Pull'topullapart'meanstoseparatetwoormorethings.

Ididn'tlikethedresswhenIhadfinished,soIpulleditapartandstartedagain. Theteacherhadtopullthetwoboysaparttostopthemfighting.

'topullapart'canalsomeantocriticiseanideaorsomethingwritten. Shepulledmyargumentapartinaboutthirtyseconds. Thenewspapercriticspulledhislatestnovelapartsayingitwasn'tasgoodashislast.

'topullaway'iswhenavehiclestartsmoving. Heknockedthecyclistoverashewaspullingawayfromthejunction. ThebuspulledawayjustasIarrivedatthestop.

'topullback'meanstomovesomethinginabackwardsdirection. HethoughtIwasstandingtooclosetotheedgesohepulledmeback. WhenIpulledbackthecovers,Ifoundalittlekittenhiddeninthebed.

'topulldown'meanstodemolishabuildingorotherstructure. Theoldtheatrewaspulleddownandreplacedbyablockofflats. Theypulleddownalotofhouseswhentheybuiltthenewringroadaroundthecity.

'topulldown'canalsomeantomovesomethingfromahigherpositiontoalowerone. ThesunwasshininginmyeyessoIpulleddowntheblinds. HerTshirtwastooshort.Shehadtokeeppullingitdowntocoverherstomach.

'topullin'iswhenavehicleisdriventoaplacetostop. Thebank'soverthere.Stopandpullinbehindthatcar.I'llgetouthere. Wehaveverylittlepetrolleft.We'llhavetopullinatthenextservicestationandget

some.'topullin'canalsomeantoattract.

He'saverypopularsingeratthemoment.Hecanpullinanenormouscrowd. Themusicfestivalpullsinhugenumbersoftouristseveryyear.

'topulloff'meanstosucceedindoingsomething. We'llmakealotofmoneyifwecanpulloffthisdeal. Idon'tknowhowgoodsheis.Doyouthinkshecanpullitoff?

'topullon'meanstoputonclothesquickly. Comeon,getdressed.Pullonasweaterandlet'sgo. WhenIarrivedhewasalmostready.Hewasjustpullingonhishatandgloves.

'topullout'meanstoextractsomething. Itwasverypainful.Thedentistpulledouttwoofmyteeth. Somebodyhadpulledsomepagesoutofthebook.

'topulloutof'meansdecidenottocontinuewithanactivityoragreement. Wesignedacontract.Wecan'tpulloutofthedeal. Theypulledoutofthenegotiationsafteronlytwohours.

'topullout'isusedwhenavehicledrivenoutofaplaceintotheroad. Ididn'tseethemanonthebicycleasIwaspullingoutofthecarpark. Thecarpulledoutinfrontofthebus.

'topullover'meanstodriveacartothesideoftheroad. ThecarwasmakingastrangenoisesoIpulledovertohavealookatit. Ipulledovertoasksomeonetheway.

'topullthrough'meansrecoverafteraseriousillness. ThedoctorcametotellmethatJohnwouldpullthrough. Nobodythoughthe'dpullthroughaftertheaccident.

'topullyourselftogether'meanstoregaincontrolofyouremotions. Stopcrying.It'stimetopullyourselftogether. Hetookalongtimetopullhimselftogether.

'topulltogether'meanstocooperateandworkasagrouptoachievesomething. Wecandothis,ifweallpulltogether. Wehavetopulltogetherduringdifficulttimes.

'topullup'isusedwhenacarslowsdownandstops. Itstartedtorainjustaswepulledupinfrontoftherestaurant. AtaxipulledupjustasIcameoutoftheairport.

'topullup'achairmeansyoumoveitinordertositdown. Comeandjoinus.Pullupachair. Hepulledupachairandsatdown.

'topullup'alsomeanstocriticisesomeonewhentheymakeamistake. Ifyoumakeamistake,theywillpullyouuponiteverytime. He'salwayspullingmeuponmygrammar.

PresentPerfect(PleasenotethatBritishandAmericanEnglishhavedifferentrulesfortheuseofthistense.TheexplanationandexerciseshererefertoBritishEnglish.InAmericanEnglish,itisoftenacceptabletousethepastsimpleinsomeoftheseexamples.)Weusethepresentperfectwhenwewanttolookbackfromthepresenttothepast.Wecanuseittolookbackontherecentpast.

I'vebrokenmywatchsoIdon'tknowwhattimeitis. Theyhavecancelledthemeeting. She'stakenmycopy.Idon'thaveone. Thesalesteamhasdoubleditsturnover.

Whenwelookbackontherecentpast,weoftenusethewords'just''already'ortheword'yet'(innegativesandquestionsonly).

We'vealreadytalkedaboutthat. Shehasn'tarrivedyet. I'vejustdoneit. They'vealreadymet. Theydon'tknowyet. Haveyouspokentohimyet? Havetheygotbacktoyouyet?

Itcanalsobeusedtolookbackonthemoredistantpast. We'vebeentoSingaporealotoverthelastfewyears. She'sdonethistypeofprojectmanytimesbefore. We'vementionedittothemonseveraloccasionsoverthelastsixmonths. They'veoftentalkedaboutitinthepast.

Whenwelookbackonthemoredistantpast,weoftenusethewords'ever'(inquestions)and'never'.

HaveyoueverbeentoArgentina? Hasheevertalkedtoyouabouttheproblem? I'venevermetJimandSally. We'veneverconsideredinvestinginMexico.

DesertsofAmerica

LargepartsofthewesternUSAarecoveredindesertandthesedesertsaregrowing. TheUnitedStateshaslongbeenreluctanttofollowtheleadofotherdevelopedcountries,inrecognisingthethreatofglobalwarmingindeed,whilethingsareslowlychanging,thereisstillastronglobbyofconservativethinkersintheUSAwhoarguethatglobalwarmingisnotmanmade,sothereisnopointinbotheringaboutit.ButasdramaticclimaticexcessescauseincreasingdamageonAmerica'scoasts,andinlandtoo,theproblemsarebecomingtoobigtoignore.

SanddunedesertinColorado.

IFGLOBALWARMINGturnsouttobeasseriousassomescientistsarenowforecasting,camelsmightbecometheanimalsbestabletoliveinmuchoftheAmericanWestbythetimethepresentcenturycomestoanend.Ameantemperatureriseofsixdegrees,whichcertaincomputermodelsarenowsuggesting,mightleavemuchoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,fromtheMississippitothePacificcoast,uninhabitable.Inrecentyears,AmericanslivinginpartsofTexas,ArizonaandNewMexicohavehadtogetusedtoevermorefrequentsummerdayswithtemperaturesinexcessof100Fahrenheit(over38Celsius)andmostyearsnow,longhotdrysummersareleadingtothedestructionbyfireofmillionsofacresofWesternforests.Slowly,butperceptibly,theWestisalreadyreturningtodesertitisatrendthatseemsliabletocontinue.Nooneshouldreallybeverysuprisedaboutthis,evenwithouttheadditionalproblemsduetoglobalwarming.Waybackin1878,JohnWesleyPowell,oneoftheearlyexplorersofthedesertsoftheSouthwest,warnedofthedangersofsettlingthenewlandstothewestofwestofthe100thmeridian.PowellsubmittedawarningtoCongresstothiseffecttenyearslater,butasoftenhappens,shorttermeconomicinterests,nottosayvestedinterests,meantthatPowell'swarningwasnotheeded.Inthosedays,theareanowknownasthe"GreatPlains"wasmorecommonlyreferredtoastheGreatDesert.FromtheRioGrandetotheCanadianborder,largepartsofthisregionwere

virtuallyuninhabitedanduninhabitable.Movingsandduneswereacommonfeatureofthelandscape,particularlyinyearsoflowrainfall.Yetdespitetheinhospitalityoftheterrain,fromthemidnineteenthcenturyonwardstheareawasprogressivelycolonizedbysettlerswhomadeuseofanywatercoursepossible,toestablishfarmsandhomesteads,usingirrigationandgroundwatertomakeupforthedrynessoftheland,orgrowingplantssuchasalfalfawhichdidnotrequiretoomuchrainfall.Gradually,likeamiracle,thetamingofthedesertbegan.Inthetwentiethcentury,amassivedambuildingprogrammewassetinmotion.Inmanycases,thedambuildingwasonagargantuanscale:ontheColumbiaRiveralone,asmanyas55damswerebuilt,includingthecolossalGrandCouleedamandalthoughafewearlyenvironmentalistspointedtothesheerfollyofmanyoftheprojects,theirswereliterallyvoicesinthewilderness.Manypowerfulbusinessmenandspeculators,oftenwithfriendsinCongress,whohadmuchtogainfromthedamprojectsandthegenerousfederalsubsidiesthatoftenaccompaniedthem,madesurethatoppositiontotheirprojectswasstifled.

LakePowell,initsdesertlandscape.Waterislow.

Ironically,100yearstothedayafterheexploredthespectacularGlenCanyonontheColoradoRiver,Powellwashonoredinamannerthatmusthavemadehimturninhisgravethe250kilometerlonglakethathaddrownedthecanyonwasnamedLakePowell.Thankstothedamsandtheirrigation,agriculturebegantoflourishinareaswhereitshouldneverhaveflourished,andmillionsofsettlersmovedintotheregion,establishingtownsandcitiesthatputfurtherpressureonthearea'sscarcewaterresources.Nowseriousproblemsarearisingtheleveloftheregion'smainundergroundwatertable,theOgallalaAquifer,isfalling,anditssalinityisincreasingtensofthousandsofacresoflandhavealreadybeentakenoutofagriculture,andthedesertsareonceagainspreadingout.Today,theremainsoftheGreatAmericanDesertcoveranareaofsome227,000km2,mostlyinCalifornia,ArizonaandNevadathisisthelandofcactiandyuccas,"JoshuaTrees"creosotebushes,andtheotherdroughtresistantplantsthatcansurviveinthishotaridregionbutthe"sagebrushdesert"stretchesmuchfurther,andsanddunesand"badlands"arefoundasfarnorthasSouthDakota.

AttheheadofanowfertilevalleyinColorado,GreatSandDunesNationalMonument,thelargestareaofdunesintheUSA,standsasaveryvisiblereminderthatitwillnottakemuchtobringbackthedesertsthatoncecoveredalargepartoftheAmericanWest.Asixdegreeriseinaveragetemperaturescouldbemorethanenoughtodojustthat.WORDSalfalfa:lucernedam:barragedrought:drynessforecast:predictgetusedto:becomeaccustomedtoheed:respectinhospitality:qualityofbeingunsuitableforhumanhabitationseemsliableto:mayperhapssagebrush:alowbushthatcoverslargearidareasoftheAmericanwestscarce:raresheer:totalstifle:stoptaming:domesticationvestedinterests:personalinterestswilderness:desert

SavetheEverglades

TrueorfalsequestionsHerearesixstatements:readthearticle,anddecidewhichonesaretrue,andwhicharefalse.

1.Thewesterndesertwasmuchlarger200yearsagothanitistoday.(T/F)2.Themaincauseofthedesertificationofthewestisglobalwarming.(T/F)3.LakePowell?isnamedforJohnWesleyPowell,whofirstdiscoveredit.(T/F)4.GrandCouleedamisoneofmanydamsontheColumbiaRiver.(T/F)5.AgricultureisnottheonlybiguserofwaterintheAmericanwest.(T/F)6.TheOgallalaAquiferisalargeandpopularlake.(T/F)

CarefulreadingforinformationHerenowisaparallelversionofthethreefirstparagraphsofthearticle.Readitcarefullyinmostcases,theinformation,thoughexpresseddiffrerently,hasthesamemeaningastheoriginalbutintencases,thisisnotthecase,andthesecondtextsayssomethingdifferent.Underlineallthecaseswheretheinformationgivenisnotthesameastheinformationpresentedintheoriginalarticle.

IFGLOBALWARMINGbecomesasseriousassomescientistsarenowpredicting,

camelsmightbecometheanimalsmostsuitedtolivinginalargepartoftheAmerican

Westbytheyear2200.Anaveragetemperatureincreaseofsixdegrees,whichcertain

computermodelsarenowsuggesting,mightleavemuchoftheUSA,fromtheMississippi

tothewestcoast,uninhabited.

Theselastfewyears,AmericanslivinginpartsofTexas,ArizonaandMexicohavehad

toaccustomthemselvestoincreasinglyfrequentsummerdayswithtemperaturesover

100Fahrenheit(nearly38Celsius)andandmostyearsnow,longhotsummerswithout

rainareleadingtothedestructionbyfireofmillionsofacresofWesternforests.Slowly,

butinvisibly,theWestisalreadyrevertingtodesertitisatendencythatseemscertainto

continue.

Noonecouldreallybeverysurprisedaboutthis,evenwithoutthebigproblems

causedbyglobalwarming.Aslongagoas1878,JohnWesleyPowell,oneofthefirst

explorersoftheSouthwesterndeserts,warnedofthedangersofcultivatingthenewlands

tothewestofthe100thmeridian.PowellsubmittedawarningtoCongressonthispoint

tenyearslater,butasoftenhappens,shorttermeconomicconsiderations,nottosay

vestedinterests,meantthatPowellswarningwasnotread.

ESLTEFLConversationTopicsandQuestionsEnvironmentandPollutionAretherelitterlawswhereyoulive?Ifso,whatisthepenaltyforlittering?Doyouthinkcarsshouldbebannedfromcitycenters?Doyouthinkpeopleshouldrecyclenewspapers?Whyorwhynot?Doyouthinktherearelessonstolearnfromnature?Howhastheworldchangedsinceyouwereachild?(technology,values,environment,health)Howoftenisgarbagecollectedinyourneighborhood?Ifhumansarereallyintelligentandnotsimplymanipulatedbytheirgeneslikeanyotheranimal,whycan'ttheydoanythingaboutoverpopulation?Whataresomethingsthatcanberecycled?Whataresomethingswhichyourecycle?Whataresometypesofpollution?Whataresomewaysthatyoucanreducepollutioninthiscountry?Whatcanyoudotohelppreventpollution?Whatcanyoudotomakethisworldabetterplace?Whatdoyouthinkofpeoplewhosmokecigarettesindoors?Whichismoreimportant,increasingpeople'sstandardofliving,orprotectingtheenvironment?Thinkofasituationinyourareainvolvingthisissue.Whichsidewouldyouchoose?Whodoyouthinkismoreresponsibleforpollution,individualpeopleorthegovernment?Explain.

Whatisthemostimportantissuefacingtheenvironmenttoday?Doyouknowaboutanyantipollutionprogramsinyourcommunity?Whataboutprogramsinyournativecountry?Doyouusuallydrinkbottledwater?WhyorWhynot?Ifyoucouldchooseonealternativeenergysourcetodevelopwhichonewouldyouchoose?Why?Arecompaniesmoreorlessenvironmentallyresponsiblenowthantheywereinthepast?Whydoyouthinkthatis?Doyouthinkrecyclingisanimportantcommunityservice?Doyourecycle?Whoshouldpayforthecostsassociatedwithrenewableenergy?Shouldwemakethedevelopmentofrenewableenergysourcesaneconomicpriority?Whataresomewaysenergyiswasted?Whattypesofenergyarepopularinyournativecountry?Whatisthemainproblemwithrenewableenergysources?Whatcanlargecitiesdotoimprovetheirairquality?Howcanweprotecttheenvironmentandatthesametimeimprovepeople'sstandardofliving?Doyouthinkoverpopulationisanimportantenvironmentalissue?Whyorwhynot?ShouldanenvironmentallevybeimposedonSUVsnotusedinthefarmingcommunity?Howwouldthishelptheenvironment?Shouldgasformotoristsbemoreexpensive?Whatwouldbetheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthis?Dothinkglobalwarmingisreal?Doyouthinkthisisaneffectofpollution?Areworriedaboutglobalwarming?Ifyouliveonanislandoronthecoastdoesthisincreasethedangerfromglobalwarming?Why?What'shappeningtoforestsintheworld?Whathappenswhenweremoveforests?Whatcanwedotoprotectforests?Whyshouldwerecycle?Doesyourlocalgovernmentmakeiteasyorhardforcitizenstorecycle?Aretherepeopleinyourcountrywhomaketheirlivingfrompickingupotherpeople'sgarbage?HowispollutionaffectingtheenvironmentoftheUnitedStatestoday?Howaboutyourowncountry?