verbele modale lb engleza

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MODAL VERBS

Such concepts as capacity, possibility, necessity and obligation are expressed inEnglish by modal-auxiliary verb: CAN, COU!, S"A, S"OU!, #$, #OU!,

%A&, %$'"(, %US(, NEE!, OU'"( (O, USE! (O)

(hese verbs have some common characteristics:*) (hey are de++ective verbs some o+ their +orms are missing

- they don.t have ong $n+initives

- they don.t have /ing +orms

- they don.t have +orms +or all the tenses substitutes must be used

0) (hey get nos-in the third person sg, 1resent (ense

She can sing)(om must go)

2) (he negative is +ormed 3ith the help o+ the negation not) (he negation is 3ritten

together 3ith the modal verb:%ary cannot open that 3indo3)

$nterrogative: Can he help you4%ust 3e go4

%ay they come45) (hey are +ollo3ed by short $n+initves except ought toand used to

#e can translate the text)

&ou may ta6e my bi6e)(hey must go no3)

7ut:She ought to be more care+ul)

&ears ago he used to spend his holidays here)

CAN / COULD

CAN

*) (o expres a present or +uture physical or mental ability:

%y sister can spea6 three +oreign languages)She can help us tommoro3)

0) (o express continuity 3ith verbs o+ perception to hear, to see:

$ can hear the noise no3)"e can see the plane no3)

2) (o express permission:

Can $ borro3 your umbrella4

%ay $ borro3 your umbrella45) (o express possiblity 3hen certain circumstances permit:

$+ my cousin come to my village, 3e can s3im) (here is a big river near the

village)$+ my cousin come to my village 3e may s3im but 3e may also do other things

too: 3e may play in the +ield, 3e may +eed the animals)


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8) (o express impossibility or disbelie+:

Can 9ane ma6e such a mista6e4

$t.s only o.cloc6: they can.t be at school no3);) (o express polite re


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MIGHT

*) (o express permission connected 3ith the past:$ understood then that he might go out o+ the room 3henever he 3anted)

0) (o express present = +uture = past possibility:

&our cousin might be in the garden no3 present)'ranny might arrive on (hursday +uture)

(he +oreigner thought that he might +ind the 3ay to the museum by himsel+ past)

2) (o express a 1resent Conditional:$+ you spea6 English you might get that ?ob)

5) (o express a persuasive re


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$+ she hasn.t learnt anything up to no3, she can.t pass = can.t have passed such a

di++icult exam)

Must expressing probability in such sentence:She must be at school no3)

$.m sure = certain = positive she is at school)

Certainly = obviously)$t.s li6ely = probable)

1robably)

NEED

Use: there are t3o verbs need:

*) One o+ them is a +uul verb meaning to require: or to be in need o:%y brother needs a ne3 pair o+ shoes)

(hey don.t need to hurry)

$nterrogative and negative is made 3ith the help o+ do or did:

!id she need her umbrella yesterday4(om doesn.t need his car today)

0) (he other needis a modal auxiliary meaning to have to:Need she get up early4 &es, she must)

#e needn.t come to the o+ice tomorro3, but the manager must)

!eed can occur in a++irmative sentences 3ith 3ords as: never, hardly, scarcely 3hichhave negative implications:

She hardley = scarcely need mention his name, since 3e already 6no3 it)

"idnt need to # neednt haveB 1ast 1articiple

$ didn.t need to 6noc6 at the door since it 3as open so, $ didn.t 6noc6) / theaction 3asn.t necessary but it 3asn.t per+ormed)

$ needn.t have 6noc6ed at the door since, in this 3ay $ 3o6e the baby but $

6noc6ed) / the action expressed an unnecessary action 3hich 3as per+ormed)!o $ need to go there every day4 / habitual action

Need $ go there no34 / particular occasion)

SHOULD

*) (o express obligation, advice, recommandation in the opinion o+ the spea6er) (his

obligation is 3ea6er than the one expressed by must:She must learn this poem by heart she has no other choise)

She should learn this poem by heart $ recommend this thing to her)

#henshouldis +ollo3ed by 1er+ect $n+initive, it indicates that the past obligation 3as not+ul+illed)

&ou should have loc6ed the door be+ore leaving the house but you didn.t loc6 it)

0) (o express surprise:#hom should he meet there but his +ormer classmate4

2) (o express supposition:

$+ he is eight years old he should be taller than your daughter)

(he children shloud have +inished their home3or6 by no3)


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5) $n direct ob?ect clauses a+ter: to suggest, to propose, to insist, to recommend, to

advice.

$ suggest that you should be present)8) $n sub?ect clauses a+ter impersonal construction li6e: it is / $as advisable / essential /

better / air important / natural / neccesary / right that.

$t is important that she should arive here be+ore noon);) $n subordinate clauses o+ purpose a+ter:so that / in order that / lest / or ear that

$ 3o6e her early so that she should not miss the train)

#e s3itched o++ the light in order that nobody should notice that 3e 3ere there)&ou closed the door lest = +or +ear that mother should hear you)

) $n conditional clauses to stress the improbability o+ the condition:

$+ you should meet him, tell him to ring me up i+ you happened to meet

@) (o omit i+ in conditional sentences:&ou should read that novel i+ she lent it to you)

) A+ter verbs o+ emotion to eel sorry, to be delighted to, to be annoyed:

She +eels sorry that she should give him such bad ne3s)

*D) A+ter: dont %no$ $hy, see no reason $hy, cant thin% $hy:She doesn.t 6no3 3hy you should as6 her such


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2) ollo3ed by rather / soonerto express pre+erence:

$ 3ould rather = sooner 3atch the (F programme than go +or a 3al6)

5) (o express a habit, a repeated action in the past:$ 3ould meet that man 3henever $ crossed the road $ used to meet)

8) A+ter the verb $ishor a+ter i only:

$ 3ish it 3ould stop sno3ing)$+ only it 3ould stop sno3ing)

;) (o build up uture in the 1ast:

"e boy promised he 3ould be here at noon)) (o express probability:

(hat 3oman 3ould be his neighbour)

@) (o express 3illingness:

$ explained to her that she had to go there 3hether she 3ould or 3ould not3anted = didn.t 3ant to)

USED TO

Use: $t usually express a past habit or condition 3hich no3 has ceased:

#e used to live in this house 3hrn 3e 3ere young 3e no longer live there)$nterrogative and negative o+ this verb are made 3ith do or $ithout:

!id 9ac6 use to smo6e a lot 3hen he 3as in the army4

Used 9ac6 to smo6e ))4ather didn.t use to come home late)

*) Espress discontinued habit:

#hen she 3as a student, she used to eat in this restaurant she doesn.t eat there

any longer)0) A past routine, not necessarily discontinued:

%y sister used to go to the concrt every riday morning it is very li6ely she still

goesNote: 3e shouldn.t con+use used to expressing a past habit G to be / get used to:

She is = gets used to such noise)

DARE

$n a++irmative sentences it is a normal verb:

She dares to invite me there)(hey dared to do it again)

$n interrogative and negative sentences:

a normal verb:!oes he dare to come here4

!id you dare to contradict her4

"e doesn.t dare to sho3 himsel+ in +ront o+ us)"e didn.t dare to )

b li6e a modal verb:

!are he come here4

!ared you contradict her4


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