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  • 8/9/2019 Verghese APD for 3D Cleared

    1/29

    MIT Lincoln Laboratory

    Verghese_AFRL101906-1

    S. Verghese 101906

    A!alanche "hoto#io#es $or %-&LA&AR an# 'o(()nications*

    S. Verghese

    *This work was sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard under the Department of the Air Force

    contract number FA!"#$%&$'$%%%" pinions interpretations conclusions and recommendations are those of the authors and are not

    necessarily endorsed by the +nited States Go,ernment

  • 8/9/2019 Verghese APD for 3D Cleared

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    MIT Lincoln LaboratoryVerghese_AFRL101906-+S. Verghese 101906

    ,ey Technical 'ontrib)tors

    • In" A"&s

    • 'MS RI'

    ,. A. McIntosh . ". &onnelly /. ,. &)err &. '. aley

    . M. S(ith L. . Mahoney ". I. 2o3(an '. Vineis

    ,. /. ensen ,. M. Mol!ar . A!ersa S. 2. ro!es

    . M. Mahan 4.-L. Lia) '. &. "arer A. 5a3oleoneF. . &onnell M. ". ,esler /. A. &a)ler ,. 'arbonari

    T. . McI!er ". 'ha3ni . /. F)n S. A. 2a(ilton

    L. Rether$or# . La(bert &. 'ha3(an &. '. Sha!er  

    /. . )ellette &. M. 'ohen . ". Frechette '. 5. Ste!enson

    . 7. lettler 7. F. A)ll M. Ren8i S. Verghese

  • 8/9/2019 Verghese APD for 3D Cleared

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    MIT Lincoln LaboratoryVerghese_AFRL101906-%S. Verghese 101906

    eiger-Mo#e "hoton-to-&igital 'on!ersion

    • Single-3hoton sensiti!ity• Lo: #ar-co)nt rate• All-#igital rea#o)t circ)it• 'o(3act an# lo: 3o:er • S)b-ns ti(ing

    APD

    Digital

    timingcircuit

    &igitally enco#e#

    3hoton ti(e-sta(3

    3hoton

    "i;el circ)it

    "olyi(i#e

    3assi!ation

    < µ(LensletArray

    InP APDArray

    CMOSROIC

       I  n   "   S  )   b  s   t  r  a   t  e

       I  n     a   A  s   "

       a   b  s  o  r   b  e  r

       I  n

       "  (  )   l   t   i  3   l   i  e  r

    In" A"&

    &e!ice "ro$ile

    Photons

  • 8/9/2019 Verghese APD for 3D Cleared

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    MIT Lincoln LaboratoryVerghese_AFRL101906-<S. Verghese 101906

    In" A!alanche "hoto#io#es

    • Intro#)ction

    • A33lications

    • A"& Fig)res o$ Merit

    • Rea#-)t Integrate# 'irc)it =RI'>

    • S)((ary

  • 8/9/2019 Verghese APD for 3D Cleared

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    MIT Lincoln LaboratoryVerghese_AFRL101906-?S. Verghese 101906

    ISA@ Short-range %-& LA&AR i(aging*

    rganicAir Vehicle

    • Locate and identifyobscured targets withingiven area of 20 x 20 m

    • Use angular diversity tomaximize penetration of

    foliage• Register and visualizedata

    • ID target from single pass

    =100-( altit)#e>

    "hase 1 AV

    La#ar Syste(

    Mass 0.%< g

    Vol)(e % liters

    "o:er ? @

    *Slide courtesy Dr. Rich Marino

  • 8/9/2019 Verghese APD for 3D Cleared

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    MIT Lincoln LaboratoryVerghese_AFRL101906-6S. Verghese 101906

    RF &ee3-S3ace Lins are "o:er Li(ite#

       5  e  3  t  )  n

      e

       A  r  a  n  )

      s

      S  a  t  )  r  n

      .  )  3   i  t  e  r

       "   l  )   t  o/ Moon

    #7 / Lin =R+>

    0 10 +0 %0

  • 8/9/2019 Verghese APD for 3D Cleared

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    MIT Lincoln LaboratoryVerghese_AFRL101906-BS. Verghese 101906

       5  e  3  t  )  n

      e

       A  r  a  n  )

      s

      S  a  t  )  r  n

      .  )  3   i  t  e  r

       "   l  )   t  o/ Moon

       %   6   0   0   0     (

    Ven)s

    Merc)ryMars

       <   0   0  (

       i   l   l   i  o  n     (

    ?-( Recei!e A3ert)reD

    2ale Telesco3e

    0.%-( Trans(it A3ert)reD

    Mars Teleco(()nications rbiter 

    Mars Laser 'o(()nications

    &e(onstration

    • 1.06µ

    (D o3tical carrier 

    • ?-@ trans(it 3o:er 

    • &ata rates )3 to

  • 8/9/2019 Verghese APD for 3D Cleared

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    MIT Lincoln LaboratoryVerghese_AFRL101906-CS. Verghese 101906

    In" A!alanche "hoto#io#es

    • Intro#)ction• A33lications

    • A"& Fig)res o$ Merit

     – "hoton &etection /$$iciency ="&/>

     – Reset Ti(e

     – &ar 'o)nt Rate =&'R>

    • Rea#-)t Integrate# 'irc)it =RI'>

    • S)((ary

  • 8/9/2019 Verghese APD for 3D Cleared

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    MIT Lincoln LaboratoryVerghese_AFRL101906-9S. Verghese 101906

    "&/ an# Reset Ti(e 1.06 µ( A"&s

    2er(etic "acage

    Fig)res o$ Merit

    • "robability o$ &etection =

  • 8/9/2019 Verghese APD for 3D Cleared

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    MIT Lincoln LaboratoryVerghese_AFRL101906-10S. Verghese 101906

    101

    10+

    10%

    10<

    10?

    -%

    -+

    -1

    0

     1;1 A"& array

     +;+ A"& array

      ,28G

    A"& 7locing Losses

    Reset ti(e 1µs

    &ar co)nt rate 10,28

    Mitigating Reset-Ti(e 7lin#ing

    +;+ Array

    "hoton rate 3er

    A"& re#)ce# by <

    1 +

    % <

    10E signal loss $ro(

    signal-$l); blocage

    • III-V eiger-(o#e A"&s ()st rest a$ter $iring $or a hol#-o$$ ti(e =tho>D also calle# the Reset Ti(e.

    • S3rea#ing the signal o!er (any 3i;els re#)ces the o##so$ a signal 3hoton striing a blin#e# 3i;el

    • /li(inating the tra33e# carriers reH)ires #ra(atic(aterials i(3ro!e(ents

    10 M28

     

    thotho thotho

    7rea#o:n !oltage

     

    A"& $ire

    V bias

     

    thotho thotho

    7rea#o:n !oltage

     

    A"& $ire

    V bias

     

    7   

    l   i   n  #   e  #   

    -  b  s  e  r  !  i   n   g  

    A"& 3i;el + =ti(e-history>

    Tra33e#'arriers

  • 8/9/2019 Verghese APD for 3D Cleared

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    MIT Lincoln LaboratoryVerghese_AFRL101906-11S. Verghese 101906

    2er(etic "acage

    Fig)res o$ Merit

    • "robability o$ &etection =

  • 8/9/2019 Verghese APD for 3D Cleared

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    MIT Lincoln LaboratoryVerghese_AFRL101906-1+S. Verghese 101906

    %0 +? +0 1? 10 ? 00

    ?0

    100

    1?0

    +00

    +?0

    %00

    %?0

  • 8/9/2019 Verghese APD for 3D Cleared

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    MIT Lincoln LaboratoryVerghese_AFRL101906-1%S. Verghese 101906

    10)(

    10)(

    C)(

    C)(

    1%)(

    ''S1%6 ''S19+ ''S+1< ''S+6C ''S+6C

    1

    10

    100

    1000

     

    4.0V overbias

     5.0V overbias

       D   C   R    (

          !  "   #

    Meas)re# Res)lts =1.06-)( A"&s>

    ReH)ire(ents =J"&R> &'R "&/ Reset

    7est &e!ice =ccs1%6>=10'D10)( #ia(eter>

    6? 28

  • 8/9/2019 Verghese APD for 3D Cleared

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    MIT Lincoln LaboratoryVerghese_AFRL101906-1<S. Verghese 101906

      A"& "er$or(ance =1.06 1.?? )(>/;3ecte#

    5ear-ter(

    AL

    5ear-ter(

    AL

    an. +006 "er$or(ance

    &'R N Reset 0.1+

    4ero-bgn# 7locage -0.?

    Microlens loss -1.? #7

    &'R N Reset 0.0%

    4ero-bgn# 7locage -0.1<

    Microlens loss -1.? #7

     Ob Fiber A(3li$ier co(3atible =λ  1.06 µ(>

    "ara(eter ')rrent &e!ice"er$or(ance

    'o((ents

    "&/ =?V o!erbias>

  • 8/9/2019 Verghese APD for 3D Cleared

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    MIT Lincoln LaboratoryVerghese_AFRL101906-1?S. Verghese 101906

    L&/S Recei!er Test 7e#

    A!alanche "hoto#io#esSingle-3hoton arri!al ti(ing

    Recei!er Sync 7oar#'loc synchroni8ation

    Fra(e synchroni8ation

    A"& RI' e()lation

    Recei!er @orstation""M &e(o#)lation

    T)rbo &eco#ing

    &is3lay an# &iagnostics

  • 8/9/2019 Verghese APD for 3D Cleared

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    MIT Lincoln LaboratoryVerghese_AFRL101906-16S. Verghese 101906

    ')rrent #e!elo3(ent in LA&AR A"&s

    • Increase# Array Si8e

    • Re#)ce# "i;el Si8e

    • /nhance# "rocessingD

    F)nctionality

    • S3ectral 'o!erage

    Metric ReH)ire(ent

    • ni$or(ity+?6;6

  • 8/9/2019 Verghese APD for 3D Cleared

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    MIT Lincoln LaboratoryVerghese_AFRL101906-1BS. Verghese 101906

    In" A!alanche "hoto#io#es

    • Intro#)ction• A33lications

    • A"& Fig)res o$ Merit

     – "hoton &etection /$$iciency ="&/>

     – Reset Ti(e

     – &ar 'o)nt Rate =&'R>

    • Rea#-)t Integrate# 'irc)it =RI'>

    • S)((ary

  • 8/9/2019 Verghese APD for 3D Cleared

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    MIT Lincoln LaboratoryVerghese_AFRL101906-1CS. Verghese 101906

    %& La#ar I(aging at 1.06 µ(

    • 1.06

    -  b  s  e  r  !  i  n   g   =   K   

    1  )  s   >  

    =   R  a  n   g  e     a  t  e   >  

       %   +  ;   %   +      M  -   A   "   &   A  r  r  a  y 1

    +

    %

    <   A  r  r  a

      y   R  e  a   #  o  )   t

       A  r  r  a

      y   R  e  a   #  o  )   t

    7  l  i  n  #  e  #   =   Q   ?  0  

    )  s   >  

  • 8/9/2019 Verghese APD for 3D Cleared

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    MIT Lincoln LaboratoryVerghese_AFRL101906-19S. Verghese 101906

       C  ;   C      M  -   A   "   &   A  r  r  a  y

    1

    +

    %

    <

    Laser 'o(()nications at 1.06 µ(

    • 1.06 µ( Ob-#o3e# $iber a(3li$ier • InaAs"In" A"&s on 'MS

    Mars Laser'o(

    • All 3i;els ar(e# asynchronously • 100E #)ty cycle

    -  b  s  e  r  !  i  n   g  

    MTMLT

    =cancelle#>

    L&/S

    3tical

    &o:nlin

    Laser'o( Array 'once3t

  • 8/9/2019 Verghese APD for 3D Cleared

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    MIT Lincoln LaboratoryVerghese_AFRL101906-+0S. Verghese 101906

    1 + % < ? 6 B C

       1

       6   l  a  n  e  s   J   ?   1   +   M   b     s

    Fra(e-Store

    'loc en

    C;C Array

    TS_'L,

     

    1+C-?1+ M28 'L,&iags

       C   l  a  n  e  s   J   1   +   C  -   ?   1   +   M   b     s

    Mars Laser'o( RI' 7loc &iagra(

    • Single-cloc in3)t =TS_'L,>• Mo#est area an# 3o:er cons)(3tion• ser $rien#ly =F"A co(3atibleD sel$-testD etc>

    • Ar( an# #isar( A"&• Recor# ti(e o$ 3hoton arri!al• Recor# location o$ 3hoton arri!al

    RI' ReH)ire(ents &esign )i#elines

    APD

    Digitaltimingcircuit

    /nco#e#3hoton

    arri!al ti(e

    Lensletarray

    RI' "i;el 'irc)it

    APDarray

    CMOSROIC

    Photons

    ~ 2 Vpp

  • 8/9/2019 Verghese APD for 3D Cleared

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    MIT Lincoln LaboratoryVerghese_AFRL101906-+1S. Verghese 101906

    1 + % < ? 6 B C

       1   6   l  a  n  e  s   J   ?   1   +

       M   b     s

    Fra(e-Store

    'loc en

    C;C Array

    TS_'L,

     

    1+C-?1+ M28 'L,&iags

       C   l  a  n  e  s   J   1   +   C  -   ?   1   +   M   b     s

    Mars Laser'o( Rea#-)t I'

    • Mates to C;C In" A"& array• Re!+ chi3 o3erating in test-be#

    "i;el 'ell Layo)t

    &e$inition o$ 'hi3 Architect)re

    @a$er-"robe Test Str)ct)res

    ML'& RI' Mirrore# 'o3y

    0.%?-)( 'MS Fab

    Teste# on Logic Analy8er at %11 M28

    "acaging an# Test Veri$ication =an 0?> Si()lations an# Layo)t

    D'(') D'(')+

                    R

                    %

                     S

                    %

                    (

    RR,-S) RR,-S)+1

    "i;el B

    (S)C/

    R%S%(C M28 =#eri!e# on-chi3 $ro( TS_'L,>

    6++ M28 =o$$-chi3>

    6%

    00000010

    &ata $$

    'hi3

    D'(') D'(')+

                    R

                    %

                     S

                    %

                    (

    RR,-S) RR,-S)+0

    "i;el 6

    D'(') D'(')+

                    R

                    %

                     S

                    %

                    (

    RR,-S) RR,-S)+0

    "i;el C

                    (

                     S

    )

                     C

                    /

                    0

                    (

                     S

    )

                     C

                    /

                    0

                    (

                     S

    )

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                    /

                    0

    B bits :i#e

    D'(') D'(')+

                    R

                    %

                     S

                    %

                    (

    RR,-S) RR,-S)+1

    "i;el B

    (S)C/

    R%S%(C M28 =#eri!e# on-chi3 $ro( TS_'L,>

    6++ M28 =o$$-chi3>

    6%

    00000010

    &ata $$

    'hi3

    D'(') D'(')+

                    R

                    %

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                    (

    RR,-S) RR,-S)+0

    "i;el 6

    D'(') D'(')+

                    R

                    %

                     S

                    %

                    (

    RR,-S) RR,-S)+0

    "i;el C

                    (

                     S

    )

                     C

                    /

                    0

                    (

                     S

    )

                     C

                    /

                    0

                    (

                     S

    )

                     C

                    /

                    0

    B bits :i#e

    'once3t $or Asynchrono)s A"& "i;els =an 0

      7  O  " A  S  S

      /  &

      7  O  " A  S  S

      /  &

  • 8/9/2019 Verghese APD for 3D Cleared

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    MIT Lincoln LaboratoryVerghese_AFRL101906-++S. Verghese 101906

    "acage# Laser'o( RI'

    Al)(ina Inter3oser Al)(ina Inter3oser 

    'MS RI''MS RI'

    "acage =li# re(o!e#>"acage =li# re(o!e#>

    0

  • 8/9/2019 Verghese APD for 3D Cleared

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    MIT Lincoln LaboratoryVerghese_AFRL101906-+%S. Verghese 101906

    Micro Lens Array Align(ent

    • A"& acti!e area =s(all 10 )( #ia(.>

    • &e(onstrate# K +)( align(ent error

    • S)b(icron align(ent in #e!elo3(ent

    1?0 )( 1?0 )(

    1   0   0  

     ) (

      3 i    t    c h  

    a" In"

    n1

    n+

    1?0 )( 1?0 )(

    1   0   0  

     ) (

      3 i    t    c h  

    a" In"

    n1

    n+

    a" Lens

    R ay - t r ac e 

    "hoto

    Absorber 

    In" A"&APDarray

    CMOSROIC

    Lenslet array  C;C 100-µ( 3itch

    'MS RI''MS RI'

    Al)(ina Inter3oser Al)(ina Inter3oser 

    A"& :ith )-lensA"& :ith )-lens

    Acti!e Align(ent

    &io#es

    Acti!e Align(ent

    &io#es I;y8-stageA"&

    )-lens

    1.06< )( colli(ate#

    so)rce

    I

    ;y8-stageA"&

    )-lens

    1.06< )( colli(ate#

    so)rce

    Acti!e Align(ent $or Lo: Loss

    Microlens-Align(ent 'hallenge

  • 8/9/2019 Verghese APD for 3D Cleared

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    MIT Lincoln LaboratoryVerghese_AFRL101906-+<S. Verghese 101906

    "acage $or Mars Laser'o( RI'

    • MITLL #esignU ,yocera $ab

    • 2er(etic :ith integrate# T/'

    • B0 high-s3ee# 3ins =K 6 28si()late#>

    ')@ 2eat sin

    7e8el

    Al)(ina

    A"&RI'

    ,o!ar 

    2o)sing

    C0E Ar +0E2e

    Sa33hire @in#o:

    T/'

    MLA

    2eat sin attache# to col#

    3late thro)gh col# stra3

     

    ')@ 2eat sin

    7e8el

    Al)(ina

    A"&RI'

    ,o!ar 

    2o)sing

    C0E Ar +0E2e

    Sa33hire @in#o:

    T/'

    MLA

     

    ')@ 2eat sin

    7e8el

    Al)(ina

    A"&RI'

    ,o!ar 

    2o)sing

    C0E Ar +0E2e

    Sa33hire @in#o:

    T/'

    MLA

    2eat sin attache# to col#

    3late thro)gh col# stra3

    ,o!ar

    ho)sing

    'era(ic

     3acage')@

    heatsin

    ,yocera =160 "A> ML'& "acage : Re!+ RI' A"&

    160-3in "in-ri#-Array "acage

  • 8/9/2019 Verghese APD for 3D Cleared

    25/29

    MIT Lincoln LaboratoryVerghese_AFRL101906-+?S. Verghese 101906

    ')rrent &e!elo3(ent in A"& Rea#-)t I's

    10 28 100 28 1000 28

    "i;el re$resh rate or "RF =28>

       A  r  r  a  y  s   i  8  e   =  3   i  ;  e   l  s   >

    100

    1000

    10D000

    100D000

    %+;%+

    1+C;%+

    +?6;6<

    C;C

    S&_%+;%+

    1  0  9    3 h o t  o n s    s e c  

    1  0  B    3 h o t  o n s    s e c  

    1  0  ?    3 h    s e c  

    S  a t  )  r  a t  i  o n  F  l  )  ;   L   1  0  1  1    3 h o t  o n s    s e c  

    5b5

    • Lo: "RF =KK 1 M28> – 2igh 3ea 3o:er 

     – 7acgro)n# reWection

     – Large 3i;el co)nt

     – Most LA&AR a33lications

    • 2igh "RF =Q 1 M28> – A!erage 3o:er =energy on

    target>

     – Mo#est bacgro)n# reWection

     – S(aller 3i;el co)nt

     – Most Laser'o( a33lications

    "RF ")lse Re3etition FreH)ency

    RI' Rea#-)t Integrate# 'irc)it

    T:o styles o$ RI' #esign

      Fabricate# RI'

      "lanne# RI'

    Ma33ing LA&ARMa33ing LA&AR

    ther LA&ARther LA&AR

    Laser'o(Laser'o(

  • 8/9/2019 Verghese APD for 3D Cleared

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  • 8/9/2019 Verghese APD for 3D Cleared

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    MIT Lincoln LaboratoryVerghese_AFRL101906-+BS. Verghese 101906

    In" A"&s S)((ary

    • @e b)ilt an# #e(onstrate# integrate# In" A"& arrays $orLaser'o( an# LA&AR

     – InaAs"In" $or 1.06-)( :a!elength

     – InaAs $or 1.??-)( :a!elength =less (at)re>

    • ')rrent $oc)s – Increasing "hoton &etection /$$iciency

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