

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Tai pavaizduota 16 pav. Kai kaina P1 \UD�PDåHVQ Xå� SXVLDXVY\URV� NDLQ 30� PDLQRP SUHNL NLHNOHPLD�SDVL ORV�NUHLY 6 LU�MLV�EXV�O\JXV�41 W�\��PDåHVQLV�Xå�SDNODXVRV�NLHN 42.

Kai kaina P2 \UD�GLGHVQ Xå�SXVLDXVY\URV�NDLQ � PDLQRP SUHNL NLHN Q4 OHPV�SDNODXVRV�NUHLY � QRUV�SDVL OD�\UD�GLGHVQ � W�\��Q3.

Minimalios kainos.�9DOVW\E ULQNRV� N\MH�GDåQDL�QXVWDWR�QH�WDP�WLNUR�G\GåLR�NRQNUHþLDV�NDLQDV��R�WLN�DSULERMD� M NLWLP � 'DUEXL� LU� åHP V NLR� SURGXNWDPV� GDåQDL� QXVWDWRPDV� NDLQ PLQLPXPDV�� åHPHVQ PLV�NDLQRPLV�ãL SUHNL QHJDOLPD�SDUGDYLQ WL��-HL�NDLQ PLQLPXPDV�QXVWDW\WDV�åHPHVQLV�QHJX�SXVLausvyros kaina, jis Q UD�HIHNW\YXV��QHWXUL�SUDVP V��QHV�SDþLDL�ULQNDL�RULHQWXRMDQWLV� SXVLDXVY\U � NDLQRV�EXV�GLGHVQ V Xå�QXVWDW\WULE � 7DLJL� YDOVW\EHL� Q UD� WLNVOR� QXVWDW\WL� NDLQ PLQLPXPR�� MHL� MRV� SDþLRV� QHQXNUHQWD� LNL� ULERV�� NXUL�nebepatenkina valstyb V WLNVO - XåWLNULQWL�PLQLPDO GDUELQLQN SUDJ\YHQLPR� O\J � åHPGLUEL NLDPV� LãODLN\WL�E WLQDV�SDMDPDV�LU�SDQ� .DL�NDLQ PLQLPXPDV�\UD�QXVWDW\WDV�DXNãþLDX�SXVLDXVY\URV�NDLQRV��SUHNL NLHNLV��NXU SDUGDY MDL�QRUL�SDUGXRWL�� \UD�GLGHVQLV� Xå� W NLHN � NXU SLUN MDV�QRUL�SLUNWL�� WXRPHW�DUED� VXVLGDUR�QHSDUGXRW SUHNL SHUWHNOLXV��DUED�YDOVW\E WXUL�VXSLUNWL�DWVDUJDV��7RNLRV�\UD�QHLãYHQJLDPRV�NDLQ � NDL�MRV�\UD�GLGHVQ V Xå�SXVLDXVY\URV�NDLQ �NRQWURO V SDVHNP V��$U�WRV�SDVHNP V \UD�SULLPWLQRV��DU�M QHLJLDPDV�HIHNWDV�YLVXRPHQ V J\YHQLPXL�YHUWDV�WRV�QDXGRV�� NXUL JDXQD� SDUGDY MDL�� VXJHEDQW\V� SDUGXRWL� SUHNHV�� HVDQW� QXVWDW\WDP� NDLQRV� PLQLPXPXL�� QHV� MLH�DWVLGXULD�JHUHVQ MH�SDG W\MH�QHJX�NDG�SDUGXRGDQW�SUHNHV�SXVLDXVY\URV�NDLQRPLV"�$WVDN\P ã NODXVLP GXRGD�ekonomin SROLWLND��(NRQRPLNRV�WHRULMD�WHJDOL�SDURG\WL�WLN�IXQNFLQ UHLãNLQL U\ã �

Maksimalios kainos.� 9DOVW\E � VLHNGDPD� SDJHULQWL� SLUN M SDG W � JDOL� QXVWDW\WL� PDNVLPDOLDV� NDLQDV�DUED�NDLQ PDNVLPXP � NXULR�QHWXUL� SHUåHQJWL� SDUGDY MDL�� SDUGXRGDPL� VDYR�SUHNHV��'DåQDL� WLNVOLQJD� QXVWDW\WL�NRPXQDOLQL SDVODXJ � HOHNWURV�HQHUJLMRV��GXM � EXW QXRPRV�PRNHVþLR�NDLQ PDNVLPXP � ,QIOLDFLMRV�V O\JRPLV�WDL� SDSUDVWDL� SDVLUHLãNLD� NDLQ � �� ãDOG\PX��� W�\��� YLVXRWLQDL� N\ODQW� SUHNL NDLQRPV�� GDOLHV� SUHNL NDLQRV� OLHND�stabilioV��W�\��QHOHLGåLDPD�M GLGLQWL�

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.DLQ PDNVLPXP SUDVPLQJD�QXVWDW\WL�WLN�åHPLDX�SXVLDXVY\URV�NDLQRV��QHV�NLWDLS�ULQND�SDWL�XåWLNULQWW PDNVLPXP � W�\���SDVLHNW SXVLDXVY\U � 7DLJL�YDOVW\E V UHLNDODYLPX�VXPDåLQDPRV�NDLQRV��R�WDL�VXPDåLQD�SDVL O � SDGLGLQD�SDNODXV LU�VXNHOLD�SUHNL GHILFLW � 7DL�\UD�WLHVLRJLQ NDLQ VXPDåLQLPR�SDVHNP � 7ROHVQSLUN M LU�SDUGDY M HOJVHQD�JDOL�E WL� YDLUL��3DUGDY MDL�JDOL�SDUGDYLQ WL�GHILFLWLQHV�SUHNHV�SDJDO�HLO � JDOL�QXVWDW\WL�NDL�NXULHPV�SLUN MDPV�SLUPHQ\E � ,U�YDOVW\E JDOL�QXVWDW\WL�SLUPHQ\E NDL�NXULRPV�SLUN M JUXS PV��VXWHLNWL�SULYLOHJLMDV�DUED�DWYLUNãþLDL��OHLVWL�QXVLSLUNWL�YLVLHPV�YLHQRG NLHN SUHNL LãGXRGDPD�NRUWHOHV�

9DOVW\EHL�NRQWUROLXRMDQW�SUHNL NDLQDV��HIHNWDV�SULNODXVR�QXR� WR��DU�SUHNL � NXULRPV�QXVWDWRPDV�NDLQPDNVLPXPDV� DUED�PLQLPXPDV�� SDNODXVD� LU� SDVL OD� \UD� HODVWLQJD� DL� QH�� -HLJX�QHHODVWLQJD�� NDLS�SDYDL]GXRWD 17 pav., nedidelis kainos P1 nukrypimas nuo pusiausvyros kainos PE VXNHOLD�PDåHVQ SHUWHNOL DUED�GHILFLW � NXUvaizduoja atstumas tarp pardavimo apimties QE� HVDQW�SXVLDXVY\UDL��LU�QXVWDþLXV�NDLQRV�ULEDV – Q1.

-HLJX�SDNODXVD�LU�SDVL OD�HODVWLQJD��WRNV�SDW�NDLQRV�31, nukrypimas nuo pusiausvyros kainos PE (17 SDY��E���V O\JRMD�å\PLDL�GLGHVQ SUHNL GHILFLW DUED�SHUWHNOL 4E – Q1.

Juodoji rinka.�.DLQ PDNVLPXPR�VXNHOWDV�GHILFLWDV�VDYR�UXRåWX�V O\JRMD�MXRGRVLRV�ULQNRV��NXUL�WDLS�SDW�SULNODXVR� QXR�SDNODXVRV� LU� SDVL ORV� HODVWLQJXPR�� DWVLUDGLP � -XRGRMRMH� ULQNRMH� SUHN V QHOHJDOLDL� SDUGXRGDPRV�didesne kaina negu nustatytas kainos maksimumas. Efektyviai kontroliuoti juodosios rinkos negalima, nes yra VXLQWHUHVXRWL�VDQG ULX�-GLGHO PLV�NDLQRPLV�WLHN�SDUGDY MDL��WLHN�SLUN MDL�

Juodosios rinkos modelis pateiktas 18� SDY�� .DL� SDNODXVD� LU� SDVL OD� QHHODVWLQJD�� QXVWDW\WR� NDLQmaksimumo sukeltas preki GHILFLWDV� V O\JRMD� GLGHO V MXRGRVLRV� ULQNRV� DWVLUDGLP � -RMH� SDUGXRGDP SUHNLkiekis Q1 \UD�DUWLPDV�SUHNL NLHNLXL��NXULV�E W SDUGXRWDV��HVDQW�ULQNRV�SXVLDXVY\UDL��W�\��QE. Spekuliacinis pelnas pavaizduotas 18� SDY�� D� VWDþLDNDPSLR�31P2BA plotu sudaro diGHO SDMDP OP2BQ1 GDO � .DL� SDNODXVD� LU� SDVL OD�HODVWLQJD�� VXVLIRUPXRMD� PDåHVQ MXRGRML� ULQND�� QHV� GDOLV� YDUWRWRM � HVDQW� GHILFLWXL�� JDOL� å\PLDL� VXPDåLQWL�vartojimo

QE Q1 Q

a) paklausa ir pDVL OD�QHHODVWLQJD E��SDNODXVD�LU�SDVL OD�HODVWLQJD

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D� QHHODVWLQJRV�SDNODXVRV�SUHN E� HODVWLQJRV�SDNODXVRV�SUHNDSLPW � 6SHNXOLDQW SHOQDV� JHURNDL� PDåHVQLV� QHJX� HVDQW� QHHODVWLQJDL� SDNODXVDL� LU� SDVL ODL�� W�\��� DSLPD� WLN�VWDþLDNDPSLR�31P2%$�SORW 18 pav. b.

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(ODVWLQJXPR� WHRULMD� SDGHGD�VXSUDVWL� LUWDL�� NDV� JDOLDXVLDL� PRND� PRNHVþLXV�� 1XR� SDNODXVRV� LU� SDVL ORV�HODVWLQJXPR�SULNODXVR��NLHN�SLQLJ YDUWRWRMDL�LãOHLGåLD�SUHNL SDUGDYLPR�DSPRNHVWLQLPXL�SDGHQJWL��7DLS�SDW�QXR�HODVWLQJXPR� SULNODXVR� NLHQR� QDXGDL� JDOLDXVLDL� WHQND� VXEVLGLMRV� �QHLJLDPL� PRNHVþLDL��� VNLULDPRV� JDPLQWRMXL��(ODVWLQJXPR�LJQRUDYLPDV��NDLS�SDPDW\VLPH��JDOL�PRNHVþL HIHNW QXNUHLSWL�QHpageidaujama linkme 0RNHVþLDL� UHQNDPL� DSPRNHVWLQDQW� NLHNYLHQ SDUGXRGDPRV� SUHN V YLHQHW � 7DUNLPH�� NDG� SUHN VSDNODXVD� \UD� HODVWLQJD� LU� ãL� SUHN \UD� DSPRNHVWLQWD 5� OLW PRNHVþLX�� 7DL� UHLãNLD�� NDG� HVDQW� EHW� NRNLDL� SUHN VNDLQDL��MRV�G\GLV�WXU W LãDXJWL 5 litais. 19�SDY��D�ãLV�SDVLNHLWLPDV�SDYDL]GXRWDV�SDVL ORV�NUHLY V 6�SDVLVOLQNLPX�ST- YLHW � 3DVLVOHQND�LU�SXVLDXVY\URV�WDãNDV�Lã�(� (T� 9DOVW\E SDLPD 5�OLWXV�Xå�NLHNYLHQ SDUGXRW SUHN � WDþLDX�vartotojui kaina išauga tik 2 litais. Tuo tarpu 3 litus apmoND�SDUGDY MDV��NXULR�SDMDPRV�Xå�NLHNYLHQ SDUGXRWSUHN VXPDå MD�ãLD�VXPD��1DXMD�NDLQD�SDUGDY MDV�UHDOL]XRV�QHEH 30000, o tik 20000�SUHN V YLHQHW �0RNHVþL QDãWD� ODELDX� XåJXOD� YDUWRWRMR� SHþLXV�� MHLJX� \UD� DSPRNHVWLQDPD� WRNLX� SDW� PRNHVþLX� SUHN �kurios paklausa neelastinga. Tai iliustruoja 19� SDY�� E�� ýLD 5� OLW PRNHVWLV� SDNHLþLD� SXVLDXVY\URV� WDãN (��DWLWLQNDQW 10� OLW NDLQ LU 30000�YLHQHW UHDOL]DYLPR�DSLPW � QDXMD�SXVLDXVY\UD�WDãNH�(T esant 14� OLW NDLQDL� LU 27000�YLHQHW DSLPþLDL��7DþLDX 4�OLW G\GåLR�PRNHVþL QDãWD�WHQND�YDUWRWRMXL��R�SDUGDY MXL - tik litas. 7DLJL��HVDQW�QHHODVWLQJDL�SDNODXVDL��SDUGXRW SUHNL DSLPWLV�VXPDå MD�PDåHVQLX�G\GåLX��R�NDLQD�ODELDX�SDGLG MD�� QHJX� WDGD�� NDL� SDNODXVD� HODVWLQJD��.XR�SDNODXVD� \UD� HODVWLQJHVQ � WXR�GLGHVQ PRNHVþL QDãWD� WHQND�gamintojui. $SPRNHVWLQGDPD�SUHNL SDUGDYLP � YDOVW\E WXUL�DWVLåYHOJWL�LU� SDVL ORV�HODVWLQJXP � 3DO\JLQNLPH 19 SDY��D�LU�F�JUDILNXV��NXULXRVH�SDYDL]GXRWD�HODVWLQJRV�SDNODXVRV�NUHLY LU�VNLUWLQJR�HODVWLQJXPR�SDVL ORV�NUHLY V� 19 pav. grafike�D�SDVL OD�HODVWLQJD��R�JUDILNH�E�QHHODVWLQJD�

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(VDQW� QHHODVWLQJDL� SDVL ODL�� NDLQRV� LU� SUHNL DSLPWLHV� NLWLPDV� \UD� JHURNDL� PDåHVQLV�� WDþLDX� SDUGDY MR�PRNHVþL QDãWD�GDU�ODELDX�GLG MD�QXR���LNL���OLW �åU�����SDY��D�LU�F�� $QNVþLDX� SDWHLNWD� WLHVLRJLQL SDUGDYLP DSPRNHVWLQLPR� SDVHNPL SULNODXVRP\E QXR� SDNODXVRV� LU�SDVL ORV� HODVWLQJXPR� OHLGåLD� WLNVOLDX� SDDLãNLQWL� LU� NLWXV� UHLãNLQLXV�� NXULH� Lã� SLUPR� åYLOJVQLR� QHDWURGR� VXVLM VX�HODVWLQJXPR� SUREOHPD�� LãWHNOL DORNDFLM � SDMDP SDVNLUVW\P � QHGDUER� O\J � YDOVW\E V SDMDPDV�� -HL� YDOVW\EVLHNLD� SDGLGLQWL� VDYR� SDMDPDV� QHVXNHOGDPD� GLGHOLR� NDLQ DXJLPR�� ML� WXUL� DSPRNHVWLQWL� QHHODVWLQJRV� SDVL ORV�

prekes. Kartu tokia politika QHVNDWLQV�å\PLDL�PDåLQWL�JDP\ERV�DSLPWLHV�LU�XåLPWXPR�O\JLR��*DPLQWRMDL�QHJDO VOHQJYDL�SHUNHOWL�LãWHNOL NLW SUHNL JDP\EDL��QRUV�LU�EXV�SULYHUVWL�QHãWL�GLGåL M PRNHVþL QDãWRV�GDO �9DOVW\E V SDMDPDV�ODELDX�SDGLGLQV�SUHNL � NXUL SDNODXVD�\UD�QHHODVWLnga, apmokestinimas. Perskirstyti SDMDPDV�QRULPD�OLQNPH�JDOLPD�LUJL�WLN�DWVLåYHOJLDQW� HODVWLQJXP � .XR�SDNODXVD�PDåLDX�HODVWLQJD��WXR�GLGHVQPRNHVþLR�GDO DSPRND� YDUWRWRMDL�� ,ãWHNOL DORNDFLM PRNHVþL SDJDOED� JDOLPD� OHQJYLDX� SDNHLVWL� DSPRNHVWLQDQW�

prekHV��NXUL SDVL OD�\UD�HODVWLQJHVQ �

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4.Vartotojo elgsena

4.1. Naudingumo teorija

(NRQRPLVW NYDOLILNDFLMD� QHOHLGåLD� DWOLNWL� LãVDPLRV� YDUWRWRMLãNRV� SVLFKRORJLMRV� DQDOL] V�� NXULD�NYDOLILNXRWDL�XåVLLPD�VRFLRORJDL�LU�SVLFKRORJDL��3DQDJULQ Vime tik labai bendrus klausimus, tiesiogiai susijusius VX�SUREOHPRV�HNRQRPLQLX�SDDLãNLQLPX��$SWDUVLPH�SULHPRQHV��QDXGRMDPDV�YDUWRWRM HOJVHQRV�DQDOL]HL� WLUWL��EHL�SUREOHPDV��VXVLMXVLDV�VX�QHLJLDPX�SDNODXVRV�NUHLY V QXRO\GåLX� 6YHLNDV� SURWDV� VDNR�� NDG�� PDå MDQW� NDLQRPV�� YDUWRWRMDV� SDM JLD� QXVLSLUNWL� GDXJLDX� SUHNL � 3DMDP LU�VXEVWLWXFLMRV� HIHNWDV� WDL� SDDLãNLQD� ODELDX� IRUPDOL]XRWDL�� )XQGDPHQWDOLDL� YDUWRWRMR� HOJVHQ JDOLPD� SDJU VWL�naudingumo teorija. Ji remiasi tokiomis prielaidomis:

• vartotojas disponuoja rLERWD� SLQLJ VXPD� LU� VLHNLD� JDXWL� PDNVLPDO SDVLWHQNLQLP �QDXGLQJXP ���LãOHLVGDPDV�ãLXRV�SLQLJXV�SUHN PV�EHL�SDVODXJRPV�SLUNWL� • MLV�JDOL�ODLVYDL�SDVLULQNWL��NRNLRPV�SUHN PV�LãOHLVWL�SLQLJXV� • visi kiti veiksniai yra nekintami.

Vartotojas nuolat turi spU VWL��DU�MR�SDVLULQNWD�SUHN YHUWD�VDYR�NDLQRV� Ribinis naudingumas

3UHN V WHLNLDPDV� YDUWRWRMXL� SDVLWHQNLQLPDV� YDGLQDPDV� QDXGLQJXPX�� .DG� QDXGLQJXPR� V YRND� E WODELDX� DSþLXRSLDPD�� WDUNLPH�� MRJ� DWVNLURV� SUHN V QDXGLQJXPDV� PDWXRMDPDV�PDNVLPDOLXSLQLJ �NXULXRVDVPXRSDVLUHQJ VXåM PRN WL�NLHNLX�7DL�NDGåPRJXL\DUWRMDQW� YLV� GDXJLDX� LU� GDXJLDX�NRQNUHþLRV�SUHN V WDP� WLNUX� ODLNRWDUSLX��NLHNYLHQR� WRV�SUHN V SULG WLQLR�YLHQHWR�QDXGLQJXPDV� MDP�PDå MD��\UD�IDNWDV��NXULXR�EHW�NXULV�Lã�P V JDOL� VLWLNLQWL�J\YHQLPH� Bendrasis naudingumas yra-� WDP� WLNUR� SUHNL NLHNLR� WHLNLDPDV� SDVLWHQNLQLPDV�� 5LELQLV� QDXGLQJXPDV�UHLãNLD�SDVLWHQNLQLPR�SDVLNHLWLP YDUWRMDQW�YLHQX�SUHN V YLHQHWX�PDåLDX�DU�GDXJLDX��-LV��LãPDWXRWDV�SLQLJDLV��\UD�PDNVLPDOXV�SLQLJ NLHNLV��NXU DVPXR�QRUL�PRN WL�Xå�SDSLOGRP SUHN V YLHQHW �5HLNLD� DLãNLDL� VXYRNWL� VNLUWXP WDUS� EHQGURMR� LU� ULELQLR� QDXGLQJXPR�� .DOE GDPL� DSLH� EHQGU MQDXGLQJXP � WXULPH� JDOYRMH� SDVLWHQNLQLP � NXULV� JDXQDPDV� VXYDUWRMXV� YLV SURGXNW � 5LELQLR� QDXGLQJXPR�

atveju, priešingai, kalbama apie paVLWHQNLQLP � NXU VXWHLNLD� SDVNXWLQLR� �W�\�� ULELQLR�� SURGXNWR� YLHQHWR�VXYDUWRMLPDV��3DY\]GåLXL��NHWXUL REXROL EHQGUDVLV�QDXGLQJXPDV�\UD�O\JXV�WDP�SDVLWHQNLQLPXL��NXU YDUWRWRMDV�patiria juos visus suvartodamas. Tuo tarpu ribinis ketvirto obuolio naudingumas yra lygus pasitenkinimo SULHDXJLXL� �SDGLG MLPXL�� VXYDUWRMDQW� ã NHWYLUW REXRO DUED�� NLWDLV� åRGåLDLV� WDULDQW�� EHQGUR� QDXGLQJXPR�skirtumui vartojant 3 ir 4 obuolius.

Bendrojo naudingumo pokytis

Ribinis naudingumas = ———————————— Vartojimo kiekio pokytis

%HQGU M QDXGLQJXP LU�ULELQ QDXGLQJXP JDOLPD�SDO\JLQWL�SDYDL]GXRMDQW�MXRV�JUDILãNDL��7XR�WLNVOX�GDURPH�SULHODLG � NDG�QDXGLQJXP JDOLPD�PDWXRWL��7DP�WLNUR�SURGXNWR�YDUWRMLPR�QDXGLQJXPDV�SDYDL]GXRWDV�����leQWHO MH�

$WLG M � OHQWHO V GXRPHQLV� NRRUGLQDþL VLVWHPRMH�� EHQGU M LU� ULELQ QDXGLQJXP SDYDL]GXRMDPH�grafiškai (20 pav.).

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'LG MDQW�SURGXNWR�YDUWRMLPXL��WLHN�bendrasis naudingumas (BN), tiek ribinis (RN) auga iki maksimumo WDãNR��R�SR�WR�LPD�PDå WL��7DþLDX�PDNVLPXP ULELQLV�QDXGLQJXPDV�SDVLHNLD�WLN�Lã�SUDGåL � R�SR�WR�NULQWD��7XR�tarpu bendrasis naudingumas auga ir jo maksimumo taškas sutampa su ribinio naudingumo nuliniu tašku.

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pelno, vadinamas HNRQRPLQL arba grynuoju pelnu. 3DMDP � NDãW LU�SHOQR� YDLULRV��U ã\V�SDURG\WRV����SDY�

-HLJX� YHUVOR� PRQ VH� QDXGRMDPL� LãWHNOLDL� YHUWLQDPL� HNRQRPLQLDLV� NDãWDLV�� WXRPHW� ãLH� NDãWDL� SDURGR��kokias pajamas gali duoti ištekliai, jei jie�SDQDXGRMDPL�JHULDXVLX�E GX��-HL�NXULRMH�QRUV�ãDNRMH� PRQL SDMDPDV�GLGHVQ V Xå� HNRQRPLQLXV� NDãWXV�� MRV� JDXQD� HNRQRPLQ SHOQ � 7DL� VNDWLQV� PRQL VDYLQLQNDV� SHUNHOWL� VDYR�VDQWDXSDV� W ãDN WLNLQWLV� GLGHVQL SDMDP � 3ULHãLQJDL�� Lã� ãDNRV�� NXULRMH� QH PDQRPD� JDXWL� SDMDP � LãWHNOLDL�SHUNHOLDPL�� LHãNDQW�� NDLS� QDXGLQJLDX� MXRV� SDQDXGRWL�� 7LN� WDGD�� NDL� PRQ V EHQGURVLRV� SODXNRV� \UD� O\JLRV�EHQGURVLRPV�LãODLGRPV��Q UD�SDVNDW NHLVWL�LãWHNOL LãG VW\PR� 7DLJL�JU\QDVLV�SHOQDV� WDNRMD�O ã SHUVNLUVW\P WDUS�ãDN PLNUoekonomikoje.

5.2.Trumpo laikotarpio kaštai

Trumpas, ilgas ir labai ilgas laikotarpiai

7ROLDX� NDOEDQW� DSLH� NDãWXV�� WLNVOLQJD� PRQ V YHLNO VXVLHWL� VX� ODLNX�� 9LHQXV� VSUHQGLPXV� JDOLPD�J\YHQGLQWL�JUHLþLDX��NLWLHPV�UHLNLD�GDXJLDX�ODLNR��-HL�GDUER�ULQND�LãY\styta, papildomus išteklius, susijusius su GDUEX��JDOLPD�SDQDXGRWL�JUHLWDL��,ãLPWLV�\UD�GDUEDV��NXULDP�UHLNLD�VSHFLDODXV�LOJDODLNLR�SDUXRãLPR��1RULQW�LãSO VWL�JDP\ELQHV�SDWDOSDV��UHLNLD�QHPDåD�ODLNR�SURMHNWXL�SDUXRãWL�LU�VWDW\ERV�GDUEDPV� Tam tikru laikoWDUSLX� YLHQ JDP\ERV� YHLNVQL V QDXGRV� JDOL� E WL� NHLþLDPRV�� R� NLW QH�� 7RG O YLHQL�

veiksniai vadinami kintamais, o kiti-ILNVXRWDLV�� âLXR� NULWHULMXPL� LU� UHPLDPDVL� VNLUVWDQW� PRQ V YHLNORV�ODLNRWDUSLXV� WUXPS � LOJ LU�ODEDL�LOJ �Trumpo laikotarpio metu bHQW�YLHQR� Lã�YHLNVQL V QDXGRV�\UD�SDVWRYLRV��3DSUDVWXPR�G OHL�PDQ\NLPH��

kad tas veiksnys yra kapitalas. Kitas veiksnys – darbas –� ãLR� ODLNRWDUSLR�PHWX� JDOL� E WL� ODLVYDL� NHLþLDPDV�� -R�V QDXGRV� JDOL� E WL� SDGLGLQWRV� DUED� VXPDåLQWRV��7UXPSXRMX� ODLNRWDUSLX�� VSUHQGåLDPD�� NDLS� JHULDXVLDL� SDQDXGRWL�PRQ V GDUER�REMHNWXV��SDVWDWXV�� UHQJLPXV�� ,OJR� ODLNRWDUSLR� PHWX� JDOL� E WL� SDNHLVWRV� YLV JDP\ERV� YHLNVQL V QDXGRV�� W�\�� YHLNVQ\V�� NXULV� EXYR�ILNVXRWDV� WUXPSX� ODLNRWDUSLX�� WDPSD� NLQWDPX�� 7DþLDX� QHNLQWDPD� OLHND� SDJULQGLQ JDP\ERV� WHFKQRORJLMD�� 7DL�GDURPD� SUDGHGDQW� YHUVO � SOHþLDQW� YHLNORV� VIHU QDXMRPLV� NU\SWLPLV�� LãOLHNDQW� WRPV� SDþLRPV� WHFKQRORJLQ PLV�JDOLP\E PLV�� Labai ilgu laikotarpiu�JDOL�E WL�NHLþLDPD�LU�JDP\ERV�WHFKQRORJLMD��âLXRODLNLQHL�JDP\EDL�E GLQJD�QXRODW DWQDXMLQWL�WHFKQRORJLM � PRQ V QXRODW�WXUL�VSU VWL�� PRQ V QXRODW�WXUL�VSU VWL��NLHN�SLQLJ UHLNLD�WHFKQRORJLMRPV�NXUWL�LU�MRPV�SDQDXGRWL��ýLD�SDPLQ VLP�WLN�NHOHW ãLR�ODLNRWDUSLR��SUREOHP �9LV ODLNRWDUSL PHWX�SULLPDPL�VSUHQGLPDL�VNLULDPL�WDL�SDþLDL�SUREOHPDL�VSU VWL��VLHNWL�QXPDW\W PRQ VYHLNORV� UH]XOWDW ULERW LãWHNOL V QDXG YDULDFLMRPLV�� /DLNRWDUSLDL� VNLULDVL� WXR�� NRNL JDP\ERV� YHLNVQLV QDXGRV�JDOL�E WL�NHLþLDPRV�VSUHQGåLDQW�W SUREOHP � 3DVWDURML�SDVWDED�WXU W VDXJRWL�QXR�NODLGLQJRV�WHQGHQcijos DLãNLQWL� YDLULXV�ODLNRWDUSLXV�NDOHQGRULQLR�ODLNR�WUXNPH�

Trumpo laikotarpio gamybos funkcija

5\ã\V� WDUS� JDP\ERV� YHLNVQL V QDXG LU� JDP\ERV� UH]XOWDW YDGLQDPDV� JDP\ERV� IXQNFLMD�� -HLJX�JDP\ERV�UH]XOWDWXV��SDVLHNWXV�SHU�WDP�WLNU ODLNRWDUS � SDå\P VLPH�UDLGH�4��WXR�ODLNRWDUSLX�VXQDXGRW NDSLWDO –.��R�GDUE – /��JDP\ERV�IXQNFLMD�WXU V PDWHPDWLQ V O\JWLHV�IRUPD��4 I�.�/��

32 pav.PRQ V�

pajamos,

kaštai ir pelnas

Ekonominis pelnas

Normalusis pelnas

Bendrasis pelnas Bendrosios pajamos

Ekonominiai kaštai Buhalteriniai kaštai

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âL�O\JWLV�SDURGR�WLN�WDL��NDG�JDP\ERV�UH]XOWDW NLHNLV�\UD�NDåNRNLD�IXQNFLMD�QXR�VXQDXGRWR�LãWHNOL NLHNLR�� NRQNUHþLDL�QXR�NDSLWDOR�LU�GDUER�V QDXG NLHNLR���*DP\ERV�IXQNFLMD�\UD�LãUHLNãWD�IL]LQLDLV�UH]XOWDW LU�V QDXGYLHQHWDLV�� WRG O ML� \UD� WLN� SULHODLGD� HNRQRPLQHL� DQDOL]HL�� NXUL� RSHUXRMD�YHUWLQLDLV� �SLQLJLQLDLV�� YLHQHWDLV��7DþLDX�PHV�QHJDOLPH�LãYHQJWL�WR�GDUER�QRU GDPL�QXVWDW\WL�NDãW LU�SDMDP IXQNFLMDV� $WVLåYHOJLDQW� VNLUWLQJDV� JDOLP\EHV� NHLVWL� YDLUL JDP\ERV� YHLNVQL V QDXG DSLPW WUXPSDPH� LU� LOJDPH�laikotarpyje, tikslinga atskirai gamybos funkcijas trumpu ir ilgu laikotarpiu. 7UXPSX� ODLNRWDUSLX� NDSLWDOR� V QDXGRV� ODLNRPRV pastoviosiomis. Trumpo laikotarpio gamybos funkcija DWLWLQNDP PDWHPDWLQ LãUDLãN � 4 I�/�.�� Trumpo laikotarpio gamybos rezultatai

%HQGUDVLV� SURGXNWDV� �%3�� DSLPD� SDJDPLQW SHU� WDP� WLNU ODLNRWDUS SURGXNW NLHN � VXQDXGRMDQW� YLVXV�išteklius. Jeigu vienR Lã� JDP\ERV� YHLNVQL V QDXGRV� \UD� ILNVXRWRV�� R� NLWR� NLQWD�� WXRPHW� EHQGURMR� SURGXNWR��SDJDPLQWR�SHU�WDP�WLNU ODLNRWDUS � NLWLPDV�SULNODXV\V�QXR�NLQWDPR�YHLNVQLR�V QDXG NLWLPR�

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�����OHQWHOGamybos UH]XOWDW �LU�GDUER�V QDXG �NLWLPDV�esant fiksuotoms kapitalo V QDXGRPV

L BP VP RP0 0 - - 1 150 150 150 2 340 170 190 3 480 160 140 4 600 150 120 5 620 124 20

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produkto�G VQLR�� ,ã�SDWHLNWR�SDY\]GåLR�PDW\WL��NDG��GLG MDQW� NLQWDPR�YHLNVQLR� V QDXGRPV� LU� HVDQW� WDP� WLNUDP�ILNVXRWR� YHLNVQLR� G\GåLXL�� SDVLHNLDPD� WRNLD� ULELQLR� SURGXNWR� JDP\ERV� DSLPWLV�� NDL� NLHNYLHQDV� SDSLOGRPDV�NLQWDPRMR� YHLNVQLR� YLHQHWDV� SDGLGLQD� EHQGU M SURGXNW PDåLDX� QHL� SULHã� M VXQDXGRWR� NLQWDPRMR� YHLNVQLR�vieQHWDV�� *UDILNH� WDL� DWLWLQND� WDãNDV�� NXULDPH� /� � ��� R� 53� � ����� 7DGD� LU� SUDGHGD� YHLNWL� PDå MDQþLR� ULELQLR�UH]XOWDW\YXPR�G VQLV��7DLS�\UD�WRG O��NDG��HVDQW�QHNLQWDPRPV�NDSLWDOR�V QDXGRPV��EHW�GLGLQDQW�GDUER�V QDXGDV��turimas kapitalo potencialas panaudojamas�YLV�JHULDX�LU�WRG O DXJD�UH]XOWDWDV��7DþLDX��GLG MDQW�GDUER�V QDXGRPV��YLV�PDåLDX�NDSLWDOR�WHQND�YLHQDP�GDUEXRWRMXL�LU�NDSLWDODV�WDPSD�JDP\ERV�DXJLP ULERMDQþLX�YHLNVQLX��.LHNYLHQD�M � WXU GDPD� WDP� WLNUX�PRPHQWX� WDP�WLNUR�G\GåLR�NDSLWDO � SDVDPGR� WRN GDUEXRWRM VNDLþL � NDG��JDPLQGDPD�SRWHQFLDOLDL�JDOLP SURGXNWR�NLHN � JDO W SDQDXGRWL� WXULP NDSLWDO � PRQ PRQWXRMD�SDSLOGRPXV� UHQJLPXV�LU�VDPGR�SDSLOGRPXV�GDUEXRWRMXV��QRU GDPD�SDGLGLQWL�JDP\E � -HLJX� ML�DSVLULERW WLN�SDVWDURMR�YHLNVQLR�V QDXGdidinimX�� SDSLOGRPL� GDUELQLQNDL� QHJDO W E WL� HIHNW\YLDL� SDQDXGRWL� JDP\EDL� SO VWL�� QHV� QHSDNDNW E WLQUHQJLP �Trumpo laikotarpio bendrieji kaštai

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Bendrieji kaštai (BK)=bendrieji fiksuoti kaštai (BFK)+bendrieji kintamieji kaštai (BKK.).

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Vidutiniai trumpo laikotarpio kaštai

9LGXWLQLDL� PRQ V NDãWDL� DSVNDLþLXojami vienam produkcijos vienetui. Kaštai vienam produkcijos YLHQHWXL� JDOL� E WL� DSVNDLþLXRWL� NLQWDPRMR� YHLNVQLR� V QDXGRPV�� SDVWRYDXV� YHLNVQLR� V QDXGRPV� LU� YLV YHLNVQLvidutiniai bendrieji kaštai.

Vidutiniai fiksuoti kaštai (VFK)� DSVNDLþLXRMDPL� GDOLMDQW� EHQGUXRVLXV� ILNVXRWXV� NDãWXV� Lã� SDJDPLQWSURGXNW VNDLþLDXV��9).� �%).�4� Vidutiniai kintamieji kaštai (VKK)� DSVNDLþLXRMDPL� GDOLMDQW� EHQGUXRVLXV� NLQWDPXRVLXV� NDãWXV� Lã�SDJDPLQW SURGXNW VNDLþLDXV��9.. %..��4� Vidutiniai bendrieji kaštai (VBK)� DSVNDLþLXRMDPL� GDOLMDQW� EHQGUXRVLXV� NDãWXV� Lã� SURGXNW VNDLþLDXV��

VBK=BK/Q, arba sudedant vidutinius fiksuotus ir vidutinius kintamuosius kaštus: VBK=VFK+VKK. 9LGXWLQL NDãW NLWLPR� KLSRWHWLQ SDY\]G JDOLPD� SDYDL]GXRWL� JUDILãNDL� ���� SDY���� 7XR� WLNVOX�panaudosimH ����OHQWHO MH�SDWHLNWXV�GXRPHQLV�

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5.3. Ilgo laikotarpio kaštai

Gamybos funkcija ilguoju laikotarpiu

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Ilgo laikotarpio kaštai

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6. Tobula konkurencija ir ekonominis efektyvumas

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apsiribosime tobulos konkurencijos rinka.

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pirmiausia nurodant jo ypatybes.

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6.3. Pusiausvyra tobulos konkurencijos rinkoje

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Tobulos konkurencijos rinkoje taškai M1, M2, M3 yra trumpo laikotarpio pusiausvyros taškai. Esant skirtingoms kainoms P1, P2, P3, PRQ JDPLQD� WDP� WLNU SURGXNW NLHN 41, Q2, Q3, kuris jai garantuoja PDNVLPDO SHOQ DUED�PLQLPDO QXRVWRO � 7RG O ML� QHVXLQWHUHVXRWD� NHLVWL� JDP\ERV� DSLPWLHV� WRO�� NRO� QHVLNHLþLD�rinkos kainos.

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bendraisiais kaštais (IVBK

46 pav. tai atitinka gamybos apimtis taške QE. Bet kokiu kitu atveju vidutiniai bendrieji trumpo ODLNRWDUSLR�NDãWDL�\UD�GLGHVQL�Xå�PLQLPDOLXV�YLGXWLQLXV�EHQGUXRVLXV�LOJR�ODLNRWDUSLR�NDãWXV�� PRQ SULYHUVWD�VLHNWL�RSWLPDOLRV�JDP\ERV�DSLPWLHV�DUED�SDOLNWL�ãDN �

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6.4. Tobula konkurencija ir efektyvumas

0HV�MDX�VXVLSDåLQRPH�VX�YDUWRWRM HOJVHQD�WREXORV�NRQNXUHQFLMRV�ULQNRMH��7DLS�SDW�VXVLSDåLQRPH�LU su JDPLQWRMR� HOJVHQD��'DEDU� WLNVOLQJD�SDåYHOJWL� ULQN Lã YDUWRWRMR� LU� JDPLQWRMR�SXV V NDUWX��7DL� OHLV� LãVLDLãNLQWL�WREXORV�NRQNXUHQFLMRV�ULQNRV�PRGHOLR�YHLNLP LU� YHUWLQWL�ã PRGHO YLVRV�YLVXRPHQ V LQWHUHV SRåL ULX� Vartotojo ir gamintojo elgsenos efektyvumas. Vartojimo teorija teigia, kad vartotojas maksimizuoja VDYR�QDXG � NDL�MR�SHUNDP SURGXNW ULELQLV�QDXGLQJXPDV�O\JXV�W SURGXNW NDLQDL��9DUWRWRMDV�JDOL�SDVLHNWL�ãLV O\J SULLPGDPDV�VSUHQGLP � NRN SUHNL NLHN SLUNWL��7DL�SDYDL]GXRWD����SDY�

Vartotojo mokama kaina Xå�SURGXNW VXGDUR�MR�ribinius NDãWXV�LU����SDY��SDå\P WD�linija PMM. Vartotojo JDXQDP ULELQ QDXGLQJXP SDYHLNVOH�YDL]GXRMD�ištisine paklausos NUHLY V dalis. Siekdamas maksimaliai patenkinti savo poreikius, jis didina SHUNDP SUHNL NLHN � kol ULELQLDL�NDVWDL�\UD�PDåHVQL�Xå�ULELQ QDXGLQJXP � 7DLJL�YDUWRWRMR�elgsenos efektyvumas rodo, kokiu mastu vartotojui pavyksta priartinti RN prie P, RSHUXRMDQW� SHUNDP SUHNLkiekiu. Efektyvumas GLGåLDXVLDV� kai RN = P.

*DPLQWRM HOJVHQRV�WHRULMD�URGR��NDG�GLGåLDXVL SHOQ JDOLPD�JDXWL�SDVLULQNXV�WLQNDP JDP\ERV�DSLPW �kuriai esant ribinis gamintojo efektyvumas yra lygus gamintojo ribiniams kaštams tai prekei gaminti. 48 pav. SDYDL]GXRWDV�JDPLQWRMR�HIHNW\YXPDV��URGDQWLV�JDPLQWRMR�V NP SULDUWLQWL�ribinius NDãWXV�SULH�NDLQRV��VXVLGDUDQþLRV�rinkoje.

Visuomeninis efektyvumas. Vartotojo ir gamintojo elgsenos tobulos konkurencijos rinkoje teorijos paaiškina M veiklos efektyvumo kriterijus. Dabar tikslinga YHUWLQWL�WREXORV�NRQNXUHQFLMRV�PRGHOLR�YHLNLP YLVRV�YLVXRPHQ V LQWHUHV SRåL ULX��7DP�E WLQD�SDO\JLQWL�YLVXRPHQ V JDXQDP QDXG sujos NDãWDLV� NLXL�IXQNFLRQXRMDQW�pagal tobulos konkurencijos principus.

3DSUDVþLDXVLDV� E GDV� identifikuoti � YLVXRPHQLQ QDXG LU� YLVXRPHQLQLXV� NDãWXV� -DWLWLQNDPDL� VXG WL�YLV YLVXRPHQ V QDUL LQGLYLGXDOL QDXG LU� individualius kaštus. Ne YLV J U\EL SRåL ULX� tai yra teisinga. 3DY\]GåLXL�� VNLHSDL� QXR� XåNUHþLDP OLJ duoda indLYLGXDOL QDXG SRWHQFLDOLDP� ligoniui ir tuo pat metu visai visuomenei, nes jos narys liks sveikas, bet tuo nauda visai�YLVXRPHQHL�QHDSVLULERMD��3DSLOGRPDL�YLVXRPHQ ODLPL�ta prasme, kad potencialus ligonis ne tik QHVXVLUJV�SDWV��EHW�QHXåNU V LU�VDYR�DUWLP M DU�EHQGUDGDUEL � 7DL�išorinis WHLJLDPDV�VNLHS HIHNWDV�

Galimi ir išoriniai neigiami efektai, išoriniai kaštai, kurie padidina LQGLYLGXDOL NDãW VXP � 3DY\]GåLXL��je i gaminant produktus teršiama gamta, reikalingos išlaidos neigiamoms SDVHNP PV� likviduoti. Šios išlaidos GDåQDL�QH HLQD� LQGLYLGXDODXV�JDPLQWRMR�kaštus, bet yra reikšmingos visai visuomenei.

Siekdami parodyti tobulos konkurencijos modelio YLVXRPHQLQ HIHNW\YXP � supaprastinsime YLVXRPHQLQ V QDXGRV�LU�YLVXRPHQLQL NDãW U\ã VX�individualia nauda ir individualiais kaštais.

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9LVXRPHQLQH�SUHN V QDXGD�(RNS) ODLN\VLPH�WRV�SUHN V QDXG individualiems vartotojams. Taip pat ir ribinis SUHN V QDXGLQJXPDV�YLVXRPHQHL�\UD�O\JXV�ribinio individualaus SUHN V vartotojo ribiniam naudingumui, kuris gali E WL išreikštas paklausos NUHLY V DXNãþLX� 3DQDãLDL� LU� YLVXRPHQ V NDãWXV� �5.S� SUHNHL� JDPLQWL� JDOLPD� ODLN\WL� O\JLDLV� LQGLYLGXDOL JDPLQWRMNDãWDPV��5LELQLDL�YLVXRPHQ V NDãWDL�VXWDPSD�VX�ULELQLDLV�LQGLYLGXDOL SUHN V JDPLQWRM NDãWDLV� Alokacinis efektyvumas.� 3UL PXV� V O\JDV�5.� �5.S ir RN = RNS� JDOLPD� WHLJWL�� NDG� LU� YLVXRPHQ VPDVWX� WRNLD� JDP\ERV� DSLPWLV� XåWLNULQV� HIHNW\YXP � NXULDL� HVDQW� ULELQ YLVXRPHQ V QDXGD� EXV� O\JL� ULELQLDPV�

visuomeniniams kaštams.

49 pav. pavaizduota gamybos apimtis QE, kuriai esant YLVXRPHQLQ QDXGD� \UD� O\JL� YLVXRPHQLQLDPV�ULELQLDPV� NDãWDPV� WDãNH� (�� QHV� SLUPRML� VXWDPSD� VX� YDUWRWRM ULELQH� QDXGD�� R� DQWURML� - VX� JDPLQWRM ULELQLDLV�kaštais.

-HLJX� NLHNYLHQD� SURGXNWR� JDP\ERV� DSLPWLV� WHQNLQD� O\J\E 51� � 5.�� YLVXRPHQ MH� LãWHNOLDL� \UD�SDVNLUVW\WL�JHULDXVLX�E GX��7DL�\UD�GLGåLDXVLDV�JDOLPDV�SDVNLUVW\PR�DUED�DORNDFLQLV�HIHNW\YXPDV� 7REXORV�NRQNXUHQFLMRV�ULQNRV�V O\JRV�DSLPD�ODLVY LãWHNOL SHUVLOLHMLPR�Lã�YLHQRV�ãDNRV� NLW JDOLP\E �âL� JDOLP\E J\YHQGLQDPD� YHLNLDQW� NDLQ PHFKDQL]PXL�� .DLQ NLWLPDV� VLJQDOL]XRMD�� NXU� \UD� DORNDFLQLV�QHHIHNW\YXPDV� LU� LãWHNOLDL�SHUNHOLDPL� Lã� ãDNRV��NXU� M \UD�SHU�GDXJ� �5.�!�51��� ãDN � NXULRMH� LãWHNOL WU NVWD�

(RK < RN).

Technologinis ir dinaminis efektyvumas -� WDL� JHULDXVLDV� SDVNLUVW\W LãWHNOL SDQDXGRMLPDV� SURGXNWJDP\EDL��-LV�JDOL�E WL�LãUHLNãWDV�PLQLPDOLRPLV�V QDXGRPLV�SURGXNFLMRV�YLHQHWXL� 7REXORV� NRQNXUHQFLMRV� ULQNRV� PRGHO\MH� WHFKQRORJLQLV� HIHNW\YXPDV� XåWLNULQDPDV� PRQ PV� VLHNLDQW�PDåLQWL�JDP\ERV�NDãWXV��7DL�SULHPRQ V��NXULRPLV�JDOLPD�PDNVLPL]XRWL�SHOQ �'DXJXPD� ãDNRV� PRQL JDPLQD� HVDQW� QRUPDOLDP� SHOQXL� LOJDPH� ODLNRWDUS\MH�� - NDãW NUHLY 9%.��JDOLPD� SDYDL]GXRWL� ��� SDY�� -HLJX� YLHQDV� Lã� JDPLQWRM G O QHWLQNDPR� JDP\ERV� YDOG\PR� QHXåWLNULQD� WRNLJDP\ERV�NDãW � MR�NDãW NUHLY 9%.��SDYHLNVOH�\UD�DXNãþLDX��7DL�NDUWX�UHLãNLD��NDG�WRNLD� PRQ QXRVWROLQJD�LU�QHJDOL� LãOLNWL� LOJ ODLNRWDUS � 7REXORV� NRQNXUHQFLMRV� ULQNRV� PRGHO\MH� \UD� E WLQRV� SULHODLGRV� LU� GLQDPLQLDP�

eIHNW\YXPXL�� NXULV� UHLãNLD� LQRYDFLM RULHQWDYLP GLGåLDXVLR� UH]XOWDW\YXPR� OLQNPH�� PRQ � GLHJXVL� QDXMWHFKQRORJLM � VXPDåLQD�JDP\ERV�NDãWXV��NDãW NUHLY � NDLS�SDURG\WD����SDY���SDVLVOHQND�åHP\Q�Lã�SDG WLHV�9%.��LNL� LQRYDFLMRV�� SDG W 9%.-, - po inovaciMRV��/LNXV� ãDNRMH� DQNVWHVQ PV� NDLQRPV�� PRQ � GLHJXVL� QDXMRY LU�VXPDåLQXVL� NDãWXV�� JDXQD� HNRQRPLQ SHOQ � 7RNLRV� JDOLP\E V VNDWLQDPL� YLVL� JDPLQWRMDL� VLHNLD� QDXGRWL� QDXMDV�WHFKQRORJLMDV�LU�WXR�E GX�SULVLGHGD�SULH�YLVXRPHQLQLR�HIHNW\YXPR� Pareto optimumas.� -HLJX� GDOLV� PRQL JDPLQD� SURGXNWXV�� QHVDQW�PLQLPDOL YLGXWLQL EHQGU M NDãWLOJ SHULRG � MHLJX�QHQDXGRMDPD�JHULDXVLD�WHFKQRORJLMD�DU�MHLJX�YLHQ SUHNL JDPLQD�SHU�GDXJ��R�NLW - SHU�PDåDL��JDOLPD� SDGLGLQWL� YLVXRPHQLQ HIHNW\YXP � YLVXRPHQLQ QDXG � QHSDGLGLQXV� YLVXRPHQLQL NDãW � 9LVXRPHQLQQDXGD� SDGLGLQDPD�� MHLJX� SDGLG MD� EHQW� YLHQR� MRV� QDULR� QDXGD�� R� YLVXRPHQLQLDL� NDãWDL� QHSDGLG MD�� MHLJX�QHSDGLG MD�Q YLHQR�YLVXRPHQ V QDULR�NDãWDL��.DL�VXVLGDUR�WRNLD�SDG WLV��MRJ�Q UD�NLWRNLR�DOWHUQDW\YDXV�LãWHNOLSDQDXGRMLPR�E GR��NXULV�SDJHULQW EHQW�YLHQR�YLVXRPHQ V QDULR�SDG W � QHSDEORJLQXV�Q YLHQR�NLWR��SDVLHNLDPDV�

Pareto optimumas.

���SDY��SDYDL]GXRWRV�JDOLP\E V SDVLHNWL�3DUHWR�RSWLPXP � NDL�JDPLQDPDV�SURGXNWR�NLHNLV�\UD�GLGHVQLV�DUED�PDåHVQLV�QHJX�4E, kuriam esant RK = RN.

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-HLJX�SUHN V JDPLQDPD�GDXJLDX�QHJX�4E� SDY\]GåLXL��41� WXRPHW� ULELQLDL� NDãWDL� \UD� GLGHVQL� Xå� ULELQQDXGLQJXP � 7DL�UHLãNLD��NDG�GDOLV�NDãW Q UD�SDJU VWL��GDO LãWHNOL JDOLPD�E W SDQDXGRWL�NLW SUHNL JDP\EDL��R�NDUWX�SDJHULQWL�M YDUWRWRM SDG W � LU�G O ãLR�LãWHNOL SHUVNLUVW\PR�QHQXNHQW W Q YLHQDV�YDUWRWRMDV� -HLJX�SUHN V JDPLQDPD�PDåLDX�QHJX�4E� SDY\]GåLXL��42 WXRPHW�ULELQLDL�NDãWDL�\UD�PDåHVQL�QHJX�ULELQQDXGD��R�WDL�UHLãNLD��NDG��GLGLQDQW�JDP\ERV�DSLPW � E W WHLNLDPD�GLGHVQ QDXGD�YDUWRWRMDPV��7ULNDPSLDL�$%(�LU�

CDE vaizduoja efektyvumo nuostolius, kai.-Q UD 3DUHWR�RSWLPXPR�

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���0RQRSROLQ ULQND

7.1. KDLQD�LU�JDP\ERV�DSLPWLV�PRQRSROLQ MH�ULQNRMH� 0RQRSROLMRV� WHRULMD�� NDLS� LU� WREXORV�NRQNXUHQFLMRV�PRGHOLV�� QHDWVSLQGL� YLVRV� UHDOLRV� WLNURY V�� EHW� JDOL�E WL QDXGRMDPD� HNRQRPLQLDPV� UHLãNLQLDPV� DLãNLQWL�� 7REXOD�� WHRULãNDL� DLãNLQDPD� PRQRSROLMD� \UD� SULHãLQJDV�

tobulai konkurencijai ekonominio pasaulio ašigalis.

Tobula konkurencija ir monopolija

3DJULQGLQLV�PRQRSROL]XRWRV�ULQNRV�EUXRåDV�\UD�YLHQRV� PRQ V YLHãSDWDYLPDV�MRMH��-HLJX� PRQ JDPLQD�WDP�WLNU SUHN � QHWXULQþL VXEVWLWXW � ML�\UD�PRQRSROLMD� Tobulos konNXUHQFLMRV� ULQNRMH� \UD� GDXJ� PRQL LU� Q YLHQD� M QHJDOL� SDNHLVWL� SUHNL YHUW V�� EHW� JDOL�UHDOL]XRWL� YLVDV� VDYR� SUHNHV�� ,QGLYLGXDOLRV� PRQ V SDNODXVRV� NUHLY \UD� VX� ULQNRV� NDLQD� VXWDPSDQþLRV�KRUL]RQWDOLRV�WLHV V IRUPRV��7XR�WDUSX�ULQNRV�SDNODXVRV�NUHLY \UD�NULQWDQWL�åHP\Q�Lã�NDLU V GHãLQ �.LWDLS� QHJX� WREXORV� NRQNXUHQFLMRV� ULQNRMH�� PRQRSROLQ MH� ULQNRMH� PRQ YLHãSDWDXMD� YLHQD�� -RV�SDNODXVRV� NUHLY \UD� NULQWDQWL� åHP\Q� LU� SUHN V YHUW SULNODXVR� QXR� UHDOL]XRMDP SUHNL DSLPWLHV�� 6NLUWLQJRV�ULQNRV�VWUXNW URV��NXULRVH� IXQNFLRQXRMD� PRQ V��QXOHPLD� LU� M VNLUWLQJ HOJVHQ VLHNLDQW�PDNVLPDODXV� VNLUWXPR�WDUS�SDMDP LU�LãODLG �

0RQRSROLQ V SDMDPRV�

5\ã\V� WDUS� SDMDP LU� JDP\ERV� DSLPWLHV�PRQRSROLQ MH� ULQNRMH� \UD� NLWRNV� QHJX� WREXORV� NRQNXUHQFLMRV�ULQNRMH��6NLUWXP OHPLD� PRQ V SDNODXVRV�NUHLY V \SDW\E V��0RQRSROLQ MH�ULQNRMH�YLHãSDWDXMD�YLHQD� PRQ LU�MRV�SDNODXVRV�NUHLY VXWDPSD�VX�ULQNRV�SDNODXVRV�NUHLYH��7RG O ML�\UD�NULQWDQWL�åHP\Q�GLG MDQW�SDUGDYLPR�DSLPþLDL��7RNLD�SDNODXVRV�NUHLY V IRUPD�OHPLD�PRQRSROLQ V PRQ V SDMDP NLWLP �Bendrosios pajamos (BP)

(VDQW� NULQWDQþLDL� SDNODXVRV� NUHLYHL�� EHQGURVLRV� SDMDPRV� JDOL� GLG WL� DUED� PDå WL� GLG MDQW� JDP\ERV�DSLPþLDL��7DL�SULNODXVR�QXR�WR��NRNLX�PDVWX�SUHN PV�QXYHUW MDQW�GLG MD�YLVXRPHQLQL SRUHLNL DSLPWLV� 53 pav. pavai]GXRWDPH� SDY\]G\MH� SUHN V NDLQDL� PDå MDQW� QXR� 31 iki P2 bendrosios pajamos, SDYDL]GXRWRV�DWLWLQNDPDLV�VWDþLDNDPSLDLV�31 E1 Q1 0 ir P2 E2 Q2 ���SDGLG MD�G O SDGLG MXVLRV�JDP\ERV�DSLPWLHV�

nuo Q1 iki Q2.

7DþLDX�� SDNLWXV� SUHN V NDLQDL� QXR� 33 iki P4� GLG MDQWL� JDP\ERV� DSLPWLV� QHXåWLNULQD� SDMDP DXJLPR��$WYLUNãþLDL��MRV�PDå MD��NDLS�PDW\WL�Lã�SDYHLNVOR��QXR�33 E3 Q3 0 iki P4 E4 Q4 0.

%HQGU M SDMDP NUHLY PRQRSROLQ MH� ULQNRMH� JDOLPD� QXEU åWL� YDGRYDXMDQWLV� SDNODXVRV� HODVWLQJXPR�teorija.

Kaip matyti iš 54 pav.JHL�SDNODXVRV�HODVWLQJXPDV�GLGHVQLV�Xå�YLHQHW � EHQGURVLRV� PRQ V SDMDPRV�DXJD�LU�M NUHLY N\OD��.DL�SDNODXVRV�HODVWLQJXPDV�O\JXV�O��EHQGURVLRV�SDMDPRV�\UD

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0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q

pastovios -�NUHLY SDVLHNLD�PDNVLPXP �R�NDL�SDNODXVRV�HODVWLQJXPDV�PDåHVQLV�Xå�YLHQHW -bendrosios pajamos LPV�PDå WL��R�NUHLY NULQWD�åHP\Q� %HQGU M SDMDP NLWLPR�PRQRSROLQ MH�ULQNRMH�SULNODXVRP\E URGR�SDNODXVRV�HODVWLQJumo atsispindi ir ULELQ VH�SDMDPRVH��.DGDQJL��HVDQW�NULQWDQþLDL�SDNODXVRV�NUHLYHL�� PRQ JDOL�UHDOL]XRWL�SDSLOGRP SUHN V YLHQHWWLN�VXPDåLQGDPD�MRV�NDLQ � ULELQ V SDMDPRV�QXRODW�PDå MD�GLGLQDQW�UHDOL]DYLPR�DSLPW �7DþLDX� MRV� OLHND� WHLJLDPRV�� NDL�SDNODXVRV�HODVWLQJXPDV�\UD�GLGHVQLV� Xå�YLHQHW � .DUWX� WDL� UHLãNLD��NDG�ULELQ V SDMDPRV� GLGLQD� EHQGU VLDV� SDMDPDV�� ��� SDY�� ULELQL SDMDP NUHLY \UD� YLUã� KRUL]RQWDOLRV� NRRUGLQDþLDãLHV��NRO�EHQGU M SDMDP NUHLY QHSDVLHNLD�PDNVLPDODXV

DXNãþLR��5LELQ V SDMDPRV�\UD�O\JLRV�QXOLXL��NDL�EHQGURVLRV�SDMDPRV�\UD�PDNVLPDOLRV��R�SDNODXVRV�HODVWLQJXPDV�lygus 1.

0Då MDQW�EHQGURVLRPV�SDMDPRPV�LU�SDNODXVDL�WDSXV�QHHODVWLQJDL��ULELQ V SDMDPRV�WDPSD�QHLJLDPRPLV� ��� SDY�� SDYDL]GXRWDV� U\ã\V� WDUS� %3�� 53� LU� SDNODXVRV� HODVWLQJXPR� OHLGåLD� GDU\WL� LãYDG � MRJ� SHOQPDNVLPL]XRMDQWL� PRQ PRQRSROLQ MH� ULQNRMH�� VWHQJGDPDVL�� NDG� QHPDå W EHQGURVLRV� SDMDPRV�� QHGLGLQV�

gamybos apimties esant neigLDPRPV� ULELQ PV� SDMDPRPV�� 9DGLQDVL�� VLHNGDPD� GLGLQWL� UHDOL]DYLPR� DSLPW � ML�PDåLQV�NDLQDV�WLN�WRO��NRO�SDNODXVD�\UD elastinga.

Vidutines pajamos (VP)

0RQRSROLQ V PRQ V SDNODXVRV�NUHLY � NDUWX�E GDPD�LU�ãDNRV�SDNODXVRV�NUHLYH��NULQWD�åHP\Q�LU�WRG O��didiQDQW�UHDOL]DYLPR�DSLPW � UHLNLD�PDåLQWL�NDLQDV��7DþLDX�SDUGXRGDQW�SDSLOGRP SUHNL NLHN � PDåLQDPRV�YLVSDUGXRGDP SUHNL NDLQRV��7RG O LU�PRQRSROLQHL� ULQNDL� JDOLRMD�YLGXWLQL SDMDP IRUPXO � 93� �%3�4� ��7DLJL�YLGXWLQ V SDMDPRV� \UD� O\JLRV� NDLQRPV���� ãLRV� NDLQRV�NLWLP LãUHLãNLDQWL�SDNODXVRV�NUHLY \UD� NDUWX� LU�YLGXWLQLPRQ V SDMDP NUHLY �

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Alokacinis neefektyvumas

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7DþLDX�PRQRSROLQ PRQ VXPDåLQD�JDP\ERV�DSLPW LNL�41 LU�SDGLGLQD�SUHNL NDLQ LNL�31 � 9LVXRPHQ VQDXGD�SDGLG W � MHLJX�E W GLGLQDPD�JDP\ERV�DSLPWLV�LNL�WDãNR�42 kuriame RK=RN.

Alokacinio efektyvumo nuostolius galima išmaWXRWL�SDGDXJLQXV�SURGXNFLMRV�DSLPWLHV� VXPDå MLP G Omonopolizacijos Q1 Q2 iš RN ir RK skirtumo šioje gamybos apimties atkarpoje.

66 pav. tai parodyta trikampiu ABC, kurio plotas yra alokacinio efektyvumo nuostoliai.

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Rinkos ekonomikoje sprendimus dirbti ar nedirbti ir kiek dirbti priima atskiri DVPHQ\V�� DWVLåYHOJGDUER�XåPRNHVW LU�VXQNXP � SDWLULDP GDUER�PHWX�� O\J � (OHPHQWDULDXVLDV�PRGHOLV��NXULXR�JDOLPD�NLHN\ELãNDL�YHUWLQWL�GDUELQL SDMDP LU�VXQNXP V YHLN � \UD�SDMDP LU�ODLVYDODLNLR��SUDUDQGDPR�GLUEDQW��DQDOL] � .DL�GDUER�XåPRNHVWLV�ILNVXRWDV��QRULQW�JDXWL�GLGHVQ DWO\JLQLP � UHLNLD�LOJLDX�GLUEWL��.XR�LOJLDX�GLUEDPH��WXR�PDåLDX�ODLNR�PXPV�OLHND�ODLVYDODLNLXL�EHL�SRLOVLXL��QHV�SDURV�WUXNP \UD�SDVWRYL��-HL�GLUEDPH���YDODQGDV��ODLVYDODLNLXL�OLHND����YDODQG � MHL��� - 16 ir t.t. Taigi darbas, kaip ir bet kuri kita veikla, turi alternatyvinius kaštus, kurie šiuo atveju DSLEU åLDPL� NDLS� ODLVYDODLNLR� NLHNLV�� NXULR� WHQND� DWVLVDN\WL� GDUELQ V YHLNORV� ODEXL�� 1RULQW� LãVLDLãNLQWL�� NRNLD�proporcija bus padalyta para, tikslinga vartoti ribinio naudinguPR�V YRNDV�

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Neigiamas riELQLV� GDUER�QDXGLQJXPDV�GLUEDQW� ��� LU� GDXJLDX�YDODQG SHU� GLHQ UHLãNLD�� NDG�SHUYDUJXV�SDMDPRV�GåLDXJVPR�QHEHWHLNLD�LU�åPRJXV�VXWLNW QHW�SULPRN WL��NDG�QHUHLN W GLUEWL� 'DUER� XåPRNHVþLR� NLWLPDV�� /HQWHO MH� SDWHLNWL� GXRPHQ\V� DSUDãR� VLWXDFLM � NDL� NLQWD� GDrbo laiko ir ODLVYDODLNLR�WUXNP � HVDQW�ILNVXRWDP�GDUER�XåPRNHVþLXL� 3DQDJULQ NLPH�GDUEXRWRM UHDNFLM YDODQGLQLR�XåPRNHVþLR�NLWLP �$XJDQW� YDODQGLQLDP� GDUER� XåPRNHVþLXL�� GLG MD� SURGXNW � NXULXRV� JDOLPD� QXVLSLUNWL� Xå� GDUELQHV�

pajamas, kiekis, taigi ir ULELQLV�GDUER�QDXGLQJXPDV��/DLVYDODLNLR�QDXGLQJXPXL�QHVLNHLþLDQW��R�GDUER�XåPRNHVþLXL�GLG MDQW��RSWLPDOXV�GDUER�ODLNDV�LOJ MD��7LHVD��GDUER�ODLNR�LOJ MLPR�WHQGHQFLMD�Q UD�DEVROLXWL��'DUER�XåPRNHVþLXL�SDVLHNXV� WDP� WLNU O\J � GDUEXRWRMDV�JDOL� VLJ\WL�GDXJ�SUHNL LU�SUDGHGD�JDOYRWL��DU� MDP�JHULDX�YDUWRWL�GDXJ��EHW�PDåLDX� UHLNãPLQJ SURGXNW � DU� GDOLHV� M DWVLVDN\WL� ODLVYDODLNLR� LOJLQLPR� QDXGDL�� 7DLJL� GDUER� XåPRNHVþLR�GLG MLPDV�JDOL�VXNHOWL�QH�WLN�WHLJLDPXV��EHW�LU�QHLJLDPXV�GDUER�SDVL ORV�SRN\þLXV��SDMDP HIHNW �� 'DUER�M JRV�SDNODXVD�

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(IHNW\YXPR�XåGDYLQLXL�VSU VWL�UHLNLD�åLQRWL�QH�WLN�QDW ULQLXV�URGLNOLXV��EHW�LU� UHQJLP EHL�GDUER�NDLQDV��Tegul ekskavatoriaus nuoma kanalo kasimo laikotarpiu yra 10000 Lt, o darbuotoMR�GDUER�XåPRNHVWLV�VXGDUR�����/W��âLRPLV�V O\JRPLV��GLUEDQW�$�YDULDQWX��NDQDOR�NDVLPR�GDUEDL�NDLQXRV�����[����� �������/W��%�- 20 x 500 + 10000 = 20000 Lt, C - 5 x 500 +2x10000 = 22500 Lt. Taigi efektyviausias yra B variantas, bet nedera pamiršti, kad B vDULDQWR� HIHNW\YXPDV� URG\WDV� WLN� NRQNUHþLRPLV� V O\JRPLV�� -HL� GDUELQLQNDPV� E W PRNDPD� ���� /W��HIHNW\YLDXVLDV�E W $��R�MHL�����/W��- & YDULDQWDV��6SUHQGLP UH]XOWDWDL�NHLVW VL� LU�NLQWDQW�NDSLWDOR�NDLQDL��.XR�EUDQJLDX�PRNDPD�Xå�HNVNDYDWRULXV��WXR�GLGHVQ WLNLP\E � NDG�HIHNW\YL�EXV���UDQNLQLR�GDUER��WHFKQRORJLMD��7DLJL�GDUER� SDNODXVD�� V O\JRWD� WHFKQRORJLQL VSUHQGLP � NLQWD� DWYLUNãþLDL� SURSRUFLQJDL� GDUER� XåPRNHVþLR� O\JLXL� LU�WLHVLRJLDL�SURSRUFLQJDL�NDSLWDOR�NDLQ O\JLXL�� 'DUER�M JRV�ULQNRV�HIHNW\YXPDV�

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NDLQDL�LU�M JDOLPH�SDYDL]GXRWL�KRUL]RQWDOLD�WLHVH�6��åU�����SDY����0atome, kad, pasikeitus šio veiksnio paklausai, DSLPWLV�JDOL�GLG WL�LU�PDå WL�QHSULNODXVRPDL�QXR�NDLQRV�

3ULHãLQJ MDP� NODVLNLQ PRGHO DWLWLQND� ULERWR� YHLNVQLR� SDVL OD�� NDL� MLV� \UD� DEVROLXþLDL� SULHLQDPDV� EHW�NRNLD� NDLQD�� WDþLDX� JULHåWDL� DSLEU åWX� NLHNLX�� 7RNLR� YHLNVQLR� SDVL O SDYDL]GXRNLPH� YHUWLNDOLD� WLHVH� 6� �åU�� ���pav.).

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Akivaizdu, kad bet kokia masiškai gaminama detal DU�QHVSHFLDOL]XRWD�GDUER�M JD�JDOL�E WL�SULHLQDPD�VWDELOLD�NDLQD�JDQD�GLGHOLDLV�NLHNLDLV��WDþLDX�LNL�WDP�WLNURV�ULERV��-HLJX�SDNODXVD�ãLDP�YHLNVQLXL�å\PLDL�GLG MD��WDL�pasiekiamas taškas, kuriame neišvengiamai pradeda kilti ir kaina.

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äHP V UHQWD�

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$WVLOLHSGDPL� QXRODW�DXJDQW åHP V NLR�SURGXNFLMRV�SRUHLN � åPRQ V SUDG MR�åHP GLUEWL�LQWHQV\YLDX�-WU ãWL�� QDXGRWL� QDãHVQ WHFKQLN LU� SDQ�� 7DL� GDU� ODELDX� SDGLGLQR� JDP\ERV� V QDXGDV� LU� SDN O EHQGU M åHP VGHUOLQJXP � QRUV�åHP V SORW QHSDGDXJ MR� 9LVD�WDL�SDYDL]GXRMD����SDY��SDVL ORV�NUHLY 6��0DWRPH��NDG�SDNODXVDL�DXJDQW�QXR�SDG WLHV�'1 iki D2 ir

toliau iki D3� SDVL OD�GLG MR��DXJDQW�V QDXGRPV��1XR�KLSRWHWLQLR�WDãNR�33 SDVL ORV�NUHLY VWDW MD��7DL�UHLãNLD��NDG�SDSLOGRPRV�V QDXGRV�QHEHJDOL�SDGLGLQWL�SDVL ORV�

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äHP V QXRPRV� NDLQD� - WDL� HNRQRPLQ UHQWD�� EHVLIRUPXRMDQWL� G O WR�� NDG� VNLUWLQJRV� åHP V YLHQRGDP� GHUOLXL�LãDXJLQWL�LU�UHDOL]XRWL�UHLNDODXMD�LU�VNLUWLQJ GDUER�V QDXG � âL UHQW SDVLVDYLQD�VDYLQLQNDV��7DLJL�GLUEDQW�VDYDV�åHPHV�� åPRJXV� SLOQDL� SDVLVDYLQD� SDMDPDV�� R� GLUEDQW� LãQXRPRWDV� åHPHV�� åPRJXV� SULYDOR� LãPRN WL� UHQW MRV�VDYLQLQNXL��5HQWD�DXJD�G O N\ODQþL åHP V NLR�SURGXNFLMRV�V QDXG � .DLQ QXOHPLD�GLG MDQWL�SDNODXVD� 6YDUEX�SDPLQ WL��MRJ�åHP \UD�ULERWDV�YHLNVQ\V�DSVNULWDL��7DþLDX�NRQNUHWXV�MRV�SDQDXGRMLPDV�YLVXRPHW�VXVLM V VX�SDVL ORV�LãSO WLPR�JDOLP\EH�DOWHUQDW\YDXV�SDQDXGRMLPR�V VNDLWD�

Kapitalas

%H�GDUER� LU� åHP V HJ]LVWXRMD�GDU�YLHQDV�YHLNVQ\V��E WLQDV� JDP\ELQHL�YHLNODL�Y\NG\WL��7DL� VXGDLNWLQWR�darbo ištekliai, vadinDPL� NDSLWDOX�� 1RULQW� VXSUDVWL� HNRQRPLQL VDQW\NL HVP � UHLNLD� NUXRSãþLDL� LãQDJULQ WL�NDSLWDOR�IXQNFLM JDP\ERV�SURFHVH��QHV�NODLGLQJDV�ãLR�NODXVLPR�VXSUDWLPDV�GDUR�QHPDå åDO QH�WLN�HNRQRPLQHL�teorijai, bet ir realiam gyvenimui.

Esant efektyviai ekonomiQHL� VLVWHPDL�� åPRQ V JDPLQD� QH� G O SDþLRV� JDP\ERV�� EHW� YDUGDQ� YDUWRMLPR��9DUWRMLP LU� DSVNULWDL� YLVXRPHQ V JHURY JDOL� XåWLNULQWL� VXJHE MLPDV� JDPLQWL� Lã� åDOLDY QDXGLQJDV� SUHNHV� LU�SDVODXJDV��âLDQGLHQ�PHV�YDUWRMDPH�WDL��N SDJDPLQRPH�YDNDU��R�U\WGLHQRV�YDUtojimas priklausys nuo Šios dienos gamybos lygio.

Kapitaliniai fondai -�JDP\ERV�SULHPRQL YLVXPD��HJ]LVWXRMDQWL�HNRQRPLNRMH�WDP�WLNUX�ODLNR�PRPHQWX� Kapitalo formavimas -�NDSLWDOLQL IRQG SDGLGLQLPR�SURFHVDV�QHWLHVLRJLQ V JDP\ERV�NHOLX� 1HWLHVLRJLQ JDmyba -�JDP\ERV�SULHPRQL JDP\ED��XåWLNULQDQWL�YDUWRMLPR�SUHNL JDP\ERV�SDGLG MLP

ateityje.

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grynieji pinigai ir vertybiniai popieriai. Visa tai vadinama skolinamuoju kapitalu.

5HLNLD�LãQDJULQ WL�NODXVLP - VNROLQDPRMR�LU�IL]LQLR�NDSLWDOR�JU åRV��NDLS�SDNHLVWLQ V HNRQRPLQ V UHQWRV�formos susiformavimo ypatyEHV�EHL�WDUSXVDYLR�SULNODXVRP\E �

3UDG NLPH� QXR� VNROLQDPRMR� NDSLWDOR�� 3DO NDQ QRUPD� - WDL� VDYRWLãNDV� PRNHVWLV� Xå� JDOLP\E YDUWRWL�šiandien, o ne kaupti.

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3DO NDQRV -�PRNHVWLV�Xå�WDL��MRJ�VXWLQNDPD�QXNHOWL�UHDOL]DYLP Y OHVQLDP�ODLNXL��NDUWX�WDL�NDLQD��NXULSULYDOR�VXPRN WL�LPDQW\VLV�SDVNRO �.DV�QXOHPLD�SRUHLN SLQLJDPV�DUED�VNROLQDPDMDP�NDSLWDOXL"�9LV SLUPD�WDL�HLOLQL YDUWRWRM SRUHLNLDL��DWVLUDQGDQW\V�� NDL� M QRUDL� å\PLDL� YLUãLMD� SLQLJLQ V VWRU � 7RNLRV� SDNODXVRV� REMHNWDV� - vadinamos vartotojiškos

pasNRORV��$QWUD��ILUP LU�RUJDQL]DFLM SDNODXVD�LQYHVWLFLM SDVNRORPV��-RV�JDOL�E WL�QDXGRMDPRV�JDP\EDL�SO VWL�DU�modernizuoti.

3XVLDXVY\URV�SDO NDQ QRUPD�SLQLJ NDLQD��NXULDL�HVDQW�QRULPDV�SDVNROLQWL�SLQLJ NLHNLV�O\JXV�SLQLJDSLPþLDL��NXUL QRU W SDVLVkolinti.

3DSUDVWDL� SDO NDQRV�� NDLS� VNROLQDPRMR� NDSLWDOR� JU åD�� VDYR� G\GåLX� QHVXWDPSD� VX� SHOQX� NDLS� IL]LQLR�NDSLWDOR�JU åD��7DL�V O\JRMD�NDSLWDOR�WXU WRMR�LU�QDXGRWRMR�IXQNFLM DWVLVN\ULP � %DQNLQLQNDL�Xå�WDP�WLNU PRNHVWSHUOHLGåLD�YHUVOLQLQNXL�WHLV GLVponuoti pinigais.

Verslininkas -� DVPXR�� WXULQWLV� NDSLWDO � 3HOQR�PDNVLPL]DYLPR� WLNVOX� MLV� LHãNR�QDXM SHOQLQJ YHLNORV�NU\SþL � SDQDXGRGDPDV�WDP�VDYR�GDO\NLQHV�EHL�åPRJLãNDV�VDY\EHV� 7DLJL�SDJULQGLQLV�YHUVOLQLQNR�PRW\YDV�LQYHVWXRWL�VXVLM V VX�YLOWLPL��MRJ�YHLNVQLR�JU åD�EXV�GLGHVQ QHL�MR�NDLQD��3DVLDLãNLQNLPH�NDSLWDOR�JU åRV�SULJLPW � 9LV SLUPD�M VXGDUR�JU\QRVLRV�SDO NDQRV� *U\QRVLRV� SDO NDQRV� JDXQDPRV� Xå� QHUL]LNLQJDV� DUED� PDåDL� UL]LNLQJDV� O ã VNROLQLPR� RSHUDFLMDV� *U\QRVLRV�SDO NDQRV�- tai savotiãNDV�VNDWLQLPDV� WDXS\WL��åLQDQW�� MRJ�SDVNROLQWRV�O ãRV�DWQHã�QDXG QH�PDåHVQQHL�JU\Q M SDO NDQ QRUPD� $QWUD�� NDSLWDOR� JU åRV� G\GLV� QXOHPLD� UL]LND��9HUVOLQLQNDV� JDOL� XåVLLPWL� YHLNOD�� NXULRV� UL]LNRV� ODLSVQLV�Q UD�YLHQRGDV�NLW JDOLP YHUVOR�NU\SþL DWåYLOJLX��-LV�SDSUDVWDL�QHOLQN V LQYHVWXRWL�NDSLWDOR��MHLJX�QHVLWLNL�WDP�WLNURV�ILQDQVLQ V NRPSHQVDFLMRV�Xå�UL]LN � 7DLJL�LQYHVWLFLM WUXNXPDV�EXV�MXQWDPDV�WRO��NRO�VXNXUWR�GDLNWR�NDLQD�QHJDUDQWXRV� YHUVOLQLQNXL� SDNDQNDPRV� SUHPLMRV� Xå� UL]LN � W�� \�� WRO�� NRO� YHUVO G WL� SLQLJDL� QHDWQHã� GLGHVQ VQDXGRV�QHL� G WDV� EDQN DUED� G WDV� PDåLDX�UL]LNLQJ YHUVO �7UHþLD��NDSLWDOR�JU åRV�G\G WLHVLRJLDL�DSVSUHQGåLD�LQRYDFLM DNW\YXPDV��3DVWDUDVLV�\UD�UHLNãPLQJDV�QH�WLN� WXR�� MRJ� GLGLQD� PRQ V SHOQ � EHW� LU� WXR�� NDG� SDODQNLDL� YHLNLD� åPRQL JHURY � ,QRYDFLQ YHLN@D� SUDNWLãNDL�UHDOL]XRMD�NRQNUHþL LãUDGLP UH]XOWDWXV��äLQRPD��LQRYDFLQ V YHLNORV�QHUHLNLD�VXSUDVWL� WLN�NDLS�QDXM JDPLQLN ULPR��,QRYDFLMD�- tai pastangos VXNXUWL�VDYRWLãN PRQRSRO SDVODXJ DU�SUHNL ULQNRMH��NHLþLDQW�ILUPRV�YHLNORV�SRE G LU�taktika.

.HWYLUWD��NDSLWDOR�NDLS�JDP\ERV�YHLNVQLR�JU åRV�G\G QXOHPLD�QHQXPDW\WRV�DSOLQN\E V��SDGLGLQDQþLRV�MR�YHUW � 3DY\]GåLXL��SUHVR�QDXGLQJXPDV�JDOL�QHWLN WDL�SDGLG WL��QHODXNWDL�LãDXJXV�DOLXPLQLQL O NãþL SRUHLkiui. 7XRPHW�SUHVR�SDQDXGRMLPDV�MR�VDYLQLQNXL�DWQHã�SDSLOGRPDV�O ãDV�DUED�NYD]LUHQW �Kvazirenta -� NDSLWDOR� JU åD�� YLUãLMDQWL� DOWHUQDW\YL NDSLWDOR� JU å � DWVLUDQGDQWL� NRQNXUHQFLQ V ULQNRV�V O\JRPLV� LU� HJ]LVWXRMDQWL� WUXPSDLV� ODLNRWDUSLDLV� G O QHQXPDW\W aSOLQN\EL � .RQNXUHQFLQ MH� rinkoje per tam WLNU ODLNRWDUS ãLV� JU åRV� SDGLG MLPDV� LãQ\NV�� QHV� SULH� SDVLNHLWXVL ULQNRV� V O\J YLVL� JDPLQWRMDL� VWHQJVLV�

prisiderinti.

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1RU GDPL� DWVDN\WL� NODXVLP � DU� NDSLWDODV� WHLNLD� JU\Q M UHQW � WXULPH� LãVLDLãNLQWL� NDLS� SDVLVNLUVWR�kapitalR JU åD��åU�����SDY���

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disproporcijas ir skatina arba daugiau skolinti, arba daugiau investuoti.

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10.3. Pelnas

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11. Rinka ir valstybinis reguliavimas

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Informacijos asimetrija

Tobulos tarpusavio konkurencijos mechanizmas veikia efektyviai, kai tiek gamintojas, tiek vartotojas JHUDL�LQIRUPXRWDV�DSLH�SUHNL VDY\EHV��-HL�JDPLQWRMR�LQIRUPXRWXPDV�GDXJ�GLGHVQLV�negu vartotojo

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3DUGDY MR�SRåL ULX�PRNHVþL YHGLPDV�WRO\JXV�DWLWLQNDPDP�NDãW SDGLG MLPXL��3DGLG M NDãWDL�YHUþLD�SDVL ORV�NUHLY SDVLVOLQNWL�Lã�60 61� SR]LFLM � 1DXMD�NDLQD�31� QXVLVWRYL�NUHLYL 61 ir D susikirtimo taške. Kiekybinio santykio su apmokeVWLQLPR�REMHNWX�SRåL ULX�PRNHVþLDL�VNLUVWRPL� SURJUHVLQLXV��UHJUHVLQLXV�LU�SURSRUFLQJXV��3URJUHVLQLDL�PRNHVþLDL�\UD�WRNLH��NXUL WDULIDV�DXJD�GLG MDQW�DSPRNHVWLQDPRPV�SDMDPRPV��3DY\]GåLXL��MHL�GDUELQLQNDV��JDXQDQWLV�����/W�SHU�P QHV � WXUL�PRNHVþL IRUPD�VXPRN WL�����JDXQDP O ã ����Lt), o gaunantis 400 Lt -����/W��������JDXQDP O ã ���QDXGRMDPD�DSPRNHVWLQLPR�VLVWHPD�\UD�SURJUHVLQ � .DG�PRNHVþL GXRPHQ ULQNLPDV�LU�WYDUN\PDV�E W QHVXG WLQJDV��Y\ULDXV\E SDSUDVWDL�WDLNR�ULELQLR�PRNHVþLR�WDULIR�SULQFLS � 0 V SDY\]G\MH�MLV�DWURG\V�WDLS��,NL�����/W�QXVWDWRPDV��ULELQLV�WDULIDV��O\JXV������7DL�UHLãNLD��NDG�LQWHUYDOH�QXR���LNL�����/W�NLHNYLHQDV�OLWDV�DSPRNHVWLQDPDV����FW��1XR�����LNL�����OLW QXVWDWRPDV�����ULELQLV�WDULIDV��0 V QDJULQ MDPR�GLUEDQþLRMR�DVPHQV�DEVROLXWL�PRNHVþL VXPD�DSVNDLþLXRMDPD�ãLWDLS��Xå�SLUPXV�����/W�MLV�PRND�����[�������� ���/W��Xå�SDSLOGRP ����/W�— (100x20): 100=20 Lt; iš viso moka 30+20=50 Lt. 3URJUHVLQLDL�PRNHVþLDL��EH�ELXGåHWR�JDXQDP SLQLJ VDQWDXS IRUPDYLPR��DWOLHND�LU�J\YHQLPR�O\Jio GLIHUHQFLDFLMRV�PDåLQLPR�IXQNFLM � 5HPLDQWLV�QDXGLQJXPR�WHRULMD��JDOLPD�WHLJWL��NDG�WXUWXROL SDMDP ULELQLV�QDXGLQJXPDV�\UD�PDåHVQLV�QHL�JDXQDQþL M PDåXV�SLQLJLQLXV�LãWHNOLXV��NDG�SLUPLHVLHPV�SDSLOGRPDV�OLWDV��VXPRN WDV�PRNHVþL IRUPD��PDåLDX�UHLNãPLQJDV�QHL�DQWULHVLHPV��7DLJL�\UD�WLN WLQD��NDG�PRNHVþLDLV�SHUVNLUVþLXV�JDXQDPXV�SLQLJXV��EHQGUDV�ãDOLHV�J\YHQWRM SDMDP QDXGLQJXPDV�SDGLG V��.LWD�YHUWXV��DSPRNHVWLQLPR�SURJUHV\YXPDV�ULERMD�GDUELQLXV�VWLPXOXV��R�NDUWX�ãDOLHV�SURGXNFLMRV�DSLPW LU�EHQGU QDXGLQJXP � ' O WR�GLGHVQLV�QHL�����ULELQLV�QXVWDW\WR�G\GåLR�SLQLJ � PRNDP YDOVW\EHL��WDULIDV�GDåQLDXVLDL�ODLNRPDV�QHSDJHLGDXMDPX��6YDUEX�LU�WDL��NDG�SURJUHVLQLV�DSPRNHVWLQLPDV�YDUåR�JDP\ERV�LãWHNOL SHUVLVNLUVW\PSHOQLQJLDXVLDV��W�\���NLWRPV�V O\JRPV�HVDQt lygioms, efektyviausias gamybos sferas. *\YHQWRM JDXQDPL�SLQLJLQLDL�LãWHNOLDL�VXVLGHGD�Lã�DWO\JLQLPR��SDO NDQ � GLYLGHQG � SDMDP Lã�DVPHQLQLR�YHUVOR�LU�W�W��1XVWDWDQW�DSPRNHVWLQDP SDMDP G\G � YLVRV�SDMDP U ã\V�GDåQLDXVLDL�VXPXRMDPRV��Kadangi individ J\YHQLPR�O\JLV�SULNODXVR�QH�WLN�QXR�DVPHQLãNDL�JDXQDP SDMDP � EHW�LU�QXR�VXWXRNWLQLR�EHL�NLW ãHLPRV�QDUL SDMDP � SDSUDVWDL�DSPRNHVWLQDPRV�PHWLQ V ãHLPRV�SDMDPRV��DSVNDLþLXRMDPRV�SDMDPdeklaracijos pagrindu.

1HWLHVLRJLQLDL�PRNHVþLDL�GDåQLDXVLDL�\UD�UHJUHV\YLQLDL��QHV�åPRQ V��JDXQDQW\V�PDåDV�SLQLJLQHV�O ãDV��ãL PRNHVþL IRUPD�QHWHQND�GLGHVQ V GDOLHV�SLQLJ QHL�WXUWLQJLHML��5HJUHVLMRV�HOHPHQWDL�VXVLGDUR�WRG O��NDG�WXUWLQJLHML�GDåQLDXVLDL�VXYDUWRMD�WLN�GDO VDYR�JDXQDP SLQLJ � R�OLNXVL NDXSLD��9LHQDV�LšE G UHJUHVLMDL�LãYHQJWL�\UD�QHWLHVLRJLQLDLV�PRNHVþLDLV�DSPRNHVGLQDPL�SUHVWLåLQLDL��WXUWLQJ M SHUNDPL�GDLNWDL��âLV�E GDV�QHLJLDPDL�YHLNLD�VDQWDXS SDVLVNLUVW\P YLVXRPHQ MH��'LIHUHQFLMXRWRV�PDWHULDOLQL J U\ELDSPRNHVWLQLPR�SROLWLNRV�WU NXPX�ODLNRPDV�LU�JDOLP\EL ELXURNUDW VDYLYDOHL�GLG MLPDV��'DEDUWLQLX�PHWX�GDXJXPD�HNRQRPLVW WHLJLD��NDG�YLVRPV�SUHN PV�WXUL�E WL�WDLNRPL�WLH�SDW\V�QHWLHVLRJLQL SLQLJLQL LãWHNOLWDULIDL��,ãLPW\V�GDURPRV�WLN�WRPV�SUHNL JUXS PV��NXUL YDUWRMLP � YLVXRPHQ V QXRPRQH��WLkslinga riboti. Beveik YLVRVH�ãDO\VH�QHWLHVLRJLQL SLQLJLQL LãWHNOL PRN MLPX�YLUã�ODLVYRV�ULQNRV�V O\JRWR�O\JLR�SDNHOLDPRV�DONRKROLQLJ ULP � WDEDNR�JDPLQL NDLQRV� ,NL�ãLRO�/LHWXYRMH�SDJULQGLQ QHWLHVLRJLQL PRNHVþL IRUPD�\UD�DS\YDUWRV�PRNHVþLDL��QXVWatomi plataus YDUWRMLPR�GDLNWDPV��VNLUWLHPV�SDUGXRWL��SDJDO�LQGLYLGXDOLXV�WDULIXV��âLDLV�PRNHVþLDLV�VXUHQNDPD�EHYHLN�SXVELXGåHWR�JDXQDP SLQLJ � 7DþLDX�WDULI LQGLYLGXDOL]DFLMD�GHIRUPXRMD�NDLQRGDURV�PHFKDQL]P � 1HWLHVLRJLQLPRNHVþL VXWYDUN\PDV�\UD�YLHQD�Lã�SDJULQGLQL PRNHVþL SROLWLNRV�WREXOLQLPR�/LHWXYRMH�NU\SþL �3URSRUFLQJ PRNHVþL SDY\]GåLX�JDO W E WL�SHOQR�PRNHVþLDL��QXVWDWRPL�SURFHQWDLV�QXR�SHOQR��LU�GDXJHO\MH�(XURSRV�ãDOL QDXGRMDPL�VRFLDOLQLR�GUDXGLPR�PRNHVþLDL��-$9�VRFLDOLQLR�GUDXGLPR�PRNHVþiai yra UHJUHVLQLDL��5HLNãPLQJDV�VRFLDOLQLR�GUDXGLPR�PRNHVþL EUXRåDV�\UD�M WLNVOLQLV�SRE GLV��,ã�SHOQR�PRNHVþLJDXWRPLV�O ãRPLV�RUJDQL]XRWD�SROLWLQ EHQGUXRPHQ � WXULQWL�DXNãþLDXVL YDOGåL � JDOL�GLVSRQXRWL�ODLVYDL��MDV�naudoti gynybai, švietimui ir t.t����R�VRFLDOLQLR�GUDXGLPR�PRNHVþL QDXGRMLPDV�GDåQLDXVLDL�UHJODPHQWXRMDPDV��SY]���SHQVLMRPV�LãPRN WL�� .DLS�LU�LãOHLGåLDPL�SLQLJLQLDL�LãWHNOLDL��Y\ULDXV\E V SDMDPRV��PRNHVþLDL��VNLUVWRPRV� YDOVW\ELQHV�LU�WHULWRULQHV�� RUJDQL]XRWRV�SROLWLQ V EHQGUXRPHQ V ELXGåHW GDåQLDXVLDL�SDWHQND�JDXQDP SLQLJLQL O ã LU�SHOQR�PRNHVþLDL��QHWLHVLRJLQLDL�PRNHVþLDL�LU�WXUWR�PRNHVþLDL�XåWLNULQD�JDXQDPDV�SLQLJLQHV�O ãDV�YLHWLQLDPV�ELXGåHWDPV��7DP�WLNUR�O\JLR�YDOG\PR�RUJDQDL�WXUL�WHLV NHLVWL�VDYR�NRPSHWHQFLMRV�ULERVH�DSPRNHstinimo tarifus. Bet kuriuo DWYHMX�YLVXRPHQ VXVLGXULD�VX�GLOHPD��1RULQW�GLGLQWL�VRFLDOLQHV�LãPRNDV�EHL�Y\ULDXV\E V SLUNLPXV��UHLNLD�GLGLQWL�

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PRNHVþLXV��EHW�WDL�NHOLD�PRN WRM SDVLSULHãLQLP � 'LGHOL�PRNHVþLDL�NXULD�QH�WLN�HNRQRPLQHV��EHW�LU�WHLVLQHV�problemDV��0DW\W��VXWLNVLPH��NDG�Q UD�HVPLQLR�VNLUWXPR�WDUS�PLOLMRQR��SDYRJWR�Lã�YDUJã WLHVLRJLDL��EHL�PLOLMRQR�QXVO SW PRNHVþL � NXULH�WXU MR�E WL�VNLUWL�YDUJãDPV��'LGHOL�PRNHVþLDL�VNDWLQD�VO SWL�JDXQDPDV�SLQLJLQHV�O ãDV��G O WR�UHLNLD�YLV�GDXJLDX�WHLV VDXJRV�RUJDQ SDVWDQJ �3DVDXO\MH�ãLXR�PHWX�Y\UDXMD�PRNHVþL WDULI PDåLQLPR�WHQGHQFLMD��(NRQRPLQ SUDNWLND� URGR��NDG��SDJU VWDL�VXPDåLQXV�PRNHVþL WDULIXV�LU�G O WR�SDGLG MXV�JDP\ERV�DSLPþLDL��JDOL�SDGLG WL LU�RUJDQL]XRWRV�SROLWLQ VEHQGUXRPHQ V JDXQDP SLQLJ VXPD��/LHWXYRMH�DUWLPLDXVLDLV�PHWDLV�PRNHVþL WDULIDL�WXU W DXJWL��QHV��GLGLQDQW�VRFLDOLQHV�LãPRNDV��VSDUþLDL�GLG V LU�LãODLGRV��$WHLWLV�SDURG\V��DU�WRNLD�SROLWLND�HIHNW\YL��7LNVOLRV�ãLRV�VULWLHV�SURJQR] V \UD�VXG WLQJRV��QHV�ãLXRODLNLQL HNRQRPLQL åLQL SRåL ULX�PRNHVþL SROLWLND�G O GDXJHOLR�YHLNVQLyra ne tik mokslas, bet ir menas.

11. 4. Valstybinis reguliavimas

9DOVW\E Y\ULDXV\E V SDYLGDOX�VSUHQGåLD�HNRQRPLQHV�SUREOHPDV�LU�NLWRPLV�IRUPRPLV��9\ULDXV\E VNLQL IXQNFLM V UDãDV�\UD�JDQD�LOJDV��WRG O SDPLQ VLPH�WLN�NDL�NXULDV�Lã�M �� Y\ULDXV\E SDGHGD�RUJDQL]XRWL�JHOHåLQNHOL WUDQVSRUW � QXVWDWR�WUDQVSRUWR�SULHPRQL VDXJDXV�

eksploatavimo standartus;

� Y\NGR�DQWLPRQRSROLQ UHJXOLDYLP � VLHNLD��NDG�PDLQ VIHURMH�QHE W GLVNULPLQDFLMRV�VNDWLQD�YDUå\WLV�G O SLUPDYLPR�SDVODXJ LU�SUHNL N ULPH� � XåWLNULQD�YDLVW EHL�PDLVWR�NRN\E V NRQWURO �� UHJODPHQWXRMD�NDL�NXULXRV�VDPGRV�VDQW\NL DVSHNWXV��QXPDW\GDPD�GDUER�GLHQRV�WUXNP PLQLPDODWO\JLQLP LU�SDQ�� � UHJODPHQWXRMD�GDUER�DSVDXJRV�V O\JDV�EHL�JDPWRV�WHUšimo standartus; � DWOLHND�DWRPLQL HOHNWULQL EHL�NLW SRWHQFLDOLDL�SDYRMLQJ FLYLOLQL REMHNW NRQWURO EHL�LãGXRGD�OHLGLPXV��VXWHLNLDQþLXV�WHLV XåVLLPWL�WDP�WLNUD�YHLNOD� � XåWLNULQD�SULYDþL EDQN SLQLJLQ V LU�NUHGLWLQ V SROLWLNRV�NRQWURO �Šiai veiklDL�UHLNLD�GLGHOL SLQLJLQL LãWHNOL � 3DY\]GåLXL��-$9�YLHQ�IHGHUDOLQLR�O\JLR�UHJXOLDYLPR�IXQNFLMDV�DWOLHND�DSLH�����W NVWDQþL WDUQDXWRM � 3DJDO�HNVSHUWLQLXV� YHUWLQLPXV�IHGHUDOLQ V LãODLGRV�VXGDUR�WLN����V QDXG � VXVLMXVL VX�HNRQRPLNRV�UHJXOLDYLPX��3DJULQGLQ SLQLJLQL LãWHNOL GDOLV�WHQND� PRQ PV��R�SHU�NDLQRGDURV�PHFKDQL]P - YDUWRWRMDPV��âWDL��*HQHUDO�0RWRUV��NRPSDQLMRV�DSVNDLþLDYLPDLV��E WLQXPDV�SDWHQNLQWL�YDLUL Y\ULDXV\ELQL LQVWLWXFLM UHLNDODYLPXV�ãLDL�NRPSDQLMDL�NDLQXRMD�PDåGDXJ���PLOLMDUGXV�GROHUL SHU�PHWXV�%HQGUL�-$9�UHJXOLDYLPXL�LãOHLGåLDPL�SLQLJLQLDL�LãWHNOLDL�YLUãLMD�����PLOLMDUG GROHUL SHU�PHWXV�G O WR�GLG MD�YLVXRPHQ V VXVLU SLQLPDV�UHJXOLDYLPR�WLNVOLQJXPX��1HVLJLOLQGDPL� V QDXG EHL�HIHNWR�QDJULQ MDPRMH�VIHURMH�

palyginimo problemas, tLN�SDå\P VLPH�ãLR�GDUER�UHLNãPLQJXP � % WLQD�DWVLåYHOJWL�LU� WDL��NDG�/LHWXYDL�YLV�ODELDX� VLWUDXNLDQW� WDUSWDXWLQ GDUER�SDVLGDOLMLP � QHLãYHQJLDPDL�WHNV�VXVLGXUWL�VX�XåVLHQLR�YDOVW\E VH�WDLNRPDLV�reguliavimo metodais ir su reguliavimu susijusiais kaštais.

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����1DFLRQDOLQLV�SURGXNWDV�LU�MR�VNDLþLDYLPDV

Kiekviena šalis nuo Lenkijos iki Peru, nuo Naujosios Zelandijos iki Nigerijos, gamindama prekes ir SDVODXJDV��VDYR�J\YHQWRMXV�DSU SLQD�PDLVWX��GUDEXåLDLV��SDVWRJH��W��\��WHQNLQD�M SRUHLkius.

9LHQRV�ãDO\V�SDJDPLQD�ODEDL�GDXJ�åDOLDYRV��SDY\]GåLXL��DNPHQV�DQJOLHV�DUED�PHGLHQRV��WXR�WDUSX�NLWRV�JDPLQD� GDXJLDX� SUDPRQLQL JDPLQL � SDY\]GåLXL�� SOLHQR� LU� DXWRPRELOL � .DL� NXULRV� ãDO\V� JDOL� VSHFLDOL]XRWLV�JDPLQWL�PDLVWR�SURGXNWXV��NDLS�DQWDL�� U\åLXV�DUED�VYLHVW � R�NLWRV� WHLNLD�SDVODXJDV� - kino industrijos, draudimo arba banko. Jeigu ta produkcija arba paslaugos nesuvartojamos šalies viduje, jas galima parduoti kitoms šalims - eksportuoti.

âDOLHV� HNRQRPLNRV� DSLPWLV� \UD� QXVWDWRPD� SDJDO� EHQGU ãDO\MH� SDJDPLQDP SUHNL LU� SDVODXJ NLHN �*DPLQDQW�YLV�GDXJLDX�SUHNL LU�SDVODXJ � HNRQRPLND�N\OD��R�SDWV�JHULDXVLDV�E GDV� YHUWLQWL�ã DXJLP - pinigais NDLQRWL�YLVXV�SLUNLPXV�LU�SDUGDYLPXV��1RUV�SLQLJDL�Q UD�YLHQLQWHOLV�HNRQRPLNRV�DSLPWLHV� NDLQRMLPR�E GDV� juos pasitelkus lengviausia susumuoti visa, kas šalyje buvo pagaminta bet kuriais metais: obuolius ir apelsinus, DXWRPRELOLXV�LU�NRPSLXWHULXV��IXWEROR�UXQJW\QHV�LU�NROHGåR�PRN\P �.DL�VXVXPXRMDPD�YLVD�ãL SUHNL LU�SDVODXJ SLQLJLQ LãUDLãND��JDXW URGLNO JDOLPD�O\JLQWL�VX�NLW ãDOL URGLNOLDLV��,U�QRUV�YDOLXWD�MRVH�VNLUWLQJD��NLHNYLHQRV�ãDOLHV�EHQGUD�SUHNL SDVODXJ VXPD��QDXGRMDQW�YDOLXW NXUVXV��WXUL�E WL�SHUVNDLþLXRWD��NDG�SDO\JLQWXPH�YLHQRV�NLWRV�ãDOLHV�HNRQRPLNRV�DSLPWLV��3DY\]GåLXL��-DSRQLMRV�HNRQRmikos apimtis, DSVNDLþLXRWD�MHQRPLV�� -$9�GROHULXV�SHUVNDLþLXRWLQD�WDP��NDG�JDO WXPH�M SDO\JLQWL�VX�

Amerikos ekonomika.

12.1. Nacionalinis turtas. Bendrasis nacionalinis produktas

Gamybos apimties matavimo problema.�äPRQL NLQ YHLNOD�\UD�QHQXWU NVWDPD��3URGXNW LU�SDVODXJJDP\E O\GL� M YDUWRMLPDV�� NXULV� \UD� QDXM JDP\ERV� SURFHV SULHåDVWLV� V O\JD�� .DGD� LãVLY\VþLXVLRMH� ULQNRV�HNRQRPLNRMH� LãN\OD� E WLQXPDV� M UHJXOLXRWL� SDJDO� YLVXRPHQ V LQWHUHVXV�� SLUPLDXVLD� VXVLGXULDPD� VX� JDP\ERV�apimties matavimo problema.

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Bendrasis nacionalinis produktas. Pagrindinis nacionalinio produkto rodiklis yra bendrasis QDFLRQDOLQLV�SURGXNWDV��%13���%HQGUDVLV�QDFLRQDOLQLV�SURGXNWDV�\UD�YLV EDLJWLQL SUHNL LU�SDVODXJ � SDJDPLQWSHU�WDP�WLNU ODLNRWDUS �SDSUDVWDL�SHU�PHWXV���SLQLJLQL YHUþL VXPD� 7DLJL� %13� DSLPD� WROL� JUDåX� QH� YLVDV� SUHNHV� LU� SDVODXJDV�� NXULDV� SDUGDY WDLV� PHWDLV� ULQNRMH� M

gamintojai.

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12.2. Nominalusis ir realusis bendrasis nacionalinis produktas

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Realusis bendrasis nacionalinis produktas 1991 m.

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sistema.

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Visus gyvenamuosius pastatus patogiau priskirti vienai nacionalinio produkto kategorijai. Ir nuosavi, LU� QXRPRMDPL� EXWDL� WDL� YLV SLUPD� J\YHQDPDVLV� SORWDV�� 3ULYDW V namai priskiriami šiai kategorijai, VLHNLDQW� QXRVHNOXPR�� /DLNRPD�� MRJ� ãHLPD� O\J� LU� LQYHVWDYR� SLQLJXV� VWDW\E � R� SR� WR� SDWL� W QDPQXRPRMDVL��$WNUHLSNLWH�G PHV � MRJ�QDPXV�VNLULDPH�SULH�NDSLWDOLQL LQYHVWLFLM �� *DP\ELQL DWVDUJ EHL�JDWDYRV�SURGXNFLMRV�SULHDXJLXL� �MHL� W DWVDUJ DSLPWLV�PHW JDOH�QH� LãDXJR��R�VXPDå MR��WDL�VXPDå MLPR�G\GLV�WXUL�E WL DWLPWDV�Lã�*13��QHV�VXPDå MLPDV�UHLãNLD�MRJ�YLVXRPHQ ãLDV��

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3DMDPRV� �MRV� YDGLQDPRV� JDP\ERV� YHLNVQL SDMDPRPLV�� VXVLGHGD� Lã� NHWXUL SDJULQGLQL HOHPHQW �DWO\JLQLP � QXRPRV�PRNHVþL � SDO NDQ LU�SHOQR� Atlyginimai.�7DL�VWDPELDXVLD�SDMDP JUXS � ML�DSLPD�GDUER�XåPRNHVW LU�DOJDV��PRNDPDV�VDPGRPLHPV�GDUEXRWRMDPV��âL�SDMDP U ãLV�LãUHLãNLD�W SURGXNFLMRV�YHUW V GDO � NXUL�SULVNLULDPD�GDUER�YHLNVQLXL��$WO\JLQLPDL�QDFLRQDOLQ MH� V VNDLW\ERMH� DSVNDLþLXRMDPL� M JU\QXRMX� SDYLGDOX�� VXPRN MXV� LQGLYLGXDO SDMDP PRNHVW � ãLSDMDP JUXS HLQD�QH�WLN�YLVRV�VDPGRP M GDUEXRWRM SDMDPRV��JDXWRV�GDUERYLHW MH��EHW�WDLS�SDW�LU� PRQLQLQNQDãDL� YDOVW\ELQLXV�LU�SULYDþLXV�SHQVLM EHL�NLWXV�VRFLDOLQLXV�IRQGXV��W��\��YLVRV�LãODLGRV��VXVLMXVLRV�VX�GDUER�M JRV�

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vyriausyb V YHUW\ELQL SRSLHUL WXU WRM JDXQDPRV� SDO NDQRV� ãL JUXS QH HLQD� -MRV� DSVNDLþLXRMDPRV� NDLS�WUDQVIHULQLDL�LãPRN MLPDL� Pelnas.�3HOQDV�QDFLRQDOLQ MH�V VNDLW\ERMH�VNLUVWRPDV� GYL�GDOLV�� SDYLHQL DU�VXVLMXQJXVL VDYDUDQNLãNVDYLQLQN �SDUWQHUL DU�NRRSHUDW\Y � JU\Q VLDV�SDMDPDV�LU�EHQGURYL �NRUSRUDFLM � SHOQ � 'DOLV�EHQGURYL SHOQR�\UD� LãUHLãNLDPD� NDLS� GLYLGHQGDL� DNFLM VDYLQLQNDPV�� ãL� GDOLV� VXGDUR� SDVNLUVW\W M SHOQ � /LNXVL� GDOLV� \UD�

nepaskirstytasis (sulaikytasis) pelnas; jis apskaitomas bruto, W��\��LNL�VXPRNDQW�EHQGURYL SDMDP PRNHVW .

Amortizacija.�$XNãþLDX�QXURG\WL� NHWXUL�%13�HOHPHQWDL� \UD�SDMDPRV�� WLHVLRJLDL�SULVNLUWRV�NXULDP�QRUV�YLHQDP� JDP\ERV� YHLNVQLXL�� - VXPD� QHDSLPV� YLVR� %13�� 'DOLV� EDLJWLQL SURGXNW YHUW V J\MD� DPRUWL]DFLMRV�IRUP � t. y. pasireiškia kaip kapitalo vartojimo atskaitymai. Jie atspindi per metus suvartoto kapitalo (darbo SULHPRQL � YHUW � $PRUWL]DFLMRV� O ãRV�QHSULVNLULDPRV�NXULDP�QRUV�JDP\ERV�YHLNVQLXL�NDLS� MR�SDMDPRV�� MRV�\UD�UHLQYHVWXRMDPRV� JDP\E � LãVDXJDQW�SUDGLQ GDUER�SULHPRQL JDP\ELQ SDM JXP �1HWLHVLRJLQLDL� YHUVOR� PRNHVþLDL�� âLDL� PRNHVþL JUXSHL� SULNODXVR� EHQGUDVLV� DS\YDUWRV� �SDUGDYLP �PRNHVWLV� �SULG WLQ V YHUW V PRNHVWLV��� DNFL]DL�� PXLWDL�� -XRV� YLVXV� YHUVOLQLQNDL� WUDNWXRMD� NDLS� JDP\ERV� NDãW

elementus. Šie mRNHVþLDL�\UD�QHWLHVLRJLQLDL�-MLH�QXVWDWRPL�QH�SDþLDL�ILUPDL��R�MRV�JDPLQDPDL��DUED�LPSRUWXRMDPDL�NLR� WLNVODLV��SURGXNFLMDL��)LUPD�VXPRND� MXRV� Lã�SDMDP � JDXW UHDOL]DYXV�SURGXNFLM � 7DLJL� ãLWRNLX�E GX�GDOLV�%13� WLHVLRJLDL� SDWHQND� YDOVW\E V FHQWULQ DUED� YLHWLQLXV� ELXGåHWXV� LU� WXUL� E WL� DSVNDLWRPD� DWVNLUDL�� %HMH�� MHL�Y\ULDXV\E WHLNLD�VXEVLGLMDV� Lã�YDOVW\E V LåGR�NXULRPV�QRUV�SUHN PV�DU�SDVODXJRPV�� W VXEVLGLM VXPD�WXUL�E WL�DWLPWD�Lã�QHWLHVLRJLQL PRNHVþL VXPRV� Bendrasis nacionalinis produktas, apskaiþLXRWDV� LãODLG VXPDYLPR� E GX�� \UD� SHU� PHWXV� JDXWDWO\JLQLP � SDO NDQ � QXRPRV�PRNHVþL � SHOQR��DPRUWL]DFLMRV�EHL�QHWLHVLRJLQL YHUVOR�PRNHVþL VXPD� 'DEDU� VXVLSDåLQNLPH� VX� YLHQRV� QDFLRQDOLQ V V VNDLW\ERV� PHWRGLND� QDXGRMDQþLRV� ãDOLHV� %13��DSVNDLþLXRW LãODLG LU�SDMDP VXPDåLQLPR�E GDLV��åU�������OHQWHO ��

12.4. Kiti nacionalinio produkto rodikliai

%HQGUDVLV� QDFLRQDOLQLV� SURGXNWDV� �%13��QXVDNR�EDLJWLQL SUHNL LU� SDVODXJ YHUW � NXUL� LãUHLãNLD� YLVNXULRV�QRUV�ãDOLHV�SLOLHþL NLQ V YHLNORV�UH]XOWDWXV��7DL�\UD��%13�QXVDNR��NRNLR�G\GåLR�SURGXNWDV�SULNODXVR�WRV�ãDOLHV� SLOLHþLDPV�� VNDLWDQW� LU� SDMDPDV�� JDXQDPDV� Lã� LQYHVWLFLM XåVLHQ\MH�� EHL� DWVNDLWDQW� XåVLHQLHþL WRMH� ãDO\MH�JDXWDV� SDMDPDV�� -HL� DSVNDLWRPD� WRMH� ãDO\MH� VXNXUW EDLJWLQL SUHNL LU� SDVODXJ ULQNRV� YHUW � LJQRUXRMDQW�XåVLHQ\MH� JDXWDV� SDMDPDV� Lã� LQYHVWLFLM LU� SULGHGDQW� ãLRMH� ãDO\MH� XåVLHQLHþLDPV� SULNODXVDQþLDV� LQYHVWLFLQHV�pajamas, gaunamas EHQGUDVLV� YLGLQLV� �W Y\QLQLV�� SURGXNWDV� Skirtingai nuo BNP, jis apskaitomas ne rinkos

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kainomis, bet gamybRV� YHLNVQL NDãWDLV�� NXUL VXPD� QXVWDWRPD� VXGHGDQW� SULG WLQ YHUW NLHNYLHQRMH� ãDNRMH� LU�PRQ MH� Grynasis nacionalinis produktas (GNP)

'DXJHOLV� HNRQRPLVW SDå\PL�� NDG� GLGHVQ SUDVP �YHUWLQDQW� WDXWRV� SDMDPDV� �� QDFLRQDOLQLR� SURGXNWR�VNDLþLDYLPDV� EH� DPRUWL]DFLMRV� VXPRV�� âLXR� DWYHMX� E W QXVDN\WD� SURGXNFLMD� �MRV� ULQNRV� YHUW ��� NXUL� OLHND�YLVXRPHQHL� YDUWRWL� EHL� JDP\ELQLDP� NDSLWDOXL� �GDUER� SULHPRQ PV�� LãSO VWL� �JU\QRVLRPV� LQYHVWLFLMRPV��� -XN�DPRUWL]DFLMRV� VXPD� LãUHLãNLD� W EDLJWLQL SUHNL LU� SDVODXJ NLHN � NXULV� E WLQDL� LU� QHLãYHQJLDPDL� WXUL� JU åWL�JDP\E � NDG� NRPSHQVXRW VXVLG Y MXVLDV� GDUER� SULHPRQHV� LU� XåWLNULQW OLJ� WR�� EXYXV JDP\ELQ SDM JXP �3UREOHPD� WLN� WD��NDG� UHDODXV�GDUER�SULHPRQL QXVLG Y MLPR�PDVWDL�JDOL�E WL� LU� \UD�QXVWDWRPL� ODEDL� VDQW\NLQLDL.WRG O LU�DSLEU åWL�DPRUWL]DFLMRV�VXP %13�\UD�VXG WLQJD�LU� WLNVOLDL�QH PDQRPD��' O WR�GDåQLDX�\UD�QDXGRMDPDV�BNP rodiklis, o ne GNP.

1DFLRQDOLQ V SDMDPRV

1DFLRQDOLQL SDMDP V YRND� ãLXRODLNLQ MH� ULQNRV� NLR� WHRULMRMH� YDUWRMDPD� NDLS� QDFLRQDOLQLR� SURGXNWoVLQRQLPDV�� .DGDQJL� YLVRV� SURGXNFLMRV� �LãVN\UXV� WDUSLQ SURGXNFLM � YHUW SDVLVDYLQL� �SDVLGDOLQD�� YDLU V NLR�subjektai -� JDP\ERV�YHLNVQL VDYLQLQNDL�EHL� Y\ULDXV\E � WDL�QDFLRQDOLQLV�SURGXNWDV�� LãUHLãNLDPDV�%13� LU�NLWDLV�URGLNOLDLV��JDOL�E WL�YDGLQDPDV�LL�QDFLRQDOLQ PLV�SDMDPRPLV�

7DþLDX� NDUWDLV� QDFLRQDOLQL SDMDP V YRNDL� VXWHLNLDPD� VDYDUDQNLãND� UHLNãP � -DX� PLQ MRPH�� NDG� Lã�%13� DWVNDLþLXV� DPRUWL]DFLM � JDXQDPDV� WLNVOLDX� YLVXPLQHV� YLVXRPHQ V SDMDPDV� LãUHLãNLDQWLV� URGLNOLV�� 'DU�tiksliau visumines pajamas YHUWLQVLPH�� MHL� Lã� *13� DWLPVLPH� QHWLHVLRJLQLXV� YHUVOR� PRNHVþLXV� �MLH�� NDLS� MDX�åLQRPH��WHONLDPL�YDOVW\E V ELXGåHWH���WDL�LU�EXV�QDFLRQDOLQ V SDMDPRV��âLWDLS�DSVNDLþLXRWDV�QDFLRQDOLQL SDMDPURGLNOLV� LãUHLãNLD�W YLVXRPHQ MH�VXNXUW SDMDP GDO � NXUL JDO WXPH�SDYDGLQWL�YLVXRPHQLQ V JDP\ERV�JU\Q MD�LãHLJD� �QHW� RXWSXW��� VXGDUDQþLD� JDP\ERV� YHLNVQL SDMDP �YHLNVQL NDãW � VXP � .LWDLS� VDNDQW�� QDFLRQDOLQ VSDMDPRV�QXVDNR�YHUW � NXUL�DWLWHQND� LãWHNOL VDYLQLQNDPV�NDLS�VDPGRP M GDUEXRWRM DWO\JLQLPDL�� LQGLYLGXDOLYHUVOLQLQN SDMDPRV��EHQGURYL SHOQDV��SDO NDQRV��QXRPRV�PRNHVþLDL��âLV�URGLNOLV�UHWDL�QDXGRMDPDV� $VPHQLQ V SDMDPRV

$VPHQLQL SDMDP URGLNOLV�LãUHLãNLD�W %13�GDO � NXUL�IDNWLãNDL�DWLWHQND�LQGLYLGDPV��EUXWR��W��\��LNL�VXPRNDQW�DVPHQLQ SDMDP PRNHVW ���0DW� GDOLV� SDMDP QHSDNOL QD� VDYR� ãHLPLQLQN UDQNDV�� $VPHQLQ V SDMDPRV� QXR�QDFLRQDOLQL SDMDP VNLULDVL� GYLHP� HOHPHQWDLV�� 3LUPD�� WDP� WLNUD� GDOLV� NDSLWDOR� VDYLQLQN SDMDP M UDQNDV�QHSDNOL QD� - DNFLQ EHQGURY \UD�DNFLQLQN QXRVDY\E � EHW�GLGåLRML�Selno dalis neatitenka akcininkams, o yra DWVNDLWRPD� YDOVW\E V ELXGåHW NDLS�EHQGURYL SDMDP PRNHVWLV�EHL� VXQDXGRMDPD�NDLS�QHSDVNLUVW\WDVLV�SHOQDV�EHQGURYHL�SO VWL� LU�NLWLHPV� WLNVODPV��7DLS�SDW�\UD� LU� ILUP QDãDL� VRFLDOLQLR�GUDXGLPR�IRQG � GDURPL�JDP\bos NDãW V VNDLWD� LU� IDNWLãNDL� HVDQW\V� VDPGRP GDUEXRWRM XåGDUELR� HOHPHQWX�� $QWUD�� GDOLV� DVPHQLQL SDMDPDSVNULWDL�Q UD�XåGLUEDPD��7DL�YDOVW\E V WUDQVIHULQLDL�LãPRN MLPDL��EHL�O ãRV��JDXQDPRV�Lã�EHQGURYL VRFLDOLQL LU�NXOW ULQL IRQG ��� QHGDUER� GUDXGLPR� LãPRNRV�� VRFLDOLQLR� GUDXGLPR� LãPRNRV�� VRFLDOLQ V SDãDOSRV� �WDLS� SDW� þLD�HLQD� LU� SDO NDQRV� Y\ULDXV\E V REOLJDFLM WXU WRMDPV��� 7DLJL� DVPHQLQ V SDMDPRV� DSLPD� DVPHQLPV� �ãHLPRPV��DWLWHNXVL %13� GDO � NDLS� M NLQ V YHLNORV� UH]XOWDW � EHL� JDXQDPXV� LãPRN MLPXV� Lã� YDOVW\E V ELXGåHWR� DUED�EHQGURYL O ã �,QGLYLGXDO V DVPHQLQLDL� PRNHVþLDL� VXVLGHGD� Lã� WULM HOHPHQW � SDMDP PRNHVþLR�� WXUWR� PRNHVþLR� LU�SDYHOG MLPR�PRNHVþLR��,ã�DVPHQLQL SDMDP VXPRN MXV�DVPHQLQLXV�PRNHVþLXV��OLHND�GLVSRQXRMDPRVLRV�SDMDPRV�

Disponuojamosios pajamos

1H�YLVRPLV�DVPHQLQ PLV�SDMDPRPLV�M JDY MDV�ODLVYDL�GLVSRQXRMD��'DO M MLV�SULYDORPD�WYDUND�VXPRND�YDOVW\EHL� NDLS� DVPHQLQ SDMDP PRNHVW � 'LVSRQXRMDPRVLRV� SDMDPRV� \UD� OLNXVL� GDOLV� - O ãRV�� NXULDV� LQGLYLGDV�(šeima) gali laisvai naudoti vDUWRMLPXL�DUED�WDXS\PXL��1HWHQND� URGLQ WL��NDG�E WHQW�ãLV�URGLNOLV�\UD�ODEDL�VYDUEXV�ekonominei analizei.

,ã�%13�DW P WDV�GDOLV��NXULRV�QHDWLWHQND�LQGLYLGDPV��ãHLPRPV���EHL�DVPHQLQ SDMDP PRNHVW LU�SULG MVRFLDOLQLXV�LãPRN MLPXV�ãHLPRPV�LU�LQGLYLGDPV��JDXQDPH�GLVSRQXRMDP M SDMDP URGLNO �

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7DLJL�WXULPH�WRNL QDFLRQDOLQLR�SURGXNWR�URGLNOL JUXS �• bendrasis nacionalinis produktas; • grynasis nacionalinis produktas; � QDFLRQDOLQ V SDMDPRV� � DVPHQLQ V SDMDPRV� • disponuojamosios pajamos. 9LV SHQNL URGLNOL GLQDPLND�� DSVNDLþLXRWD� LOJHVQLDP� ODLNRWDUSLXL�� SUDNWLãNDL� \UD� YLHQRGD�� 7RG OHNRQRPLVWDPV� \UD� SUDVWD� �LU� SDJU VWD��� NDOEDQW� DSLH� YLVXPLQ V JDP\ERV�� SURGXNWR�� LãHLJRV�� SDMDP NLWLP �

naudotis BNP rodikliu.

3DWHLNVLPH�-$9������PHW %13�DSVNDLþLDYLPR�SDY\]G �åU�������OHQWHOH��

1DFLRQDOLQLV� SURGXNWDV� SDVWDU M ãLPWPHW DXJR� ODEDL� VSDUþLDL�� $XJLP V O\JRMR� GYL� SULHåDVW\V�� YLV�GLGHVQLR�LãWHNOL - GDUER��åHP V LU�NDSLWDOR�- NLHNLR�QDXGRMLPDV�JDP\ERMH�LL�YLV�GLGHVQ LãHLJD�LãWHNOL V QDXGvienetui (našumDV��� 1DFLRQDOLQLR� SURGXNWR� PDVWDL� LU� MR� NLWLPDV� FKDUDNWHUL]XRMD� ãDOLHV� EHQGU HNRQRPLQSRWHQFLDO �

âDOLHV�HNRQRPLQLR� LãVLY\VW\PR� O\JLXL� QXVWDW\WL�� MRV�J\YHQWRM PDWHULDOLQ V JHURY V V O\JRPV� LãUHLNãWL�\UD�E WLQD�åLQRWL�QDFLRQDOLQLR�SURGXNWR�NLHN � WHQNDQW YLHQDP�åPRJXL�-gyventojui arba darbuotojui. Jei siekiama QXVWDW\WL� GDUEXRWRM GDUER� QDãXPR� O\J VNDLþLXRMDPDV� %13�� WHQNDQWLV� YLHQDP� GDUEXRWRMXL� SHU� DWLWLQNDPODLNRWDUS �GLHQ � P QHV NHWYLUW � PHWXV��

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13. Nacionalinio produkto dinamika

9LHQRV�SUHN V SDNODXVRV�LU�SDVL ORV�PRGHOLV�QHDWVDNR� GDXJ\E HNRQRPLQL NODXVLP �� NRG O NDLQRV�N\OD�LU�NUHQWD" � NRG O EHQGUDV�NDLQ O\JLV�YLHQX�PHWX�SDVWRYXV��NLWX�PHWX�JUHLWDL�N\OD" � NDV�QXOHPLD�DWLWLQNDP SUHNL SXVLDXVY\U YLGDXV�ULQNRMH��W�\��UHDO M QDFLRQDOLQ SURGXNW "� NRG O UHDOXV� QDFLRQDOLQLV� JDP\ERV� SURGXNWDV� PDå MD� WDP� WLNUDLV� SHULRGDLV�� SDO\JLQXV su

ankstesniu periodu, o kitu - greitai kyla? .DG�DWVDN\WXPH� ãLXRV�NODXVLPXV��WXULPH�VXMXQJWL�YLVDV�DWVNLUDV�ãDOLHV�ULQNDV� YLHQ W ULQN � 7LNVOLDX�VDNDQW�� WXULPH�VXMXQJWL� W NVWDQþLXV�DWVNLU NDLQ - SHUVRQDOLQL OLXWHUL � EULOLDQW � QDIWRV��SDUIXPHULMRV� LU�NW�� -YLHQ EHQGU NDLQ � NXUL�YDGLQDPD�NDLQ � 7DLS�SDW�WXULPH�VXMXQJWL�DWVNLU SUHNL LU�SDVODXJ SXVLDXVY\URV�NLHNYLVXP � NXUL�YDGLQDPD�QDFLRQDOLQ V JDP\ERV�UHDOLD�DSLPWLPL��$WVNLU SUHNL LU�SDVODXJ NLHNLR�VXMXQJLPDV�O\J � WDLS� SDW� YLV SUHNL LU� SDVODXJ NLHNLR� VXMXQJLPDV� QDFLRQDOLQ V JDP\ERV� UHDOL M � � YDGLQDPDV�DJUHJDYLPX�� .DLQ �NDLQ O\JLR�� LU� SUHNL SXVLDXVY\URV� NLekio (realaus nacionalinio produkto) sujungimas YDGLQDPDV� DJUHJDYLPX�� 3DSUDVWR�PDNURHNRQRPLQLR�PRGHOLR� URGLNOLDL� VXGDUR� NDLQ O\J � R� QH� DWVNLURV� SUHN VNDLQ � LU�UHDOL M QDFLRQDOLQ V JDP\ERV� � R�QH�DWVNLURV�SUHN V DSLPW �7RG O PDNURHNRQRPLNRMH� QDXGRMDPRV� YLVXPLQ V �DJUHJXRWRV�� SDNODXVRV� LU� YLVXPLQ V �DJUHJXRWRV��SDVL ORV� V YRNRV�� 3DY\]GåLXL�� MRV� SDGHGD� SDDLãNLQWL�� NRG O VY\UXRMD� HNRQRPLQLV� DNW\YXPDV�� 1DJULQ GDPL�EHQGUXRVLXV� HNRQRPLQLXV� G\GåLXV�� KRUL]RQWDOLRMH� Dã\MH� å\P VLPH� YLVXPLQ �DJUHJXRW � JDP\ERV� DSLPW � W�\��UHDO M QDFLRQDOLQ SURGXNW �4���R�YHUWLNDOLRMH- YLGXWLQ NDLQ O\J �3�� %U åLDQW� YLVXPLQ V SDNODXVRV� LU� YLVXPLQ V SDVL ORV� NUHLYHV�� QHJDOLPH� GDU\WL� SULHODLGRV�� VXPLQ VSDNODXVRV�NUHLY OHLGåLDVL�åHP\Q�LU� GHãLQ YLHQ�WLN�WRG O��NDG�WRNL IRUP WXUL���SURGXNWR�SDNODXVRV�NUHLY � 7DLS�SDW�QHJDOLPD�GDU\WL�SULHODLGRV��NDG�YLVXPLQ V SDVL ORV�N\OD�DXNãW\Q� LU� GHãLQ WLN� WRG O��NDG� WDLS�N\OD�DWVNLUR�SURGXNWR�SDVL ORV�NUHLY �7DG� SDJDO� NRNLXV� SULQFLSXV� UHLNLD� EUDLå\WL� YLVXPLQ V SDNODXVRV� LU� YLVXPLQ V SDVL ORV� V"� ,VWRULãNDL�VXVLIRUPDYR� GX� SRåL ULDL�� DWVDNDQW� ã NODXVLP � 3LUPDVLV� \UD� NODVLNLQLV� SRåL ULV� - WDL� GDXJHOLR� HNRQRPLVWSRåL ULV�� NXULV� Y\UDYR� LNL� �-LRMR� GHãLPWPHþLR� LU� SHU� SDVNXWLQLXV� WULV� GHãLPWPHþLXV� Y O JLMR� SLUPLQ UHLNãP �$QWU M SRåL U SDWHLN 'åRQDV� 0HLQRUGDV� .HLQVDV� NHWYLUWDMDPH� GHãLPWPHW\MH�� DLãNLQGDPDV� 'LGåLRVLRV�GHSUHVLMRV�SULHåDVWLV�SDVHNPHV� .DGDQJL� 'å�� .HLQVDV� LU� NODVLNLQ V NU\SWLHV� HNRQRPLVWDL� ODLN VL� YLVLãNDL� VNLUWLQJ QXRPRQL G OYLVXPLQ V SDNODXVRV�LU�YLVXPLQ V SDVL ORV��WRG O VNLULDVL�M LãYDGRV��.ODVLNLQ V NU\SWLHV�HNRQRPLVW QXRPRQH��ULQNRV�HNRQRPLND�VDYDLPH�NU\SVWD� YLVLãN XåLPWXP � HNRQRPLND�SDVLHNV�SXVLDXVY\URV�E VHQ HVDQW�YLVLãNDP�XåLPWXPXL��'å��.HLQVDV�VXDEHMRMR�ãLD�WHRULMD�LU�WHLJ � NDG�HNRQRPLND�JDOL�SDVLHNWL�SXVLDXVY\U WLN�HVDQW�GLGHOLDP�QHGDUER� PHWXL�� W�\�� GDU� QHSDVLHNXV� YLVLãNR� XåLPWXPR� O\JLR�� 5LQNRV� PHFKDQL]PDV� QHJDOL� XåWLNULQWL� YLVLãNR�XåLPWXPR��WRG O 'å��.HLQVDV�PDQ � NDG�Y\ULDXV\E WXUL�SDVLU SLQWL��MRJ�E W SDVLHNWDV�YLVLãNDV�XåLPWXPDV.

13.1. VisumLQ SDNODXVD

9LVXPLQ SDNODXVD� - WDL� NUHLY � NXUL� SDURGR� VNLUWLQJ SUHNL LU� SDVODXJ NLHN � W�\�� UHDOL QDFLRQDOLQJDP\ERV� DSLPW � NXUL YDUWRWRMDL�� PRQ V LU� Y\ULDXV\E SLUNW � HVDQW� EHW� NRNLDP� NDLQ O\JLXL�� 7DþLDX� NXR�PDåHVQLV� NDLQ O\JLV�� WXR� GDXJLDX� UHDODXV� QDFLRQDOLQLR� SURGXNWR� QRU V VLJ\WL� ãDOLHV� YDUWRWRMDL�� PRQ V��Y\ULDXV\E � WDLS�SDW�XåVLHQLR�SLUN MDL��,U�DWYLUNãþLDL��NXR�GLGHVQLV�NDLQ O\JLV��WXR�PDåHVQ QDFLRQDOLQLR�SURGXNWR�NLHN MLH�QRU V SLUNWL� .ODVLNLQ V NU\SWLHV� HNRQRPLVWDL� PDQ � NDG� YLVXPLQLV� SHUNDP SUHNL EHL� SDVODXJ NLHNLV� GLG MD��NUHQWDQW�EHQGUDP�NDLQ O\JLXL��åU�����SDY����.DV�OHPLD�SDVWDU M U\ã " 6DN\NLPH��NDG�YLVRV�NDLQRV�QXNUHQWD������7DGD�Xå�NLHNYLHQ SLQLJLQ YLHQHW JDOLPD�QXSLUNWL�GDXJLDX� SDGLG MD� SLQLJ SHUNDPRML� JDOLD� �W�\�� UHDOXV� SUHNL - SDVODXJ NLHNLV�� NXU JDOLPD� VLJ\WL� Xå� YLHQ SLQLJLQYLHQHW ���6XSUDW � NDG�Xå�VDYR�SLQLJXV�JDOL�QXSLUNWL�GDXJLDX�SUHNL � åPRQ V LU�SHUND�M GDXJLDX��7DLJL�YLVXPLQ VSDNODXVRV�NUHLY OHLGåLDVL�åHP\Q�LU� GHãLQ �

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7RNL NUHLY V IRUP lemia trys veiksniai:

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nustatyti aukštesnes kainas negu tos, kurios buvo konkurencijoje.

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Pusiausvyra pasiekiama tDGD��NDL�YLVXPLQ V LãODLGRV�O\JLRV�QDFLRQDOLQLDP�SURGXNWXL��WDãNDV�(���âLDPH�WDãNH� NHUWDVL� YLVXPLQL LãODLG WLHV VX� ���� QDFLRQDOLQLR� SURGXNWR� WLHVH��$WNDUSD� /1�� YDL]GXRMDQWL� QDFLRQDOLQSURGXNW � VXGDU\WD�Lã�WULM GDOL � $WNDUSRV�/1�DSDWLQ LU�WDUSLQ GDO\V�YDL]GXRMD�YLVXPLQL LãODLG VXP � NXUL�\UD�PDåHVQ Xå�QDFLRQDOLQ SURGXNW �9LUãXWLQ /1� DWNDUSRV� GDOLV�� HVDQWL� WDUS� YLVXPLQL WLHV V LU� QDFLRQDOLQLR� SURGXNWR� WLHV V�� YDL]GXRMD�SHUWHNOLQ SURGXNFLM � -RV�QHLãSHUND��WRG O ML�NDXSLDVL�SUHNLDXWRM OHQW\QRVH�LU�VDQG OLXRVH��7DL�QHSDJHLGDXWLQDWVDUJ NDXSLPDV��.DXSLDQWLV�SUHN PV��SUHNLDXWRMDL�VXPDåLQD�VDYR�XåVDN\PXV��*DP\ERV�DSLPWLV�NUHQWD�WRO��NRO�YLVXPLQL LãODLG WLHV DWVLGXULD�åHPLDX�����QDFLRQDOLQLR�SURGXNWR�WLHV V��.LWDLS�VDNDQW��JDP\ERV�PDVWDL�PDå MaWRO�� NRO� HNRQRPLND�SDVLHNLD� SXVLDXVY\U WDãNH�(�� NXULDPH�13 �9,��âLV� WDãNDV� WDLS�SDW� UHLãNLD�� NDG�QHEHOLHND�QHSDUGXRW SUHNL �Kai nacionalinio produkto kiekis susibalansuoja, svarbu išskirti faktiškas ir pageidautinas investicijas. Faktiškos Investicijos (I) -�WDL�NLHNLV��NXULV� WUDXNLDPDV� RILFLDOL QDFLRQDOLQLR�SURGXNWR�DSVNDLW � âLRV�LQYHVWLFLMRV�DSLPD�YLVDV�JDP\NO � UDQJRV��QDP VWDW\ERV�LQYHVWLFLMDV��-RV�SDå\P WRV�/1�DWNDUSRV�YLUãXWLQ MH�

dalyje.

Planuotos investicijos (I*) arba paklausa investicijRPV� \UD� WRNLRV� LQYHVWLFLMRV�� NXUL SDJHLGDXMD�YHUVOLQLQNDL��-DV�YDL]GXRMD�/1�DWNDUSRV�WDUSLQ GDOLV� -HL� Lã� SUDGåL JDP\ERV� DSLPWLV� VXPDå MD� ODELDX� QHL� SXVLDXVY\URV� G\GLV�� WDL� EXV� VNDWLQDPDV� JDP\ERV�SO WLPDV��-HL� WDãNH�-�SDJDPLQDPD������POUG��/W�YHUW V SURGXNFLMRV�� WDL�ãLXR�DWYHMX�YLVXPLQL LãODLG OLQLMD�\UD�DXNãþLDX�Xå�����QDFLRQDOLQLR�SURGXNWR�WLHV � 3LUN MDL�OLQN SLUNWL�GDXJLDX�SUHNL � QHL�M GDEDU�JDPLQDPD��$WVDUJLãHLNYRMDPD�GDXJLDX��QHJX�M UHLN W � 7DL�QHSDJHLGDXWLQDV�DWVDUJ VXPDå MLPDV��3UHNLDXWojai nori atnaujinti savo DWVDUJDV�LU�GLGLQD�XåVDN\PXV�JDPLQWRMDPV��R�SDVWDULHML�SOHþLD�JDP\E � 3ULDUW MDPD�SULH�SXVLDXVY\URV�WDãNR�(� ���� SDY�� SDURG\WD�� NDLS� JDOLPD� QXVWDW\WL� SXVLDXVY\URV� QDFLRQDOLQ SURGXNW YLHWRM� VXPRV� �&�, ��SDQDXGRMXV�DOWHUQDW\YL VXP �6�, ���NXU�6�\UD�VDQWDXSRV� Pusiausvyra pasiekiama, kai gamybos apimtis prilygsta 2000 mlrd. Lt, o santaupos sutampa su SDJHLGDXWLQRPLV� LQYHVWLFLMRPLV�� -HL� 13� GLGHVQLV�� SY]��� ����� POUG�� /W�� WDL� SXVLDXVY\URV� QHEXV�� 1HV� SLQLJQXWHN MLPDL�Lã�FLUNXOLDFLQLR�LãODLG VUDXWR��VDQWDXS SDYLGDOX��\UD�GLGHVQL�Xå���LQMHNFLMDV���LQYHVWLFLM SDYLGDOX���13�VXPDå MD�LNL�SXVLDXVY\URV�G\GåLR��W�\��LNL������POUG��/W.

Faktiškos investicijos I -�WDL�LQYHVWLFLMRV��VNLUWRV�QDXMRPV�JDP\NORPV�� UHQJLPDPV�LU�QDPDPV� VLJ\WL�SHrWDP�WLNU ODLN � WDLS�SDW�DWVDUJRPV�SDGLGLQWL��ýLD� WUDXNLDPRV�YLVRV�VXNDXSWRV�DWVDUJRV��QHSULNODXVRPDL�QXR�WR��DU�tos atsargos pageidautinos, ar ne.

Pageidautinos investicijos I*, dar vadinamos planuotomis investicijomis arba investicine paklausa, yra iQYHVWLFLMRV��VNLUWRV�QDXMRPV�JDP\NORPV�� UHQJLPDPV�LU�QDPDPV� VLJ\WL�SHU�WDP�WLNU ODLN � WDLS�SDW�SDSLOGRPRV�DWVDUJRV��NXULDV�JDPLQWRMDL�SDJHLGDYR�WXU WL��âLRPV�LQYHVWLFLMRPV�QHSULNODXVR�QHSDJHLGDXWLQ DWVDUJ NDXSLPDV�

2000

1500

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1HSDJHLGDXWLQ DWVDUJ NDXSLPDV - tDL�VNLUWXPDV�WDUS�IDNWLãN �,��LU�SDJHLGDXWLQ �, ��LQYHVWLFLM �1HSDJHLGDXWLQDV� DWVDUJ VXPDå MLPDV� O\JXV� SDJHLGDXWLQ LQYHVWLFLM �, �� LU� IDNWLãN LQYHVWLFLM �,��VNLUWXPXL��7DLS�DWVLWLQND��NDL�QHSDJHLGDXWLQ DWVDUJ NDXSLPDV�\UD�QHLJLDPDV� ,ãODLG DS\WDND��SLQLJ QXRW NLV�LU�LQMHNFLMD��1RULQW�SDDLãNLQWL��NRG O SXVLDXVY\UD�SDVLHNLDPD�WDGD��NDL�VDQWDXSRV� O\JLRV� LQYHVWLFLM SDNODXVDL�� UHLNLD�SDQDJULQ WL� ����SDY��� NXULDPH�SDURG\WD�SDSUDVWD� HNRQRPLND�� NXU�Q UD�SDJHLGDXWLQ LQYHVWLFLM LU�YDUWRWRMDL�SHUND�YLVDs pagamintas prekes.

*DPLQWRMDL�Lã�SUDGåL SDUGXRGD�SUHNL Xå�WDP�WLNU VXP � 7XRV�SLQLJXV�MLH�VXPRND�J\YHQWRMDPV�GDUER�XåPRNHVþLR�� UHQWRV� DU� NLW SDMDP SDYLGDOX�� %H� WR�� J\YHQWRMDL� JDXWDV� SDMDPDV� LãOHLGåLD� SODWDXV� YDUWRMLPR�SUHN PV�SLUNWL��YLUãXWLQLV�ODQNDV���'DU�NDUW JDPLQWRMDL

SDUGXRGD�SUHNL LU�SDVODXJ Xå�W VXP � LU�YLVDV�SURFHVDV�Y O SDVLNDUWRMD��R�QDFLRQDOLQLV�SURGXNWDV�OLHND�VWDELOXV� %HW�DWVLUDQGD�NDL�NXUL VXQNXP � 9LHQDV�M VXVLM V VX�VDQWDXSRPLV��6DN\NLP��NDG�åPRQ V QHVXYDUWRMD�VDYR�SDMDP LU�GDO M VXWDXSR��7DGD�SODWDXV�YDUWRMLPR�SUHN PV�MLH� LãOHLGåLD�PDåLDX�SLQLJ � *DPLQWRMDL�SUHNLJDPLQD� Xå� W � SDþL VXP � NDLS� LU� DQNVþLDX�� R� YDUWRWRMDL� GDEDU� M QXVLSHUND� PDåLDX�� WRG O GDOLV� SUHNL OLHND�QHSDUGXRWD�� *DPLQWRMDL� VXPDåLQD� JDP\ERV� DSLPW � WDLS� SDW� VXPDå MD� LU� GDUER� XåPRNHVWLV�� LU� NLWRV� SDMDPRV��9DGLQDVL��VDQWDXSRV�\UD�SLQLJ QXWHN MLPDV�Lã�FLUNXOLDFLQLR�LãODLG VUDXWR� ,ãQDJULQ VLPH�SDNODXV LQYHVWLFLMRPV� 6DN\NLP�� NDG� JDPLQWRMDL� SDGLGLQD� VDYR� NDSLWDO WDP� WLNUD� VXPD�� 7DGD� SDGLG MD� SDMDPRV�� åPRQ VVXYDUWRMD� GDXJLDX� SUHNL � SDJUHLW MD� QDFLRQDOLQLR� SURGXNWR� EHL� SDMDP DS\WDND�� 9DGLQDVL�� LQYHVWLFLMRV�VWLPXOLXRMD�QDFLRQDOLQLR�SURGXNWR�EHL�SDMDP DXJLP �6DQWDXS LU�SDJHLGDXWLQ LQYHVWLFLM SXVLDXVY\UD��6DQWDXSRV�UHLãNLD�SLQLJ QXWHN MLP Lã�FLUNXliacinio LãODLG VUDXWR��SDGLG MXV�SROLQNLXL�WDXS\WL��VXPDå MD�13� ,QYHVWLFLMRV� UHLãNLD� ��LQMHNFLMDV�� FLUNXOLDFLQ LãODLG VUDXW � GLG MDQW� SDJHLGDXWLQRPV� LQYHVWLFLMRPV��GLG MD�13� Pusiausvyra pasiekiama, kai santaupos susilygina su pageidautinomis investicijomis. Šiuo atveju kuo GDXJLDX� GHGDPD� LQYHVWLFLM � WXR� GLGHVQLV� EXV� SDMDP VUDXWDV� ����� SDY���� 'LGHVQLV� VUDXWDV� VNDWLQD� GLGHVQSLQLJ QXWHN MLP VDQWDXSDV��'LG MDQW� SDMDPRPV�� GLG MD� LU� WDXS\PDV�� 6UDXWDL� VWDELOL]XRMDVL�� NDL� VXVLO\JLQD�

,,injekcijos" LU�SLQLJ QXWHN MLPDL�

.DV�V O\JRMD�VDQWDXS LU�LQYHVWLFLM SXVLDXVY\U "'å�� .HLQVDV� PDQ � NDG� WDXS\PR� LU� LQYHVWDYLPR� VSUHQGLP DWVDN\PDV� QHJDUDQWXRMD� SDJHLGDXWLQRV�LQYHVWLFLMRV�EXV�WRNLR�SDW�G\GåLR��NDLS�LU�VDQWDXSRV��HVDQW�YLVLãNR�XåLPWXPR�HNRQRPLNDL��-HL�ãLH�G\GåLDL�QHVXWDSV�YLVLãNR� XåLPWXPR� JDP\ERV� DSLPWLHV� WDãNH� )� ����� L� WDL� QDFLRQDOLQLV� SURGXNWDV� PDå V LU� DWVLUDV� QHGDUEDV��9DGLQDVL��QDFLRQDOLQ V SDMDPRV�VPDUNLDL�VXPDå WL��NDG�VDQWDXSRV�VXVLO\JLQW VX�SDJHLGDXWLQRPLV�LQYHVWLFLMRPLV�

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Apibendrinant galLPD�SDVDN\WL��NDG�SXVLDXVY\UD�SDVLHNLDPD�NHOLDLV�E GDLV� � 3XVLDXVY\UD�SDVLHNLDPD��NDG�QDFLRQDOLQ V JDP\ERV�DSLPWLV�VXWDPSD�VX�YLVXPLQ PLV� LãODLGRPLV��7DL�gamybos apimties (išeigos) -�LãODLG WUDNWXRW � WDLNRPD�SXVLDXVY\UDL�QXVWDW\WL�LU�LãUHLãNLDPD�WDãNX�( (103 pav.).

• Pusiausvyra pasiekiama, kai faktiškos investicijos (I) susilygina su pageidautinomis investicijomis �, ��� W�\�� NDL� DWVDUJRV� \UD� SDJHLGDXWR� O\JLR��1 UD� QHSDJHLGDXWLQ DWVDUJ SRN\þLR�� NDLS� SDURG\WD� DWNDUSRV� /1�YLUãXWLQH�GDOLPL��HVDQþLD�WDUS�13�WLHV V LU�YLVXU�LãODLG WLHV V �����SDY��� • Pusiausvyra pasiekiama, kai santaupos ir pageidautinos investicijos susilygina tai (104 pav.). Tai SLQLJ QXWHN MLP - LQMHNFLM WUDNWXRW �âLRV�WU\V�WUDNWXRW V - tai skirtingi to paties teiginio aiškinimai.

1HGDUER� SULHåDVW\V� JDOL� E WL� DSLE GLQDPRV� GYLHP� DOWHUQDW\YLDLV� E GDLV�� 1HGDUER� SXVLDXVY\UD� EXV�tuomet, kai: � 9LVXPLQ V LãODLGRV� \UD� SHU� PDåRV� LU� M QHSDNDQND� QDFLRQDOLQLR� SURGXNWR� NLHNLXL� QXSLUNWL� HVDQW�YLVLãNDP�XåLPWXPXL��3DY\]GåLXL��YLVLãNR�XåLPWXPR� WDãNH�)�YLVXPLQL Lã� WLHV \UD�åHPLDX����� OLQLMRV��YDL]GXRMDQþLRV�13������SDY��� � 3DJHLGDXWLQ LQYHVWLFLM LQMHNFLMRV�\UD�PDåHVQ V��QHJX�SLQLJ QXWHN MLPDV� VDQWDXSDV�NDL�QDFLRQDOLQLV�SURGXNWDV� \UD� SDVLHN V YLVLãNR� XåLPWXPR� NLHN � 3DY\]GåLXL�� YLL� XåLPWXPR� WDãNH� )� SDJHLGDXWLQLQYHVWLFLM WLHV \UD�åHPLDX�WDXS\PR�WLHV V �����S�

13.4. Pusiausvyros nacionalinio produkto kitimas

Multiplikatorius -�WDL�VDQW\NLV�WDUS�13�SDGLG MLPR�LU�SDJHLGDXWLQ LQYHVWLFLM SDGLG MLPR���-LV�JDOL�E WL�išreikštas formule:

Multiplikatorius = 3XVLDXVY\URV�13�SRN\WLV�3DJHLGDXWLQ LQYHVWLFLM SRN\WLV '�13�,

0XOWLSOLNDWRULXL�DLãNLQWL�JDOLPD�SDQDXGRWL�VDQWDXS - LQYHVWLFLM GLDJUDP � 7DL�JDOLPD�SDPDW\WL�����SDY�

$XJDQW�SDJHLGDXWLQRPV�LQYHVWLFLMRPV��GLG MD�QDFLRQDOLQLV�SURGXNWDV�LU�SDMDPRV��R�WDL�VNDWLQD�åPRQHV�GDXJLDX�YDUWRWL��3DSUDVWRMH�HNRQRPLQ MH�VLVWHPRMH�UHDOXV�QDFLRQDOLQLV�SURGXNWDV�SDGLG MD�WLHN�NDUW � NLHN�SDGLG MD�LQYHVWLFLM PXOWLSOLNDWRULXV��3DVWDUDVLV�QXVWDWRPDL�WDLS� Multiplikatorius = 1/1-RPV. Kadangi santaupos yra lygios�SDMDP LU�YDUWRMLPR�LãODLG VNLUWXPXL��

tuomet:

Ribinis polinkis taupyti = 1-RPV.

7RG O SDSUDVWRMH�HNRQRPLNRMH�PXOWLSOLNDWRUL JDOLPD�LãUHLNãWL�GDU�LU�WDLS� Multiplikatorius = 1/RPT.

Keinsistinis multiplikatoriaus modelis buvo sugalvotas, siekiant paaiškinti, kaip gali keisti gamybos DSLPWLV� LU� XåLPWXPDV�� NHLþLDQWLV� LãODLGRPV�� 7DPH� PRGHO\MH� LãODLG SDGLG MLPDV� SDURGR� UHDODXV� QDFLRQDOLQLR�SURGXNWR� SDGLG MLP � 7DL� UHLãNLD�� NDG� HNRQRPLQ VLWXDFLMD� DWLWLQNL� SRVOLQN YLVXPLQ V SDVL ORV� NUHLY Vhorizontalia dalimL��NXULRMH�NDLQRV�QHVLNHLþLD�

Santaupos ir Investicijos.� .DLS� LU� 'å�� .HLQVDV�� NODVLNLQ V NU\SWLHV� HNRQRPLVWDL� SULSDåLQR� NDG�SDJHLGDXWLQRV�LQYHVWLFLMRV�LU�VDQWDXSRV�WXU W E WL�O\JLRV��MHL�HNRQRPLND�SDVLHNWL�SXVLDXVY\U � 7DþLDX�NLWDLS��QHL�'å�� .HLQVDV� ����� SDY���� MLH� PDQ � NDG� UHDOXV� 13� QHPDå MD� MHLJX� SDJHLGDXWLQ LQYHVWLFLM \UD� PDåLDX� QHJX�VDQWDXS �.ODVLNLQ V NU\SWLHV�HNRQRPLVWDL�WHLJ � NDG�NDLQ PHFKDQL]PDV�VXUHJXOLXRV�SDJHLGDXWLQD� LQYHVWLFLMDV� LU� VDQWDXSDV�� HVDQW� YLVLãNDP� XåLPWXPXL�� âLDPH� PHFKDQL]PH� SDJULQGLQH� NDLQD�� UHLN W ODLN\WL�SDO NDQ QRUP � -L� LãUHLãNLD� DWO\JLQLP � NXU JDXQD� WDXS\WRMDL�� 7DLS� SDW� SDO NDQ QRUPD� UHLãNLD� NDLQ � NXULYHUVOLQLQNDL�PRND�Xå�SDVLVNROLQWXV�SLQLJXV��SDQDXGRMDPXV�VWDW\E DU�NLW LQYHVWLFLM SURMHNW ILQDQVDYLPXL�

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SVU kreLY URGR��NLHN�EXV�VXWDXS\WD��HVDQW� YDLULRPV�SDO NDQ QRUPRPV�LU�YLVLãNDP�XåLPWXPXL��.UHLY, � URGR�� NLHN� YHUVOLQLQNDL� SDVLVNROLQV� SLQLJ VDYR� LQYHVWLFLQL SURMHNW ILQDQVDYLPXL�� .ODVLNLQ V NU\SWLHV�HNRQRPLVWDL� WHLJ � NDG� MHL� VDQWDXSRV� YLUãLMD� LQYHVWLFLQ SDNODXV � WDL� SDO NDQ QRUPD� NULV�� NRO� VXVLO\JLQV�santaupos ir investicijos, nepasiekiant dideli’ nedarbo.

.ODVLNLQ V NU\SWLHV�HNRQRPLVWDL�WHLJ � NDG�VDQWDXSRV�WDLS�SDSUDVWDL�QHQXWHND�Lã�HNRQRPLQ V VLVWHPRV��R�ILQDQVLQ MH�ULQNRMH�MRV�\UD�VXMXQJWRV�VX�investicijomis, kaip parodyta 106 pav.

3XVLDXVY\UD�WDãNH�%������SDY���UHLãNLD�GLGHO QHGDUER�O\J � -HLJX�LQYHVWLFLQ SDNODXVD QHSULO\JVWD� YLVLãNR� XåLPWXPR� VDQWDXSRPV� QHW� WDGD�� NDL� SDO NDQ QRUPD� \UD� PLQLPDOL� �DWNDUSD� $%��� WXRPHW�JDP\ERV�DSLPWLV��XåLPWXPDV�LU�SDMDPRV�VXPDå V��R�VDQWDXS NUHLY SDVLVOLQNV� SDG W 62.

'å��.HLQVDV�WHLJ � NDG�NODVLNLQLDPH�SRåL U\MH� VDQWDXSDV�LU�LQYHVWLFLMDV�\UD�NODLGD��-LV�VDN � NDG�YLVLãNR�XåLPWXPR� VDQWDXS NUHLY �6VU� JDOL� NLUVWL� LQYHVWLFLQ V SDNODXVRV� NUHLY , �� NDL� SDO NDQ QRUPD� \UD� åHPLDX�QXOLR��%HW�QH PDQRPD��NDG�SDO NDQ QRUPD�E W QHLJLDPD��QHV�QLHNDV�WXRPHW�QHQRU V VNROLQWL�SLQLJ � 7DLJL�'å��.HLQVDV�SUL MR�LãYDGRV��NDG�SDO NDQ QRUPD�Q UD�QXOLQ � -L�\UD�WDP�WLNUDPH�WHLJLDPDPH�O\J\MH�Lmin (109 pav.).

Pagrindiniai teoULQLDL�VNLUWXPDL�WDUS�'å��.HLQVR�LU�NODVLNLQ V NU\SWLHV�HNRQRPLVW \UD šie: � .ODVLNLQ V NU\SWLHV� HNRQRPLVWDL� WHLJ � NDG� VDQWDXS SDGLG MLPDV�� PDåLQDQW� SDO NDQ QRUPDV�� VXNHOLD�LQYHVWLFLM DXJLP LU�WRG O VWLPXOLXRMD�HNRQRPLNRV�DXJLP � 6DQWDXSRV�WHLNLD�QDXG YLVXRPHQHL�LU�JHULDX�PXV�DSU SLQD�DWHLþLDL� � 'å��.HLQVDV�WHLJ SULHãLQJDL��3DJDO�M � VDQWDXSRV�JDOL�E WL�DQWLVRFLDOLQLV�UHLãNLQ\V��-R� JDOL� VXPDåLQWL� QDFLRQDOLQ SURGXNW LU� XåLPWXP � %H� WR�� 'å�� .HLQVDV� WHLJ � NDF� LQYHVWLFLQ V SDNODXVRV�

pokytis sukelia�VDQWDXS SRN\W �����SDY��� Taupumo paradoksas.�6DN\NLP��NDG�åPRQ V VXWDXSR�YLV�GDXJLDX�Lã�JDXW SDMDP � WDGD�VDQWDXS WLHV

kyla iš S1 SDG WLHV� 62 SDG W � 3LQLJ QXWHN MLPDV� VDQWDXSDV�YLUãLMD���LQMHNFLMDV�

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(AE|). 7RG O 13� VXPDå MD� LNL� %� QDXMRV� SXVLausvyros taške E2 kuriame santaupos ir pageidautinos investicijos susilygina.

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14. Cikliniai svyravimai

14.1. Ekonomikos svyravimai

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ekonomikos sektoriui.

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17. Nedarbas ir infliacija. Stabilizavimo politika.

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'DOLV�QHGDUER�PDåLQLPR�SULHPRQL RULHQWXRWRV� NRQNUHþLXV�QHGDrbo tipus.

Migracinio (frikcinio) nedarbo atveju svarbus vaidmuo tenka darbo rinkos informacinei tarnybai. Šios WDUQ\ERV�RSHUDYLPR�NDãWDL�WXU W E WL�SDGHQJLDPL�QDXGD��NXUL GXRGD�GDUER�YLHW SDLHãN WUXNP V PDåLQLPDV�� 6WUXNW ULQLR nedarbo minimizavimo prREOHPD� VSUHQGåLDPD� GYLHP� E GDLV� pirma, švelninant, SULVWDEGDQW�VWUXNW ULQLXV�SRN\þLXV�HNRQRPLNRV�DXJLPR�V O\JRPLV�LU��DQWUD��SULVLWDLNDQW�SULH�M � QXVWDWDQW�MXRV� &LNOLQLV�QHGDUEDV��DWVLUDQGDQWLV�VXVLGDUDQW�QHSDNDQNDPDL�SDNODXVDL��SLUPLDXVLD�PDåLQDPDV�monHWDULQ V EHL�ILVNDOLQ V politikos� SULHPRQ PLV�� VNDWLQDQþLRPLV� SDNODXVRV� DXJLP � ,ã� SDåL URV� SDSUDVWRV� LU� HIHNW\YLRV� ãLRV�SULHPRQ V WXUL�YLHQ SDYRMLQJ VDY\E - VNDWLQD�LQIOLDFLM �'DEDU�LãVDPLDX�SDQDJULQ NLPH�QDW UDO QHGDUER� O\J � 1DW UDOXV�QHGDUER�O\JLV yra toks nedarbo lygis, NXULV�VXVLGDUR�HVDQW�JDOLPDP��SRWHQFLDOLDP��%13�LU�DSLPD�PLJUDFLQ EHL�VWUXNW ULQ QHGDUE � 1RU GDPL�JHULDX�VXSUDVWL�ã NODXVLP � SDQDJULQ NLPH�JUDILQ GDUER�ULQNRV�PRGHO �����SDY���

âLDPH� JUDILNH� EHVLOHLGåLDQWL� åHP\Q� GDUER� SDNODXVRV� WLHV /'� URGR�� NDG� PRQ V VDPGR� daugiau GDUELQLQN � NDL�PDåHVQLV� UHDOXVLV� GDUER� XåPRNHVWLV��7LHV /3�YDL]GXRMD�� NLHN� åPRQL VXGDUR� ãDOLHV� GDUER� M J �'LG MDQW�GDUER�XåPRNHVþLXL��SDSUDVWDL�GLG MD�QRULQþL GLUEWL�åPRQL VNDLþLXV��7LHV $-�URGR��NLHN�åPRQL VXWLQND�GLUEWL�Xå�VL ORP GDUER�XåPRNHVW � -L�\UD�WLHV V /3�NDLU MH�WLHN�G O WR��NDG�GDOLV�åPRQL QHLãYHQJLDPDL�\UD�E NO MH�ÄWDUS�GDUE ��� WLHN�G O WR��NDG�NDL�NXULH� M WDPSD�GDUER�M JD� tik HVDQW�DXNãWHVQLDP�GDUER�XåPRNHVþLXL��'DUER�rinkos pusiausvyra VXVLGDUR�WDãNH�(��NDL�GLUEDQþL M VNDLþLXV�\UD�12��R�UHDOXVLV�GDUER�XåPRNHVWLV�:���$WNDUSD�()�YDL]GXRMD�QDW UDO QHGDUER�O\J �����SDY���

*UDILNH� WDLS�SDW�SDURG\WDV� DWYHMLV�� NDL�SURIV MXQJRV�SDODLNR�GDUER�XåPRNHVW DXNãþLDX� SXVLDXVY\URV�O\JLR��'LUEDQþL M VNDLþLXV��YDL]GXRMDPDV�DWNDUSD�$%��QRU W GLUEWL�Xå�DWO\JLQLPR�G\G :���EHW�QHJDOL�UDVWL�darbo, nes darbdaviams tokia samda pernelyg brangi. -HLJX�SURIV MXQJRV�LãODLNR�ã XåPRNHVþLR�O\J LOJ ODLN �ekonomikos pusiausvyros taškas persikelia Lã� WDãNR�(� WDãN $��R�QDW UDO QHGDUER�O\J GDEDU�URG\V�DWNDUSD�AC.

1DW UDODXV�QHGDUER�O\JLR�V YRN UHLNLD�SDWLNVOLQWL�GYLHP�DVSHNWDLV� Pirmas aspektas - šis terminas nereiškia, kad ekonomika visada funkcionuoja esant QDW UDOLDP�

nedarbo lygiui ir kartu realizuoja savo JDP\ELQ SRWHQFLDO � (NRQRPLQLR� FLNOR� QXRVPXNLR� ID] MH� QHGDUEDV�YLUãLMD�QDW UDO O\J � .LWD�YHUWXV��JDOLPL�DWYHMDL��NDL�QHGDUEDV�E QD�åHPLDX�ãLR�O\JLR� Antras aspektas -�QDW UDOXV�QHGDUER�O\JLV�Q UD�SDVWRYXV��MLV�SHUåL ULPDV�NHLþLDQWLV�V O\JRPV�

17.2. Infliacija

1HWLN WD� LQIOLDFLMD��NDV� ODLPL� LU�NDV�SUDUDQGD"�1XRVWROLDL�G O infliacijos toli JUDåX�Q UD� tokie DLãN V� kaip QXRVWROLDL�G O QHGDUER��7DL�JDO�NLHN�LU�QHWLN WD��QHV�MXN�visi supranta, jog LQIOLDFLMD�EORJDL��7DþLDX�NLHNYLHQ VDQG U VXGDUR�SDUGDY MDV� LU�SLUN MDV��-HL�SDN\OD�NDLQD�� WDL�SLUN MDV�pralaimi, R SDUGDY MDV� laimi. Analizuojant LQIOLDFLM reikalingi kiti argumentai. Nedarbas -�WDL�DLãNXV�QXRVWROLV��QHV�JDPLQDPD�PDåLDX�SUHNL EHL�SDVODXJ � 7XR�WDUSX��YHLNLDQW�infliacijai DWVLUDQGD�LU�ODLP WRM � LU�SUDUDQGDQþL M �

Prarandantieji. ' O LQIOLDFLMRV�VXPDå MD�SLQLJ YHUW � 7DLJL�SUDODLPL�YLVL�WLH��NXUL SDMDPRV�išreiškiamos pastovia SLQLJ VXPD��7DL�\UD� � äPRQ V��NXUL DWO\JLQLPDL�LãUHLãNLDPL�ILNVXRWX�G\GåLX� � 9HUVOLQLQNDL�� VLSDUHLJRM DWHLW\MH�SDWHLNWL�SUHNHV�EHL�SDVODXJDV�Xå�SDVWRYL NDLQ �• Pensininkai, gaunantys pastovias pensijas. � 7LH�� NXULH� SLUNR� REOLJDFLMDV� DU� SDVNROLQR� SLQLJXV� NLWDLV� E GDLV�� QHV� MLHPV� JU åLQDPD� VNROD� QXYHUW MXVLDLV�pinigais.

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/DLP WRMDL��Beveik visiems aišku, kad kai kuriH åPRQ V SUDODLPL� G O QHWLN WRV� LQIOLDFLMRV��Tuo tarpu ne visi pastebi, jog kai kas ir laimi. Tie verslininkai, kurie darbuotojams moka SDVWRY DWO\JLQLP � JDOL�SDVLSHOQ\WL�� MHL�MSDUGXRGDP SUHNL NDLQRV�DXJV�JUHLþLDX�QHJX�gamybos kaštai.

-HL�REOLJDFLM VDYLQLQNDL�SUDODLPL��WDL�WLH��NXULH�LãOHLGåLD�ãLDV�REOLJDFLMDV��laimi. Jei 10000 GROHUL VNROD�JU åLQDPD�SR VSDUþLRV� LQIOLDFLMRV� SHULRGR�� WDL�� NDLS�PDW PH�� VNROLQWRMDV� SUDODLPL�� QHV� JDXQD� QXYHUW MXVLXV� SLQLJXV�� R� VNROLQLQNDV��LãPRN GDPDV�VNRO QXYHUW MXVLDis pinigais, laimi.

'DXJ� ODLP MR� WLH�� NXULH�9DNDU ãDO\VH� VHSWLQWRMR� GHãLPWPHþLR� SUDGåLRMH� P SDVNRODV� QDPDPV�SLUNWL��' OVWDLJLRV�LU�QHWLN WRV�LQIOLDFLMRV�M VNRORV�EHYHLN�LãQ\NR��-LH�OHQJYDL�LãVLSLUNR�XåVWDW\WXV�QDPXV��7DþLDX�M YDLNDPV�GDEDU�NXU�kas suQNLDX� VLJ\WL�QDPXV��QHV�visi tikisi infliacijos.

1HWLN WD�LQIOLDFLMD�SHUVNLUVWR�WXUW � SDLPD�Lã�VNROLQWRM LU�SHUGXRGD�VNROLQLQNDPV��7DLJL�ekonomikoje atsiranda GDXJLDX�QHWHLV\E V� Infliacijos turinys. ,QIOLDFLMD� YDGLQDPDV� EHQGURMR� NDLQ O\JLR� NLOLPDV�� G l kurio krinta piniginio vieneto SHUNDPRML�JDOLD��-L�SDSUDVWDL�PDWXRMDPD�YDUWRMLPR�SUHNL LU�SDVODXJ NDLQ LQGHNVR�SDGLG MLPX�SHU�PHWXV� Vienos, NHOL SUHNL DU�M JUXS V NDLQ LãDXJLPDV�Q UD�LQIOLDFLMD��*DP\ERV�WHFKQRORJLMRV�SDåDQJD�EHL�SDNODXVRV�

svyraviPDL�VXGDUR�V O\JDV�DWVNLU SUHNL NDLQRPV�WLHN�NLOWL��WLHN�NULVWL��Infliacija yra tuo atveju, kai kyla EHQGUDV�NDLQ O\JLV��%H� WR�� GDOLV� HNRQRPLVW OLQN SDEU åWL�� kad infliacija YDGLQWLQDV� QH� YLHQNDUWLQLV� EHQGURMR� NDLQ O\JLR� SDNLOLPDV�� R�EHVLW VLDQWLV��ilgas jo kilimas.

9LVXRPHQ ODEDL� MDXWULDL� UHDJXRMD� SUHNL NDLQ NLOLP � WRG O þLD� QHLãYHQJLDPD� VXEMHNW\YL YHUWLQLP � .DLQkilimas reiškia SLQLJ perkamosios galios PDå MLP � W�\�� realiojo GDUER�XåPRNHVþLR�NULWLP � .LWD�YHUWXV�� LQIOLDFLMRV�V O\JRPLV� GDUER� XåPRNHVWLV� visada DXJD�� 'DåQDV� DOJRV� JDY MDV� OLQN V PDQ\WL�� NDG� DWO\JLQLPDV� GLG MD� G O MR� LU�EHQGUDGDUEL YLV�JHUHVQLR�LU�QDãHVQLR�GDUER��R�NDLQ O\JLR�DXJLPDV�ÄQHWHLV WDL��DWLPD�Lã�MR�GDO ar net YLV XåGDUELR�SULHDXJ �' O WRNLR�NDLQ LU�DOJ V VDMRV�ignoravimo, matyt, dauguma SLOLHþL SDVLMXVW nejaukiai, jei, tarkime, kainos ir atlyginimai VWDLJD�SDGLG W GYLJXEDL�

Infliacijos tipai. Skiriami du infliacijos tipai:

ãOLDXåLDQWL� LQIOLDFLMD� - tai ilgai trunkanti, QHDXNãW LU� JDQ� SDVWRYL WHPS infliacija. Jos numatymas QHVXG WLQJDV� - SDSUDVWRV� HNVWUDSROLDFLMRV� E GX�� SULH� MRV� JDOLPD�prisitaikyti. äLQRPD�� VYDUEX� LU�vidutinis jos lygis - kuo jis åHPHVQLV��WXR�JHULDX�HNRQRPLNDL�

šuoliuojanti infliacija - WDL�NDLQ O\JLR�kilimas dideliais tempais, kurie rodo tHQGHQFLM GDU�GLG WL� -$9�HNRQRPLVW QXRPRQH�� �� - ���PHWLQLV� NDLQ O\JLR� NLOLPDV� \UD� ãOLDXåLDQWL� LQIOLDFLMD�� R�25 • 30% jau ãXROLXRMDQWL� LQIOLDFLMD�� WXR� WDUSX� /RW\Q $PHULNRV� ãDOLPV�� NXU� PHWLQLDL� LQIOLDFLMRV� WHPSDL� LãUHLãNLDPL� WULåHQNOLDLV�VNDLþLDLV��NDLQ kilimas per metus 25 -�����\UD�ãOLDXåLDQWL�LQIOLDFLMD��'DXJ�N OHPLD�EHQGUDV� NLR kontekstas.

NLR� LVWRULMRMH�åLQRPDV� LU�hiperinfliacijos atvejis -�NDGD�NDLQ O\JLV�N\OD�PLOåLQLãNDLV� WHPSDLV��SUHN VEUDQJVWD� EHYHLN� NDVGLHQ�� SLQLJ FLUNXOLDFLMD� Y\NVWD� SDã lusiu tempu, kyla NLR� VXLUXW � +LSHULQIOLDFLMD� EXYR�9RNLHWLMRMH�SR�3LUPRMR�SDVDXOLQLR�NDUR�������P��ML�SDVLUHLãN Lenkijoje.

,QIOLDFLMRV�SULHåDVW\V�,U�Y\NVPDV��1XVWDW\WL�LQIOLDFLMRV�SULHåDVWLV�QHOHQJYD��-L�- visos HNRQRPLNRV�E NO Vatspindys, nors ir pasiUHLãNLD�SLQLJ VIHURMH�

$PHULNLHþL HNRQRPLVWDV�0LOWRQDV�)ULGPDQDV�WYLUWLQD��NDG�LQIOLDFLMD�YLVDGD�LU�visur -piniginis reiškinys. 3DVDN� MR�� LQIOLDFLM VXNHOLD� SHU� GLGHOLV� SLQLJ NLHNLV�� 3UHNL SDNODXVRV� SHUWHNOL PRQHWDULVWDL�PRW\YXRMD� SLQLJSDVL ORV�DXJLPX��.ODXVLPR�DQDOL] SUDG VLPH�QXR�SLQLJ SDVL ORV�LU�SDNODXVRV� 6NLULDPD�QRPLQDOL LU�UHDOL SLQLJ SDVL OD��5HDOL SLQLJ SDVL OD \UD�QRPLQDOL SLQLJ SDVL OD�SDGDOLQWD�Lã�NDLQ O\JLR��- SUDVWD�UHLNãWL�VLPEROLDLV�0�3��þLD�0�- SLQLJ NLHNLV��3�-NDLQ O\JLV���7XUWR�NLHNLV��NXU YLVL�WDXWRV�NLR� GDO\YLDL� QRUL� WXU WL� SLQLJLQH� IRUPD�� YDGLQDPD� SLQLJ SDNODXVD�� 7HJXO� JU\Q M SLQLJ SDNODXVRV� NLHNLV� EXV�SDå\P WDV�VLPEROLX�/�<�U���þLD�Y - realiosios pajamos, r -�SDO NDQ QRUPD���5HDOL M SDMDP DXJLPDV�GLGLQD�JU\Q MSLQLJ SDNODXV � QHV� åPRQ V GDXJLDX� SHUND�� 3DO NDQ QRUPRV� DXJLPDV� PDåLQD� JU\Q M SLQLJ SDNODXV � QHV�GLG MD� JDOLPL� SLQLJ ODLN\PR� NDãWDL�� QDXGLQJLDX� WXU WL� REOLJDFLMDV� DUED� WDXSRP M V VNDLW EDQNH�� -HLJX� \UD� SLQLJULQNRV�SXVLDXVY\UD��UHDOL SLQLJ SDVL OD�JDOL�DWLWLNWL�JU\Q M SLQLJ SDNODXV � âL SXVLDXVY\URV�V O\J JDOLPD�LãUHLNãWL�

lygybe:

M/P = L (Y, r)

1DJULQ GDPL�WHP � ODLN\VLP V SULHODLGRV��NDG�SDO NDQ QRUPD�ODEDL�ODQNVWL��.DL�DWVLUDQGD�SLQLJ SDNODXVRV�SHUWHNOLXV��SDO NDQ QRUPD�SDN\OD��SDNODXVD�MLHPV�LPD�PDå WL�LU�DUWLQWLV�SULH�SDVL ORV�NLHNLR��3ULHãLQJDL��DWVLUDGXV�SHU�GLGHOHL� SLQLJ SDVL ODL��SDO NDQ QRUPD�NULQWD�� SDVNDWLQGDPD� M SDNODXVRV�DXJLP � 9DGLQDVL�� ODQNVWL�SDO NDQQRUPD�SDODLNR�QXRODWLQ SLQLJ ULQNRV�SXVLDXVY\U �Dabar pabandykime keisti NDLQ LU� DWO\JLQLP G\GåLXV�� -DX� åLQRPH�� NDG� M SULVLWDLN\PXL� reikia laiko. -HLJX�SDGLG MD�QRPLQDOL SLQLJ SDVL OD� Lã�SUDGåL LãDXJD� LU� UHDOL SLQLJ 0�3�SDVL OD� QHV�NDLQRV�SHU� WUXPS

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ODLN GDU�QHVS MR�SULVLWDLN\WL�prie SDGLG MXVLRV�SLQLJ SDVL ORV��' O WR�DWVLUDQGD�UHDOL SLQLJ SDVL ORV�pertekliai, NXULH� VPXNGR� SDO NDQ QRUP � .ULWXVL� SDO NDQ QRUPD� SDGLGLQD� YLVXPLQ SDNODXV SUHN PV�� ' O SDGLG MXVLRV�SDNODXVRV�N\OD�SUHNL NDLQRV��R�LãDXJXV�GDUER�M JRV�paklausai, N\OD�GDUER�XåPRNHVWLV��.DL kainos ir atlyginimai visiškai prisitaiko prie vienkartinio QRPLQDOL SLQLJ SDVL ORV ãRNWHO MLPR��DWVLUDQGD�SLQLJ rinkos pusiausvyra.

7DUNLPH�� NDG� JU\Q M SLQLJ paklausos kiekis yra pastovus. Jau PDW PH�� NDG� LãDXJXV� QRPLQDO LSLQLJ SDVL ODL� vyks kain kilimas. Dabar SDåYHONLPH iš kitos SXV V� VLYDL]GXRNLPH�� NDG� VDPGRPRMR� GDUER� åPRQ V SULYHUþLD� GDUEGDYLXV�PRN WL� MLHPV� DXNãWHVQLXV� atlyginimus. Netenka DEHMRWL��NDG�G O WR�ILUPRV�SDNHOV�SUHNL NDLQDV��VLHNGDPRV�NRPSHQVXRWL�aukštesnius gamybos kaštus. Kas bus toliau'.'

5HPLDQWLV�DQNVþLDX� LãUHLNãWD�O\J\EH��JDOLPD�PDQ\WL��NDG� WXUL�DWVLWLNWL�EHQW�NDV�YLHQD� Lã�GYLHM � -HLJX�Y\ULDXV\E �ãRNWHO MXV�SUHNL SDVL ODL G O JDP\ERV�NDãW LU�NDLQ išaugimo, QHSDGLGLQV�QRPLQDOL SLQLJ SDVL ORV��UHDOL SLQLJ SDVL OD�suPDå V��' O WR�pakils SDO NDQ QRUPD��R�WDL��VDYR�UXRåWX��QHWUXNV�VXPDåLQWL�JU\Q M SLQLJ SDNODXV � %HW�DXNãWHVQ SDO NDQQRUPD� VXPDåLQV� YLVXPLQ SDNODXV SUHN PV�� DWVLUDV� M SHUWHNOLXV��0Då V NDLQRV�� DWO\JLQLPDL� LU� XåLPWXPDV�� 3LQLJ ULQNRV�pusiausvyra atsistatys.

$OWHUQDW\YD�DWO\JLQLP LU�NDLQ ãRNWHO MLPR�VDYLUHJXOLDFLMDL�\UD�Y\ULDXV\E V PRQHWDULQ SROLWLND��âL�SROLWLND�UHDJXRMD�SDVL ORV�ãRNWHO MLP � YHUVGDPD�Y\ULDXV\E SDGLGLQWL�QRPLQDOL SLQLJ SDVL O WLHN��NDG�E W LãYHQJWD�UHDOL SLQLJ SDVL ORV�pRN\þLR�SHU�WUXPS ODLN �

.DL� NDLQ NLOLP UHDJXRMDPD�SLQLJ SDVL ORV�GLGLQLPX��UHDOL M SLQLJ NLHNLV�lieka SDVWRYXV�LU�QHNLQWD�SDO NDQQRUPD��(NRQRPLND�SDVLOLHND�YLVLãNR�XåLPWXPR�E VHQRMH��WDþLDX�HVDQW�DXNãWHVQ PV�NDLQRPV�LU�QRPLQDOLHPV�DWO\JLQLPDPV� Dabar galima suprasti Fridmano WHLJLQ � kad infliacija - piniginis reiškinys. Jeigu DWO\JLQLPDL�LU�NDLQRV�WXU MR�ODLNR�SULVLWDLN\WL��HNRQRPLND�YLVDGD�EXV�YLVLãNR�XåLPWXPR�JDP\ERV�DSLPWLHV�E VHQRMH��.DL�SDNODXVD�realiam SLQLJ NLHNLXL�\UD�WD�

pati, tik dvi apOLQN\E V SDNHOV�NDLQ O\J � 3LUPD�- SLQLJ SDVL ORV�SDGLG MLPDV��VLHNLDQW�DWVWDW\WL�UHDOL SLQLJ SDVL O � O\JLSDNODXVDL� HVDQW� YLVLãNDP�XåLPWXPXL��$QWUD� -jeigu GDU� NDV� QRUV� VXNHOLD� NDLQ O\JLR�SDNLOLP � LU� Y\ULDXV\E VXUHDJXRMD� ãSDNLOLP SLQLJ VSDXVGLQLPX��WDL�NDLQRV�GDU�ODELDX�LãDXJD��7DLJL�Y\ULDXV\E � VSDXVGLQGDPD�SLQLJXV��\UD�WLHVLRJLDL�DU�QHWLHVLRJLDL�DWVDNLQJD�Xå�DXNãWHVQ NDLQ O\J �Infliacijos tempas nustatomas taip:

Infliacijos WHPSDV� DUED� ODLSVQLV QRPLQDOL SLQLJ SDVL ORV� SDGLG MLPDV� – gr\Q M SLQLJ paklausos augimas

.DL�JU\Q M SLQLJ SDNODXVD�QHDXJD��LQIOLDFLMRV�WHPSDV�EXV�O\JXV�QRPLQDOL SLQLJ NLHNLR�augimui. Kyla NODXVLPDV�� DU� JDOL� E WL� DWYHM � NDL� JU\Q M SLQLJ SDNODXVRV� NLWLPDL� EXV�PDåL�� SDO\JLQXV� VX� QRPLQDOL SLQLJkiekio ir kaiQ NLWLPDLV"�7DLS��.DGDQJL�UHDOLRVLRV�SDMDPRV�LU�SDO NDQ QRUPD�NHLþLDVL�SHU�PHWXV�QHå\PLDL��SLQLJSDNODXVD�NHLþLDVL�O WDL��7XR�WDUSX�VSDUþLDL�GLG MDQWLV�QRPLQDOL SLQLJ NLHNLV�QHLãYHQJLDPDL�VXNHOLD�GLGHO NDLQNLOLP �

Dabar išanalizuokime infliacijos r\ã VX� SDO NDQ QRUPD�� â U\ã DWVNOHLG -HLOR� XQLYHUVLWHWR� (JAV) profesorius Irvingas Fišeris.

)LãHULR�KLSRWH] WHLJLD��NDG�SDGLG MXV����LQIOLDFLMRV�WHPSXL��SDO NDQ QRUPD�WXUL�SDNLOWL�1%. Tarkime, LQIOLDFLMRV� O\JLV� \UD� ���� SHU� PHWXV�� âLDQGLHQ� DVPXR� Xå� ��0 OLW gali nusipirkti ��� NQ\J � VXPRN GDPDV� Xå�NLHNYLHQ SR� ��� OLW � EHW� SUD MXV� PHWDPV�� jam UHLN V jau 110 OLW � norint nusipirkti tiek� SDW� NQ\J � -HLJX�QRPLQDOL� SDO NDQ QRUPD� \UD� ���� SHU� PHWXV�� WDL� DVPXR�� XåXRW� SLUN V NQ\JDV� šiandien, gali� W ���� O L WSDVNROLQWL�LU�SR�PHW WXU WL�����OLW � 3DVLEDLJXV�PHWDPV��jis nusipirks tiek�SDW�NQ\J � LãOHLVGDPDV�����OLW � oMR�NDQWU\E EXV�atlyginta 2 litais. Vadinasi, paskolinimo G ND�reali SDO NDQ QRUPD�LãDXJR���� 5HDOL�SDO NDQ QRUPD QRPLQDOL�SDO NDQ norma infliacijos tempas

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skirtingais tempais.

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'DUER� XåPRNHVþLR� LQGHNVDYLPDV� YHGDPDV� YLV pirma siekiant apsaugoti darbuotojus nuo infliacijos. 7XR�WDUSX�NDL�NXULH�HNRQRPLVWDL�PDWR�LU�NLW LQGHNVDYLPR�WLNVO � juo galima SDGLGLQWL�QRPLQDODXV�GDUER�XåPRNHVþLR�ODQNVWXP � QXWUDXNLDQW�LQIOLDFLQ VSLUDO � -HL�GDUER�XåPRNHVþLR�VXWDUW\VH�QHQXPDWRPDV�LQGHNVDYLPDV��WDL�HNRQRPLNRMH�ilgus metus gali VLY\UDXWL�DXNãWDV�QHGDUER�O\JLV��NRO�JDO JDOH�SDY\NV�SDQDLNLQWL�LQIOLDFLM � ,QGHNVXRMDQW�GDUER�XåPRNHVþLXV�� WRN ODLNRWDUS galima sutrumpinti. Tada darbuotojams nebereikia siekti 7,5% GDUER� XåPRNHVþLR�padidinimo, kada infliacija sudaro 6%. Jie gali susitarti G O realiojo darbo XåPRNHVþLR�padidinimo 1,5%, kitaip VDNDQW��G O �����SDGLGLQLPR�� YHUWLQDQW GLGHVQ NDLQ LQGHNV � Jei pavyksta LQIOLDFLM VXPDåLQWL� sakykime nuo 6% iki 4%, tai indeksavimas DXWRPDWLãNDL�VXPDåLQV�QRPLQDOLRMR�GDUER�XåPRNHVþLR�SDGLG MLP QXR������iki �������9 OLDX�VLOSQ V NDLQ GLG MLPR tendencija, WRG O nesunkiai ir greitai bus galima pertraukti LQIOLDFLQ

7DþLDX� LQGHNVDYLPDV� gali E WL� SDYRMLQJDV�� 7DL� OD]GD� VX� GYLHP� galais: jis gali ne nutraukti, bet net ir paskatinti iQIOLDFLQ VSLUDO � Jei infliacija SDVSDUW MD��tai indeksavimas tik padidina GDUER�XåPRNHVþLR�UHDNFLM � R�nuo to infliacija dar labiau VSDUW MD�

Infliacijos skatinimo SDYRMXV� \SDþ�didelis, jeigu indeksuojami ne tik GDUER� XåPRNHVþLDL��bet ir kitos pajamos, pDY\]GåLXL��VRFLDOLQLR�GUDXGLPR�SHQVLMRV��7DLS�E QD��NDL�åPRQ PV�SDåDGDPD�GDXJLDX�SDMDP � QHJX�MJDOL�XåWLNULQWL�HNRQRPLQ VLVWHPD��-HLJX�Q UD�LQGHNVDYLPR��WDL�ã XåGDYLQ LãVSUHQGåLD�LQIOLDFLMD��QHV�ML�QHMXþLRPLV�Lã�åPRQL DWLPD� GDO SDMDP � LU� JDO JDOH� YLVLHPV� WHQND� WLHN�� NLHN� JDOL� IDNWLãNDL� XåWLNULQWL� HNRQRPLQ VLVWHPD��7DþLDX�MHLJX�YLVRV�SDMDPRV�LQGHNVXRMDPRV��WDL�NDLQ GLG MLPDV�DXWRPDWLãNDL�SDGLGLQD�LU�QRPLQDOL VLDV�SDMDPDV��Jei åPRQ PV�åDGDPD�GDXJLDX��QHJX�JDOL�XåWLNULQWL�HNRQRPLND��tai infliacinei spiralei nebus pabaigos.

7RNLD� UL]LND�� NDL� åPRQ PV� åDGDPD� GDXJLDX�� QHJX� JDOL� XåWLNULQWL� HNRQRPLND�� DWVLUDQGD� tada, jei UHDOLRVLRV�YLVXRPHQ V SDMDPRV�DUED�UHDOLRML�JDP\ED�SDVLURG\V�PDåHVQ V Xå�W O\J � kurio tikimasi.

„Dalyvavimas pelnuose". Indeksavimas paJLOLQD� GDUER� XåPRNHVþLR� - NDLQ VSLUDO � QHV� padaro UHDOL VLDV pajamas QHODQNVþLDV (net ir tada, kai nominaliosios pajamos tampa ODQNVWHVQ V���7RG O JHUHVQLUH]XOWDW JDOLPD�WLN WLV��QDXGRMDQW�SULHãLQJ SROLWLN � E WHQW�SDGDUDQW�UHDOL VLDV�SDMDPDV�paslankesnes.

9LHQDV�Lã�E G - tai tiesioginis ÄGDO\YDYLPDV�SHOQXRVH���'DUEXRWRMDL�JDXQD�SDJULQGLQ GDUER�XåPRNHVW LU�dar GDO NRUSRUDFLMRV�SHOQR�NDLS�SUHPLM � (VDQW� tokiai politikai, darbdaviai ne tiek GDXJ�PDåLQD�GDUER� YLHW � NDL�HNRQRPLND�SDWHQND� QXRVPXN � 0DW�VXPDå MXV�pelnui, NLHNYLHQR�GDUEXRWRMR�NDãWDL��GDUER�XåPRNHVWLV�LU�SUHPLMD��VXPDå MD�DXWRPDWLãNDL��6DYR� UXRåWX� WDL� VNDWLQD� ILUPDV�QXRVPXNLR�PHWX�PDåLQWL� NDLQDV� LU� NDUWX�didinti SDUGDYLPapimtis. Tuomet LQIOLDFLQ VSLUDO QXWU NVWD� LU�NDUWX� VXPDå MD�FLNOLãNL�JDP\ERV�DSLPþL VY\UDYLPDL��3DY\]GåLXL�� jei åPRQ V SDPDW\V��NDG�QXRVPXNLR�PHWX�DXWRPRELOLDL�SLQJD��tai kaip tik WXR�PHWX�M GDXJLDX�LU�SLUNV�

Dalyvavimo pelnuose sistema UHLãNLD�� NDG� GDUEXRWRMDL� ãDOLD� SDJULQGLQLR� GDUER� XåPRNHVþLR� gauna dar ir kompanLMRV�SHOQR�GDO �

$QWLLQIOLDFLQ V SROLWLNRV�HVP �.RYD�VX�LQIOLDFLMD�JDOL�E WL�LU�\UD�HIHNW\YL�tiktai UHJXOLXRMDQW�YLVXPLQ SDNODXVLU� SDVL O � NHLþLDQW� M VDQW\N � 7DL� GDURPD� ILVNDOLQ V LU� PRQHWDULQ V SROLWLNRV� SULHPRQ PLV� �PRNHVþL QRUPRPLV��Y\ULDXV\E V išlaidomis, centrinio banko operacijomis).

,QIOLDFLMRV� VWDEG\PR� SULHPRQHV� V O\JLQDL� JDOLPD� VXVNLUVW\WL� GYL� JUXSHV�� VWUDWHJLQHV� LU� taktines. 3LUPRVLRV�DSLPD�LOJR�ODLNRWDUSLR�QXRVWDWDV�LU�M UHDOL]DYLPR�E GXV��DQWURVLRV�-WUXPSDODLN V�

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$QWLLQIOLDFLQ MH� VWUDWHJLMRMH� VYDUE YDLGPHQ YDLGLQD� infliacijos O NHVþL slopinimas. Tai reiškia, kad siekiama LãYDGXRWL�WDXWRV� NLR�dalyvius nuo QXRODWLQ V SUHNL NDLQ kilimo ir VDQWDXS QXYHUW MLPR�EDLP V��%HW�kaip pakeisti åPRQL SVLFKRORJLM " Reikia sustabdyti infliacij � 7DþLDX�O NHVþLXV reikia slopinti DQNVþLDX�QHJX�infliacija WDPSD�NRQWUROLXRMDPD��7DL� PDQRPD��laikantis GYLHM V O\J � 3LUPD�ULQNRV�VLVWHPRV�stiprinimas. Kuo rinkoje bus daugiau LU� JHURV� NRN\E V SUHNL � tuo VSDUþLDX keisis åPRQL psichologija, o kartu ir infliacijos motyvai Melgsenoje. Kol eilinis vartotojas QH VLWLNLQV , kad NDLQ svyravimai vyksta normalios rinkos ribose, tol išliks jo polinkis didinti HVDP SDNODXV � VNDWLQDQþL NDLQ NLOLP �

% WHQW�G O WR�SDVWDUXRMX�PHWX�populiari WDSR�LG MD�YDOVW\E V O ãRPLV�UHPWL�WDV�ILUPDV��kuriose kainos LU� GDUER� XåPRNHVWLV� DXJD� O WDL��7RNLX� E GX� QDXGRMDPDV� QH�PDNUR�� EHW mikroekonominis stimuliavimas. Tokios politikos SUDQDãXPDV�\UD�WDV��NDG�QHV NP V DWYHMX�VLOSQLDX�MDXþLDPL�YLVRV�HNRQRPLNRV�PDVWX�MRV�QHLJLDPL�SDdariniai.

.LWD�LQIOLDFLMRV�O NHVþL VORSLQLPR�V O\JD�- WDL�Y\ULDXV\E � NXUL�nuosekliai laikosi antiinfliacinio kurso ir kuria pasitiki GDXJXPD�åPRQL � Pasitikima ne gera, bet stipria Y\ULDXV\EH��SDVLU\åXVL SDåDERWL�LQIOLDFLM LU�JDOLQþLD�WDL�padaryti praktiškai.

$QWLLQIOLDFLQ MH� VWUDWHJLMRMH� VYDUEXV� YDLGPXR� WDLS� SDW� WHQND� LOJDODLNHL�PRQHWDULQHL� SROLWLNDL�� -RV� \SDW\E - JULHåWL�NDVPHWLQLR�SLQLJ NLHNLR�DXJLPR�DSULERMLPDL��âLXRV�DSULERMLPXV�OHPLD� ilgo laikotarpio nacionalinio produkto ir infliacijos tempai. 7DLS�HOJGDPDVL�Y\ULDXV\E DSU SLQD�HNRQRPLN PLQLPDOLDL�E WLQX�SLQLJ NLHNLX��UHLNDOLQJX�SURJUHVXRMDQþLDL� NLR�UDLGDL��7DþLDX�SDW\ULPDV�URGR��NDG� J\YHQGLQWL�DQWLLQIOLDFLQ PRQHWDULQ SROLWLN VXG WLQJD�

'DU�YLHQDV�DQWLLQIOLDFLQ V VWUDWHJLMRV�HOHPHQWDV�- bLXGåHWR�GHILFLWR�VXPDåLQLPDV��âLR�tikslo galima siekti dviem E GDLV�� GLGLQDQW� YDOVW\E V SDMDPDV� LU� PDåLQDQW� LãODLGDV�� 3UDQDãHVQLV� DQWUDV� E GDV�� 7DLS� \UD� G O WR�� NDG� PRNHVþLdidinimas geriausiu atveju gali duoti tik trumpalaikius rezultatus. Per LOJ laikoWDUS ãL�SROLWLND� O WLQD� HNRQRPLNRV�augimo tempus, YDGLQDVL��PDåLQD� SODXNDV� YDOVW\E V ELXGåHW � âL� DSOLQN\E V O\JRMD� ãLXRODLNLQ V PRNHVþL politikos HYROLXFLRQDYLP PRNHVþL QRUP PDåLQLPR�NU\SWLPL�

7UXPSDODLNLDLV�DQWLLQIOLDFLQ V SROLWLNRV�PHWRGDLV�GDXJLDXVLD�VLHNLDPD�ODLNLQDL�VXPDåLQWL�LQIOLDFLMRV�VXNHOW WDPS �Šie metodai tik WDGD�JDOL�GXRWL� UH]XOWDW � NDL�SDGHGD�GLGLQWL�SDVL O EH� DWLWLQNDPR�SDNODXVRV� LãDXJLPR� DUED� VXPDåLQWL�HVDP SDNODXV � QHVXPDåLQXV�HVDPRV�SDVL ORV�

*DOLPD�SDNODXVWL��NRNL NDLQ YLVXRPHQ PRND�Xå� LQIOLDFLMRV� O\JLR�VXPDåLQLP " .XR� labiau išgaubta Filipso NUHLY � WXR�WD�NDLQD�PDåHVQ � 7DP��NDG�E W JDOLPD�VXPDåLQWL�LQIOLDFLM ����QHGDUEDV�WXUL�YLUã\WL�QDW UDO O\J SHU�PHWXV�����3DJDO�2XNHQR�G VQ WDL�UHLãNLD��NDG�realus BNP bus maåHVQLV�Xå�SRWHQFLDO ��� ,QIOLDFLMRV� NRQWURO VXVLMXVL� VX� E WLQ\EH� SDVWRYLDL� E WL� SDVLUXRãXVLHPV� VSU VWL� HNRQRPLQ GLOHP � LQIOLDFLMRV�DXJLPDV�DU�QHGDUER�DXJLPDV��,QIOLDFLMRV�NRQWURO NDVPHW�UHLNDODXMD�YLV�GDXJLDX�DWOHLGLP Lã�GDUER��WRG O QHGDUER�O\JLV�

kyla.

17.3. Stabilizavimo politika

,QIOLDFLMRV�LU�QHGDUER�V YHLND�SDVWDWR�Y\ULDXV\E � XåVLPRMXVL SDWDLV\WL�SDG W YLHQRMH�DU�NLWRMH�VULW\MH��JDQ��IDWDOLãN SDG W � PDåLQVL�QHGDUE – VWLSU V LQIOLDFLMD��PDåLQVL�LQIOLDFLMD��VWLSU V QHGDUEDV�� ,HãNRPD�E G � NDLS�VSU VWL�DEL�SUREOHPDV�LãV\N�DU�EHQW�MDX�YLHQ GDO\N WDLVDQW�NLWR��QHJDGLQWL� 6WDELOL]DYLPR� SROLWLND� \UD� ILVNDOLQL LU� PRQHWDULQL SULHPRQL YLVXPD�� QDXGRMDPD� VLHNLDQW� LãYHQJWL�GLGHOL QDFLRQDOLQLR� SURGXNWR� JDP\ERV� VY\UDYLP G O LQIOLDFLQ V DUED� UHFHVLQLR� WDUSVQL VXVLGDU\PR�� W�\�� G OãRNþLRMLP QDXGRMDQW�YLVXRPHQ MH�HVDQW JDP\ELQ SRWHQFLDO �(NRQRPLNRV�WHRULMD�ãLDQGLHQ�WXUL�GX�SRåL ULXV� VWDELOL]DYLPR�SUREOHPDV��.HLQVL]PR�DWVWRYDL�WHLJLD��MRJ�NLR�VDYLUHJXOLDFLMRV�JDOLP\E V \UD�QHGLGHO V��NDGDQJL�YLVXPLQ SDNODXVD�OLQNXVL� QHPDåXV�VY\UDYLPXV��WRG OUHLNLD� VSHFLDOL SULHPRQL NLR� IXQNFLRQDYLPR� VWDELOXPXL� LãODLN\WL�� 0RQHWDUL]PR� ãDOLQLQN QXRPRQH�� ULQNRV�HNRQRPLND�WXUL�VWLSULXV�³ JLPWXV´�VDYLUHJXOLDFLMRV�PHFKDQL]PXV��WRG O QHUHJXOLDU V Y\ULDXV\E V NLãLPRVL� NYHLNVPDL�LU�\UD�SDJULQGLQ HNRQRPLNRV�UDLGRV�QHVWDELOXPR�SULHåDVWLV� 0RQHWDULVW SRåL ULX� privataus sektoriaus LãODLG IXQNFLMD� \UD� SDNDQNDPDL� SDVWRYL�� WRG O ekonomikos

stabilumas \UD�ÄSULJLPWLQLV���LPDQHQWLãNDV��- W\ULPDL�URGR��NDG�YHUslo ciklai pirmiausia sietini su SLQLJ NLR�UDLGD�� 3HU MLPDL� Lã� YLHQRV� FLNOR� ID] V NLW daugiausia VXNHOLDPL�PRQHWDULQL YHLNVQL � YHUVOR� DNW\YXPDV� VWLSULDL�NRUHOLXRMD�VX�SLQLJ kiekiu �SDVL OD���*DP\ERV�UDLGRV�VXO W MLPDV�DU� VPXNLPDV�EHYHLN�YLVDGD�gali E WL�SDDLãNLQWDV�SLQLJ SDVL ORV� VXPDå MLPX�� R� WRV� UDLGRV� QXNU\SLPDL� QXR� EHVLNORVWDQþLRV� WHQGHQFLMRV� EU åLDPR� NXUVR� -DQDORJLãNDLV� SLQLJ SDVL ORV� SRN\þLDLV�� 0RQHWDULVW LãYDGD� WRNLD�� SLQLJ SDVL ORV� VY\UDYLPDL� \UD� nacionalinio SURGXNWR�JDP\ERV�VY\UDYLP SULHåDVWLV��7RG O VWDELOL]DYLPR�politika turi E WL�RULHQWXRWD�išlaikyti VWDELOL SLQLJSDVL O �.HLQVLQLQN QXRPRQH��YHUVOR�FLNOXV�VXNHOLD�LQYHVWLFLM QHSDVWRYXPDV��R�ãLV�WDLS�SDW�VLHWLQDV�anaiptol ne su SLQLJ SDVL ORV� ULWPX�� R� VX� NLWRPLV�PRQHWDULQ V kilm V SULHåDVWLPLV�� .HLQVLQLQNDL� QHQHLJLD�PRQHWDULQL

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YHLNVQL YHUVOR�DNW\YXPR�GLQDPLNRV��EHW�SDJULQGLQH�SULHåDVWLPL��VXNHOLDQþLD�YHUVOR�VY\UDYLPXV��ODLNR�YLVXPLQ Vpaklausos svyravimus, kuriuos NLOGLQD�QH� Lã�SLQLJ SDVL ORV��R� Lã�SROLQNLR� LãOHLVWL�SDMDPDV�NLWLPR��SULYDþLDPH��sektoriuje. âLRV�JUXS V HNRQRPLVW PDQ\PX��HNRQRPLND�Lã� WLHV SDWL�JDOL�SDNDQNDPDL�JUHLWDL�OLNYLGXRWL�LQIOLDFLQWDUSVQ NDLQ O\JLR�NLOLPR�E GX��EHW�ML�QHJDOL�WR�SDWLHV�SDGDU\WL�VX�UHFHVLQLX�WDUSVQLX��' O WR�LU�E WLQRV�VWDELOL]DYLPR�poliWLNRV�SULHPRQ V�

6NLUWLQJDV� FLNOLãNXPR� SULHåDVþL WUDNWDYLPDV� V O\JRMD� LU� VNLUWLQJ NRQNUHþL NLQ V UDLGRV� SUREOHPLQWHUSUHWDYLP � ,PNLPH��SDY\]GåLXL��LQIOLDFLM � 0RQHWDULVWDL� VLWLNLQ � NDG�NDLQ lygio kitimas visur ir visada turi PRQHWDULQHV� SULHåDVWLV�� LQIOLDFLM sukelia SLQLJ SDVL ORV� SHUWHNOLXV� LU� EH� WR� SHUWHNOLDXV� LQIOLDFLMD� QH PDQRPD��.HLQVLQLQNDL��NDLS�MDX�åLQRPH��WXUL�NLWRNL QXRPRQ � -LH�SULSDå VWD��NDG�LOJDL�WUXQNDQWL�LQIOLDFLMD�QH PDQRPD�EH�YLV�DXJDQþLRV� SLQLJ SDVL ORV�� EHW� jie PDWR� NLW ODLNLQR� LU� VWDLJDXV� NDLQ O\JLR� ãRNWHO MLPR� SULHåDVW YLVXPLQ VSDNODXVRV� NUHLY V SHUVLN OLP G O SULYDWDXV� DUED� YDOVW\ELQLR� VHNWRULDXV� LãODLG funkcijos SDGLG MLPR� �W�\�� G OYDUWRMLPR�� LQYHVWLFLM � HNVSRUWR�DU�Y\ULDXV\E V LãODLG išaugimo). Lygiai taip pat, NHLVLQLQN QXRPRQH�� LQIOLDFLMJDOL� VXNHOWL� LU� SDVL ORV� ãXROLV�� äLQRPD�� ãL SULHåDVþL sukelta infliacija negali ilgai trukti, jei ji paskui save QHSDWUDXNV�LU�SDGLG MDQþLRV�SLQLJ SDVL ORV��DSLH�N LU�NDOED�PRQHWDULVWDL���EHW�LU�EH�ãLWR�M�L�OHQJYDL�QHVXVWoja. Šiuo atveju bankui LãN\OD�GUDPDWLãND�GLOHPD��SDGLGLQWL�SLQLJ SDVL O LU��ãLWDLS�LãYHQJLDQW�JDP\ERV�VPXNLPR��XåWLNULQWL�QDXM LQIOLDFLMRV�UDXQG DU�QHNHLVWL�SLQLJ SDVL ORV��SULYHUþLDQW�LQIOLDFLM ÄXåVSULQJWL��QHGDUER�SDGLG MLPR�V VNDLWD�

0RQHWDULVW SRåL ULX�� tiek XåLPWXPDV�� tiek NDLQ O\JLR� VWDELOXPDV� turi E WL� XåWLNULQDPDV�� kuriant ir LãVDXJDQW�VWDELOL DSOLQN ODLVYDP�ULQNRV� NLXL�YHLNWL� 7DL�SDGDU\WL� ODEDL� VXQNX�� QHV� YLHQR�DJUHJXRWR�G\GåLR� VWDELOXPDV�QHUHWDL� J\YHQGLQDPDV� WLN� NDLWDOLRMDQW�NLW agrHJXRW G\G � 7DUNLPH��NDG�YDOVW\E � VLHNGDPD�QHWULNG\WL�ULQNRV� NLR�IXQNFLRQDYLPR��VWHQJLDVL�QXRODW�WXU WL�VXEDODQVXRW ELXGåHW � NDGDQJL� nacionalinio produkto JDP\ED� Q UD� VWDELOL� �\UD� cikliška) � NHLVLV� LU� ELXGåHWR�SDMDPRV�� JDXQDPRV� PRNHVþL NHOLX��ValstyE QHJDOL� NDVPHW�keisti PRNHVþL QRUP � QHV� WDL� GH]RUJDQL]XRW N �9DGLQDVL�� ELXGåHWR� subalansavimo labui jai teks kaitalioti ELXGåHWR� LãODLG DSLPW � %HW� tai LUJL� EORJDL� Y\ULDXV\E VLãODLG VY\UDYLPDV�\UD�GHVWDELOL]XRMDQWLV��QHWLNUXPR� NLQ� QHãDQWLV�YHLNsnys. Laisvas rinkos NLV�turi E WL�WLNUDV��NDG�VWDELO V bus tiek DSPRNHVWLQLPDV��WLHN�Y\ULDXV\E V SUHNL LU�SDVODXJ paklausa. Išeitis randama �JDO W E WL�UDQGDPD��WXR�E GX��NDG�išlaikant VWDELO apmokestinimo PDVW LU�Y\ULDXV\E V LãODLG G\G DU�GDO � pats ELXGåHWDV�EDODQVXRMDPDV�

viso ciklo mastu, o ne kasmet.

/DLN\GDPDVLV�PRQHWDULVWLQ V stabilizavimo politikos SULQFLS � centrinis EDQNDV� WXU W QXVWDW\WL�SDVWRYLSLQLJ SDVL ORV DXJLPR�QRUP � DWLWLQNDQþL JDOLP YLGXWLQ PHWLQ SDMDP DXJLP �GDUDQW�prieODLG � NDG�SDMDPJDY MDL�QHNHLþLD VDYR�SDMDP QDXGRMLPR�VWUXNW URV�� 7DLS�HOJGDPDVLV�FHQWULQLV�EDQNDV�DWVLVDNR�JDOLP\E V GDU\WL�YLHQNDUWLQHV�LQYHVWLFLMDV� SLQLJ ULQN � R�WDL�NDLS�tik

gali E WL� UHLNDOLQJD� SDY\]GåLXL�� NDL� \UD� SDODXåWD� LOJDODLN infliacija, kainos nustoja kilti, bet yra didelis nedarbas; YLHQNDUWLQLV�SLQLJ SDVL ORV�SDGLGLQLPDV�NDLS�WLN�SDG W SDGLGLQWL�XåLPWXP � W�\��OLNYLGXRWL�UHFHVLQ WDUSVQ �/DEDL� SDGLG MXV Y\ULDXV\E V NLãLP VL� HNRQRPLNRV� SURFHVXV�� PRQHWDULVW QXRPRQH�� E WLQD� VPDUNLai VXPDåLQWL��%HW�NRNV�NLãLPDVLV�WULNGR�ODLVYRV�ULQNRV�RUJDQL]DYLP � PDåLQD�MR�HIHNW\YXP LU�MR�SO WURV�SRWHQFLM �.HLQVLQLQN SDåL URV� NLWRNLRV�� 0HV� MDX� åLQRPH�� NDG� MLH�� NLWDLS� QHJX� PRQHWDULVWDL�� \UD� išorinio poveikio SULHPRQL ãDOLQLQNDL�LU�VWDELOL]DYLPR�WLNVODLV�VL OR�QDXGRWL�YLV ULQNLQ ILVNDOLQ V LU�PRQHWDULQ V SROLWLNRV�SULHPRQL �-LH� \UD� YLHQNDUWLQL � ÄLã� UHLNDOR�� GDURP Y\ULDXV\E V DNFLM NLR� UDLGDL� VWDELOL]XRWL� šalininkai. - RSRQHQWDL��

monetaristai, tvirtina, NDG� Y\ULDXV\E WXUL� DSVLULERWL� WYLUWRPLV� WDLV\NO PLV�� NXULDV� QXVWDW\GDPD� ML� VXNXUV� VWDELO NOLPDWODLVYLHPV� ULQNRV� VXEMHNW VSUHQGLPDPV�� 9\ULDXV\E V ILVNDOLQ V LU� PRQHWDULQ V SROLWLNRV� SULHPRQ V �PRNHVþLQRUPRV� NHLWLPDV�� Y\ULDXV\E V REOLJDFLM PDVLQLV� VXSLUNLPDV� DU� SDUGDYLPDV��� M PDQ\PX�� QRUV� VNLULDPRV� NLXL�VWDELOL]XRWL��IDNWLãNDL�M GHVWDELOL]XRMD��QHV�NXULD�QHWLNUXPR�NOLPDW LU�Lã�HVP V WUXNGR�LOJDODLNLDPV�ILUP VSUHQGLPDPV��Keinsininkai SULHãWDUDXMD�WDP��WHLJGDPL��NDG�Y\ULDXV\E V LQWHUYHQFLMD� ULQNRV� NLR�J\YHQLP GDURPD�WDGD�LU�WLN�Wada, kai WDPH� N\MH�MDX� Y\NR�GLGHOL VXWULNLP �SDNLOR�QHGDUEDV�DU� VLE J MR�LQIOLDFLMD�G O QHODXNW YLVXPLQ V SDNODXVRV�SRN\þL ���QHGDUER�LU�SDMDP VY\UDYLPDL�JDOL�VXNHOWL�WLHN�SDW�U SHVþL LU�QHWLNUXPR�ILUP LOJDODLNLDPV�VSUHQGLPDPV��NLHN�WDL�SDGDUR�apmokestinimo ar Y\ULDXV\E V LãODLG NHLWLPDV�� WRG O PRQHWDULVW DUJXPHQWDL� Q UD� YLVD� WLHVD��.LWDV� GDO\NDV�� N YLVDGD�SDå\PL�PRQHWDULVWDL��NDG�LQYHVWLFLQ V SULHPRQ V VWDELOL]DYLPR�WLNVODLV�VXYHLNLD�WLN�SR�NXULR�ODLNR��9DGLQDVL��ILVNDOLQL DU�PRQHWDULQL DNFLM UHLNDOLQJXPDV�WXUL�E WL�QXPDW\WDV�JDQD�DQNVWL��R�WDL�DSVXQNLQD�LQWHUYHQFLQ YHLNO �

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18. Ekonomikos augimas

������(NRQRPLNRV�DXJLPR�HVP(NRQRPLNRV� DXJLPDV� LVWRULQLX� SRåL ULX� J\YXRMD� tik tris ãLPWXV� PHW � $XJLPR� WHPSDL� SDJUHLW MR�� NDL�

gamyboje buYR� SUDG WRV� QDXGRWL� PDãLQRV� LU� PHLVWUDL� EHL� DPDWLQLQNDL� SUDUDGR� VDYR� GDUER� VWDWXV � âLXRODLNLQLDL�DXJLPR�WHPSDL�WDLS�SDW�VXVLM VX�NRQNUHþLDLV�WHFKQRORJLQLDLV�pakitimais.

Ekonomikos augimas - WDL� SDVWRYXV� NLR� JDP\ELQLR� SDM JXPR� NLOLPDV�� SDVLUHLãNLDQWLV� QDcionalinio SURGXNWR��SDMDP � DSLPWLHV�GLG MLPX��â SURFHV DSLE GLQD�GX�pagrindiniai rodikliai:

• realiojo bendrojo nacionalinio produkto (BNP) arba grynojo nacionalinio produkto (GNP) augimo tempai, kurie nusako, kaip GLG MD�HNRQRPLNRMH�VXNXULDP SUHNL Lr WHLNLDP SDVODXJ DSLPWLV� � %13�DUED�*13��WHQNDQþLR�YLHQDP�ãDOLHV�J\YHQWRMXL��DXJLPR�WHPSDL��NXULH�DSLE GLQD��kaip kyla tautos gyveninio lygis.

(NRQRPLNRV�DXJLPDV�JDOL�Y\NWL�GYLHP�E GDLV� • Šalyje gali E WL� DXNãWDV� QHGDUER� O\JLV�� GDXJ� QHQDXGRMDPRV� åHP V ir didelis kiekis nenaudojamo NDSLWDOR��-HLJX�ãLXRV� LãWHNOLXV�SDOHLGL� GDUE � WDL�%13�SDGLG V��%HW�WDL� trumpalaikis augimas. Jei viskas nesikeis, tai vos tik ištekliai baigsis, tolesnio augimo nebus. � 7DþLDX� QHWJL� WDGD�� NDL� visi ištekliai išnaudoti, ekonomikos augimas yra galimas. Darbo ir kapitalo GLGLQLPDV� EHL� M SDQDXGRMLPR� HIHNW\YXPR� GLGLQLPDV�padidins EHQGU JDP\ERV� DSLPWLHV� DXJLP � 7DL�vadinama ilgalaikiu augimu.

(NRQRPLNRV� WHRULMD� VNLULD� HNRQRPLNRV� DXJLP QXR� QDFLRQDOLQLR� SURGXNWR� SDGLGLQLPR� VLDXUinant ar OLNYLGXRMDQW�UHFHVLQ WDUSVQ � 'DåQDV�WDXWRV� NLV�NXULXR�QRUV�NRQNUHþLX�PHWX�\UD�QHSDVLHN V JDOLPR�QDFLRQDOLQLR�produkto gamybos lygio --� G O QHSDNDQNDPRV� SDNODXVRV� LU� MRV� V O\JRWR� QHGDUER� DUED� G O VWUXNW ULQLR� QHGDUER��3DGLGLQXV�VXPDå MXVL YLVXPLQ SDNODXV �NUHLY 9'0 SHUVLNHOLD� 9'1���WDUNLPH��PRQHWDULQ V SROLWLNRV�SULHPRQ PLV��recesinis tarpsnis Q0 –Q1 EXV�OLNYLGXRWDV��YLVXPLQ V SDNODXVRV�NUHLY NLUV�YLVXPLQ V SDVL ORV�NUHLY 96�WDPH�taške, NXULDPH�SDVWDURML�DWLWLQND�JDOLP QDFLRQDOLQLR�SURGXNWR�O\J �W��\��WDãNH��NXULDPH�NUHLY 96�NHUWD�YHUWLNDOL M OLQLM �å\PLQþL JDOLPR�nacionalinio SURGXNWR�DSLPW ���*UDILNDV�URGR��NDG�OLNYLGXRMDQW�VWUXNW ULQ QHGDUE � SDGLG V JDOLPR�nacionalinio produkto apimtis - M å\PLQWL�vertikali linija persikelia iš taško Q0 WDãN 41.

Recesinio tarpsnio PDåLQLPDV� sukelia YLHQNDUWLQ nacionalinio produkto gamybos SDGLG MLP �ULERMDP JDOLPR�nacionalinio produkto apimtimi.

.LHNYLHQX� PRPHQWX� JDOLPD� QDFLRQDOLQLR� SURGXNWR� DSLPWLV� \UD� DLãNLDL� DSLEU åWD�� 7HRULãNDL� M JDOLPaDSLE GLQWL JDP\ERV�JDOLP\EL NUHLYH��-L�gali persikelti aukštyn tik SDGLG MXV�gamybos YHLNVQL produktyvumui.

,OJDODLN � QXRODWLQ HNRQRPLNRV�DXJLP sukelia kitokios SULHåDVW\V�- gamybos YHLNVQL �SDJULQGLQ V MU ã\V� - darbas, kapitalas LU� åHP � apimties LU� M SURGXNW\YXPR� DXJLPDV��Matuojant ilgais laiko tarpais, visi esminiai NLR SRN\þLDL�SULVNLUWLQL�E WHQW�ãLHPV�veiksniams. - G ND�netgi saikingas ekonomikos augimas tarkime, 3% per metus -- per trejus metus

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padidina nacionalines pajamas dešimtadaliX��R�SHU����PHWXV�MRV�SDGYLJXE MD��Kitaip tariant, ekonomikos augimas yra LOJDODLNLR� NLR� Y\VW\PRVL� VDY\E � DWLWLQNDPDL� HNRQRPLNRV� DXJLPR� teorija tiria ilgalaikius procesus ir atsiriboja nuo WUXPSDODLNL JDP\ERV�DSLPWLHV�VY\UDYLP �Ekonomikos augimas daugiDXVLD�\UD�VXVLM V VX�LQYHVWLFLMRPLV��%H�WR��LQYHVWLFLMRPLV�ãLXR�atveju laikytina ne bet NRNLD� LQYHVWLFLQ YHLNOD��NXUL�QDFLRQDOLQ V V VNDLW\ERV�VNLOW\VH�kvalifikuojama kaip investicijos, o tik tokia, kuri iš WLNU M GLGLQD�WDXWRV�JDP\ELQHV�JDOLP\EHV� IlgalDLNL ODLNRWDUSL SRåL ULX�NLW DVSHNW JDXQD�LU�SDMDP WDXS\PDV��QHYDUWRMLPDV���äLQRPH��NDG�WDXS\PR�GDOLHV�SDGLG MLPDV�QDP NLR��ãHLP � SDMDPRVH�SHUNHOLD�YDUWRMLPR�IXQNFLM åHP\Q��WDLJL�PDåLQD�YLVXPLQ SDNODXV LU�SXVLDXVY\URV� QDFLRQDOLQ SURGXNW � 7DL� EXYR� YDGLQDPDVLV� ÄWDXS\PR�SDUDGRNVDV��� 3HU� LOJ ODLNRWDUS YDL]GDV� NHLþLDVL� -ãHLP VDQWDXSRV�VXNXULD�O ã IRQGXV�LQYHVWLFLMRPV�ILQDQVXRWL��.XR�GDXJLDX�WDXSRPD��W�\��NXR�VDQW\NLQDL�PDåHVQLV�ãHLP HLQDPDVLV� YDUWRMLPDV�� WXR� GLGHVQ V LQYHVWLFLMRV� JDOLPRV� YDOVW\E MH�� .XR� GLGHVQ V LQYHVWLFLMRV�� WXR� GLGHVQL�

gamybos augimo etapai. Vadinasi, ilgu laikotarpiu taupymo SDUDGRNVDV�QHEHYHLNLD��GDXJLDX�WDXSDQWL�YLVXRPHQ Y\VWRVL�VSDUþLDX�

18.2. Augimo veiksniai

9LHQDV�Lã�DXJLPR�YHLNVQL \UD�JDP\ELQ IXQNFLMD��*DP\ELQ IXQNFLMD�QXVDNR�PDNVLPDO SURGXNFLMRV�NLHN � NXULV�gali � E WL� JDXQDPDV� SDQDXGRMDQW� QXVWDW\W G\GåL išteklius, t.y. JDP\ERV� YHLNVQLXV� �NDSLWDO � GDUE � åHP LU� åDOLDYDV���Bendras produkcijos kiekis, kuris gali E WL�SDJDPLQWDV�HNRQRPLNRMH�SDQDXGRMDQW�ãLXRV�JDmybos veiksnius, priklauso nuo PRNVOLQL LU�WHFKQLQL JDPLQWRMR�åLQL �

*DP\ELQ IXQNFLMD� SDURGR� SRWHQFLDO SURGXNFLMRV� NLHN � WDL� \UD�SURGXNFLMRV�kiekis, gaunamas esant visiškam XåLPWXPXL�� *DP\ELQ IXQNFLMD� QDXGRMDPD� ilgalaikio ekonomikos augimo analizei, kadangi ilgu laikotarpiu atsispindi potencialus produkcijos kiekio DXJLPDV�� 5HPGDPLHVL� JDP\ELQ V IXQNFLMRV� DSLEU åLPX� GDURPH� LãYDG � NDG� \UD� GX�ekonomikos augimo ãDOWLQLDL�� QDXGRMDP LãWHNOL didinimas -� NDSLWDOR�� GDUER�� åHP V�� åDOLDY LU� WHFKQLQL åLQLtobulinimas -�QDXM LU�SDåDQJHVQL JDP\ERV�PHWRG DWVLUDGLPDV�

Kapitalas - WDL� UHQJLPDL�� SDVWDWDL� LU� SDJDPLQWRV� SURGXNFLMRV� DWVDUJRV�� NXULRV� QDXGRMDPRV� WROHVQLDPH� JDP\ERV�procese.

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'DUER� LãWHNOL DXJLPDV� didina � LãOHLGåLDPRV� SURGXNFLMRV� NLHN � äPRJLãNDVLV� NDpitalas -WDL� åPRQL åLQLRV� LU�NYDOLILNDFLMD��'DUER� QDãDV� SURGXNFLMRV�JDP\E SULNODXVR�QH�tik QXR�MR�NLHNLR��EHW�LU�QXR�NRN\E V� 7LQNDPD�DSGLUELPXL�åHP \UD�VYDUEXV�åHP V NLR�HNRQRPLNRV�YHLNVQ\V� 0DOWXVR�VS VWDL��;,;�DPåLDXV�HNRQRPLVWDL�EXYR�ODEDL�VXVLU SLQ G O åHP V ULERWR�NLHNLR��.DGDQJL�åHP V NLHNLR�SDGLGLQWL� QHJDOLPD�� WRG O jie � QDJULQ MR� åHP NDLS� HNRQRPLQ DXJLP ULERMDQW YHLNVQ � - PDQ\PX�� G O J\YHQWRMVNDLþLDXV�DXJLPR��YLHQDP�LU�WDP�SDþLDP�åHP V SORWXL�åPRQL NLHNLV�YLV�GLG V��R�PDLVWR�SURGXNW JDP\ED�QHJDOL�WDLS�JUHLWDL�GLG WL��*\YHQLPR�O\JLV�PDå V��LU�SDJDOLDX�VXVWDEG\V�J\YHQWRM VNDLþLDXV�DXJLP �3DJULQGLQLV� ãLRV� LG MRV� DXWRULXV� EXYR� 7�� 0DOWXVDV�� -LV� WYLUWLQR�� NDG� åPRQL VNDLþLXV� GLG MD� SDJDO� JHRPHWULQSURJUHVLM � R�åHP V NLR�JDP\ERV�DSLPWLV�DXJD�SDJDO�DULWPHWLQ SURJUHVLM � 7DLJL�0DOWXVR�WHLJLPX��PDLVWR�SURGXNW kiekis YLHQDP� J\YHQWRMXL� PDå V SDJDO� J\YHQWRM VNDLþLDXV� NLOLP � *DO JDOH� DWHLV� EDGDV� LU� åPRQL VNDLþLXV� VXPDå V�� 7DþLDX�0DOWXVDV�QH YHUWLQR�åHP V NLR�JDP\ERV�SURGXNW\YXPR�DXJLPR��0RNVOR� LU� WHFKQLNRV�SDåDQJD�åHP V N\MH�JHULQD�åPRQLVNDLþLDXV�DXJLPR�SHUVSHNW\Y �äDOLDYRV��QDIWD��JHOHåLV��anglis)�WDLS�SDW�\UD�JDP\ERV�YHLNVQ\V��(IHNW\Y V UHQJLPDL�LU�JDP\ERV�PHWRGDL�OHLGåLD�JDXWL�W SDW SURGXNFLMRV�NLHN SDQDXGRMDQW�PDåLDX�åDOLDY .

Neatstatomieji ištekliai. Kai kurias åDOLDY U ãLV�� SDY\]GåLXL� PHGLHQ � JDOLPD� DWVWDW\WL�� 7DþLDX� EHQGURV�SDVDXOLQ V åDOLDYRV��NDLS�QDIWD��DQJOLV��YDULV��QHJDOL�E WL�SDGLGLQWRV�LU�DWVWDW\WRV��âL åDOLDY QDXGRMLPDV�PDåLQD�M NLHN � NXULV�potencialiai gali� E WL� SDQDXGRWDV� DWHLW\MH�� 7DL� VXN O EDLP � NDG� YLVRV�pasaulio ãDO\V� VXQDXGRV� QXURG\WXV� LãWHNOLXV� LU� MLãQ\NLPDV� VXVWDEG\V� HNRQRPLNRV� DXJLP � 7DLN\GDPL� HNVSRQHQWLQLR� DXJLPR� V O\JDV�� SDPDW\VLPH�� NDG� QHDEHMRWLQDL� DWHLV�laikas, kai šie ištekliai išseks. Romos klubo pranešimai teigia, kad DUWLPLDXVL 50-100 PHW ODLNRWDUSLX�åPRQLMD�VXVLGXUV�su PDWHULDO LQL LãWHNOL WU NXPX�� 7DþLDX� LU� ãLXR� DWYHMX� nepamirškime, kad ekonomikos funkcionavimas yra daug VXG WLQJHVQLV� QHL� SDO\JLQWL� SULPLW\YL� HNVSRQHQWLQLR� G VQLR� prielaida. 3DQDJULQ NLPH�� kaip ULQNRV� HNRQRPLND� UHDJXRMD�DWVLUDGXV kokio nors vertingo ištekliaus� WU NXP � 9LV SLUPD�� VXPDå MXV� SDVL ODL�� Lã� NDUWR� SDGLG MD� NDLQRV��.DLQsistema šiuo atveju atlieka NHOHW IXQNFLM �

• Greitai GLG MDQþLRV kainos VXPDåLQD t r NVWDP åDOLDY SDNODXV � - bendras panaudojimas gerokai VXPDå V��NDUWX�GLG MDQW�r ibiniam naudingumui. 3DY\]GåLXL�

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išaugus naftos kainai, SUHN PV� SDNXRWL� JDPLQWRMDL� SUDG V QDXGRWL� SRSLHUL �DQNVþLDX� QDXGRMR� SODVWPDV �JDPLQDP Lã�QDIWRV���.DLQ DXJLPDV�\UD�HIHNW\YLDXVLDV�E GDV��OHLGåLDQWLV�LãVSU VWL�ãL SUREOHP �� $XJDQþLRV�NDLQRV�YHUþLD�JDPLQWRMXV�LHãNRWL�QDXM WU NVWDP åDOLDY JDYLPR�E G � Esant tam tikroms V O\JRPV��EXV�SHOQLQJD�LãJDXWL�QDIW Lã�YDQGHQ\QR�GXJQR� � $XNãWRV�WU NVWDP LãWHNOL NDLQRV�UHLNDODXMD�LHãNRWL�SDNDLWDO � 7UDGLFLQL HQHUJLMRV�U ãL SDNDLWDOX�JDOL�WDSWL�6DXO V HQHUJLMD� .DLS� PDWRPH�� NDLQ VLVWHPD� UDQGD� E G � NDLS� SULVLWDLN\WL� JDP\EDL�� SDVLNHLWXV� LãWHNOL SDVL ORV�V O\JRPV��$WHLWLV�SDURG\V��DU�PRNVOR� LU� WHFKQLNRV�SDåDQJD�EHL�QHDWVWDWRP LãWHNOL SDNDLWDO JDP\ED�XåWLNULQV�HNRQRPLNRV�DXJLP �(NRQRPLMD�G O PDVWR��.LHNYLHQDV�JDP\ERV�YHLNVQ\V� QHãD�VDYR�GDO SURGXNFLMRV�JDP\E � -HLJX�YLHQR�YHLNVQLR�NLHNLV�VXPDå MD��WDL�WDP�SDþLDP�SURGXNFLMRV�NLHNLXL�SDJDPLQWL�UHLN V GLGHVQLR�NLHNio kito veiksnio. O NDV�E W SURGXNFLMRV�JDP\EDL��MHLJX�YLVL�JDP\ERV�YHLNVQLDL�E W GLGLQDPL�NDUWX"�7DL�SULNODXVR�QXR�HNRQRPLMRV�G O PDVWR� (NRQRPLMD� G O PDVWR� DWVLUDQGD� WXR� DWYHMX�� MHLJX� LãOHLGåLDPRV� SURGXNFLMRV� NLHNLV� SDGLG MD� GX� NDUWXV��

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Vadinasi, nuolat darant papildomas investicijas, ribinis NDSLWDOR� HIHNW\YXPDV� �W�� \�� JDXQDP PHWLQ VSURGXNFLMRV� DUED� SDMDP SULHDXJLR� LU� W PHW LQYHVWLFLM sumos santykis) PDå MD�� 7DL� EHQGUR� PDå MDQþLSDMDP G VQLR�NRQNUHWL�išraiška. Ribinio kapitalo efektyvumo PDå MLPDs reiškia, kad kapitalo ir produkcijos VDQW\NLV�GLG MD�- produkcijos vienetui pagaminti reikia kaskart vis daugiau kapitalo.

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fiksuotas, konkurencingumas SDVLNHLþLD daug JUHLþLDX tada, kai infliacijos WHPS skirtumai tarp ãDOL yra dideli ir QHSDVWRY V�� Dirbtinis nominaliojo valiutos kurso palaikymas sukelia LQIOLDFLMRV� QHSDVWRYXP � LU� WDL� WXUL� WDNRV�konkurencingumo lygiui. Vadinasi, nepastovumas, esant fiksuotiems kursams pasireiškia GDXJ� VXG WLQJHVQH� IRUPD��6P JLDL� kuriuos patiria pasaulio YDOLXWLQ sistema, nepriklauso nuo YHLNLDQþLR valiutos NXUVR�UHåLPR��Plaukiojantieji YDOLXW NXUVDL�G O VDYR�ODQNVWXPR�LU�QHSDVWRYXPR�WLQNDPLDX�SULLPD�VP JLXV�LU�VXVLGRURMD�VX�jais.

3ODXNLRMDQWLHML�YDOLXW NXUVDL� OHLGåLD YDLULRPV šalims neribotai LOJ ODLN palaikyti skirtingus infliacijos tempus. Šalyse, kuriose infliacijos tempai yra aukštesni, per LOJ SHULRG YDOLXWRV�NXUVDL�VXPDåLQV�SHUNDPRVLRV�JDOLRV�SDULWHW LU�WDUSWDXWLQ NRQNXUHQFLQJXP � 3ODXNLRMDQWLHML�YDOLXW NXUVDL�QHXåNHUWD�NHOLR�YLGDXV�SLQLJ PDV V DXJLPXL�LU�DXNãW YLGDXV�LQIOLDFLMRV�WHPS SDODLN\PXL�DWVNLURVH�ãDO\VH��7RG O��ãLR�YDOLXWRV�NXUVR�UHåLPR�NULWLN nuomone, jis QHXåWLNULQD�ILQDQVLQ V WYDUNRV�

(VDQW�ILNVXRW YDOLXWRV�NXUV VLVWHPDL��WRV�ãDO\V��NXULRVH�LQIOLDFLMRV�WHPSDL�\UD�DXNãWHVQL�Xå�YLGXWLQ O\J � WDSV�vis labiau nekonkurencingas. Jeigu jos nenumato vykdyti savo valiutos kurso devalvacijos, jos bus priverstos naudoti WRNLD�YLGDXV�SROLWLN � NXUL�OHLVW VXPDåLQWL�LQIOLDFLMRV�WHPSXV�LNL�NLW SDVDXOLR�ãDOL O\JLR�

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����7DUSWDXWLQ ILQDQV Sistema

TarptautiQ SLQLJ VLVWHPD� OHLGåLD� YLHQRV� ãDOLHV� J\YHQWRMDPV� DWVLVNDLW\WL� VX� NLWRV� ãDOLHV� J\YHQWRMDLV��7RNLDWVLVNDLW\P E WLQDL� UHLNLD�� QHV�YLHQRV� ãDOLHV� LPSRUWXRWRMDL� WXUL�PRN WL� NLW ãDOL HNVSRUWXRWRMDPV�� WDP� UHLNDOXL� DUED�LPSRUWXRWRMDV� WXUL� VLJ\WL� HNVSRUWXRWRMR� ãDOLHV� YDOLXWRV�� DUED� HNVSRUWXRWRMDV�� NXULDP� VXPRN WD� LPSRUWXRWRMR� ãDOLHV�YDOLXWD��IXULM LãVLNHLVWL� VDYR�YDOLXW7LHN�SUDPRQHL��WLHN�SUHN\EDL�VYDUEX��NDG�E W VXGDURPRV�VXWDUW\V��SDGHGDQþLRV�PDåLQWL�SDSLOGRPDV�WDUSWDXWLQLRSHUDFLM �SDO\JLQWL�VX�YLdaus operacijomis) išlaidas, nepatogumus EHL�GLGHVQ UL]LN � 7RV�LãODLGRV�SDSUDVWDL�QHGLGHO V��

bet jos kinta, priklausomai nuo to, kaip RUJDQL]XRMDPL�WDUSWDXWLQLDL�DWVLVNDLW\PDL�LU�\SDþ�YDOLXW ULQND��3HU�SDVWDU MãLPWPHW WDUSWDXWLQ SLQLJ VLVWHPD�HYROLXFLRQDYR�LU�PRN MLP SDJULQGDV�WDSR�QHEH�DXNVDV��R�nacionaliniai pinigai, \SDþ�-$9�GROHULDL��7RNLH�WDUSWDXWLQL PRN MLP SRN\þLDL�Q UD�DWVLWLNWLQLDL�- WDL�UHDNFLMD� SLQLJLQLXV�LU�VWUXNW ULQLXV�HNRQRPLNRV�QHVNODQGXPXV�� NDL�NXUL ãDOL VDQW\NLQLR�ekonominLR�SDM JXPR�SRN\þLXV� LU�GLGåL M YDOVW\EL VXJHE MLP VWDELOL]XRWL�kainas.

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standarto terminas; po I Pasaulinio karo šis mechanizmas vadinamas DXNVR�GHYL] VWDQGDUWX��$XNVR�GHYL] VWDQGDUWDV�- tai santykis tarp aukso ir valiutos tarptautiniuose atsiskaitymuose. JAV iki 1971 m. 35 doleriai prilygo l aukso uncijai (28,35 gramo); šiuo metu aukso kaina laisvai nusistato rinkoje. Kai NDOEDPD�DSLH�DXNVR�LU�ELPHWDOLQ VWDQGDUW � WHUPLQDV�standartas UHLãNLD� DSVNDLWRV�PDW DUED� YLHQHW �SDQDãLDL� NDLS� MDUGDV� DUED� OLWUDV���6YDUELDXVLD�;,;�D��SLQLJ VLVWHPRV�\SDW\E EXYR�QDFLRQDOLQL SLQLJ YHUW V UHLãNLPDV�DXNVX��,,�3DVDXOLQLR�NDUR�PHWX�WDUSWDXWLQH�VXWDUWLPL�buvo sukurta Bretono Vudso sistema. âL�VLVWHPD�HJ]LVWDYR�LNL���GHãLPWPHþLR�SUDGåLRV��Terminas sistema buvo vartojamas nuo II PasauliQLR�NDUR�LU�UHLãN XåVLHQLR�YDOLXW ULQN LU�WDUSWDXWLQL UH]HUY DNW\YXV��1XR���GHãLPWPHþLR�SUDGåLRV�VLVWHPD�QHWXU MR�VDYR�WLNVODXV�SDYDGLQLPR��WRG O SDSUDVWDL�EXYR�YDGLQDPD�sistema po Bretono Vudso.

Bretono Vudso sistema

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fondas (EVBF) 1973 m.; Europos valiutos fondas (EVF) 1981 m.

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6WRMLPR� 7DUSWDXWLQ YDOLXWRV� IRQG VXWDUW\MH� QXURGRPD�� NDG� ãDO\V� QDU V gali skolintis nepaiVDQW� MY\NGRPRV�HNRQRPLQ V LU�VRFLDOLQ V SROLWLNRV��7DþLDX�LOJDLQLXL�)RQGR�YDGRY\E QXVSUHQG � NDG�NUHGLWDV�WXU W E WL�VXWHLNWDV� WXR� DWYHMX�� MHL� SDJULQGåLDPD�SHUVSHNW\YD�� NDG� ãDOLV� QDU JDO V VXUHJXOLXRWL� VDYR�PRN MLP EDODQV � ,NL�1989 m. Fondo kapitalas buvo 90 POUG��-$9�GROHUL � -LV�VXVLGDU SDGLG MXV�ãDOL QDUL VNDLþLXL ir kelis kartus SDGLG MXV� NLHNYLHQRV� QDU V NYRWDL�� 'YL� UHLNãPLQJRV� QXRVWDW QDXMRY V (viena GHãLPWPHþLR� SUDGåLRMH�� R� kita - SDEDLJRMH�� VXGDU JDOLP\E SDSLOGRPDL� GLG WL TVF kvotoms, ir taip SUDG MR� GLG WL� 79)� UHLNDOLQJRV� O ãRV� LU�WDUSWDXWLQLDL�UH]HUYDL��.DG�VXPDå W JDOLPDV�YDOLXW WU NXPDV�)RQGH� 1963 m. Fondo statute buvo padaryta pataisa - UDã\WDV� %HQGUDVLV� VNROLQLPRVL� VXVLWDULPDV� (General Arrangement to Borrow), nurodantis, kokiu atveju )RQGDV�JDOL�VNROLQWLV�YDOLXW Lã�ãDOL QDUL �

6YDUELDXVLD� �� GHãLPWPHþLR� QDXMRY - VXNXUWRV� 6SHFLDOLRVLRV� VNROLQLPRVL� WHLV V �667�� Special 'UDZLQJ� 5LJKWV�� 6'5��� W�� \� QDXMDV� WDUSWDXWLQL UH]HUY DNW\YDV�� 7DL� EXYR� SDGDU\WD� WRG O�� NDG� PDQ\WD�� MRJ�SULWU NV� DXNVR� LU� NLW WDUSWDXWLQL UH]HUY DNW\Y � WRG O�� NDG� GDXJXPD� ãDOL QHJDO MR� SDWHQNLQWL� VDYR� UH]HUYSRUHLNL QHVXNHOGDPRV� -$9� PRN MLP GHILFLWR�� %HQGUD� SULHODLGD� EXYR� WD�� NDG� WDUSWDXWLQL UH]HUY DNW\YSDNODXVD�GLG V PDåGDXJ�SURSRUFLQJDL�SDVDXOLR�SUHN\ERV�DU�SDVDXOLR�SDMDP DXJLPXL�- WDL�SDQDãX� NLHN\ELQ VSLQLJ WHRULMRV� WDUSWDXWLQ YDULDQW � 7RNV� SRåL ULV� OHLGR� DSVNDLþLXRWL�� NDG� WDUSWDXWLQL UH]HUY DNW\Y SDNODXVD�JDO MR�GLG WL��-� POUG��-$9�GROHUL SHU�PHWXV��3LQLJLQLR�DXNVR�DWVDUJRV�GLG MR�O�POUG. JAV GROHUL SHU�PHWXV� 1968-�����P��WDUSWDXWLQ PLV�DWYLURVLRV�ULQNRV�RSHUDFLMRPLV�EXYR�VXNXUWDV�GHãLPWLHV�PLOLMDUG GROHULYHUW V 667�DNW\YDV��NLHNYLHQD�ãDOLV�QDU JDYR�QDXMDL�VXGDU\WR�667�DNW\YR�GDO SDJDO�VDYR�79)�NYRW � .LHNYLHQD�ãDOLV� QDU JDO MR� QDXGRWL� 667�XåVLHQLR� YDOLXWRPV� SLUNWL� Lã� NLW QDUL DUED� Lã� )RQGR�� 3DY\]GåLXL�� MHL� 'LGåLRML�%ULWDQLMD� WXU MR� PRN MLP GHILFLW � ML� JDO MR� SDUGXRWL� GDO 667� )RQGXL�� VLJ\WL� -$9� GROHUL DU� NRNLRV� NLWRV�QDFLRQDOLQ V YDOLXWRV�LU�SDQDXGRWL�M YDOLXW ULQNRMH�'LGåiosios Britanijos svarui paremti.

����� P�� DXNVDV� EXYR� RILFLDOLDL� GHPRQHWDUL]XRWDV� 79)�� QXWUDXNWDV� RILFLDOXV� YDOLXW DXNVR� turinio VNHOELPDV�� QDãDV�DXNVX�SDNHLVWDV� QDãX�UH]HUYLQH�YDOLXWD�LU�6'5��$XNVDV�SDãDOLQWDV�DWVLVNDLW\PXRVH�WDUS�79)�LU�MR� QDUL � 1RUV� 79)� LãVW P DXNV Lã� DWVLVNDLW\P � WDþLDX� DXNVR� UH]HUYDL� OLHND� SDVDXOLQLX� SLQLJ IRQGX��3DJULQGLQ UH]HUY GDOLV� �����DXNVR�� VXNDXSWD���� ODELDXVLDL� LãVLY\VþLXVL ãDOL � 'DXJLDXVLD�DXNVR� WXUL�-$9��9RNLHWLMD�� âYHLFDULMD�� 3UDQF ]LMD�� ,WDOLMD�� $XNVR� UHLNãP GLG MD�� QHV� MLV� QDXGRMDPDV� QH� WLN� NDLS� SDVDXOLQLDL�pinigai, bet ir QDXMDXVLRVH�SUDPRQ V ãDNRVH��EDQN UH]HUYXRVH��SULYDþLRMH�WH]DXUDFLMRMH��VSHNXOLDFLMRMH�

3DVDXO\MH�\UD���� DXNVR� ULQNRV��$XNVR� ULQND� VNLUVWRPD� � NDWHJRULMDV��SDVDXOLQ �/RQGRQDV��Ciurichas, 1LXMRUNDV�LU�NW����YLGLQ ODLVYD��3DU\åLXV��0LODQDV��6WDPEXODV�LU�NW����YLHWLQ NRQWUROLXRMDPD��$W QDL��.DLUDV�LU�NW����ÄMXRGRML���%RPE MXV��7DLE MXV�LU�NW��� 79)�Y\NGR�NUHGLWLQHV�RSHUDFLMDV�WLN�VX�RILFLDOLDLV�ãDOL QDUL RUJDQDLV�- LåGLQLQNDLV��centriniais bankais, VWDELOL]DYLPR� IRQGDLV�� NXULH� SDJDO� 79)� VWDWXV� JDOL� JDXWL� O ãDV� XåVLHQLR� YDOLXWD�� VXWHLNWDV� ODLNLQDP� PRN MLPR�EDODQVR�GHILFLWXL�GHQJWL��.UHGLWDV�ãDOLPV�79)�QDU PV�JDOL�E WL�VXWHLNLDPDV��-� PHW ODLNRWDUSLXL�XåVLHQLR�YDOLXWD�PDLQDLV� QDFLRQDOLQ YDOLXW � âDOLV�SDGHQJLD�NUHGLW � LãSLUNGDPD�Lã�79)�VDYR�QDFLRQDOLQ YDOLXW Xå�NRQYHUWXRMDPYDOLXW � %H�DSULERMLP ãDOLV�JDOL�JDXWL�NUHGLWXV�WLN������NYRWRV�ULERVH�LU�W VXP XåVLHQLR�YDOLXWRV������L�NXUL M L�DQNVþLDX�SDVNROLQR�79)���âLH�NUHGLWDL�SULVNLULDPL�SULH�ãDOLHV�UH]HUYLQ V SR]LFLMRV�79)������ .UHGLWLQL LãWHNOL VXWHLNLPDV��YLUãLMDQWLV�UH]HUYLQ GDO � SULNODXVR�QXR�79)�GLUHNWRUDWR�sprendimo ir po WR��NDL�VXVLSDå VWDPD�VX�YDOLXWLQH-HNRQRPLQH�SDG WLPL�LU�UHNRPHQGDFLMRPLV��taikomos stabilizavimo�SULHPRQ V� âDO\V�QDU V JDOL�JDXWL�NUHGLW LU�SDJDO�NLWXV�ãDOWLQLXV��NXULHPV�SULNODXVR� • kreditai „stand-by", kurie suteikiami tikslams, suderintiems su TVF;

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� NRPSHQVDFLQLV� ILQDQVDYLPDV�� VNLUWDV�PRN MLPR�EDODQVR�GHILFLWXL�GHQJWL�� NXULV� VXVLM V VX�NDLQ kritimu åDOLDYLQ PV�SUHN PV��VX�HNRQRPLNRV�VWUXNW ULQLDLV�SRN\þLDLV� • åDOLDYLQL LãWHNOL ILQDQVDYLPR� VLVWHPD�� W�\�� VSHFLDO V NUHGLWDL� VLHNLDQW� VWDELOL]XRWL� NDLQDV� åDOLDYLQ PV�SUHN PV� • LãSO VWLQLR NUHGLWDYLPR�VLVWHPD��W�\��VSHFLDO V NUHGLWDL�ãDOLPV��NXUL PRN MLPR�EDODQVDL�VPDUNLDL�SDåHLVWL� � NUHGLWDL�Lã� YDLUL VSHFLDOL IRQG �TVF gali bet kuriuo metu pareikalauti iš ãDOL QDUL åLQL apie ekonomikos, SLQLJ apyvartos, PRN MLP EDODQVR� E NO � DSLH� RILFLDOLXV� DXNVR� YDOLXWLQLXV� UH]HUYXV�� LQYHVWLFLMDV� XåVLHQ\MH� LU� ����� 7RG OUHNRPHQGDFLMRV��NDLS�SDãDOLQWL�PRN MLPR�EDODQVR�GHILFLW � VXVLMXVLRV�VX���SDJULQGLQ PLV�NU\SWLPLV� � QXPDWRPD� VXPDåLQWL� YLVXPLQH�� SDNODXV SLQLJ -NUHGLWR� LU� ELXGåHWR� UHVWUXNFLMRV� SROLWLNRV� G ND�� W�\��didinti PRNHVþLXV�� racionalizuoti NUHGLW � riboti ELXGåHWLQHV išlaidas VRFLDOLQ PV� UHLNP PV��Y\ULDXV\ELQ PV� VXEVLGLMRPV� LU� YDOVW\ELQL PRQL EHL� VWDLJ � GDUELQLQN EHL� WDUQDXWRM GDUER�XåPRNHVþLXL��GLGLQWL�RILFLDOLXV�minimalius UH]HUY reikalavimus; � YDOLXWRV�GHYDOYDFLMD�DUED�MRV�SHUN OLPDV� SODXNLDQW UHåLP �79)�NUHGLWLQ VH�RSHUDFLMRVH�Lã�HVP V QDXGRMDPD�ODELDXVLDL�LãVLY\VþLXVL ãDOL QDUL YDOLXWD��pasinaudodama WHLVH� NHLVWL� VWDWXV�� ML� SDNHLW ÄYDOLXWRV� NHLWLP � ÄODLVYDL� SDQDXGRMDP YDOLXW ��� 3DVWDU MD� WDSR�� -$9� GROHULV��

VokietijoV PDUN � -DSRQLMRV�MHQD��'LGåLRVLRV�%ULWDQLMRV�VYDUDV�VWHUOLQJ � 3UDQF ]LMRV�IUDQNDV��9DGLQDVL��SUDNWLãNDL�)RQGR�UHDOLRV�NUHGLWLQ V JDOLP\E V ULERMDPRV�VYDUELDXVL ãDOL YDOLXW NHLWLPR�LãWHNOLDLV�

21.2. Tarptautiniai kreditiniai santykiai

Tarptautinis kreditas tarpininkauja XåVLHQLR� HNRQRPLQ MH� DS\YDUWRMH�� -LV� SDJU VWDL� SULVNLULDPDV� SULH�VXG WLQJ WDUSWDXWLQL VDQW\NL IRUP � -LV� SDGHGD� NRPSOHNVLãNDL� VSU VWL� ekonomines, socialines ir politines SUREOHPDV��7DUSWDXWLQ NUHGLW NLWRPV�ãDOLPV�WHLNLD�YDOVW\E V EDQNDL��ILUPRV��EHQGURY V� Tarptautinio kredito šaltiniai yra laikinai ODLVYRV� PRQ V SLQLJLQ V O ãRV�� YDOVW\E V LU� privataus VHNWRULDXV�VXNDXSWRV�O ãRV��HVDQþLRV�EDQNXRVH� Tarptautinio kredito principai:

� JU åLQWLQXPDV��jei O ãRV�Q UD�JU åLQDPRV��WDL�VXSrantama kaip finansavimas; � ODLNLQXPDV��O ãRV�WXUL�E WL�JU åLQDPRV�SHU�VXWDUW ODLNRWDUS �� DSVLPRNDPXPDV��QXPDWRPRV�VNLUWLQJRV�NUHGLWR�JU åLQLPR�V O\JRV� � PDWHULDOLQLV�SDJULQGLPDV�NDLS�JDUDQWLMD��NDG�NUHGLWDV�EXV�JU åLQWDV� � WLNVOLQLV�SRE GLV��NUHGLWXRMDPL�NRQNUHW V SURMHNWDL��VNDWLQDQW\V�NUHGLWXRMDQþLRV�ãDOLHV�HNVSRUW �7DUSWDXWLQLR�NUHGLWR�SULQFLSDL�SDURGR�MR�U\ã VX�HNRQRPLQLDLV�ULQNRV� VWDW\PDLV�LU�\UD�naudojami rinkos VXEMHNW EHL�YDOVW\E V WLNVODPV�SDVLHNWL� Tarptautinio kredito funkcijos:

• PersNLUVWR� VNROLQDP M NDSLWDO WDUS� ãDOL � SDWHQNLQGDPDV� LãSO VWLQ V UHSURGXNFLMRV� poreikius. 6NROLQDPDVLV�NDSLWDODV�SDWHQND� WDV�VIHUDV��NXU�JDUDQWXRMDPDV�SHOQDV� � 7LNULHML� SLQLJDL� �DXNVDV�� VLGDEUDV�� NHLþLDPL� NUHGLWLQLDLV�� SOHþLDPRV� WDUSWDXWLQ V NUHGLWLQ V operacijos, SDQDXGRMDQW�þHNLXV��YHNVHOLXV��EDQN SHUYHGLPXV� � *UHLWLQD�NDSLWDOR�NRQFHQWUDFLM LU�FHQWUDOL]DFLM � 3DQDXGRMDQW�NLW ãDOL NDSLWDO SOHþLDVL�individualaus kaupimo ribos, individualios PRQ V WDPSD�DNFLQ PLV�EHQGURY PLV��kuriasi naujos firmos, monopolijos.

Tarptautinio kredito vaidmuo gamybos vystymui WXUL� WHLJLDP LU� QHLJLDP SXVHV�� -R� WHLJLDP SXVDWVSLQGL�VSDUWHVQLV�JDP\ELQL M J Y\VW\PDVLV��7DL�pasireiškia šiomis kryptimis:

� .UHGLWDV� VWLPXOLXRMD� WDUSWDXWLQ HNRQRPLQ ãDOLHV� YHLNO � VXNXULD� SDSLOGRP SDNODXV rinkoje. 7DUSWDXWLQ SUHN\ED�NUHGLW SDJULQGX�WDSR�WDUSWDXWLQH�QRUPD��\SDþ�WRPV�SUHN PV��NXUL LOJDV�JDP\ERV�ciklas, vartojimas ir aukšta kaina. 'DåQDL�NUHGLWXRMDQWL�šalis reikalauja pirkti SUHNHV�E WHQW�MRV�ULQNRMH� • Tarptautinis kreditas sudaro palankias V O\JDV�XåVLHQLR�SULYDWLHPV� LQYHVWLWRULDPV��QHV� jiems paprastai suteikiamos tam tikros OHQJYDWRV�� SDGHGD� NXUWL� LQIUDVWUXNW U � E WLQ PRQ PV� IXQNFLRQXRWL�� VWLSULQD�QDFLRQDOLQL PRQL � EDQN � VXVLMXVL VX�WDUSWDXWLQLX�kreditu, pozicijas. � .UHGLWDV� XåWLNULQD� WDUSWDXWLQL DWVLVNDLW\PR� LU� YDOLXWLQL RSHUDFLM � NXULRV� V O\JRMD� tarptautinius ãDOLHV�U\ãLXV��WRO\GXP �� .UHGLWDV�GLGLQD�WDUSWDXWLQ V SUHN\ERV�LU�NLWRV�WDUSWDXWLQ V HNRQRPLQ V ãDOLHV�YHLNORV�HIHNW\YXP �Neigiama tarptautiniR NUHGLWR� SXV SDVLUHLãNLD� WXR�� NDG� JLO MD� GLVSURSRUFLMRV� HNRQRPLNRMH�� 7DL� DWVSLQGL�SUHNL SHUSURGXNFLMD�� VNROLQDPRMR� NDSLWDOR� SHUVNLUVW\PDV� WDUS� ãDOL � VWDLJXV� SUHNL NLHNLR� SDGLG MLPDV� SDNLOLPR�ODLNRWDUSLX�LU�VXPDå MLPDV�HNRQRPLNRV�QXRVPXNLR�PHUX�

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KreditLQ SROLWLND� VWLSULQD� ãDOL NUHGLWRUL SR]LFLMDV� SDVDXOLQ MH� ULQNRMH�� 3LUPLDXVLD�� SHOQDV� Lã� ãDOLVNROLQLQNL DWLWHQND� ãDOLPV� VNROLQWRMRPV�� 7DLS� SDW� ãDO\V� NUHGLWRU V NXULD� VDX� SDODQNLDV� politines ir ekonomines V O\JDV�EHVLVNROLQDQþLRVH�ãDO\VH� Tarptautinis�NUHGLWDV�\UD�YLHQDV�Lã�NDU ILQDQVDYLPR�ãDOWLQL �6LHNGDPL� VXVWLSULQWL� VDYR� SR]LFLMDV�� EDQNDL�� YDOVW\E V�� WDUSWDXWLQ V LU� UHJLRQLQ V YDOLXWLQ V-NUHGLWLQ V LU�ILQDQVLQ V RUJDQL]DFLMRV� NDUWDLV� Y\NGR� NUHGLWLQ V GLVNULPLQDFLMRV� SROLWLN � .UHGLWLQ GLVNULPLQDFija - tai QHYLHQRG NUHGLW JDYLPR��SDQDXGRMLPR�LU�SDGHQJLPR�V O\J VXGDU\PDV��WDLNDQW�ãDOLPV�HNRQRPLQ LU�SROLWLQVSDXGLP � 'LVNULPLQDFLMRV� PHWRGDL� -DSULERMLPDL�� SDO NDQ SURFHQWR� SDGLGLQLPDV�� laiko sutrumpinimas, NUHGLWR�G\GåLR�VXPDåLQLPDV� *ULHåþLDXVLD�HNRQRPLQ VDQNFLMD�- NUHGLWLQ EORNDGD��NDL�DWVLVDNRPD�VXWHLNWL�NUHGLW YLHQDL�ar kitai šaliai. 7DL�GDåQDL�VXVLM VX�HNRQRPLQH�EORNDGD��7DL�GDURPD�RILFLDOLDL��R�GDåQDL�LU�QHRILFLDOLDL��DWVLVDNDQW�VXWHLNWL�NUHGLWG O YDLUL PRW\Y �Tarptautinis kreditas JDOL�E WL�QDXGRMDPDV�NDLS�EHQGUDGDUELDYLPR� WDUS� ãDOL SULHPRQ LU�NDLS�SULHPRQNRQNXUHQFLQ MH�NRYRMH�

Tarptautinio kredito formos

*DP\ERV� LU� PDLQ LQWHUQDFLRQDOL]DFLMD�� QDXM SDVDXOLR� NLR� U\ãL IRUP DWVLUDGLPDV� V O\JRMD�WDUSWDXWLQLR�NUHGLWR�IRUP YDLURY �3DJDO�ãDOWLQLXV�VNLULDPDV�YLGLQLV��XåVLHQLR�LU�PLãUXV�NUHGLWDYLPDV�EHL�XåVLHQLR�SUHN\ERV�finansavimas.

Jie \UD� WDUSXVDY\MH� VXVLM LU� DSLPD� YLVDV� SUHNL MXG MLPR� QXR� HNVSRUWXRWRMR� LPSRUWXRWRMXL� stadijas �SDUXRãDV��JDP\E � EXYLP NHO\MH����� Pagal paskiUW � SULNODXVRPDL�QXR�WR��NDLS�EXV�SDQDXGRWRV�VNROLQWRV�O ãRV��VNLULDPL� � NRPHUFLQLDL�NUHGLWDL��WLHVLRJLDL�VXVLM VX�XåVLHQLR prekyba ir paslaugomis; � ILQDQVLQLDL� NUHGLWDL�� SDQDXGRMDPL� NLWDLV� WLNVODLV� �WLHVLRJLQLDPV� NDSLWDOLQLDPV� MXG MLPDPV�� LQYHVWLFLQLREMHNW VWDW\EDL��YHUW\ELQL SRSLHUL VLJLMLPXL��XåVLHQLR� VLVNROLQLPR�dengimui, valiutinei intervencijai). � WDUSLQLDL�NUHGLWDL��VNLUWL�DSWDUQDXWL�PLãULDV�NDSLWDOR��SUHNL LU�SDVODXJ LãYHåLPR�IRUPDV� 3DJDO�U ã gali E WL� � NUHGLWDL�SUHN PV��NXULXRV�teikia HNVSRUWXRMDQWL�ãDOLV�VDYR�SLUN MDPV� • valiutiniai, WHLNLDPL�EDQN SLQLJLQH�IRUPD� Pagal paskolas valiuta tarptautiniai kreditai skiriami:

• šalies skolininko arba šalies kreditoriaus valiuta; � WUHþLRV�ãDOLHV�YDOLXWD�DUED�WDUSWDXWLQLR�SLQLJLQLR�YLHQHWR�DSVNDLWRV�YDOLXWD��SDJU VWD�valiutos krepšiu (SDR, EKIU ir kt.).

3DJDO�WHUPLQXV�WDUSWDXWLQLDL�NUHGLWDL�VNLUVWRPL� �� WUXPSDODLNLXV��LNL�O�PHW �� � YLGXWLQ V WUXNP V �QXR�O�LNL���PHW �� • ilgalaikius (daugiau kaip 5 metai).

Trumpalaikiai kreditai panaudRMDPL� XåVLHQLR� SUHN\ERMH� LU� WDUSWDXWLQ MH� PRN MLPR� DS\YDUWRMH��DSWDUQDXMDQW� QHSUHN\ELQLXV�� GUDXGLPR� LU� VSHNXOLDFLQLXV� VDQG ULXV�� -HLJX� WUXPSDODLNLV� NUHGLWDV� SUDW VLDPDV�� MLV�WDPSD�YLGXWLQ V WUXNP V DUED�LOJDODLNLX��,OJDODLNLV� tarptautinis kreditas skiriamas investicijoms ir iki 80% aptarnauja PDãLQ LU�NRPSOHNWXRMDP UHQJLP HNVSRUW � VWDPELXV�SURMHNWXV��PRNVOLQLR�W\ULPR�GDUEXV�LU�QDXMRV�WHFKQLNRV� GLHJLP �8åWLNULQLPR�SUDVPH�WDUSWDXWLQLV�NUHGLWDV�VNLUVWRPDV� JDUDQWXRW LU�EODQN NUHGLW � .UHGLW paprastai garantuoja SUHN V�� NRPHUFLQLDL� GRNXPHQWDL�� YHUW\ELQLDL� SRSLHULDL�� YHNVHOLDL�� QHNLOQRMDPDVLV� WXUWDV� LU� NLWRV� YHUW\E V�� 3UHN VXåVWDWDV�NUHGLWXL�JDXWL�E QD�WULM IRUP �� WYLUWDV�XåVWDWDV��NDL�SUHNL PDV XåVWDWRPD�EDQNR�QDXGDL� � SUHN V XåVWDWDV�DS\YDUWRMH��NDL�SUHN V DWLWLQNDPR�DVRUWLPHQWR�OLNXWLV� VNDLWRPDV� DWLWLQNDP VXP �� SUHN V XåVWDWDV�SHUGLUELPH��NDL�Lã�XåVWDW\WRV�SUHN V JDOLPD�JDPLQWL�GLUELQLXV� %ODQNR�NUHGLWDV�LãGXRGDPDV�SDJDO�VNROLQLQNR� VLSDUHLJRMLPXV�SDGHQJWL�M SHU�DWLWLQNDP ODLNRWDUS � 3aprastai šio

kredito dokumentas yra solo-vekselis su vienu skolininko parašu. 7DLS� SDW� JDOL� E WL� QDXGRMDPDV� NRQWRNRUHQWDV��HLQDPRML�V VNDLWD���RYHUGUDIWDV��GLGHVQ QHL�\UD�HLQDPRMRMH�V VNDLWRMH�SLQLJ VXPD�� .UHGLWDL� VXWHLNLPR� SRåL ULX� E QD�� JU\QLHML� NUHGLWDL�� NXULH� UDãRPL� VNROLQLQNR� V VNDLW MR� dispozicijai, DNFHSWLQLDL�NUHGLWDL��GHSR]LWLQLDL�VHUWLILNDWDL��REOLJDFLQ V SDVNRORV�LU�W�W� 3DJDO�WDL��NDV�WDPSD�NUHGLWRULXPL��NUHGLWDL�JDOL�E WL�

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� SULYDW V��VNLULDPL�ILUP � EDQN � NDUWDLV�WDUSLQLQN �EURNHUL �� • vyriausybiniai; � PLãU V��NXULXRVH�GDO\YDXMD�SULYDþLRV� PRQ V LU�YDOVW\E �� WDUSWDXWLQL LU�UHJLRQLQL YDOLXWRV-NUHGLWR�LU�ILQDQVLQL RUJDQL]DFLM NUHGLWDL� Firminis kreditas - WDL� SDVNROD�� VXWHLNLDPD� ILUPRV�� SDSUDVWDL� YLHQRV� HNVSRUWXRMDQþLRV� ãDOLHV� NLtos šalies LPSRUWXRMDQþLDL� ILUPDL��NDG�E W QXNHOWDV�PRN MLPR�WHUPLQDV��)LUPLQL NUHGLW WUXNP JDOL�E WL QXR���LNL���PHW �SULNODXVRPDL� QXR� SDVDXOLQ V ULQNRV� NRQMXQNW URV� LU� SUHNL U ãLHV�� âLV� NUHGLWDV� DSLIRUPLQDPDV� YHNVHOLX� DUED� DWYLUD�V VNDLWD��9HNVHOLQis kreditas \UD�WRNV��NDL�HNVSRUWXRWRMDV��VXGDU V SUHN V SDUGDYLPR�VXWDUW � SDWHLNLD�SHUYHGLPR�YHNVHO

importuotojui, kuris, JDY V NRPHUFLQLXV� GRNXPHQWXV�� M DNFHSWXRMD�� W�\�� sutinka DSPRN WL� MR� nurodytu laiku. .UHGLWDV�SDJDO�DWYLU V VNDLW naudojamas, NDL�SUHN V SHULRGLãNDL�SULVWDWRPRV�LU�SHULRGLãNDL�DWVLVNDLWRPD�P QHVLR�viduryje ar gale.

Firminio kredito atmaina - SLUN MR�avansas, kuris, VXGDUDQW�NRQWUDNW � suteikiamas XåVLHQLR�LPSRUWR�WLHN MXL�SDSUDVWDL���-�����NDUWDLV�����XåVDN\W PDãLQ � UHQJLP YHUW V��7DL�\UD�JDUDQWDV��NDG�XåVDN\WRV�SUHN Vbus tikrai priimtos. Nors firminis kreditas išreiškia VDQW\NLXV� WDUS� WLHN MR� LU� SLUN MR�� jis QHQHLJLD� EDQNR� O ãdalyvavimo. Bankai suteikia eksporto, finansinius ir valiutinius kreditus.

Eksporto kreditas-kreditas, GXRWDV�EDQNR�ãDOLHV�HNVSRUWXRWRMR�EDQNXL��NDG�MLV�NUHGLWXRW LPSRUWXRMDQþLãDO PDãLQ � UHQJLP LU�����NUHGLWDYLPXL��-LH�WHLNLDPL�pinigine forma ir SDUHLJRMD�SDQDXGRWL�SDVNRO SUHN PV�SLUNWL�ãDO\MH�NUHGLWRU MH��9LHQD�Lã�HNVSRUWLQLR�NUHGLWR�IRUP - kUHGLWDV�SLUN MXL��WHLNLDPDV��-� LU�GDXJLDX�PHW � âLXR�atveju bankas kredituoja šalies importuotojos firmas ir jos bankus.

Finansinis kreditas sudaro galimybe, pirkti prekes bet kurioje rinkoje, vadinasi, palankiausiomis V O\JRPLV� Valiutinis kreditas nesXVLM V VX�SUHNL WLHNLPX�LU�VNLUWDV�XåVLHQLR VLVNROLQLPDPV�GHQJWL��valiutiniam kursui LãODLN\WL��V VNDLWRPV�XåVLHQLR�YDOLXWD�SDSLOG\WL� 6WDPE V EDQNDL�WHLNLD�DNFHSWLQ NUHGLW � DNFHSWXRGDPL� VDN\WLQ YHNVHO � $NFHSWDQWDM�WDPSD�SDJULQGLQLX�

skolininku, nes sutinka padengti YHNVHO QXURG\WX� ODLNX�� 9HNVHOLDL�� DNFHSWXRWL� EDQN � QDXGRMDPL� VXWHLNLDQW�tarpbankinius kreditus.

Eksportui kredituoti taip pat naudojamas akceptinis-rambursinis kreditas. Tuomet’! HNVSRUWXRWRMR�YHNVHODNFHSWXRMD�WUHþLRV�šalies bankas, o importuotojas perveda vekseli SLQLJ VXP EDQNXL�DNFHSWDQWXL� � SDUHLJRMLPDV�DNFHSWXRWL� VDN\WLQ YHNVHO bankui akceptantui.

• Sutikimas akceptuoti. • Pateikimas neatšaukiamo akceptinio akredityvo, VLSDUHLJRMDQW DNFHSWXRWL� VDN�YHNVHO �• 3UHNL iškrovimas.

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• Vekselio DSVNDL þ L DY LPDV ir NRPH UF L Q L GRNXPHQW perdavim as. • VDN\ W LQ LR veksel io ak ce p t av i mu i ir k o m e r c i n i u �GRNXPHQW persiuntimas. • Akcep tuo to V DN \ W L Q L R v ek se l i o J U å L Q LPD V � 7DUSWDXWLQ ILQDQV VLVWHPD�����������������������������

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<SDWLQJD� WDUSWDXWLQLR� NUHGLWR� IRUPD� \UD� REOLJDFLM � DNFLM LU� NLW YHUW\ELQL SRSLHUL HPLVLMD� tarptautinio NDSLWDOR� ULQNRMH�� 3DJULQGLQ ãLRV� VNROLQLPR� IRUPRV� \SDW\E WD�� NDG� EDQNDL� þLD� WDPSD� O\J� LU� WDUSLQLQNDLV� WDUS�VNROLQLQN LU�WLHVLRJLQL NUHGLWRUL - LQYHVWLWRUL � GHGDQþL VDYR�O ãDV� YHUW\ELQLXV�SRSLHULXV� /DELDXVLDL�SDSOLWXVL�ILQDQVLQLR�NUHGLWDYLPR�U ãLV�ãLXR�PHWX�\UD�VLQGLILNXRWL��EHQGUL��HXURNUHGLWDL��NXUL

šaltinis yra eurovaliutos rinkos ištekliai. Paprastai tokius kreditus RUJDQL]XRMD�VWDPE V NRPHUFLQLDL�EDQNDL��NXULH�vadovauja konsorbcijoms ir derina su skolintoju NUHGLWDYLPR�V O\JDV��3DVNRORV�WHUPLQDV�GDåQLDXVLDL�E QD�QXR���LNL����PHW � (XURNUHGLWDL�SDSUDVWDL�VXWHLNLDPL�ÄUROO�RYHU��V O\JRPLV��7DL�UHLãNLD��NDG�SDO NDQ QRUPD�QHILNVXRMDPD�YLVDP�NUHGLWR� WHUPLQXL�� R� UHJXOLDULDL�SHUåL ULPD�NDV��� DUED���P QHVLDL� DWVLåYHOJLDQW� VNROLQW O ã YHUW V NLWLPWDUSWDXWLQ MH� SLQLJ ULQNRMH�� 3DO NDQ QRUPD� SDJDO „roll over" kreditus VXVLGHGD� Lã� �� GDOL � ED]LQ V QRUPRV� LU�PDUåRV�� W�\�� VNLUWXPR� WDUS� SLUN MR� NDLQRV� LU� SDUGDY MRB� kainos perkant vertybinius popierius. Baze imama SDO NDQ QRUPD�SDJDO�WULM DUED�ãHãL P QHVL WDUSEDQNLQ GHSR]LW DWLWLQNDPRMH�ULQNRMH��Svz., „libor" Londone). 0DUåD�SULNODXVR�QXR�VNROLQWRMR�NUHGLWDYLPR�JDOLP\EL LU�ULQNRV�NRQMXQNW URV��-L�JDOL�VY\UXRWL�QXR������LNL�����NUHGLWR�YHUW HLQD�WDLS�SDW�LU� YDLULRV�NRPLVLQ V LãODLGRV�

7DUSWDXWLQ MH�SUDNWLNRMH�QDXGRMDPRV� YDLULRV�ÄUROO�RYHU��NUHGLW VXVLWDULP IRUPRV�LU�metodai. Jie gali NRQNUHþLDL� QXPDW\WL� YDOLXWRV� SDNLWLP LU� NUHGLWR� VXP � SUDGHGDQW� eiliniu tarpiniu jo panaudojimo terminu, NUHGLWR�DUED�YLVRV�VXPRV�GHQJLP LãPRN MLPX��JDOLP\EH�prieš ODLN M SDGHQJWL�LU����� Finansiniai kreditai suteikiami XåVLHQLR skolintojams QDFLRQDOLQ VH kapitalo rinkose, WDþLDX jie

nevaidina tokio svarbaus vaidmens, kaip sindifikuoti (bendri) eurokreditai.

$ãWXQWDMDPH� GHãLPWPHW\MH� SDGLG MR� REOLJDFLQL SDVNRO UHLNãP kaip LOJDODLNL O ã pritraukimo forma iš tarptautinio ir naciona l in io kapi t a lo rinkos. 2EO LJDFLQ L SDVNRO HP L V L M LU� LãG VW\P RUJDQL]XRMD�YDGRYDXMDQWL�EDQNLQLR�VLQGLNDWR�JUXS - YDG\ELQLQNDL��âLRV�JUXS V vadovu tampa vadovaujantis vadybininkas, kuris Lã�HVP V \UD�VNROLQWRMR�NRQWUDKHQWDV�LU�DWVDNR�Xå�SDVNRORV�RUJDQL]DYLP � SDVLUDã\P LU�LãG VW\P WDUS�LQYHVWLWRUL �Sindikato dalyviai kartu su vadybininkais � JDUDQWXRMD� YLVRV� SDVNRORV� VXPRV� LãG VW\P SDJDO� VXGHULQWNXUV � 1HSDUGXRWDV�ULQNRMH�REOLJDFLMDV�MLH�SULYDOR�VXVLG WL� VDYR�SRUWIHO �

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kuriuos procentai VNDLWRPL� QXVWDWDQW� HPLVLMRV� NXUV � %HW� NXULXR� DWYHMX� SDVNRORV� YHUW MXQJLD� NRPLVLQYDG\ELQLQN LU�NLW VLQGLNDWR�GDO\YL DWO\JLQLP �2EOLJDFLM SDVNRORV�OHLGåLDPRV�JULHåWDL�DSLEU åWDP�WHUPLQXL��SDSUDVWDL�QXR���LNL����PHW ���7DþLDX�åLQRPL�DWYHMDL�DSLH�DXNãþLDXVLRV�U ãLHV�VNROLQWRM QHWHUPLQXRW REOLJDFLM HPLVLMDV� 7DUSWDXWLQ MH� SUDNWLNRMH� QDXGRMDPRV� taip pat konvertuojamos obligacijos, kurias atitinkamomis V O\JRPLV�JDOLPD�NHLVWL� NRPSDQLMRV�VNROLQLQN V DNFLMDV�SDJDO�Lã�DQNVWR�QXVWDW\W NXUV � 3DVWDUXRMX�PHWX�WDUS�LQYHVWLWRUL ODEDL� SRSXOLDULRV� REOLJDFLMRV� VX� YDULDQWX-DWVNLUX� GRNXPHQWX�� VXWHLNLDQþLX� WHLV MRV� VDYLQLQNXL� SLUNWL�

nustatytu laiku akcijas pagal fiksuoW NXUV � <SDWLQJD� WRNL YHUW\ELQL SRSLHUL U ãLV� \UD� REOLJDFLMRV� VX� DXNVR�variantu, kuris suteikia WHLV LQYHVWLWRULXL� QXVLSLUNWL� DXNV QHNLQWDQþLD� NDLQD� QHSULNODXVRPDL� QXR� ULQNRV�NRQMXQNW URV�

$ãWXQWRMR�GHãLPWPHþLR�PHWDLV�VNROLQDPRMR�NDSLWDOR�ULQNRMH�SDSOLWR� YDLU V QDXML�ILQDQVLQLDL� instrumentai. Jiems priklauso vadinamosios euronotos - trumpalaikiai ir vidutinio ilgumo SDVLåDG MLPDL� VX� SODXNLRMDQþLD�SDO NDQ QRUPD��WDLS�SDW�UHJXOLDULDL�DWQDXMLQDPRV�JDUDQWLMRV�LãG VWDQW�YHUW\ELQLXV�SRSLHULXV��7DUS�WUXPSDODLNLILQDQVLQL LQVWUXPHQW VYDUEXV� YDLGPXR� DWLWHQND� HXURNRPHUFLQLDPV� SRSLHULDPV� - SULYDþL NRUSRUDFLMSDVLåDG MLPDL��LãOHLGåLDPL��-� P QHVLDPV�VX�QHGLGHOH�PDUåD��SDO\JLQXV�VX�WDUSWDXWLQ V SLQLJLQ V ULQNRV�ED]LQH�norma.

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nuoma, o atnaujinami -• kai lizingo VXWDUWLV�SUDW VLDPD�SDVLEDLJXV�SLUPDMDP�sutarties term inui .

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� HNVSRUWR�NUHGLW LU�JDUDQWLM V O\J NRRUGLQDYLPDV� • pagalbos kitoms šalims derinimai; � WDUSWDXWLQL LU�UHJLRQLQL YDOLXWRV-NUHGLWR�LU�ILQDQVLQL RUJDQL]DFLM veiklos reglamentavimas; � QDIWRV�GROHUL UHFLNODYLPDV� 6YDUEL� WDUSYDOVW\ELQLR� UHJXOLDYLPR� IRUPD� \UD� DXNãþLDXVLR� O\JLR� SDVLWDULPDL� VLHNLDQW� paruošti bendras SULHPRQHV�WDUSWDXWLQLR�NUHGLWR�NODXVLPDPV�VSU VWL� 6SDUWXV� WDUSWDXWLQL NUHGLW DXJLPDV� JDO W E WL� YHUWLQDPDV� GYHMRSDL�� 3LUPLDXVLD�� NUHGLWDL� teigiamai veikia SDVDXOLQ N � GLGLQD� WDUSWDXWLQL HNRQRPLQL U\ãL HIHNW\YXP � $QWUD�YHUWXV��didina valiXW NXUV VY\UDYLP LU� DWVNLUãDOL VLVNROLQLP �

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1HLãVHQNDP LãWHNOL JDPWRMH�QHGDXJ��1RUV�RU LU�YDQGHQ SULVNLULDPH�SULH�M � WDþLDX jie faktiškai jau �Q UD�QHLãVHQNDQW\V��äPRQ V iki šiol juos labai neracionaliai�QDXGRMR��WRG O SDEORJ MR�M FKHPLQ VXG WLV�LU�YLVXRPHQHL�kasmet reikia vis daXJLDX�O ã YDQGHQV�LU�RUR�YDO\PXL��1HLãVHQNDQþLDLV�JDPWRV�ištekliais atmosferos oras ir vanduo Y O JDOL�WDSWL�tik labai tikslingai ir saikingai juos naudojant bei nepriekaištingai valant.

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Kiekvienas metalas vienaip ar kitaip VYDUEXV�åPRJXL��1HPHQNLQGDPL�aliuminio, vario, cinko, volframo, nikelio, sidabro, net aukso ar kito metalo UHLNãP V��SDQDJULQ NLPH JHOHåLHV�UHLNãP HNRQRPLNDL� LU� MRV�ULERWXPR�SUREOHP � 7DL�EHQH�ODELDXVLDL�SDSOLW V PHWDODV��kurio NLHNLV�åHP V SOXWRMH�VXGDUR�DSLH���procentus.

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Naudojant gamtines dujas šiuo metu pasaulyje pagaminama apie penktadalis energijos. 0DQRPD��NDG� YDLULRV�SDVDXOLR�ãDO\V�GDU�WXUL�DSLH����NYDGULOLMRQ NXELQL PHWU JDPWLQL GXM DWVDUJ � 7DL�\UD�SRWHQFLDOLRV�M DSLPW\V�LU�G OWR� ODEDL� QHWLNVOLRV�� 'HWDOLDL� LãåYDOJ\WRV� LU� SDNDQNDPDL� WLNVOLDL� YHUWLQWRV� GXM DWVDUJRV� NXU� NDV� PDåHVQ V - apie 66 WULOLMRQXV�NXELQL PHWU � .DGDQJL� ãL� HQHUJHWLQL JDPWRV� LãWHNOL U ãLV� WXUL� ODEDL� GDXJ�SULYDOXP � M JDY\ED�nuolat GLGLQDPD� LU� DXJD� VSDUWHVQLDLV� WHPSDLV�� QHJX�� SDY\]GåLXL�� QDIWRV� JDY\ED�� 7DþLDX� YLVXRPHQ WXUL� QHPDåDL� GXMtransportaYLPR�SUREOHP � .DGDQJL� JDPWLQ V GXMRV� - ne tik palyginti švarus ir kaloringas kuras, bet ir labai svarbi FKHPLMRV�SUDPRQ V åDOLDYD� labai GDåQDL�YLVXRPHQHL�WHQND�ULQNWLV��NDP�SLUPLDXVLD�QDXGRWL�GXMDV�- NXUXL�DU�NDLS�åDOLDYchemijos SUDPRQHL�� ' O WR� QDXMDL iškyla klausimas, ar ilgam GDU� PXPV� SDNDNV� GXM � LU� WDL� DWVDN\WL� QHOHQJYD��3LUPLDXVLD�WRG O��NDG�åHP MH�JDPWLQL GXM WHONLQLDL�\UD�LãWLUWL�GDXJ�PDåLDX��QHL�NLW HQHUJHWLQL JDPWRV�LãWHNOL � ,U�GDU�G O WR�� NDG� WREXO MDQW� JDP\ERV� WHFKQRORJLMDL�� JHURNDL� GDXJLDX� JDPWLQL GXM EXV� LãJDXQDPD� Lã� W SDþL WHONLQL �Mokslininkai OLQN manyti, kad ir DWHLQDQþLDPH�DPåLXMH�J\YHQVLDQþLRV�NDUWRV�GDU�QHWXU W SDMXVWL�JDPWLQL GXM VW\JLDXV�

$NPHQV� DQJO\V� GXRGD� SDVDXOLXL� GDXJLDX� QHL� NHWYLUWDGDO jam reikalingos energijos. Šios HQHUJHWLQL JDPWRV�LãWHNOL U ãLHV� LãåYDOJ\WL�NLHNLDL� WXU W QXWHLNWL�PXV�RSWLPLVWLãNDL��0DQRPD�� NDG� ãLXR�PHWX�SDVDXO\MH� åLQRPRV�SRWHQFLDOLRV�akmens anglies atsargos siekia 9-11 WULOLMRQ WRQ � SHUVNDLþLDYXV� M V O\JLQLXV� NXUR� YLHQHWXV�� 7DL� E WLna padaryti DWVLåYHOJLDQW ODEDL� MDX� VNLUWLQJ DQJOL NRN\E � QHV��SDY\]GåLXL��DQWUDFLWDV�QHW�kelis kartus kaloringesnis Xå�UXVY VLDV�anglis.

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7DþLDX��kaip PHV�EHWDXS\WXP P QHUHSURGXNXRMDPXV�JDPWRV�išteklius, M t elkiniai vis vien kada nors išseks ir atsargos pasibaigs. Šiandien, kaip jau HVDPH�PLQ M � QDIWD�� JDPWLQ V dujos, akmens anglys tenkina apie ��� SURFHQWpasaulio HQHUJHWLQL SRUHLNL � �� SURFHQWXV� M jau tenkina � DWRPLQ HQHUJHWLND�� ��� SURFHQW HQHUJHWLQL SRUHLNLtenkinama naudojant reprodukuojamus gamtos išteklius. $WRPLQ V HQHUJHWLNRV�DWHLWLV�GDU�QH�visiškai aiški. Kai kurie PRNVOLQLQNDL� LU� GDXJXPD� JDPWRVDXJLQLQN PDQR�� NDG� DWRPLQ HQHUJHWLND� WXUL� YLV� PDåLDX� ãDOLQLQN LU� NDL� NXULRVH� ãDO\VH�tikimasi dar iki 2000-M PHW YLVLãNDL� DWVLVDN\WL� MRV� SDVODXJ � .LWL� \UD� VLWLNLQ � NDG� GLG MDQW� DWRPLQL M JDLQLVDXJXPXL�LU�SDWLNLPXPXL��DWRPLQ V HQHUJHWLNRV�GDU�ODXNLD�GLGHO DWHLWLV�

.DLS�WHQ�EHE W � UHSURGXNXRMDP JDPWRV�LãWHNOL SDQDXGRMLPDV�HQHUJHWLniams poreikiams \UD�E WLQDV�LU�WXUL�UHDOLSHUVSHNW\Y DXJWL�� - VWUXNW UD� ãLXR�PHWX� \UD� WRNLD�� WUHþGDO VXGDUR� KLGURHQHUJHWLND�� OLNXVL� GDOLV� - mediena ir atliekos. 9 MR��M U SRWY\QL LU�DWRVO JL � VDXO V energijos panaudojimas kol kas reikšmingesnio vaiGPHQV�QHYDLGLQD��7DþLDX�G O ãLenergijos U ãL SDQDXGRMLPR� DEHMRQL QHN\OD� - M ODXNLD� WLNUDL� GLGHO DWHLWLV�� 7LHVD�� GDU� GDXJHOLV� ãL UHSURGXNXRMDPJDPWRV� LãWHNOL QDXGRMDP WHFKQRORJLM \UD� PRNVOLQL W\ULP LU� EDQG\P VWDGLMRMH�� WDþLDX� YLV� GDXJLDX� LU� GDXJLDX� MSDODLSVQLXL� SHUHLQD� NRPHUFLQLR� QDXGRMLPR� VULW � 1RULQW� XåWLNULQWDL� åYHOJWL� SDVDXOLR� HQHUJHWLNRV� Y\VW\PR� DWHLW �Y\ULDXV\E V MDX�GDEDU�WXUL�DNW\YLDL�WDLN\WL�HNRQRPLQLR�SRYHLNLR�SULHPRQHV��VNDWLQDQþLDV�NXR�SODþLDX naudoti šias, kol kas dar gana mDåDL�åLQRPDV�LU� VDYLQWDV�UHSURGXNXRMDP JDPWRV�LãWHNOL U ãLV�

1HUHSURGXNXRMDPL� JDPWLQLDL� HQHUJHWLQLDL� LãWHNOLDL�� VXGDUDQW\V� ãL GLHQ HNRQRPLNRV�SDJULQG � YLV� YLHQ� LãVHNV��NDL� NXULH� Lã� M JDQD� JUHLWDL�� äPRQLMD� WXUL� NXR� HIHNW\YLDX� VWLPXOLXRWL� DOWHUQDW\YL - UHSURGXNXRMDP HQHUJHWLQL LãWHNOLpaieškos ir diegimo procesus.

$SLH� /LHWXYRV� DWVLQDXMLQDQþLXV� HQHUJHWLQLXV� LãWHNOLXV�� M YDLGPHQ LU� SDQDXGRMLPR� perspektyvas šalyje SDUDã\WRV�QHW�WU\V�LãVDPLRV�VWXGLMRV��DQDOL]XRMDQþLRV�LU�GHWDOLDL� YHUWLQDQþLRV�šiuos�HQHUJHWLQLXV�LãWHNOLXV�EHL�M SDQDXGRMLPR�galimybes. Tai „Lietuvos YLHWLQL energijos LãWHNOL DSåYDOJD�LU�M SDQDXGRMLPR�JDOLP\E V HQHUJHWLNRV�WLNVODPV���(&�Phare programa /LHWXYRV�HQHUJHWLNRV�VHNWRULXL��9LOQLXV��������Ä1DFLRQDOLQ HQHUJLMRV�YDUWRMLPR�HIektyvumo didinimo programa". Vilnius, 1996. „TERES II Country Report. Lithuania", 1996. European Commission-'*;9,,� .���6SDXGRMH�SDVNHOEWD� QHPDåDL� VWUDLSVQL šia tema, nes Lietuvai prisijungus prie JTKKK ir ruošiant Lietuvos JTBKKK J\YHQGLQLPR� QDFLRQDOLQ VWUDWHJLM (1996 P���� SDJULQGLQ V NOLPDWR� NDLW ãYHOQLQDQþLRV SULHPRQ V WXU W E WL YLHWLQL ir DWVLQDXMLQDQþL HQHUJHWLQL LãWHNOL JHUHVQLV�SDQDXGRMLPDV�

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22.4. Lietuvos gamtos ištekliai

Lietuvos gamtos L ã WHN O L QXVWDW\PR� LU� YHUWLQLPR� SUREOHPD� JDQD� VXG tinga. 0RNVO LQ LQN ir jau didelio šios problemos åLQRY VNDLþLDXV QXRPRQ G O Lietuvos gamtos LãWHN OL gana skirtinga. Vieni tvirtina, kad Lietuva savo JDPWRV�WXUW QHWXUL�DUED�beveik neturi, k i t i aiškina, kad ištekliu WXULPH�QHPDåDL��WUHWL�teigia, kad apie juos PDåDL�åLQRPH��QHV�dar daug kas nesurasta, neištirta �LU�QH YHUWLQWD�

Nustatyti, kiek turtinga gamtos ištekliais Lietuva, galima t ik gerai išanalizavus jos JHOPL tu r tu s , � MV DQGDU � YHU W LQJXP � � \SDþ k r e i p i a n t G PHV š i a n d i e n bene VYD UEL DX V L nerepURGXNXRMDP JDPWRV�L ã WHN O L JUXS energetinius resursus.

.RO�NDV�/LHWXYD�ãLXRV�ODEDL�VYDUELXV�LãWHNOLXV�LPSRUWXRMD��QRUV�HVDPD�M LU�þLD�P V åHP MH��7XULPRV�QDIWRV�klodai pakankamai gerai ir net detaliai LãåYDOJ\WL� nustatyta, kad QDIWRV�DWVDUJRV�JO GL�QXo NHOL ãLPW PHWU iki 2,3 kilometro gylyje. Gauta nafta - labai DXNãWRV�NRN\E V��PDåDL�sieringa, bet jos palyginti nedaug, esami kiekiai OHLVWpatenkinti tik QHGLGHO P V YDOVW\E V SRUHLNL GDO � /LHWXYD�WXUL�QDIWRV�DWVDUJ LU�%DOWLMRV�M URV�ãHOIR�]RQRje, bet tai dar kol NDV�WLN�SRWHQFLDO V QDIWRV�LãWHNOLDL��LU�NRO�MLH�EXV� VDYLQWL��SUDHLV�QHPDåDL�ODLNR�

6YDUEL�HQHUJHWLQL SRUHLNL SDWHQNLQLPR�/LHWXYRV�JDPWRV�LãWHNOL dalis -�GXUS V��'XUS\QDL�\UD�LãVLG VW EHYHLN�YLVRMH�ãDOLHV�WHULWRULMRMH��M WXULPH�DSLH�����PLOLMRQ WRQ � 7DþLDX�QH�YLVRV�GXUS V JDOL�E WL�SDQDXGRMDPRV�NXUXL��âLXR�metu energetiniams poreikiams sunaudojame tik apie 14-���SURFHQW JDXQDP GXUSL � /LNXVLRV�ODELDX�WLQNDPRV�WU ãRPV��YDLUL NRPSRVW JDP\EDL�� NXULRV�� EHMH� WXUL� QHPDå SDNODXV XåVLHQ\MH�� \UD� YHUWLQJD� HNVSRUWR� SUHN � 7DLJL� GXUS V/LHWXYRV�HQHUJHWLQL LãWHNOL EDODQVH�VXGDUR�QH�WDLSMDX�GLGHO GDO � WDþLDX�DSVNULWDL�WDL�vertingi ir reikalingi šaliai gamtiniai ištekliai.

*DQD�GDXJ�/LHWXYRMH�JDPWRV�LãWHNOL � UHLNDOLQJ VWDW\ELQL PHGåLDJ JDP\EDL��9LHQD�Lã�VYDUELDXVL - åDOLDYD�FHPHQWR�JDP\EDL��EH�NXULR�QHJDOL�LãVLYHUVWL�Q YLHQD�VWDW\ED��5HLNLD�SULVLPLQWL��NDG�/LHWXYD��WXU GDPD�WLHN�GDXJ�åDOLDYRV�cemento gamybai, LOJ ODLN buvo priversta M LPSRUWXRWL�Lã�XåVLHQLR�LU�PRN WL�DXNãW NDLQ � 7DLS��SDY\]GåLXL������-siais metais jo buvo LPSRUWXRWD�SHU���� W NVWDQþL WRQ � R�����-VLDLV� QHW����� W NVWDQþLDL� WRQ � - JDEHQGDYR� Lã�Anglijos, %HOJLMRV��'DQLMRV��1RUYHJLMRV� LU� NLW ãDOL � QRUV�� NDLS�PLQ MRPH�� WR�� NR� UHLNLD� FHPHQWR� JDP\EDL�� EXYR� þLD� SDW� SR�P Vkojomis. Ir tik 1952-VLDLV�PHWDLV�SLUP M /LHWXYRV�FHPHQWR�SURGXNFLM SDWHLN $NPHQ V FHPHQWR�JDP\NOD��NXU SDJDPLQR�Lã�QHWROLHVH�HVDQþL NOLQþL � JLSVR��PROLR�JDPWRV�LãWHNOL �

/LHWXYRV�åHP MH�GDXJ� YDLUL PROL � NXULH�VXVLNDXS SHU�LOJXV�JHRORJinius periodus. 6WDW\ERV�DSU SLQDPRV�VDYR�JDP\ERV�SO\WRPLV��þHUS PLV��NHUDP]LWX��'DXJ�PROLR�VXQDXGRMDPD�PHOLRUDFLQ MH�VWDW\ERMH��,ãåYDOJ\WRV�LU�LãWLUWRV�PROLR�DWVDUJRV�/LHWXYRMH�GXRGD�SDJULQG WHLJWL��NDG�M GDU�SDNDNV�DWHLWLHV�PHWDPV� Dar vienas svarbus, GLGåLXOLDLV� kiekiais OLDXGLHV� N\MH� QDXGRMDPDV� JDPWRV� WXUWDV� - åY\UDV�� Išgauname ir SDQDXGRMDPH� MR� UHVSXEOLNRMH� NDVPHW� PDåGDXJ� SR� ��� PLOLMRQ NXELQL PHWU arba beveik po 4 kubinius metrus NLHNYLHQDP�J\YHQWRMXL��1HPDåLDX�UHLNDOLQJDV�VP OLV��naudojamas siliNDWLQL SO\W � NLWRV�SURGXNFLMRV�JDP\EDL��<SDþ�JDOLPH�GLGåLXRWLV�WXR��NDG�$Q\NãþL DS\OLQNL åHP MH�VO JVR�GLGåLDXVL�3DEDOWLM\MH�EUDQJDXV�NYDUFLQLR�VP OLR�WHONLQLDL��âLV�VP OLV�WLQND�NULãWROR��WHOHYL]RUL NLQHVNRS LU�NLWRV�ãLXRODLNLQ V WHFKQLNRV�JDP\EDL��Deja, VP OLR�WXULP LãWHNOL GXJQDV�

kai kuriuose Lietuvos rajonuose jau pasiektas.

*HRORJ SDLHãNRV�OHLGåLD�teigti, NDG�/LHWXYRV�åHP V JHOP VH�JDXVX�JHOHåLHV�U GRV��valgomosios druskos, gipso, NLW VYDUEL LãWHNOL � 6XWHONXV�YLVDV�P V SDVWDQJDV��JDOLPD�tiN WLV�jau QHWROLPRMH�DWHLW\MH�SUDG WL�HNVSORDWXRWL�šiuos gamtos turtus.

Keliais åRGåLDLV�DSWDUNLPH�åHP V JHOPHV�LU�åPRJDXV�JHRORJLQ YHLNO � äHP V plutoje vykstantys pakitimai turi SRYHLN LãRULQ PV�VIHURPV��' O WHNWRQLQL MXGHVL � åHP V GUHE MLP gali pakisti reljefas, vandens baseinu NUDQW linijos, svyra LQåLQHULMRV� ir technikos UHQJLQLDL�� JUL YD�SDVWDWDL��äHP V SDYLUãLXMH�Y\NVWDQW\V�HJ]RJHQLQLDL�JHRORJLQLDL�SURFHVDL�WLHVLRJLDL�VXVLM VX�DWPRVIHURV��KLGURVIHURV�LU�ELRVIHURV�reiškiniais. äPRJDXV�veikla tuos procesus skatina arba slopina. Jis NHLþLD åHP V SOXWRV�FKHPLQ VXG W � MRV�IL]LQHV�VDY\EHV��Prie dideliu NDV\NO susidaro terikonai, kalnai išnaudotos uolienos, LãNDVDPRV�GDXERV��äHP V paviršius kinta \SDþ�po miestais LU� SUDPRQ V centrais LU� G O siurbiamo vandens. ,QåLQHULQ ir WHFKQLQ veikla prilygsta labai intensyviems geologiniams reiškiniams.

/LHWXYRMH� LãN\OD� LU� NDUVWLQL WHULWRULM DSVDXJRV� SUREOHPRV�� MXRODE�� NDG� SDVWDUXRMX� PHWX� NDUVWLQLDL� SURFHVDL�DNW\Y MD��$WVLUDQGD� LU� QDXM äHP V JHOPL QDXGRMLmo aplinkos apsaugai SUREOHP � SDY\]GåLXL�� SDYRMLQJ PHGåLDJ �\SDþ�UDGLRDNW\YL � ODLGRMLPDV�LU�NW��äHP V JHOPL LãWHNOLXV�QDXGRMDPH�LU�JDPWLQ V DSOLQNRV�NRN\EHL�JHULQWL��SY]���NOLQWLV�LU�GRORPLWXV�GLUYRåHPL U JãWLQJXPXL�PDåLQWL� 1995 metais priimtas LietXYRV�5HVSXEOLNRV�6HLPR�äHP V JHOPL VWDW\PDV�QXVWDWR� IL]LQL LU� MXULGLQL DVPHQ

teises ir pareigas tiriant, naudojant ir saugant sausumos, kontinentinio ãHOIR�LU�HNRQRPLQ V ]RQRV�%DOWLMRV�M URMH�åHP VJHOPHV�QXR�SRGLUYLR�XROLHQ SDYLUãLDXV�sausumoje ir dXJQR�QXRV G SDYLUãLDXV�VDXVXPRV�YDQGHQ\VH�LU�M URMH��äHP VJHOP V \UD� LãLPWLQ YDOVW\E V QXRVDY\E � 'UDXGåLDPD� QDXGRWL� äHP V JHOPL HUWPHV� UDGLRDNW\YLRVLRPV� ir QXRGLQJRVLRPV�PHGåLDJRPV�ODLGRWL�LU�ODLN\WL��âLRPV�PHGåLDJRPV�VDXJRWL��9\ULDXV\EHL�leidus, galiPD� UHQJWL�LU�QDXGRWL�GLUEWLQHV�åHP V JHOPL HUWPHV��8å�äHP V JHOPL VWDW\PR�SDåHLGLPXV�EDXGåLDPD�

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Didelis PLãN YDLGPXR� YHUWLQDQW� /LHWXYRV� HNRORJLQ E VHQ � -LH� EHQH� JHULDXVLDL� DWVSLQGL� DWPRVIHULQ VWDUãRV�E NO LU�gali E WL�NLW VLVWHP HNRORJLQ V E VHQRV�LQGLNDWRULXPL��0LãN degradacija - rimtas signalas imtis QDXM SULHPRQL LU�VXVWDEG\WL�JDPWRV�WHUãLP �Mes dar negalime pasakyti, kokia bendra Lietuvos gamtos LãWHNOL YHUW � SDO\JLQWL�M VX�kitais gamybos YHLNVQLDLV��QXVWDW\WL�EHQGU LQWHJUDOLQL LãWHNOL YHUW EHL�M VWUXNW U � 9LVD�tai privalome atlikti NXR�JUHLþLDX�LU�

tai leis mums daug racionaliau naudoti šalies gamtos išteklius.

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regeneruojamo stiklo dalis Olandijoje, Šveicarijoje, Austrijoje sudaro 40-���SURFHQW � 3DNDUWRWLQDL�QDXGRMDPDV�DOLXPLQLR�kiekis Japonijoje, JAV, Italijoje siekia 30-���SURFHQW � 3DNDUWRWLQDL� QDXGRMDQW�SRSLHUL -PDNXODW U � NRQVWDWXRMDPRV�40-���SURFHQW SLUPLQLR�MR�NLHNLR�SDNDUWRWLQLR�QDXGRMLPR�JDOLP\E V��R�YLHQD�WRQD�PDNXODW URV�VXWDXSR�DSLH�5 kubinius PHWUDV�PHGLHQRV��Lã�NR�JDOLPD�SDJDPLQWL�DSLH�����NLORJUDP SRSLHULDXV�LU�NDUWRQR�

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kas aplink mus dedasi. O tereikia labai gerai apsidairyti ir tada pamatysime, kiek šioje srityje galima ir reikia nuveikti.

3ULHã�NHOHW PHW /LHWXYRMH�RUJDQL]DYRPH� V YDUW\Q SDWLNULQLP � 3DVNHOEWL� UH]XOWDWDL� VXN O J\Y UHVSXEOLNRV�YLVXRPHQ V UHDNFLM LU� SDVLSLNWLQLP � 3DPDW PH�� NLHN� GDXJ� YHUWLQJ PHGåLDJ OHQJYD� UDQND� LãPHWDPH� ãLXNãOHV��7DL� LU�metalas, stiklas, popierius, audiniai, odos gaminiai, maisto atliekos ir dauJ\E NLW � JDOLP V NPLQJDL� SDQDXGRWL�PHGåLDJ � 3HUãDVL� PLQWLV�� N UHLNLD� GDU\WL� SUDNWLãNDL�� NRNL YHLNVP UHLNLD� LPWLV� SLUPLDXVLD�� ,ãYDGD� þLD� YLHQD�� 7LN�HNRQRPLãNDL� VXLQWHUHVDYXV� YLVXRPHQ VXNXUWL� EXL WLQL DWOLHN � WLQNDP DQWULQLDP�QDXGRMLPXL�� ULQN � JDOLPD� E W ãLDV�PHGåLDJDV� WLQNDPDL� SDQDXGRWL�� âL� ULQND� WXU W E WL� WYLUWD� LU� SDNDQNDPDL� VWDELOL�� UHPLDPD� YDOVW\E V LU� MRV� WHULWRULQLSDGDOLQL � %HSUDVPLãND�� SDY\]GåLXL�� E W didinti VXUHQNDP DWOLHN NLHN � jei MRPV� Q UD� SDNODXVRV� LU� QHVXWYDUN\WDV� MperdirELPDV�� 7XU W E WL� pirminiu ir antriniu åDOLDY QHPDåL� NDLQ VNLUWXPDL�� äPRQ V�� QDXGRMDQW\V� VDYR� produkcijos JDP\EDL�DQWULQHV�åDOLDYDV��WXU W E WL�HNRQRPLãNDL�VNDWLQDPL��SDY\]GåLXL��PRN WL�PDåHVQLXV PRNHVþLXV�LU�kt.

'DXJHO\MH�ãDN jau SUDVLG MR�QHLãYHQJLDmas globalinis SHU MLPDV�QXR�SLUPLQL prie DQWULQL åDOLDY naudojimo ir apima vis platesnes M HNRQRPLNRV�VIHUDV��1XRODW�DXJDQþLRV gamybos LãWHNOL kainos, QDXM WHFKQRORJLM � JDOLQDQþLSODþLDL naudoti antrinius išteklius, N ULPDV spartina ã SURFHV � 7DL� \SDþ� svarbu tokioms šalims, kaip P V � QHV�PDåLQD M SULNODXVRP\E nuo JDPW LQ L Lã WHNO L importo. Galima su GLGåLDXVLX V L W L N LQ LP teigti, kad tos šalys, kurios VXJHE V JUHLþLDXVLDL ir efektyviausiai pereiti prie kuo platesnio ant r iniu ištekliu naudojimo, WXU V ne t ik W X U W L QJ HNRQRPLN � EHW�LU�NRN\ELãN � ãYDUL DS O L QN �������*DPWRV�LãWHNOL SDVDXOLQ V ULQNRV�problemos

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garsioje savo NX O W UD ir bene pirmosiomis HNRQRPLQ PLV� LG MRPLV�� JDQD� SODþLDL� EXYR� QDXGRMDPRV�PHWDO U GRV��YDLULRV� VWDW\ELQ V PHGåLDJRV�� *UDLNDL� QH� tik labai LãSO W SRUHLNLDPV� WHQNLQWL� QDXGRMDP LãWHNOL YDLURY � EHW� LU�SDWREXOLQR�M JDP\ERV�EHL�DSGRURMLPR�E GXV��,U�VYDUEX�SDå\P WL�WDL��NDG�GDXJXPD�6HQRY V JUDLN NXOW U N OXVL gamtos LãWHNOL buvo gaunama XåVLHQLR SUHN\ERV�PDLQ keliu.

/DEDL�LãVLSO W SUHN\ED�JDPWRV�WXUWDLV�DWUDGXV�LU�NRORQL]DYXV�WHULWRULMDV�$IULNRMH��$PHULNRMH�LU�$]LMRMH��7REXO MR�Mgavybos, apdorojimo, transportavimo ir apdorojimo technologijos, visose granG\VH� VSDUþLDL� GLG MR� GDUER� QDãXPDV��Naudojant labai SLJL � R� GDåQDL� LU� EHYHLN� QHPRNDP GDUER� M J � HVDQW� SDODQNLRPV� JDPWRV� LãWHNOL gavybos ir SHUGLUELPR� V O\JRPV�� VSDUþLDL WREXO MDQW� WUDQVSRUWR� SULHPRQ PV�� atsirado prielaidos neracionaliam NRORQL MteritoULMRVH�HVDP JDPWRV�LãWHNOL QDXGRMLPXL��âLR�DPåLDXV�SLUPRMRMH�SXV MH�LU�\SDþ�galutiniai iširus pasaulinei kolonijinei sistemai, kardinaliai SDVLNHLW XåVLHQLR prekybos gamtos ištekliais VLWXDFLMD�� 3DVDXOLQLDPH� N\MH� M SUHN\ERV� SUREOHPD� WDSR�itin opi pirmiausia G O YLV� GLG MDQþLRV� disproporcijos tarp gamtos LãWHNOL teritorinio LãG VW\PR� LU� JDP\ELQL M Jpasiskirstymo.

'LGåLDXVL SDVDXOLR� JDPWRV� LãWHNOL GDO HNVSRUWXRMD� EHVLY\VWDQþLRV� ãDO\V� LU� W LãWHNOL lyginamasis svoris EHVLY\VWDQþL ãDOL produkcijos eksporte taip pat labai didelis. 1RUV� ãLRV� ãDO\V� VWHQJLDVL� YLHQ\WLV�� VSU VGDPRV� VXG WLQJRV�XåVLHQLR�SUHN\ERV�JDPWRV� ištekliais problemas, WDþLDX visa tai vyksta dar labai O WDL ir prieštaringai. Šis naujas svarbus SDVDXOLQ V SUHN\ERV�SURFHVDV�SUDVLG MR�Gar 1960-VLDLV�PHWDLV��SDJULQGLQ PV�QDIW HNVSRUWXRMDQþLRPV�šal ims VXVLMXQJXV�VDYR� RUJDQL]DFLM 23(&��.RG O E WHQW� SUHN\ED� ãLRV� U ãLHV gamtos ištekliais SLUPRML� SDGDU ã OHPWLQJ SRV N YLVJDPWRV� UHVXUV HNVSRUWR� HNRQRPLQ MH� politikoje, atsakyti nesunku. Nafta ir jos produktai sudaro labai GLGHO ir strateginiu SRåL ULX VYDUEL GDO visos pasaulio XåVLHQLR prekybos apimties WUHþGDO � VNDLþLXRMDQW pagal PDV � ir GHãLPWDGDO SDJDO�YHUW �

OPEC šal ims priklauso lemiama SDVDXOLQ V naftos gavybos dalis , kurios per 90 SURFHQW eksportuojama ir GLGåLRML jos dal i s LãVLY\VþLXVLDV šalis. 7RNV�QDIW HNVSRUWXRMDQþL YDOV W\EL sus iv i eni j imas leido joms jau ne Y LHQ NDUW pakel t i pasau l ine s naftos ka inas , bendra i , sau naudinga l inkme, VSU VWL GDXJHO k i t u XåVLHQLR prekybos k l aus imu .

9 OLDX 23(&�SDY\]GåLX�buvo [kurta ãD O L � HNVSRUWXRMDQþL vario U G � asociac i ja SIPEK- S1PEC (1967-siais metais) , SDUGXRGDQþL XåVLHQLXL a l i u m i n i o gamybos åD O L DY IU A (1974-siais metais), LãYHåDQþLX �XåVLHQ JHOHåLHV U G JAJEK-JAJEC (1975-siais metais) ir ki tos WDUSWDXW LQ V organizacijos. Šiuo metu

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pasauly je tokiu DVRFLDFLM \ ra per dvidešimt . Manoma, kad jos toliau vystysis, SO VLV� jungsis tarpusavyje, susisies kitokiais ekonominiais ryšiais, NDV�EH�DEHMRQ V VXVWLSULQV�ãL EHVLY\VWDQþL YDOVW\EL HNRQRPLQ SDG W WDUSWDXWLQ MH�arenoje.

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taL QDXM WHONLQL LãW\ULPDV� LU� YHUVORYL DWLGDU\PDV�� ãDOL � QH HLQDQþL 23(&�� HOJVHQD�� WDL� SROLWLQ V situacijos SDVLNHLWLPDV�LU�GDXJ�NLW YHLNVQL �Naftos importuotojus jaudina \SDþ�WDL��NDG�ribiniai MRV�JDY\ERV�NDãWDL�\UD�GDXJ�PDåHVQL�QHL�ãLDQGLHQLQ V QDftos

kainos. âLXRODLNLQ rinka GDXJHO LãVLY\VþLXVL ãDOL daro priklausomas QXR�$UWLP M 5\W ãDOL � NXULRVH�QH�t ik išgaunama kas ketvirta pasaulio naftos tona, bet ir VXNDXSWRV�DWVDUJRV�VXGDUR�QHW����SURFHQWXV�YLV pasaulio LãåYDOJ\W UDGDYLHþL �/DEDL�åemos QDIWRV�NDLQRV�WXUL�LU�VDYR�QHLJLDP SXVL � (VDQW�SHUQHO\J�åHPRPV�QDIWRV�NDLQRPV��\UD�VXQNX�diegti efektyvias energetikos sistemas, kurti alternatyvius energijos šaltinius. Siekiant, kad åHPRV� LPSRUWLQ V QDIWRV�NDLQRV�QHWUXNG\Walternatyvios energetikos vystymui, daugelyje ãDOL QDXGRMDPD� JDQ� VXG WLQJD� PRNHVþL VLVWHPD�� NXUL QHPDåD� dalis skiriama ekologiniams tikslams.

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23. Aplinkos apsauga

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telkimasis miestuose, šiuo metu yra vienas VYDUELDXVL aplinkos kitimo veiksniu. Kaip matome iš VWDWLVWLQLGXRPHQ � GDU� ����-siais metais miestu gyventojai pasaulyje WHVXGDU 29,2 procento, 1985-siais jau 41,0 SURFHQW � R� 1995-siais, negalutiniais duomenimis, jau virš ����� SURFHQW P V planetos J\YHQWRM J\YHQR�miestuose ar miesto tipo J\YHQYLHW VH�

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%HYHLN�SXV SODQHWRV�J\YHQWRM J\YHQD�PLHVWXRVH��NXUL QHPDåD�dalis labai perpildyti. Tai sudaro labai GDXJ�QHSDWRJXP LU�YHUþLD�GDXJXP åPRQL J\YHQWL�GLVNRPIRUWR�V O\JRPLV��Miestams reikia labai didelio kiekio YDQGHQV��HQHUJLMRV�LU�PDLVWR�SURGXNW � R�M GDåQDL�WU NVWD��\SDþ�JHULDPR�YDQGHQV��ãLOXPRV��%HW�SUREOHPa ne vien ta; G O YDQGHQV�� HQHUJLMRV�� PDLVWR� LU� NLW SURGXNW YDUWRMLPR� SDNLQWD� DSOLQND�� ML� XåWHUãLDPD� GLGåLXOLDLV EXLWLQLDWOLHN kiekiais. 1RUPDOLDP� PLHVW IXQNFLRQDYLPXL� XåWLNULQWL� UHLNLD� YLV� GDXJLDX� LU� GDXJLDX� O ã � UHLNDOLQJvisiems ištekliams PLHstus pristatyti, susidariusias atliekas LãYHåWL ir neutralizuoti, normaliomis KLJLHQLQ PV-VDQLWDULQ PV�V O\JRPV�VXGDU\WL��DSOLQNRV�NRN\EHL�SDODLN\WL�

Patirtis rodo, kad kuo didesnis miestas, kuo labiau urbanizuota atitinkama teritorija, tuo VXG WLQJHVQ LU NDUWX� GDXJ� EUDQJHVQ WDPSD� VLVWHPD�� UHLNDOLQJD� QRUPDOLRPV� J\Y\ELQ PV� PLHVWR� IXQNFLMRPV� XåWLNULQWL�� 7DP�kiekvienais metais reikalingi ir atitinkami papildomi kaštai naujai LãNLOXVLRPV� SUREOHPRPV� VSU VWL�� DQWUDLS� YLV�EORJ MDQWL�aplinka E WLQDL�QHJDW\YLDL�YHLNV�PLHVW J\YHQWRM VYHLNDWLQJXP � VXQNLQV� M J\YHQLPR� V O\JDV��7RG Oekologizuojant urbanizuotas WHULWRULMDV�E WLQD�SDQDXGRWL�YLVDV�P V PLQ WDV�aplinkos NRQWURO V priemones ir \SDþ� ekonominius aplinkos taršos reguliavimo metodus. Ekonomiškai labiau išsiY\VþLXVLRVH� pasaulio YDOVW\E VH� jau VHQRNDL� JHUDL� VXSUDVWDV� XUEDQL]DFLMRV� SDJLPG\W HNRORJLQL SUREOHP VSUHQGLPR� E WLQXPDV�� GDXJ�dirbama ir šioje srityje jau SDVLHNWD�å\PL UH]XOWDW � 1DXGRGDPL�JULHåW WLHVLRJLQ NRQWURO � WDUãRV�PRNHVþL VLVWHP �taršos licencijas, subsidijas, investicijas, dauguma ãL ãDOL PLHVW VWDELOL]DYR�HNRORJLQ V VLWXDFLMRV�EORJ MLP � åHQJWL�U\ãN V åLQJVQLDL� MRV� JHULQLPR� NU\SWLPL�� %HVLY\VWDQþLRVH� ãDO\VH� HNRORJLQ situacija lieka VXG WLQJHVQ � 7DL�JDOLPD� SDVDN\WL� LU� DSLH� M XUEDQL]XRW WHULWRULM HNRQRPLQ E NO � 7RG O Y\NGDQW� DQNVþLDX� P V DSWDUWDV�HNRORJLQ V NRQWURO V bei ekonomines aplinkos taršos reguliavimo priemones, tose šalyse reikia dar YHLNWL ir SDYHOG WR�atsilikimo pasekmes.

%DLJGDPL� QDJULQ WL� SDJULQGLQHV� XUEDQL]DFLMRV� ekologines� SUREOHPDV�� VXNRQFHQWUXRNLPH� G PHV/LHWXY � 0LHVWR� J\YHQWRMDL� þLD� ����-VLDLV� PHWDLV� VXGDU ����� SURFHQWR�� R� SHU� pastaruosius keturis GHãLPWPHþLXV PLHVWLHþL dalis išaugo iki ����� SURFHQW � 1995-siais M buvo jau 68,0 procentai. Vykstant ir sparW MDQW� UHVSXEOLNRV� LQGXVWULDOL]DFLMDL��PLHVW HNRORJLQ situacija JU VPLQJDL�EORJ MR� LU� ãLV�SURFHVDV�GDU� WHEHY\NVWD��3ULHPRQ V� NXUL buvo imamasi, nepakankamos ir neefektyvios. Mes dar neturime ekologinio � PLHVW E N O Vgerinimo SURJQR]L � SODQ � JHU HNRQRPLQ V DQDOL] V ir pagrindimo SURJUDP � .RO� kas netur ime ir geros HNRQRPLQ V — ILQDQVLQ V VLVWHPRV�� VXGDUDQþLRV� prielaidas efektyviai išieškoti PRNHVþLXV� Xå� SDGDURP PLHVWaplinkai ekologini; åDO � 7DþLDX� ãLRV� srities VSHFLDOLVW nuomone, net ir sukaupus atitinkamus miestams ekologizuoti E WLQXV O ã IRQGXV�� QH� PDåLDX� problemiška E W materializuoti MXRV� WREXOHVQHV� JDP\ERV�technologijas, valymo UHQJLQLXV� Tiek NLR�� tiek ir XUEDQL]XRW WHULWRULM ekologizavimo problemoms VSU VWL neesama adekvataus sektoriaus, rinkos ekonomikos principais EHVLY\VWDQþL SUDPRQ V ãDN �

Kaip vyko urbanizacijos procesas Lietuvoje, parodo statistika. Išjos GXRPHQ WDLS�SDW�matome, kaip pas mus SDVLNHLW J\YHQWRM VNDLþLXV�LU�WDQNXPDV��7DL�labai GRP V GXRPHQ\V�

Šalies urbanizaFLMRV� SURFHV negalima analizuoti QHDSWDUXV� J\YHQWRM VNDLþLDXV bei tankumo dinamikos, nes šie procesai vyko jiems tiesiogiai veikiant.

SUDGåLRMH�1HSDLVDQW� GYLHM SDVDXOLQL NDU � QXQHãXVL GDXJHO W NVWDQþL /LHWXYRV� åPRQL J\Y\EL � SRNDULODLNRWDUSL VXNU WLP � SLUPRMR� LU� DQWURMR�SDVDXOLQL NDU LU� SRNDUL RNXSDFLM � WUHPþL � PDVLQL OLHWXYL LU� \SDþ�

Lietuvos NLWDWDXþL LãY\NLP Lã� ãDOLHV� (1938-1940-siais metais YRNLHþL � ����-1944-VLDLV� OLHWXYL � GDXJLDXVLDL�inteligentijos, 1946-1949 ir Y OHVQLDLV metais -� OHQN � ����-1944-VLDLV�PDVLQLR� å\G JHQRFLGR� LU� LOJXV�PHWXV�WUXNXVLRV� M UHSDWULDFLMRV� ,]UDHO LU� WR�SULHGDQJD� NLWDV�ãDOLV���/LHWXYRV�J\YHQWRM VNDLþLXV SHU�ãLPW PHW vis tik SDGLG MR������SURFHQWR��R�PLHVWR�J\YHQWRM LãDXJR�GDXJLDX�NDLS�VHSW\Qis kartus. Bet, palyginti su 1939-siais , j is SDGLG MR� tik 12,2 procento, PLHVWLHþL - �����NDUWR��*\YHQWRM WDQNXPDV�/LHWXYRV� WHULWRULMRMH�SHU� ãLPW PHWSDGLG MR�SXVDQWUR�NDUWR��SHU�ãHãLDVGHãLPW�PDåGDXJ�22,0 procentais.

*U åNLPH� SULH� WHPRV�� 3ULHã� ãLPW mHW /LHWXYRV� PLHVWXRVH� J\YHQR� tik ����� SURFHQW J\YHQWRM -ãLDQGLHQ�M WXULPH������SURFHQWR��<SDþ�VSDUþLDL šis procesas vyko 1953-1992-siais metais. Pastaraisiais metais jis�QXWU NR��PLHVW J\YHQWRM VNDLþLXV�EXYR�VXPDå M V daugiau kaip 61-QX�W NVWDQþLX�åPRQL � NDLPR�- SDGLG M V��bet tik nepilnais ��� W NVWDQþLDLV�� âL PHW VDXVLR� O� GLHQ � SDO\JLQXV� VX� ����-šiais metais, miesto J\YHQWRM

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VXPDå MR� ����� W NVWDQþLR� t.y. SDVNXWLQL M PHW laikotarpiu Y O SUDG MR� GLG WL� prieaugis sudaro 16,1 W NVWDQþLR�� R� NDLPH� J\YHQWRM VNDLþLXV� LU� WROLDX� PDå MR� SHU� PHWXV� VXPDå MR� GDU� ����� W NV WDQþLR� åPRQL LU�beveik sus i l ygino � VX� ����� PHW rodik l ia i s . To un ika l aus UHLãNLQLR� SULHåDVWLV labai� LãDXJ V QHGDUEDV� LU�SDEORJ MXVLRV�J\YHQLPR�V O\JRV��3UDGHGDQW�����-siais metais, Lietuvoje miršta daugiau �åPRQL � QHJX�gimsta: 1994-M PHW saldo 3654, 1995-M 4126 ir 1996-M 3727 åPRQ V� 1DW UD O X V J\YHQWRM prieaugis minus in is . 0Då MD�VXVLWXRNXVL M � GLG MD LãVLWXRNXVL M � 3HU� W ODLNRWDUS VXVL WXRNXVL M VXPDå MR QXR� ��� ���� i k i 20 433 poU �L ã V L W XRNXV L M išaugo nuo 11 061 ik i 11 3 1 1 �SRU �

*\YHQWRM VNDL þ L Lietuvos miestuose � PDåLQD� LU� PLJUDFLMD�� kurios saldo nuo 1991-M PHWX� \UD� QHLJLDPDV��nors iki tol kiekvienais �PHWDLV�M DWY\NGDYR�PDåGDXJ�SR�12-15 �W NVWDQþL �

Nuo 1991 -M kasmet mus palieka po 6-10 W NVWDQþL åPRQL �Reikia manyti, kad artimiausiais metais šie procesai DWVLQDXMLQV��/LHWXYRV�PLHVW J\YHQWRMX�VNDLþLXV�Y O SUDG V GLG WL LU�M PLJUDFLMRV�VDOGR�EXV�WHLJLDPDV��âLDLV�PHWDLV�MLV�GDU�QHLJLDPDV������åPRQL �� *\YHQWRM VNDLþLXV�QHVXPDå MR��R�WROLDX�DXJR�WLN�$O\WXMH�LU�0DULMDPSRO MH�LU�NDLS�tik G O WR��NDG�GDXJXPD� PRQLDWODLN QHJDQGDV�LU�GLUED��SDO\JLQWL��QRUPDOLDL� 1959-1996-VLDLV� PHWDLV� Lã� GY\OLNRV� 5HVSXEOLNRV� SDYDOGXPR� PLHVW labiausiai išaugo $O\WXV�� MR� J\YHQWRMVNDLþLXV�SDGLG MR�GDXJLDX�NDLS�ãHãLV�NDUWXV��'UXVNLQLQN - beveik keturis kartus, Palangos -�����NDUWR��3DQHY åLR�- daugiau

kaip tris kartus, Birštono - beveik tris NDUWXV��0DULMDPSRO V - daugiau kaip du su puse, âLDXOL - beveik du su puse karto, Vilniaus - taip pat beveik du su puse karto ir 1991-šiais buvo visiškai �SULDUW M V SULH�����W NVWDQþL J\YHQWRM ULERV��'HYLQWRMRMH� YLHWRMH�.ODLS GD�� MRV� J\YHQWRM SDGDXJ MR� GX� NDUWXV�� 7ROLDX� VHND�.DXQDV� - beveik du kartus, dar 1980-MSUDGåLRMH� SHUåHQJ ���� W NVWDQþL � 1HULnga -l ,7 karto. Visaginas -� PLHVWDV�� DWVLUDG V�� SDO\JLQWL�� QHVHQLDL�� EHW� SDJDO�J\YHQWRM VNDLþL - po 0DULMDPSRO V��DãWXQWRMH�YLHWRMH�

3HU� PLQ W ODLNRWDUS � R� WDL� EHYHLN� ��� PHW � YLV 5HVSXEOLNRV� SDYDOGXPR� PLHVW J\YHQWRM SDGDXJ MR� ������procento, o visRV�/LHWXYRV�PLHVW LU�PLHVW WLSR�J\YHQYLHþL ������SURFHQWR��7DL�UHLãNLD��NDG�ãDOLHV�UDMRQ FHQWUDL�LU�PLHVWR�WLSR�J\YHQYLHW V DXJR�šiek tiek O þLDX� negu GLGLHML�PLHVWDL��$WVLUDGR�QDXM � 9LVDJLQDV�- ������(OHNWU QDL�- 16,0, Naujoji $NPHQ - 14,2 W NVWDQþLR� J\YHQWRM � WDLS� SDW� ODEDL� LãDXJR� QHPDåDL�PLHVWR� WLSR� J\YHQYLHþL UDMRQXRVH�� NXULRV� J\YHQWRMVNDLþLXPL�OHQNLD�UDMRQ FHQWUXV��âWDL�NDG�LU�7UDN UDMRQH�(OHNWU QDL�- 16,0, Lentvaris - ������*ULJLãN V - ����� W NVWDQþLR� J\YHQWRM � 7UDNDL� - ketvirtoje vietoje, tik� ���� W NVWDQþLR�� SR� WR� VHND�9LHYLV� - 5,6 ir 5 GLãN V - ����W NVWDQþLR�J\YHQWRM �

,ãDQDOL]DYXV� SDWHLNWXV� GXRPHQLV�� JDOLPH� GDU� DNLYDL]GåLDX� VLWLNLQWL� NDG� HNRORJLQ SDG WLV� /LHWXYRMH� G OXUEDQL]DFLMRV� WLNUDL� VXG WLQJD� LU�DSOLQNRVDXJRV� VULW\MH�P V ODXkia kruopštus, WHPSWDV� LU�DWNDNOXV�GDUEDV��7DLS�SDW�UHLNLD�VXSUDVWL� JDOE W VYDUELDXVL GDO\N � /LHWXYRMH� JDPWRV� DSVDXJ UHLNLD� Y\VW\WL� QHVWDEGDQW� XUEDQL]DFLMRV� SURFHVR�� QHPDåLQDQW�JDP\ERV�� EHW� M SOHþLDQW�� SHUWYDUNDQW�� UHVWUXNW UL]XRMDQW� LU� SULWDLNDQW� SULH� QDXM HNRQRPLQL V O\J � 7LN� WRNLX� E GX�JDO VLPH�VXNDXSWL�SDNDQNDPDL�O ã JDPWRVDXJDL�LU�VXGDU\WL�V O\JDV�LQYHVWLFLMRPV�atsipirkti.

23.5. Ekonominiai eismo reguliavimo metodai

äPRQLMD�MDX�JDQD�VHQLDL� VLWLNLQR��NDG�GLGåLDXVLDV�DSOLQNRV�WHUã MDV��\SDþ�PLHstuose, -DXWRPRELOLDL�� GRPX�\UD�WDL��NDG�P V ãLPWPHþLR�SUDGåLRMH�EXYR�UDJLQDPD�NXR�VNXELDX�SDNHLVWL�miestuose arklius automobiliais, j au � YLHQ�G O WR�� NDG��atseit, arkliai �ODEDL�WHUãLD�PLHVWXV��R�DXWRPRELOLDL�SDVLå\PL�ãYDUXPX�

0 V dvidešimtasis DPåLXV� maVLQ V automobilizacijos DPåLXV� 1985-siais metais pasaulyje vien tik OHQJY M DXWRPRELOL buvo virš 350 PLOLMRQ � Pagal JAV 0DVDþLXVHWVR�technologijos instituto, taip pat ir daugelio NLWpasaulio PRNVOR�GDUEXRWRM SDVNDLþLDYLPXV� ODXNLDPD��NDG�YLV SDVDXOLR�åHP\Q NHOLDLV�����-VLDLV�PHWDLV�YDåLQ V jau virš SXV V milijardo OHQJY M DXWRPRELOL � $WURGR��NDG�ãLH�VNDLþLDL�WLNUDL�ODEDL�DUWLPL�realybei.

3ULH� DXWRPRELOL kaip WUDQVSRUWR� SULHPRQ V åPRQLMD� SULSUDWR� ODEDL� OHQJYDL� LU� greitai, tai Lã� WLNU M SXLNL�susiVLHNLPR�SULHPRQ VX� WRNLRPLV�VDY\E PLV��kaip JUHLWLV�� NRPIRUWDV�� JDOLP\E aplankyti ir gerai SDåLQWL SDVDXO � Bet tai kartu ir DXWRPRELOL NHOL � M VWRY MLPR�DLNãWHOL � DXWRPRELOL SULHåL URV� PRQL � GHJDOLQL VWDW\ED��NDP�Lã�åHP V NLR atimami dideli åHP V k ie k i a i , � PDåLQDPL�m išk u ir N L W R N L å H O G L Q L plo ta i , pr ie v i so to da r ke l iama s t r iukšmas ir labai teršiama aplinka. Specialistai teigia, kad vienas lengvasis automobilis per savo tarnavimo ODLN LãPHWD� DSOLQNWHUãDO GDXJLDX��QHJX�SDWV�VYHULD��$XWRPREilis, kuriuo mes taip mielai NDVGLHQ�YDåLQ MDPH�� IDNWLãNDL�\UD�WDUVL�FKHPLMRV�PRQ DQW� UDW � PRQ � NXULRV�NHQNVPLQJXV�produktus, visiškai WR�QHQRU GDPD� LU�NHQNGDPD�VDYR�sveikatai, pasaulio YLVXRPHQ � R�\SDþ�PLHVW J\YHQWRMDL��SULYHUVWL�QXRODW�vartoti. TaL N JL� reikia daryti ir kiek þLD HIHNW\Y V JDOL� E WL�ekonominiai aplinkos taršos reguliavimo metodai?

9LHQD�Lã�ODEDL�HIHNW\YL SULHPRQL -NXUR�WDXS\PR�JDOLP\E � 3DVLQDXGRMDQW�ãLD�SULHPRQH��NDUWX�VSUHQGåLDPRV�GYL�problemos: racionaliau naudojami nereprodukuojami gamtos ištekliai LU�� VXQDXGRMDQW� PDåHVQ GHJDO NLHN � DSOLQNRQ�LãPHWDPD�PDåLDX�WHUãDO � .DGDQJL�PDåGDXJ�iki 1973-M PHW SDVDXO\MH��R�\SDþ�-$9�- PDVLQLR�DXWRPRELOL]DYLPR�W Y\Q MH��GHJDO WDXS\PR�problemos tarsi ir nebuvo, nuo 1950-M PHW $PHULNRMH�EXYR�VWHQJLDPDVL�JDPLQWL�YLV�GLGHVQL JDEDULWDXWRPRELOL PRGHOLXV�� NXULH� WXU GDYR� YLV� JDOLQJHVQLXV� YDULNOLXV�� DLãNX�� GDXJLDX� WHUãGDYR� DSOLQN LU� U\GDYR� YLV�

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GDXJLDX�NXUR��3DY\]GåLXL������-siais metais lengvajam automobiliui vieno galono kuro vidutiniškai XåWHNGDYR������mylios kelio.

äLQDQW��NDG�DXWRPRELOLDPV�VXQDXGRMDPD�GDXJLDX�NDLS�WUHþGDOLV�SDVDXO\MH�LãJDXQDPRV�naftos, suprantama, kur JDO MR QXYHVWL�åPRQLM WRNLRV�DXWRPRELOL]PR�Y\VW\PR�WHQGHQFLMRV��-XRODE��NDG�WXR�SDþLX�PHWX�SUDVLG MR LU�ODEDL�VSDUWDXV�nDIWRV�NDLQ DXJLPR�EXPDV��9LVD�WDL�V O\JRMR��NDG�����-VLDLV�PHWDLV�-$9�LãOHLVWDV�DXWRPRELOLQLR�NXUR�WDXS\PR� VWDW\PDV��1HVQDXG LU�9DNDU (XURSRV��-DSRQLMRV�LU�NLW SDVDXOLR�ãDOL VWDW\P OHLG MDL LU�Y\ULDXV\E V�

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,ãV LY\VþLXVL pasau l io ãD O L patirt is rodo, kad suk ur t i ã L X R O D LN L Q WX U L Q W SDN ODX V HNRQRPLãN DXWRPRELOPDQRPD� t ik efektyviai naudojant moks lo OD LP MLPXV� ta ip pat ir kompiuter ius . J iems padedant ne t i k taupiau naudojamas kuras , bet ir i k i m i n i m u m o VXPDåLQDPDV QXRG LQJ ap l inkon LãPHWDP WHUãDO kiek i s . Tiesa, tok ios DX WRPRE L O L ekologizavimo sistemos d id ina � M NDLQ � WDþLDX� þLD� WDLNRPL� ekonominiai � PHWRGDL�� âL� PRQWXRWD�automobil iuose HNRORJLQ UDQJD�� QRUV� LU� VXGDUR� ik i 15-��� SURFHQW M kainos, parduodama OHQJYDWLQ PLV V O\JRPLV� QHWDLNRPL�DNFL]R�LU�PDåLQDPL�kiti PRNHVþLDL� teikiamos YDOVW\ELQ V VXEVLGLMRV ir kitos lengvatos.

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ir YDLULDXVL PDãLQ vis labiau LU�ODELDX�VHNLQD�P V SODQHWRV�JDPWRV�UH]HUYXDU � .XUR ištekliai, VXVLWHONL äHP Vplutoje, yra gana dideli, WDþLDX�riboti. 0RNVOLQLQN DSVNDLþLDYLPDLV� M gali XåWHNWL�JDO�dviem - trims ãLPWPHþLDPV��7DþLDX�visi WLNLP V��NDG�åPRQLMD� iki to laiko, o gal net daug DQNVþLDX� DWUDV�LU�JDO V QDXGRWLV�QDXMDLV�HQHUJLjos šaltiniais.

Yra ir kitaip PDQDQþL PRNVOLQLQN � NXULH� WHLJLD�� NDG� jau apie 2000-sius metus, o Y OLDXVLDL� DWHLQDQþLR ãLPWPHþLR�SLUPRMRMH�SXV MH��SUDVLG V HQHUJHWLQLV�EDGDV��NDG�VHQL�energijos šaltiniai išseks JUHLþLDX� QHJX�EXV�SUDG WD�SODþLDL naudotis naujais... Kaip sakoma, pagyvensim pamatysim.

Artimiausiu laiku ar net netolimoje ateityje YDOG\WL GDXJXPRV� QDXMX� P V planetos SRWHQFLQ Venergijos ãDOWLQL tikrai bus techniškai QHPDQRPD�� WDþLDX tai nereiškia, NDG�äHP MH�neslypi NR ORVD O L Q L energijos i ã W HN O L dar daugel iu i DPåL � äHP V p l u t o j e 7-10 k i lometru gylyje, apyt ikria is DSVNDLþLDY LPDLV � y ra susi telkusi ši luma penkis W NV WDQþLXV N D U W NDLW UHVQ Xå�Y L V U ã L planetos�NXU � 9 M R energijos, o kar tu ir vandens energijos i š t e k l i a i t a ip pat ma tuoj ami astronominiais VNDLþLDLV� Be to, energijos ša l t i n iu yra ir kosmose, p i rmiausi a . 6DXO Venergijos. Beje, energija, N X U L ga mina QHQX W U N V W DQ W\ V g amtos procesai , p r a k t i š k a i yra neišsemiama. Ji nuola t a t s i nau j ina ir iš W LHV yra DPåLQD� k a i p ir 6DXO V energ i ja , o svarb iausia ji neišmeta DS O L Q N k en k s mi ng u a t l i eku . . .

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reforma, NXUL� SDQDLNLQW EHVLY\VWDQþL ãDOL GLVNULPLQDYLP LU� Y\NG\W EHQW� jau E WLQLDXVLXV� visuomeninius SDåDQJLXV�GHPRJUDILQ V SROLWLNRV�SDNHLWLPXV� 1RULQW�JHULDX�VXSUDVWL�ÄELRORJLQ V ERPERV��VSURJLP � NXULXR�åPRQLM J VGLQD�GDXJHOLV�SDVDXOLR�PRNVOLQLQN LU�YLVXRPHQ V YHLN M � UHLNLD�QXVWDW\WL��NXULRMH�SDVDXOLR�YLHWRMH�ML�VSURJR� ,ãVLY\VþLXVLRVH�SDVDXOLR�ãDO\VH�QXR������LNL�����-M PHW J\YHQWRM SDGDXJ MR�SXVDQWUR�karto (nuo 674 iki 976 PLOLMRQ �������-M PHW SUDGåLRMH�EXYR�WLNLPDVL�sulaukti 1,5 milijardo, R JDO�NLHN�GDXJLDX��QHV� ÄLãVLY\VþLXVL M � WDUSSDWHQND� YLV� GDXJLDX� LU� GDXJLDX� EXYXVL ÄEHVLY\VWDQþL M ���7DL� SLUPLDXVLD� ãDO\V�� WXULQþLRV� GDXJ� JDPWRV� WXUW � \SDþ�QDIWRV�� YDLULDXVL ãL GLHQ SUDPRQHL�UHLNDOLQJ U G � åDOLDY ODEDL�EHVLY\VWDQþLDL�FKHPLMRV�SUDPRQHL�LU�NW� 1HLãVLY\VþLXVLRVH�� DUED� SUDVWDL� WDULDQW�� EHVLY\VWDQþLRVH� ãDO\VH�PLQ W ��-WLHV�PHW ODLNRWDUSLX�J\YHQWRMSDGDXJ MR�EHYHLN�GX�NDUWXV��QXR������LNL������PLOLMRQ ���R�ãLR�DPåLDXV�SDEDLJRMH�PDQRPD��NDG�M EXV�DSLH���7 milijardo, W�\��PDåGDXJ�WULV�NDUWXV�GDXJLDX��R�Lã�;;,-MR�DPåLDXV�pabaigoje ODXNLDP 14-15 PLOLMDUG P V planetos J\YHQWRM �ãL GLHQ EHVLY\VWDQþL ãDOL WHULWRULMRMH�M WXU W J\YHQWL�DSLH���-���SURFHQW �Taigi šio sprogimo epicentras, kaip rodo dabartLQ SDG WLV�LU�DWHLWLHV�SURJQR] V��\UD�LU�GDU�LOJDL�EXV�ÄWUHþLDMDPH�SDVDXO\MH���NXU�ãLXR�PHWX�J\YHQWRM SULHDXJLR�WHPSDL�GYLJXEDL�VSDUWHVQL��negu LãVLY\VþLXVLRVH šalyse (1970-1980-siais

metais buvo 2,58, o LãVLY\VþLXVLRVH - 1,13 procento).

Reikia prisiminti, kad Pirmasis LU�\SDþ�Antrasis pasauliniai karai smarkiai SDåHLG QDW UDO M J\YHQWRMMXG MLP GDXJHO\MH�SDVDXOLR�NUDãW � \SDþ�LãVLY\VþLXVLRVH�ãDO\VH��3LUPDVLV�pasaulinis karas pareikalavo 25-L � o Antrasis virš 50-ties PLOLMRQ åPRQL J\Y\EL � 'LGåLDXVL DXN GDO VXGDU jauni vyrai ir gimdyti JDOLQþLRV moterys. Be to. karai suluošino ir SDGDU invalidais milijonus åPRQL � NDV� taip SDW� WXU MR� WDNRV� JLPVWDPXPXL�� (XURSRMH� VXPDå MR�J\YHQWRM LU� i as� M prieaugio tempai VXO W MR GDU� LU� G O HPLJUDFLMRV� Xå� YDQGHQ\Q - GDXJLDXVLD� JAV. 0RNVOLQLQN SDVNDLþLDYLPDLV� vien tik ãLR�DPåLDXV�SLUPRMRMH�SXV MH�(XURS paliko apie 30 PLOLMRQ åPRQL �Tai irgi labai VYDUE V veiksniai, QXO P WRN GLGHO J\YHQWRM SULHDXJLR� VNLUWXP LãVLY\VþLXVLRVH ir EHVLY\VWDQþLRVH šalyse.

Dar visai netolimoje praeityje ir dabar, daugelyje pasaulio ãDOL � gimstamumas nebuvo reguliuojamas, šie procesai vyko ir vyksta stichiškai, juos riboja nebent tik moters organizmo IL]LRORJLQ VVDY\E V�� JDO� tiksliau -� JDOLP\E V��R�GDEDU� j au EU VWD� ÄGHPRJUDILQ UHYROLXFLMD��� -DL�E GLQJL� GX�veiksniai: pirmas -�EXYR�VXVLGRURWD�VX�åPRJDXV�EHM JLãNXPX�NRYRMH�SULHã�PLUWLQJXP � \SDþ�YDLN PLUWLQJXP LU�SULHã�YLVD��NDV�JU V MR�J\Y\EHL�LU�VYHLNDWDL��DQWUDV�- VLY\UDXMD�JLPVWDPXPR�NRQWURO LU�VXWXRNWLQL DXWRNRQWURO �

1RUV� J\YHQWRM VNDLþLXV�YLV�GDU�GLG MD� VSDUþLDLV� WHPSDLV�� U\ãN MD�SHUVLODXåLPR� WHQGHQFLMRV��Manoma, kad tie tempai jau � SDVLHN VDYR� DXNãþLDXVL WDãN LU� SDVNXWLQLDMDPH� ãLR� DPåLDXV� GHãLPWPHW\MH� WXU W SR�WUXSXW PDå WL�� 5HLNLD� SDå\P WL�� NDG�� DWURGR�� ãL� SURJQR] SUDGHGD� SLOG\WLV���� $QNVþLDX� DU� Y OLDX JLPVWDPXPDV� VXPDå V YLVXRVH� NUDãWXRVH�� QHW� LU� WHQ�� NXU� ãLXR� PHWX� \UD� ODEDL� GLGHOLV�� ' O WR� VXPDå V LU�J\YHQWRM SULHDXJLV�QHW�WHQ��NXU�NDUWX�ODEDL�PDå V LU�M PLUWLQJXPDV��âLDLS�DU�taip �JLPLP VNDLþLXV šeimose vis lab iau �EXV�SODQXRMDPDV�LU�UHJXOLXRMDPDV��QHSDLVDQW�QXR�DPåL SDYHOG WR�WDPVXPR�LU�SULHWDU JDXV\E V���

âL SULHPRQL J\YHQGLQLPXL� GDXJHO\MH� ãDOL GDU� ilgai� WUXNG\V� LU� UHLNLDP YLVXRPHQ V VRFLDOLQLR-HNRQRPLQLR� Y\VW\PRVL� JDOLP\EL QHEXYLPDV�� NDGD� äHP MH� YLV� GDU� \UD� GDXJLDX� NDLS�PLOLMDUGDV� EHUDãþL LU�PDåGDXJ�GDU�WLHN�SXVLDX�UDãWLQJ LU�EHYHLN�PLOLMDUGDV�åPRQL QHåLQR��NDV�\UD�ORYD����,U�YLV�G OWR�UHLNLD�WLN WLV� kad pasaulio YLVXRPHQ LãVSU V LU�W labai jau VXG WLQJ � EHW�NDUWX�LU�ODEDL�DNWXDOL gloEDOLQ SUREOHP �

2 PHV� NRQNUHþLDV� GDEDUWLQHV� J\YHQWRM SULHDXJLR� SUREOHPDV�� \SDþ� VSUHQGåLDQW� DNWXDOLXV� /LHWXYRV�J\YHQWRM SULHDXJLR�NODXVLPXV��jau �DSWDU PH�DQNVWHVQLXRVH�VN\ULXRVH�

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������*OREDOLQ V åHP V NLR�LU�PDLVWR�problemos

1RUV�YLVRV�JOREDOLQ V pasaulio SUREOHPRV�WDUS�VDY V \UD�JODXGåLDL�VXVLMXVLRV��\SDþ�JODXG V ryšiai jungia demografines ir maisto problemas. Kuo labiau� JDXV MD åHP V J\YHQWRMX�� WXR� MLHPV� reikia daugiau maisto. .DUWX� MLHPV� E WLQD� NDVPHW� VNLUWL� WDP� GDXJLDX� åHP V LU� JHULDX� M GLUEWL�� 1HSDLVDQW� WR�� NDG� PRNVOLQLQNDSVNDLþLDYLPDL� URGR�� MRJ� SDVNXWLQLX� PHWX� PDLVWR� JDP\ED� SDVDXO\MH� GLG MD� - tik� SHU� DãWXQW M P V DPåLDXV�GHãLPWPHW � VNDLþLXRMDQW�vienam planetos gyventojui, maisto buvo pagaminama kaip niekad daug, faktiškai pasaulyje kas šeštaV åPRJXV�neprivalgo ir negali kaip reikiant dirbti.

Daugelyje YDOV W\EL šiuo metu NLQ veikla tvarkoma taip, kad kai kuriose � Lã� M pagaminama PDLVWR�SURGXNW labai QHGDXJ��R�GDU�NDL�NXULRVH�åHP V NLR produktai gaminami, WDþLDX GDXJXPDL�W J\YHQWRMj ie nH SHUNDPL��Apskritai, pasaulio åHP V NLXL dar pakanka LãWHNOL maisto produktams gaminti, WDþLDX Q UD�vienodos WDUSYDOVW\ELQ V politikos, NXUL�SDG W kiekvienai šaliai WLQNDPDL�VSU VWL�JOREDOLQ maisto SURGXNWSUREOHP �

.DV� QXO P GDED U W L Q ma is to produktu s i t ua c i ja pasaulyje?Teigiama, SDY\]Gå L X L � ka d 1950-19 8 5 - M P H Wl a i k o t a r p i u M D Y pr iea ugis buvo spartesnis ne i J\ YHQ W R M � M m e t i m a i DXJLPR� WHPSDL� VXGDU apie t r i s procentus. Tai vi s iška i t e n k i n o EHV L Y\ V W DQþ L ã D O L J U G SRUH L N ir k u r ka s d a u g i a u � M Euvo ga l ima sunaudoti J \ Y X O L pašar ui L ã V L Y\ Vþ LX V LRVH ša lyse .

%H� SDJULQGLQL PDLVWLQL JU G JDP\ERV�� VSDUþLDL� DXJR� LU� P VRV� bei SLHQR� SURGXNW JDP\ED�� Europos LãVLY\VþLXVLRVH�ãDO\VH�P VRV�JDP\ED�SDGLG MR�GDXJLDX�NDLS�tris kartus, o pieno -dvigubai. Toks šuolis Y\NR�G ND�QDXM �GHUOLQJHVQL NXOW U LU� SURGXNW\YHVQL gyvuliu bei SDXNãþL YHLVOL � JDXVDXV� PLQHUDOLQL WU ã LU� FKHPLQLX� DXJDODSVDXJRV�SULHPRQL QDXGRMLPR��åHPL PHOLRUDYLPR� 7DþLDX�E WLQD�SDEU åWL��NDG�NLHNYLHQDV�SDSLOGRPDV�PDLVWR�SURGXNWX�prieaugio kiekis UHLNDODXMD�YLV�GLGHVQLV QDXG � 7DL� Lã� dalies SDDLãNLQDPD� WXR�� NDG� GLUEDQW� åHP vis ryškiau SDVLUHLãNLD� GLUYRV� GHUOLQJXPR� PDå MLPR�WHQGHQFLMD��YLV�ODELDX�DLãN MD�GLUYRV�HUR]LMRV��U JãWLQJXPR��XåNU WLPR�QXRGLQJRPLV�PHGåLDJRPLV�SUREOHPRV� 0 V V O\JRPLV�LãVNLUWLQRV�WU\V�SDVDXOLR�PDLVWR�SURGXNW JDP\ERV�VLVWHPRV��9LHQD�Lã�M � vadinama industriniu åHP V NLX��\UD�E GLQJD�âLDXU V $PHULNRV��(XURSRV�ãDOLPV��$XVWUDOLMDL��Naujajai Zelandijai. Kitai priskiriamos šalys, NXULRVH�SDVWDUDLVLDLV�GHãLPWPHþLDL vyko YDGLQDPRML�ÄåDOLRML�UHYROLXFLMD���7DL�$]LMRV�LU�/RW\Q $PHULNRV�YDOVW\E V��WXULQþLRV� JHU JDPWLQL åHP V LãWHNOL LU� V NPLQJDL� SULWDLNLXVLRV� SDåDQJLDXVL DJURWHFKQLN LU�� SDJDOLDX�� WUHþLDMDL�PDLVWR�SURGXNW JDP\ERV�VLVWHPDL�SULVNLULDPRV�$IULNRV�ãDO\V��NXUL tiek JDPWLQ åHP V NLR�SURGXNW JDP\ERV�ED] �WLHN�ILQDQVLQL LQYHVWLFLM JDOLP\E V PHQNRV� .DG�JDOLPD�E W SDWHQNLQWL�GDEDUWLQLDLV�WHPSDLV�EHVLGDXJLQDQþL äHP V J\YHQWRM SRUHLNLXV��E WLQD��NDG�SDVDXOLQ PDLVWR� SURGXNW JDP\ED� NDVPHW� GLG W �-4 pURFHQWDLV�� %H� WR�� JOREDOLQ PDLVWR� SUREOHPD� QHJDO V E WL�V NPLQJDL� LU� HIHNW\YLDL� VSUHQGåLDPD�� 8åWLNULQWL� YLVDPH� SDVDXO\MH� WRN PHWLQ PDLVWR� SURGXNW SULHDXJ LU� GDU�QHSDåHLGåLDQW�HNRORJLQL UHLNDODYLP - VXQNXV�LU�VXG WLQJDV�XåGDYLQ\V��7DþLDX�åPRQLMD�VXN U QDXMDV�DJURWHFKQRORJLMDV��VLHNLD� YHVWL� QDXM HNRQRPLQL WDUSWDXWLQL VDQW\NL WYDUN VWLPXOLXRMDQW� PDLVWR� SURGXNW JDP\E LU� SUHN\E MDLV��6 NPLQJDV�YLVR�SDVDXOLR�J\YHQWRM DSU SLQLPDV�PDLVWR�SURGXNWDLV� -WDL�QH� WLN�SURGXNW JDXVLQLPDV��EHW� LU� WLQNDPR�M

paskirstymo organizavimas.

.DG�JDO WXPH�SODþLDX��JHULDX�LU�YLVDSXVLãNLDX�VXSUDVWL�ãLXRV�PXPV�YLVLHPV�VYDUELXV�LU�U SLPXV�NODXVLPXV��SDQDJULQ NLPH�åHP V NLR�LU�PDLVWR�JOREDOLQHV�SUREOHPDV�DSVNULWDL�globaliniu mastu.

9LVD� äHP V ELRVIHUD�� GDXJHOLR� PRNVOLQLQN DSVNDLþLDYLPDLV�� GXRGD� DSLH� ��-85 mlrd. WRQ RUJDQLQLPHGåLDJ � Lã�M ���POUG��-M URV�LU�YDQGHQ\QDL��%HYHLN�����POUG��åPRQL JDOL�J\YHQWL�P V SODQHWRMH�tik G ND�WR��NDG�QDXGRMD�DXJDOLQ LU�J\YXOLQ PDLVW � DUED��kitaip tariant, gauna energijos iš Saul V SHU�DXJDO IRWRVLQWH]H���åPRQ V NDL�kuriuos augalus savo maistui naudoja tiesiogiai - tokius, kokie jie XåDXJD�JDPWRMH��DUED�M SHUGLUELPR�SURGXNWXV��R�NLWPDLVWXL�WLQNDP GDO VXãHULD�J\YXOLDPV�LU�SDXNãþLDPV��Lã�NXUL JDXQD�J\YXOLQLQN\VW V SURGXNW � P VRV��SLHQR��NLDXãLQL �'DO DXJDOLQLQN\VW V LU�J\YXOLQLQN\VW V SURGXNW åPRJXV�QDXGRMD�QH�PDLVWR�UHLNP PV��GUDEXåLDPV��DYDO\QHL��E VWR�LU�YDLULHPV�NLWLHPV�EXLWLQLDPV�poreikiams tenkinti.

0HWLQ IRWRVLQWH] V SURGXNFLMD� PDåGDXJ� ��� PLOLMDUGDL� WRQ � 7DL� DSLH� ��� NDUW SUDOHQNLD� PHWLQ NXUR�JDP\E � VNDLþLXRMDQW� VYRULR� YLHQHWDLV� LU� �-8 kartus - kalorijomis. Šie duomenys labai apytiksliai, QHV� M U LU�VDXVXPRV� IRWRVLQWH] V SURGXNFLMRV�DSVNDLþLDYLPDV�VXG WLQJDV��7DþLDX�XåWLNULQWDL�JDOLPH� teigti, kad sausumoje šios produkcijos pagaminama 2,8 karto daugiau, QRUV�M U LU�YDQGHQ\QX�SORWDV���NDUWXV�GLGHVQLV�Xå�VDXVXPRV�SORW � 7RNLX�E GX��VNDLþLXRMDQW�äHP V VDXVXPRV�ploto vienetui, IRWRVLQWH] V SURGXNFLMRV�WHQND�DSLH����NDUW GDXJLDX�QHJX�M ULU�YDQGHQ\Q ploto vienetui.

Apie WUHþGDO P V planetos sausumos ploto XåLPD�miškai, NXU L SURGXNW\YXP mokslininkai \UD� DSVNDLþLDY � GDXJ� tiksliau.� 0HGåL IRWRVLQWH] V QDXGLQJXPR� NRHILFLHQWDV� yra labai didelis: ãLDXU MH�PLãN IRWRVLQWH] V SURGXNFLMD� VXGDUR� DSLH� �� WRQDV� KHNWDUXL�� R tropikuose - gerokai GLGHVQ � Manoma, kad vidutinis metinis PLãN prieaugis hektarui apie ���WRQ � Vadinasi, visi P V planetos miškai kasmet duoda

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PDåGDXJ���NDUWXV�GDXJLDX�produkcijos, VNDLþLXRMDQW svoriui ir 4 kartus daugiau - kalorijomis, negu PHWLQkuro SURGXNFLMD�� LãJDXQDPD�Lã�åHP V JHOPL � *DOLPH�priminti, NDG�/LHWXYRV�HNRVLVWHPRVH�ILWRPDV V kiekis sudaro apie 300 mln. t �DEVROLXþLDL VDXVRV�PHGåLDJRV���%HYHLN����SURFHQWDL� MRV� WHQND�PLãN HNRVLVWHPRV�� NXU� WDLS�SDW�GLGåLDXVLDV� ILWRPDV V SULHDXJLV�� SORto vienetui - apie 9 tonas hektarui, t. y. beveik tiek, kiek ir vidutiniškai SDVDXO\MH��R�åHP V NLR�SDVNLUWLHV�SORWXRVH�-DSLH�����WRQRV��DUED�NHOHW NDUW GDXJLDX�Xå�SDVDXOLR�YLGXUN �

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Nors modelis apima globalines problemas, taþLDX yra labai detalus: pasaulio ekonomika suskirstyta ���UDMRQ � kiekvieno Lã�M HNRQRPLQ veikla buvo detalizuojama ���VHNWRULXV��kurie VDYR�UXRåWX�EXYR�smulkinami PDåHVQLXV padalinius, kaip, SDY\]GåLXL� åHP V NLR sektoriuje buvo išskirti 4 pasektRULDL�� E WHQW��J\YXOLQLQN\VW V��MDY � R�Lã�M GDU�NXOW URV��WXULQþLRV GLGHO proteino NLHN � ir šakniavaisiai.

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1983-M PHW UXGHQ -XQJWLQL 7DXW 2UJDQL]DFLMRV�*HQHUDOLQ $VDPEO MD�SUL P UH]ROLXFLM � NXULRMH�QXURG\WD��MRJ�E WLQD�VXNXUWL�JOREDOLQL SRN\þL SURJUDP � - WXU MR�VXGDU\WL�WRNLH�VNXE V XåGDYLQLDL� � SDVL O\WL� LOJDODLN JDPWLQ V DSVDXJRV� VWUDWHJLM � NXUL� V O\JRW VWDELO Y\VW\P VL� LNL�2000-M PHW LU�Y OLDX� � UHNRPHQGXRWL�E GXV��NDLS�JODXGåLDX�EHQGUDGDUELDXWL�VNLUWLQJR�VRFLDOLQLR�HNRQRPLnio išsivystymo lygio ãDOLPV� DSOLQNRV� DSVDXJRV� VULW\MH�� 1XVWDW\WL� WLNVOXV�� NXULXRVH� E W DWVLåYHOJWD� U\ãLXV� WDUS� J\YHQWRMVNDLþLDXV��JDPWRV�LãWHNOL � DSOLQNRV�LU�HNRQRPLNRV�vystymosi; � YHUWLQWL� HIHNW\YDXV�JDPWLQ V DSOLQNRV�SUREOHP VSUHQGLPR�YLVRV�SDVDXOLR�YLVXRPHQ V PDVWX�E GXV� LU�priemones; � SDG WL LãVLDLãNLQWL� LU� VXYRNWL� VYDUELDXVLDV� JDPWLQ V DSOLQNRV� SUREOHPDV�� VXIRUPXOXRWL� LOJDODLNDUWLPLDXVL GHãLPWPHþL SDVDXOLR�YLVXRPHQ V JDPWLQ V DSOLQNRV�NRN\E V JHULQLPR�SURJUDP �Štai kokie nelengvi klausiPDL� LãNHOWL� ãLDPH� GRNXPHQWH�� -LHPV� VSU VWL� QXPDW\WD� VXNXUWL� VSHFLDOLQHSULNODXVRP NRPLVLM � Jai YDGRYDXWL�SDVL O\WD�1RUYHJLMRV�YLVXRPHQ V YHLN MDL�S.H. Bruntland.

7DUSWDXWLQ JDPWLQ V DSOLQNRV� LU� Y\VW\PRVL� NRPLVLMD� IXQNFLRQDYR� kaip nepriklausoma organizacija. .RPLVLMRV�QDULDL�MRV�GDUEH�GDO\YDYR�QH�NDLS�DWVNLU Y\ULDXV\EL DWVWRYDL��EHW�kaip SULYDW V asmenys. Joje buvo svarstomi YDLULDXVL klausimai, visiškai savarankiškai konsultuojamasi su reikalingais åPRQ PLV� LU�organizacijomis.

1984-VLDLV�PHWDLV�äHQHYRMH� Y\NR�SLUPRML�ãLRV�komisijos sesija, kurioje EXYR�SDå\P WD��jog organizacija NXUWD� \SDWLQJX� åPRQLMRV� raidos laikotarpiu. äDOLQJDV pasaulio YLVXRPHQ V NLQ V YHLNORV� SRYHLNLV� JDPWDL�EHDWRGDLULãNDL�GLG MD�� WXR�SDWYLUWLQGDPDV�YLV� OL GQHVQHV�visai netolimRV�åPRQLMRV�DWHLWLHV�SURJQR]HV��âLRMH�VHVLMRMH�SDWHLNWRMH� PHGåLDJRMH� vis G OWR� SDå\P WD� jog galima nukreipti pasaulio YLVXRPHQ V YHLNVPXV� LU� WROHVQ MRV� UDLGQHSDåHLGåLDQW�VWDELOXPR�UHLNDODYLP � 7R�reikia imtis kardinaliai. %XYR�NUHLSWDVL� YDLULDV viso pasaulio organizacijas, atskirus asmenis, raginant SULVLG WL prie komisijos veikos, VXVLMXVLRV� VX�äHQHYRV� VHVLMRMH� suformuluotais aštuoniais pagrindiniais klausimais:

� SDVDXOLR�J\YHQWRM � JDPWLQ V DSOLQNRV�LU�stabilaus vystymosi perspektyvos; • energetikD��JDPWLQ aplinka ir vystymasis; � SUDPRQ � JDPWLQ DSOLQND�LU�Y\VW\PDVLV� � DSVLU SLQLPDV�PDLVWR�SURGXNWDLV� � åHP V NLV� � PLãN NLV��JDPWLQ DSOLQND�LU�Y\VW\PDVLV� � JDPWLQ V DSOLQNRV�YDOG\PR��VSUHQGLP J\YHQGLQLPDV� • tarptautinis bendradarbiavimas.

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• SROLWLQ VLVWHPD��XåWLNULQDQWL�SODþL M YLVXRPHQ V VOXRNVQL GDO\YDYLP SULLPDQW�sprendimus; � HNRQRPLQ VLVWHPD��ODLGXRMDQWL�LãSO VWLQ UHSURGXNFLM LU�WHFKQLQ SDåDQJ VDYR�ED] V pagrindu; � VRFLDOLQ VLVWHPD��ODLGXRMDQWL� WDPSRV�PLQLPL]DYLP SUL PXV�QHKDUPRQLQJ HNRQRPLQ VSUHQGLP �� WHFKQRORJLQ VLVWHPD��XåWLNULQDQWL�QHQXWU NVWDP QDXM VSUHQGLP SDLHãN �• tarSWDXWLQ VLVWHPD�� JDOLQWL�SDODLN\WL�stabilius prekybinius ir finansinius ryšius; � DGPLQLVWUDFLQ VLVWHPD��SDNDQNDPDL�ODQNVWL�LU�RSHUDW\YLDL�VDYH�NRUHJXRMDQWL� 9LV� GLGHVQ UHLNãP J\MD� SDVDXOLR� VWHE MLPR� LQVWLWXFLM YHLNOD�� âLXR� PHWX� GDXJHOLV� pasaulinio lygio RUJDQL]DFLM VNHOELD� NDVPHWLQHV� DSåYDOJDV�� EDQG\GDPRV� VHNWL� GLQDPLãN SODQHWRV� J\YHQLP � -XQJWLQL 7DXW2UJDQL]DFLMRV�äHP V NLR�LU�PDLVWR�SURGXNW RUJDQL]DFLMD��)$2��OHLGåLD�DWDVNDLWDV�ÄäHP V NLR�LU�PDLVWR�SURGXNW E NO ���

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HQHUJHWLNRV�� åHP V NLR� YDLULDXVL verslo ãDN EHL� kitais GXRPHQ EDQNDLV�� *ODXG V instituto ryšiai su stambiausiais pasaulio mokslinio tyrimo centrais.

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