venus. vital statistics r = 6052 km m = 4.87 x 10 24 kg r orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km t = 730º k...
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![Page 1: Venus. Vital Statistics R = 6052 km M = 4.87 x 10 24 kg R orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km T = 730º K Eccentricity = 0.007 Axial tilt = 177.4 º “day” = -243.0](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d3b5503460f94a1624f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Venus
![Page 2: Venus. Vital Statistics R = 6052 km M = 4.87 x 10 24 kg R orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km T = 730º K Eccentricity = 0.007 Axial tilt = 177.4 º “day” = -243.0](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d3b5503460f94a1624f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Vital Statistics
• R = 6052 km• M = 4.87 x 1024 kg
• Rorbit = 1.082 x 108 km
• T = 730º K• Eccentricity = 0.007• Axial tilt = 177.4 º• “day” = -243.0 days• “year” = 224.7 days• orbital inclination = 3.39º
• 0.95 R
• 0.82 M
• 0.72 A.U.
![Page 3: Venus. Vital Statistics R = 6052 km M = 4.87 x 10 24 kg R orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km T = 730º K Eccentricity = 0.007 Axial tilt = 177.4 º “day” = -243.0](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d3b5503460f94a1624f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
A bit of background
• Known since prehistoric times
• Brightest object in the sky except for the Sun and the Moon
• It was often thought to be 2 separate bodies - the morning star and the evening star - but the Greeks knew better
• Galileo observed phases of Venus
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Visibility
![Page 5: Venus. Vital Statistics R = 6052 km M = 4.87 x 10 24 kg R orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km T = 730º K Eccentricity = 0.007 Axial tilt = 177.4 º “day” = -243.0](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d3b5503460f94a1624f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Claims to fame
• Earth’s sister planet: only slightly smaller than Earth; few craters young surface; densities and chemical comps similar
• Hottest planet in the solar system
• one of the 4 main pieces of evidence Galileo presented to support the helocentric model
• brightest planet in seen from Earth
• rotates “backwards”
![Page 6: Venus. Vital Statistics R = 6052 km M = 4.87 x 10 24 kg R orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km T = 730º K Eccentricity = 0.007 Axial tilt = 177.4 º “day” = -243.0](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d3b5503460f94a1624f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Venus. Vital Statistics R = 6052 km M = 4.87 x 10 24 kg R orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km T = 730º K Eccentricity = 0.007 Axial tilt = 177.4 º “day” = -243.0](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d3b5503460f94a1624f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Venus. Vital Statistics R = 6052 km M = 4.87 x 10 24 kg R orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km T = 730º K Eccentricity = 0.007 Axial tilt = 177.4 º “day” = -243.0](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d3b5503460f94a1624f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Visits
• Mariner 2 - 1962
• Pioneer Venus
• Venera 7 (Soviet) - 1st spacecraft to land
• Venera 9 - returned first photos of the surface
• Magellan - 1st orbiter, produced detailed surface maps using radar
• Venus Express - ESA - now in orbit
• more than 20 total, so far
![Page 9: Venus. Vital Statistics R = 6052 km M = 4.87 x 10 24 kg R orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km T = 730º K Eccentricity = 0.007 Axial tilt = 177.4 º “day” = -243.0](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d3b5503460f94a1624f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Mariner 2
• 1st probe to fly by Venus - 1962
• measured temperature of 800 F, now revised to 900 F
• cloud-covered atmosphere composed primarily of carbon dioxide
![Page 10: Venus. Vital Statistics R = 6052 km M = 4.87 x 10 24 kg R orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km T = 730º K Eccentricity = 0.007 Axial tilt = 177.4 º “day” = -243.0](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d3b5503460f94a1624f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Pioneer Venus
• Inserted into an elliptical orbit around Venus on Dec. 4, 1978
• flat cylinder 2.5m in diameter and 1.2m high
• All instruments on the forward end
• total mass of 45 kg
• 17 experiments…
• fuel ran out, fell toward Venus, and burned up in atmosphere in August 1992
![Page 11: Venus. Vital Statistics R = 6052 km M = 4.87 x 10 24 kg R orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km T = 730º K Eccentricity = 0.007 Axial tilt = 177.4 º “day” = -243.0](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d3b5503460f94a1624f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Pioneer Venus
![Page 12: Venus. Vital Statistics R = 6052 km M = 4.87 x 10 24 kg R orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km T = 730º K Eccentricity = 0.007 Axial tilt = 177.4 º “day” = -243.0](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d3b5503460f94a1624f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Pioneer Venus
• a cloud photopolarimeter to measure the vertical distribution of the clouds
• a surface radar mapper to determine topography and surface characteristics
• an infrared radiometer to measure IR emissions from the Venus atmosphere
• an airglow ultraviolet spectrometer to measure scattered and emitted UV light
• a neutral mass spectrometer to determine the composition of the upper atmosphere
![Page 13: Venus. Vital Statistics R = 6052 km M = 4.87 x 10 24 kg R orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km T = 730º K Eccentricity = 0.007 Axial tilt = 177.4 º “day” = -243.0](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d3b5503460f94a1624f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Pioneer Venus
• a solar wind plasma analyzer to measure properties of the solar wind
• a magnetometer to characterize the magnetic field at Venus• an electric field detector to study the solar wind and its
interactions• an electron temperature probe to study the thermal
properties of the ionosphere• an ion mass spectrometer to characterize the ionospheric ion
population
![Page 14: Venus. Vital Statistics R = 6052 km M = 4.87 x 10 24 kg R orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km T = 730º K Eccentricity = 0.007 Axial tilt = 177.4 º “day” = -243.0](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d3b5503460f94a1624f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Pioneer Venus
• a charged particle retarding potential analyzer to study ionospheric particles
• two radio science experiments to determine the gravity field of Venus
• a radio occultation experiment to characterize the atmosphere
• an atmospheric drag experiment to study the upper atmosphere
• a radio science atmospheric and solar wind turbulence experiment
• a gamma ray burst detector to record gamma ray bursts
![Page 15: Venus. Vital Statistics R = 6052 km M = 4.87 x 10 24 kg R orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km T = 730º K Eccentricity = 0.007 Axial tilt = 177.4 º “day” = -243.0](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d3b5503460f94a1624f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Magellan
• May 1989 - Oct 1994 (commanded to plunge into atmosphere)
• very detailed radar maps 98% of surface
• looped around Sun 1.5 times before arriving at Venus Aug 10, 1990
• high-res gravity data
• imaged in strips
• repeat scans of some strips– “look angle” was different in different scans - allowed
construction of 3-d images
![Page 16: Venus. Vital Statistics R = 6052 km M = 4.87 x 10 24 kg R orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km T = 730º K Eccentricity = 0.007 Axial tilt = 177.4 º “day” = -243.0](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d3b5503460f94a1624f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Venus Express
• Venus Monioring Camera
• Analyser of Space Plasma and Energetic Atoms
• Planetary Fourier Spectrometer
• V/UV/NIR mapping spectrometer
• Venus Radio Science Experiment
• UV and IR Atmospheric Spectrometer
![Page 17: Venus. Vital Statistics R = 6052 km M = 4.87 x 10 24 kg R orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km T = 730º K Eccentricity = 0.007 Axial tilt = 177.4 º “day” = -243.0](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d3b5503460f94a1624f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Atmosphere
• Surface pressure is 90 atmospheres (about the same as the pressure at a depth of 1 km in Earth’s oceans)
• mostly CO2
• Several layers of clouds many km thick composed of sulfuric acid (the acid in acid rain)
• runaway greenhouse effect (temperature at the surface is hot enough to melt lead)
![Page 18: Venus. Vital Statistics R = 6052 km M = 4.87 x 10 24 kg R orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km T = 730º K Eccentricity = 0.007 Axial tilt = 177.4 º “day” = -243.0](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d3b5503460f94a1624f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Atmosphere
![Page 19: Venus. Vital Statistics R = 6052 km M = 4.87 x 10 24 kg R orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km T = 730º K Eccentricity = 0.007 Axial tilt = 177.4 º “day” = -243.0](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d3b5503460f94a1624f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Atmosphere
![Page 20: Venus. Vital Statistics R = 6052 km M = 4.87 x 10 24 kg R orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km T = 730º K Eccentricity = 0.007 Axial tilt = 177.4 º “day” = -243.0](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d3b5503460f94a1624f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Structure
![Page 21: Venus. Vital Statistics R = 6052 km M = 4.87 x 10 24 kg R orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km T = 730º K Eccentricity = 0.007 Axial tilt = 177.4 º “day” = -243.0](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d3b5503460f94a1624f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Surface features
• Probably had large amounts of water, but it has since boiled away
• still volcanically active• pancake volcanoes - eruptions of very thick
lava• coronae - collapsed domes over large magma
chambers• large shield volcanos
![Page 22: Venus. Vital Statistics R = 6052 km M = 4.87 x 10 24 kg R orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km T = 730º K Eccentricity = 0.007 Axial tilt = 177.4 º “day” = -243.0](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d3b5503460f94a1624f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Surface features
• no small craters - small objects burn up in atmosphere
• craters come in bunches, indicating that meteors break up in atmosphere
• arachnoids - molten rock seeping into surface features?
• “graph paper” - faults or fractures?
![Page 23: Venus. Vital Statistics R = 6052 km M = 4.87 x 10 24 kg R orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km T = 730º K Eccentricity = 0.007 Axial tilt = 177.4 º “day” = -243.0](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d3b5503460f94a1624f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Pancake volcanoes
![Page 24: Venus. Vital Statistics R = 6052 km M = 4.87 x 10 24 kg R orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km T = 730º K Eccentricity = 0.007 Axial tilt = 177.4 º “day” = -243.0](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d3b5503460f94a1624f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Venus. Vital Statistics R = 6052 km M = 4.87 x 10 24 kg R orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km T = 730º K Eccentricity = 0.007 Axial tilt = 177.4 º “day” = -243.0](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d3b5503460f94a1624f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Shield volcanoes
Sif Mons
![Page 26: Venus. Vital Statistics R = 6052 km M = 4.87 x 10 24 kg R orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km T = 730º K Eccentricity = 0.007 Axial tilt = 177.4 º “day” = -243.0](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d3b5503460f94a1624f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Selu corona
![Page 27: Venus. Vital Statistics R = 6052 km M = 4.87 x 10 24 kg R orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km T = 730º K Eccentricity = 0.007 Axial tilt = 177.4 º “day” = -243.0](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d3b5503460f94a1624f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Arachnoids
![Page 28: Venus. Vital Statistics R = 6052 km M = 4.87 x 10 24 kg R orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km T = 730º K Eccentricity = 0.007 Axial tilt = 177.4 º “day” = -243.0](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d3b5503460f94a1624f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Aphrodite TerraRidges indicate repeated compression and buckling. Dark areas represent regions that
have been flooded by lava
![Page 29: Venus. Vital Statistics R = 6052 km M = 4.87 x 10 24 kg R orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km T = 730º K Eccentricity = 0.007 Axial tilt = 177.4 º “day” = -243.0](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d3b5503460f94a1624f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Lava flows - cracks in Venus’ surface
![Page 30: Venus. Vital Statistics R = 6052 km M = 4.87 x 10 24 kg R orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km T = 730º K Eccentricity = 0.007 Axial tilt = 177.4 º “day” = -243.0](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d3b5503460f94a1624f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
“Graph paper”
fainter lines are spaced at about 1km
![Page 31: Venus. Vital Statistics R = 6052 km M = 4.87 x 10 24 kg R orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km T = 730º K Eccentricity = 0.007 Axial tilt = 177.4 º “day” = -243.0](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d3b5503460f94a1624f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Photo from surface
![Page 32: Venus. Vital Statistics R = 6052 km M = 4.87 x 10 24 kg R orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km T = 730º K Eccentricity = 0.007 Axial tilt = 177.4 º “day” = -243.0](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d3b5503460f94a1624f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
3-d maps of
surface(Lakshmi
Ishtar terra)
![Page 33: Venus. Vital Statistics R = 6052 km M = 4.87 x 10 24 kg R orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km T = 730º K Eccentricity = 0.007 Axial tilt = 177.4 º “day” = -243.0](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d3b5503460f94a1624f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
3-d maps of
surface(Gula Mons and
Eistla Rift)
![Page 34: Venus. Vital Statistics R = 6052 km M = 4.87 x 10 24 kg R orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km T = 730º K Eccentricity = 0.007 Axial tilt = 177.4 º “day” = -243.0](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d3b5503460f94a1624f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Terrain map
![Page 35: Venus. Vital Statistics R = 6052 km M = 4.87 x 10 24 kg R orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km T = 730º K Eccentricity = 0.007 Axial tilt = 177.4 º “day” = -243.0](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d3b5503460f94a1624f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Venus. Vital Statistics R = 6052 km M = 4.87 x 10 24 kg R orbit = 1.082 x 10 8 km T = 730º K Eccentricity = 0.007 Axial tilt = 177.4 º “day” = -243.0](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d3b5503460f94a1624f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)