verbal rehearsal, semantic elaboration, and imagery

Verbal Rehearsal, Semantic Elaboration, and Imagery

Rehearsal, Semantic Elaboration, and Imagery Verbal Rehearsal

Determines what is encoded Semantic Elaboration

Perceptual representation is semantically elaborated through use of structural descriptions

Visual Imagery Perceptual representation is semantically

elaborated through use of structural descriptions

Rehearsal A voluntary action may result in the

creation of a perceptual representation. Rehearsal is a voluntary action

such that he consequence of the action is identical to the perceptual representation of the input

whose purpose is the creation of a perceptual representation in either

Working memory Long-term memory

Development of Rehearsal Children under 5 or 6 do not

spontaneously rehearse. Can be induced to rehearse

Recall increases if children rehearse. But these young children revert to not rehearsing.

Third graders rehearse poorly, but eight graders distribute rehearsals well. Reflects improving metamemory with

schooling: Understanding of one’s own memory abilities.

Dual Aspect of Rehearsal Perceptual Aspect

The effect of rehearsal is to organize smaller patterns into larger ones.

There may be interference between the perceptual experience produced by rehearsal and an experience produced by an input.

Rehearsal takes time and this limits the amount encoded

Semantic Aspect

Dual Aspect of Rehearsal Perceptual Aspect

The effect of rehearsal is to organize smaller patterns into larger ones.

Tulving (1962) found that even when a list is presented in a different order on each study trial people always recall it in the same order.

Semantic Aspect

Dual Aspect of Rehearsal Perceptual Aspect Semantic Aspect

Distributed rehearsal encodes representation as part of long-term memory

Recognition does not require recency Part of polymodal semantic network

Recall may be possible Hence learning is a byproduct of

attention

Semantic Aspect of Rehearsal Distributed rehearsal determines

which representations are transferred from working memory to long-term memory. Primacy Von Restorff Effect Effect of rate of presentation

Effects of Distributed Rehearsal on List Learning Primacy

First few items receive more rehearsals, hence are more likely to be encoded and ultimately recalled.

Von Restorff Effect Distinctive item receives more rehearsals, hence is

more likely to be encoded and ultimately recalled. Rate of Presentation

The faster the presentation rate, the less time for rehearsal.

Hence, learning is a negative function of rate of presentation.

Effects of Distributed Rehearsal on List Learning Primacy

First few items receive more rehearsals, hence are more likely to be encoded and ultimately recalled.

Von Restorff Effect Rate of Presentation

Primacy is a function of number of rehearsals

Modigliani (1980) showed that the primacy effect is a result of distributed rehearsals.

Effects of Distributed Rehearsal on List Learning Primacy Von Restorff Effect

Distinctive item receives more rehearsals, hence is more likely to be encoded and ultimately recalled.

Rate of Presentation

Instructions You will see a list of words. Try to

recall as many words as possible.

Von Restorff Effect

Distinctive item steals rehearsals from other items

Effects of Distributed Rehearsal on List Learning Primacy Von Restorff Effect Rate of Presentation

The faster the presentation rate, the less time for rehearsal.

Hence, learning is a negative function of rate of presentation.

Results From RSVP Studies (Potter 1975, 1976; Intraub 1980; 1981)

Task Identify pictures as belonging to a (complex)

category (e.g., decorations) or not. Very fast (114 msec) presentation rate.

Results Observers perform the detection task

accurately but do not remember most of what they have seen

Conclusion Attending to input without rehearsal is not

sufficient for transfer to LTM.

Rehearsal, Semantic Elaboration, & Imagery Verbal Rehearsal



For example, word pair is elaborated into linking sentence.

The CAR hit the TREE.



Linking Sentences

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10

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30

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60

Percent Recall

Study Generate

Bobrow & Bower (1969) compared the effect of reading a linking sentence to generating one for oneself on cued recall.

Yoked control subjects studied the linking sentences generated by one of the experimental subjects.

Rehearsal, Imagery, & Organization Verbal Rehearsal



Linking sentences More generally, memory is a function of comprehension

Craik & Lockhart (1972) Bransford & Johnson (1972)



Rehearsal, Imagery, & Organization Verbal Rehearsal



Reduces the amount that needs to be encoded (chunking)

Has bootstrap effect as network expands Visual Imagery


Bootstrap Effect There is a strong bootstrapping effect in

learning. The more that is known, the easier it is to acquire new information because it can immediately be encoded as part of a detailed representation

However, the combination of old and new information can lead to false memories

Knowledge can either facilitate or retard (Proactive Interference) depending on the relationship between the old and new information

Rehearsal, Semantic Elaboration, & Imagery Verbal Rehearsal





Rehearsal, Imagery, & Organization Verbal Rehearsal Semantic Elaboration Visual Imagery


Learning is a positive function of the visual imagery of the study materials.

Learning increases when the student consciously attempts to generate visual images for the study materials.

Interactive imagery is more effective than discrete imagery for pairs and lists of study items.

verbal rehearsal, semantic elaboration, and imagery

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