vegetables postharvest-tech guide-final draft myanmar
TRANSCRIPT
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VEGETABLES POSTHARVEST Simple techniques for increased income and market Antonio L. Acedo Jr. Katinka Weinberger AVRDC β The World Vegetable Center GTZ β Regional Economic Development Program
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Published by AVRDC-The World Vegetable Center and GTZ-Regional Economic Development Program AVRDC-The World Vegetable Center is the leading international nonprofit organization committed to alleviating poverty and malnutrition in the developing world through the increased production and consumption of safe vegetables.
Contact: AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center P.O. Box 42, Shanhua, Tainan 74199 TAIWAN Tel: +886 6 583 7801 Fax: +886 6 583 0009 Email: [email protected] Web: www.avrdc.org
GTZ-Regional Economic Development (RED) Program is a Cambodian development program funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, aimed at promoting rural economic development, including the competitiveness of local vegetables and fruits, through a market driven approach to improving the participation of rural poor in the value-added created on Siem Reapβs markets and building capacity to solve bottlenecks from production to consumption.
Contact: GTZ-RED Green Belt P.O. Box 93221, G.P.O. 17000, Siem Reap CAMBODIA Tel.: +855 63 761 931, +855 12 876 890 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
Β© 2010 AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center and GTZ-Regional Economic Development Program Suggested citation Acedo AL Jr., Weinberger K. 2010. Vegetables postharvest: Simple techniques for increased income and market. AVRDC β The World Vegetable Center, Taiwan and GTZ-Regional Economic Development Program, Cambodia. 32 p.
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Contents Page
αααΈααΈαααΈααΌααααααΈααααΌααααΈααα¬α‘α±ααΈαα«αα 5 αααααΈααααΌαααΈαααΈαα 5-6 αααααΈααααΌαααΈαααΈαααα±αα¬αα»αααΈ 6 ααΌαααααααα¬αΈααα»αααΈ 6-7 α±α αΈααΌααα‘αααααααα¬αΈααα»αααΈ 7-8 αααααΈααααΌααααΈααα¬αα¬αΈαα α ααΈα±αα«ααΈα αα»αααΈ 8-9
αααααΈα»αααΈααααΌααΈαααΌαααααΌααααΈαααΈα»αααΈ 9 αααααΈαααααααα 9-10 ααΈααΌααααααΈαα 10 αααααΈαααΈαααΈαα¬αΈ 11 ααΌααΈαααΌαααααΌααααΈαααΈα»αααΈ 11-13
ααααΈα»αααΈαααα¬αααααΈα α₯αα¬αΈ 13 ααααΈα 13 αααααΈααααα 14 αααα αα»αααΈ 15-16 α‘αααΈα‘α α¬αΈααΌα»αα¬αΈααααα»αααΈ 16-17 ααΌααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈααααα αα»αααΈαα¬αΈ 17-18 αα«ααααααΈα»αααΈ 18-21
α‘α±α‘αΈαα»αααΈαααααΈαααΈαα±αα¬αα»αααΈ 21 ααααα‘α±α‘αΈαα»αααΈ 22-23 α‘α±α‘αΈαααΈααΌααα±αα¬αα»αααΈ 24 α‘α±ααΌαα»αααΈαααα¬α‘α±α‘αΈααα±αα¬αα αα 24-25 ααααΈα»αααΈαααα±αα¬αα»αααΈαααα¬αααΈαα αα 25-27
αααααα±αα¬αα»αααΈ 27-30
α±α αΈααΌαααα±αα¬ααΈαα»αααΈ 30-31
α»αα»ααααααα»αααΈ 31 α‘α±α»αα¬ααα α¬αΈααΈααΌααα¬αΈααααα»αααΈ 31-33 ααααΈαα₯ααΈαααααα»αααΈ 33 α‘ααΌααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα αααα₯ααααααααα»αααΈ 33-34
References 32
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αααΈααΈαααΈααΌααα¬αΈα‘ααΌααααααΈααααΌααααΈααα¬αα‘α±ααΈαα«αα β’ αααΈααΈαααΈααΌααα¬αΈα ααα±ααΌαα¬αΈα αΌα¬ααααΏααΈ α‘α¬αα¬αα»αααα±αα¬ααΈαα»αα ααα
β’ αααααΈααααΌααα¬ααα αααααα α₯ααΈα±αα¬ααΈα‘α¬αΈα±αα¬ααΈαααα±ααΌα αααααΈα±α
α±αα¬ αα¬αα»αα ααα
β’ αααααα α₯ααΈα±αα¬ααΈα‘α¬αΈα±αα¬ααΈαααα ααααα α₯αα¬αα‘ααΌααΈαααααα α‘αα
α‘αααΈαα αααααΈααααΌααα¬αα‘ααΌααΈ α‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈααΈα»ααα±ααΈαααα α‘α±αα
αααααα
αααααΈααααΌαααΈαααΈαα β’ αααααΈααααΌααααΈααα¬αα α‘α±αα¬αα‘ααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬αααΈααα±αΎαα¬α αααααα
α α-αα % ααααΈααΈαααΈααΌαααΈαααΈααα»αα αααα
α αα ααα±αα¬ααααΈα»αααΈααα±ααΈα±αΎαα¬α»αααΈ α αα ααα±αα¬αααααα±αα¬αα»αααΈ
α‘ααΌααα¬αΈααΈα±αΎαα»αααΈ αα ααΈαα¬αΈααΌα‘αα»αααΈα ααα»αααΈ β’ αααααΈααααΌααααΈααα¬αααα¬αααααααΈαααααααααααααΈαααΈαααΈα±α αα
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β’ αααααΈααααΌαααΈαααΈααα ααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α‘αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα±α αΈααα±αα¬ααααα¬αΈ
α α±αα¬αααΈααΌα¬αΈα±α αΏααΈ α α¬αΈααΈααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ααααααααα±α αΈα ααΈααΌα¬αΈα±α ααα
αααααΈααααΌαααΈαααΈααα±αα¬αα±ααΈ
β’ αααΈααα¬αααα¬ααα±α αΈααΌααααα¬α±ααΌαΈαααααα¬αΈα αααααΈααααΌαααΈαααΈααα
α±αα¬αα±ααΈαΏααΈ ααα±ααΌααα±α αΈααΌαααα±ααΈαα»ααααα±ααΈααα
βααααβ α ααααα¬αΈαααΈ Mr. Pho Pich α AVRDC αααααα±αα¬ ααααΈαα₯ααΈαα¬αΈα α‘ααΈα»ααΏααΈααααααα αααααΈαα
ααΌααααΈααα¬α±αΎαα¬α ααΈαααΈαααα¬αΈα α±αα¬ααα¬αΈαα ( αααα αα α»αααΈαα ααΈαααΈαα ααααααααα ααααααααααα¬) αΏααΈαα
ααα±ααΌαα αααΈαααα¬αΏαα»αα ααα
βααα±αα«αα ααΈβ α ααααα¬αΈαααΈ Mr. Mao Sorn α αααα‘α¬ααα αααΈα±ααΈαααα¬αα α₯αΈα±αα¬αα±αα¬ α αα«αα¬αΈααα‘ααΌα α±α‘α¬αααΈ
αα αααα αααΈααααα±ααΈα‘ααΌαααΌααα«αααα¬ αααα ααΈαα¬αααΈα»ααα αααΈαααα ααα±ααΌα±ααΈααααα±ααΏαα»αα ααα
ααααααααα¬αΈααα»αααΈ
β’ ααααα±αα¬αααα±αα¬ α αααΈααααΌααααααΈαα¬αΈαααΌα»αα¬αΈαααα¬αΈααααΌαα αΌα¬
α‘α±ααΈαααΈαα«ααα
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β’ αααααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬αααΈααΈαααΈααΌααα¬αΈαα α‘ααααα±ααα«ααα α₯ααα¬
αααα‘ααααΎαααα α±ααα¬αααΈαααΈαΎαααα α‘αααΈαααα»αα α±ααα±α α±αα¬
ethyleneαα¬ααααααααΎαααα αααααΈααααααα»αααΎαααα(α₯ααα¬
αα¬αα₯ααααα‘αααα«α»αα α α₯αα¬αΈααΈααα»αα α±αααα)
β’ αααΈααΈαααΈααΌααα¬αΈαα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα ααα αΈα±α αα
microorganisms ααααα±α‘α¬αααα αααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α‘α α¬α»αα αΏααΈ
ααα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα±αα¬αα«αα¬αΈα»αα α±α αα( α₯ααα¬- Escherichia coli α±αα¬αα«αα
Salmonella α±αα¬αα«)
α‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈααααΈα±α α±αα¬α‘ααα‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈα‘αααΈαα¬αΈα ααααΈαα₯ααΈα αααααΈα αα±αα¬αααα
αΎαααααΈαα«αΈααΈα αααΌα¬αΈααΈαα ααααΈαα₯ααΈααααΌαα‘ααααΌαα»αααΈα α‘αα«α±αα¬αα±α»αα¬ααΈα»αααΈα αααααΌα»αααΈα
αααα»αααΈα Chinese kale α±αααααΌα ααΈα»αααΈα αα«α»αααΈ/ αααα»αααΈα α±αααααααΌα ααααΈααΈαα¬αΈα
α±αα¬αα»αααΈ αα α»αααα‘ααΌααα¬αΈααΈα»αααΈα α±α αΈααΌααα‘αααααααα¬αΈααα»αααΈ β’ αααααα α₯ααΈαα±α αΈααΌαα‘αααα α±α αΈααααΈα‘ααα‘αααα α‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈα»αααα αΌα¬
ααααα±ααΈααααα
8
β’ α‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈα»αααα»αααΈαα αααααα α₯ααΈααΎααα‘αααα‘αα¬αα¬αΈααΌααα«αα
ααααααΈα‘αααα¬αΈα α α¬αΈααΈααα¬αΈα ααααΈαα¬αΈααααααααααα»αα α‘αα
α‘α±ααΌαΈααα‘αΏααααΈα‘α±ααΈαα«ααα α‘ααα‘ααααα α‘ααΌααΈαααΈα‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈ
ααααΈ ααααααααααα±α‘α¬αααααΌααΈααΌα±αα¬αααα
β’ ααΏαα ααααααααααΈ α‘α»αα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈαα αα‘α»αα α α¬αΈααΈααα¬αΈα
ααΈααα±αα¬ααΈααα¬ααα α‘α α¬αΈα‘α α¬ααΏαα ααααα α‘α α‘ααα¬αΈ(α₯ααα¬ -GAP-
Good Agricultural Practiceβα±αα¬ααΈα±αα¬α αααΈα±ααΈααα α₯β) α»ααα±α αΈααΌα αα‘α
αααα¬αΈα α»αααααΈα±ααΈααααα
αααααΈααααΌααααΈααα¬αα¬αΈαα α ααΈα±αα«ααΈα αα»αααΈ
β’ αααααΈααααΌααααΈααα¬αα¬αΈα ααΌααΈααα±α αΈααΌαα α α ααΈα‘ααΈαααα«ααα
αααΈααΈαααΈααΌααα¬αΈα‘ααΌαα±αααα αααΈααααΌααααααΈα‘αααα¬αΈ αααααΈααααΌααααΈααα¬αα¬αΈαααα¬αααααΈα‘ααα‘ααΈααΈ
ααααΌααΈ α ααααααΈα»αααΈααααααΌααΈα‘ααΌααΈααααΌαααααΈαααΈαα¬αΈα
ααααΈαα¬α±ααα¬ α ααααα αα±ααΈα±αΎαα¬α±ααΈα»αααΈα α‘αααΈα‘α α¬αΈααΌα»αα¬αΈα»αααΈ/ α±ααΌαΈαα
α»αααΈα ααααααΈα±α‘α¬αα»αααα»αααΈα αααααααΈααα¬αΈαα¬αΈαααΈαααΈα»αααΈα ααααΈα»αααΈα α‘α±α‘αΈα α»αααΈ
αα αα±αα¬ααααΈαααΈα»αααΈαααα¬αααΈαααΈαα¬αΈα
αααααα±αα¬αα»αααΈα ααα α₯ααΈααα»αααΈα αα α₯ααΈαα»αααΈα α ααα¬αΈα»αααΈαααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈ
αα¬ααΌαα±α α¬αα±αα¬α α»αααΈαααα¬αααΈαααΈαα¬αΈα
α±α αΈααΌα α αα»αααααα‘αααΈα‘α α¬αΈααΌααα±ααΌαΈααα»αααΈα α»αααα ααααΈ
α»αααΈαα αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈααααΈα αα αα¬αΈα
αα ααΌααΈ
ααααΈα±ααα¬ (ααααα±αα¬αααα
αααααα±αα¬αα»αααΈ
α±α αΈ ααΌα
ααααΈα»αααα α»αααΈ
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α»αα»ααααααα»αααΈ α αα‘α±α»αα¬ααα»αααΈα α±αα¬α ααααα»αααΈαα αα¬αΈα αα»αααΈ/ αα₯
ααααα»αααΈα
αααααΈα»αααΈ αα α ααααΈααΌαααααΌααααΈαααΈα»αααΈ β’ α αααΈαααααααΏααΈααΈαααα αααααΈααααΌααααααΈα ααααα αααα αα¬
αααααΈααα αααα«αΏαα
αααααΈαααααααα β’ αααααΈαΏααΈα±αα¬α α‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈααΈααααα¬ααα±αα¬αα«α αααααα α₯ααΈα
α‘α»ααα‘ααααααΏααΈααα¬ αααααΈααα«ααα
αααΈααΈαααΈααΌααα¬αΈα ααααΈαααααα αααΌααΈα α₯ αααααΈααΈααΌαααα±αααα‘αα¬αΈαααα«α
ααααΈαα₯αααααα α‘αα±αα¬αα±αα¬ααααα±αααααα αααααΈααα αΎαα¬αααααΈαααΈ αααα‘αααα‘αα« α±α αΈααΌαααα±ααΈααα‘αα«ααΈααΌα ααααΈαα₯ααΈαα‘α ααΈα±αα¬ααααααα (α‘ααΌαα»ααα α‘ααΈαααΌααα‘α±α αα¬αΈαα«αΈααα±αα¬ααα‘αα«) ααΌαααΈααΌααα«α αααααΈα α±α αΈααΌααα‘αααα‘α α‘α ααΈα±αα¬αααΌα ααΈααΌαααααα ααα±αα¬ α‘α ααΈααΈαα ααα¬ ααααα‘αααΈαααα¬ααααααα«α
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αΎαααααΈαα«αΈααΈα αααΌα¬αΈααΈα ααααΈαα₯ααΈ αα αα±αα¬αααααα ααααΌαα α₯α αα α₯α‘αα« ααΌαααΈααΌααααα ααα±αα¬ αα‘αα±αα¬α‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈα»αααααα‘ααα¬αΈ ααααα α‘ααααΌαα»αααΈααΎαααααΈαα«αΈααΈαααααΌα¬αΈααΈααΌαα‘αα«α±αα¬αα±α»αα¬ααΈαα¬ααα‘αα«α ααααΈααΈ ααΌα αα¬α±αΎαα¬αα¬α±αα¬α‘αα«αα αααα±αα¬αααΌαα‘α±α αα¬αΈαααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈααΌαα¬α±αα¬α‘αα« α‘ααααΌαααΌα¬αΈαΏαα»αα α±αΎαα¬ααΈα»ααα±ααα«ααα
ααΈααΌααααααΈαα
β’ ααααααΈααα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈα‘αααα±αα¬αα±ααΈαααα α‘ααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα ααΈααΌαα‘α¬αΈααΈ
ααα±α αα α±α‘αΈα±αα¬α‘ααααΌα αααααΈααΈααΌααα«α
β’ αααα±α α¬α±α α¬ααΌα α αα αααααα¬αΈα ααΈααΌααα«α α‘αααα¬αΈαα½αΌαααα±ααΏααΈ ααα
ααΌαα±αα¬ α‘ααα»αα ααα
β’ ααΈααΌα¬αΏααΈ ααααα ααΈααΌα¬α±αα α₯ ααΈααΌαα»αααΈαα»ααα«ααα ααΈαααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘α±α»αα‘α±αααΌα
ααΈααΌαα»αααΈαα»ααα«ααα ααΈα±αααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘α±α»αα‘α±αααΌα αααααα αΈααΌααα»αα
ααα ααααααα α±ααΈα±αΎαα¬α±ααΈα»αααΈααα±α»αα¬αα±ααΌα α±α α»αααΈα αααα α»αααα±ααΈ
αααα
ααααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬α±αααααα α±αα«ααΈαααααα αααΎαααα αα αα αα¬α±αΎαα¬α±αα±αΎαα¬ααΈ αααααα ααΌα±αα¬ααΈ α±αα¬ααΈ α±αα«ααΈαα αααααα±ααΈα ααΈαααΌα¬αΈαα α‘ααααΌαα±ααα«αΏαα Chinese kale α±αααααΈα α‘ααΌαα±αα¬ααα ααΈαααΈαααα«ααα ααα±αα¬ αααααα±ααΈα α»αα ααα«ααα ααααΌα¬αΈααα‘ααΌααα¬αΈ αα¬α±αΎαα¬αα¬αΏααΈ α‘ααα¬αα«αΈααΌα¬αΈααα
α±αα»ααααααΌα ααΈααΌαα±αα¬ααΈααααααα α‘αααα»αααα¬αΈαΏααΈ α‘ααα‘ααΌαΈααααΈααΌα¬αΈαα«ααα ααα±αΎαα¬αα‘αααααααΌα ααΈααΌαα»αααΈα»αα α‘ααα α±αα¬αααΈα±α‘α¬αα»αααα±ααΈαα«α
11
αααααΈαααΈαααΈαα¬αΈ
β’ ααΈααα±ααα¬α αΌα¬αααααΈαααα ααααα¬ αααααΌααΈαα»αααΈαα±αα¬αα±ααΈαΏααΈ
α‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈαααΈαααΈαα¬αΈααααα»αα ααα
αα(α)α αα (α)α ααα±αΎααΈ (α)α αα¬αΈ(α) ααα»αα ααΈααΌαα»αααΈα»αα αααααα αΈααα±αα¬αααΈααα α‘ααααααΈααα¬αΈααααα¬αΈαααααα αΈα±α α»αααΈα αα¬ααΌαααα‘ααΈα ααΌαααΈααΌαα»αααΈαα±αα¬ααΎαα₯αα«α α±ααααααα Chinese kaleα±ααααααααΈααα‘αα« αα¬αΈα»ααα»αααααΈααΌααα«α ααα»αααΈα ααΈα»αααΈαα»ααα«ααα
αααα¬α»ααα±αα¬α±ααΌαα±αα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα α‘ααΈαα¬αΈααΈααΌααα¬ααΌαα‘ααΈα»ααα«α ααΈααΌαααα¬αΈ α±αα±αα¬αα»αααΈ αααα±α αα α‘αααααα¬αΈαααα αααααΈαααΌαα±αα¬α‘ααααααα α‘αααα‘α±ααΌαΈα‘αααα¬αΈα±αΎαα¬α αααααα»αααΈααα¬ααΌαααα‘ααΌααααΈα»αα αα«ααα (α‘ααΈαα»αα αααααα ααααΈαα₯ααα αααΌα¬αΈααα ααααΈααααα α‘α±ααΌαΈα‘αααα¬αΈα»αα ααα) α ααααΈααΌαααααΌααααΈαααΈαααΈ
α ααααΈαααααΈααα±ααα¬α ααΌααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαααααα±αα¬ααα¬ααΌα
ααα±αα¬α±αα¬αα α₯ααΈαααα¬αα¬αΈααΈα αΌα ααα»ααααααΌα α±αα¬αααΌααααα
ααααα¬α‘ααα‘α αΈαααΈαΏααΈ α‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈαααΈαααΈαα¬αΈαααα«ααα
2 4
31
12
α‘αααΈα‘α±ααΈα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈα±ααΌαΈααα»αααΈα ααααΈα»αααΈ( ααααΈαααα±ααα¬ααΌα αα
αααααα‘αααα¬αΈ)α ααα±αα¬αα±ααΈαα¬α₯αα¬αΈα±αααααααα¬ α±α αΈααΌαααααα»αααΈ
ααα α ααααΈαα¬αΈαααα±αα¬ααααα
αααα αα α»αααΈα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαααΈααααα αααα¬α»αααΎαααΈαααΈα±αα¬α»αααΈα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈ (αα«αΈα»αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ)
ααΈαα ααα±αα¬ααΌα ααααα ααααΈα α¬α αααα αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαααΈαΏααΈαααΈαα«α
α‘ααΈαα¬αΈαααααα‘ααΈα»αααΈα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα ααΌαααα±α αα«ααα α±αα±αα¬ααααα«α±α ααα α±α»ααααΈαα αααα«
α±α ααα α±α»ααααΈαα±αα¬αα«ααΈαα¬αΈαα«αα¬ααααα
13
α ααααΈαα α ααα±αα¬αααααααααΈαα¬αΈ ααΌααααα¬αΈααααΈααΈ ααααα
α±αα¬αα»αααΈα α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈααα¬α α±ααΌαΈααα»αααΈα ααααΈα»αααΈα ααααΌαα»αααΈα αα¬α₯αα¬αΈα±ααααΌαααα
α±α αΈααΌαααααα±αα¬αα±ααΈα»αααΈα αααααα«ααααα
ααααΈα»αααΈαααα¬αααααΈαα¬αΈ
α±α αΈααΌαααααααα‘ααΌα αααααα¬αΈα α»ααααα»αααΈα αααΈααΌααααα α α±α‘α¬α
α±ααΈ α±αΎαα¬ααααα»αααΈα α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα‘ααΌαααα¬αα±ααΌαΈααα»αααΈα αααα α₯ααΈ
α»αα»ααα»αααΈαααα«ααααα
ααααΈαα¬α±ααα¬ β’ αα¬αΈα αΌα¬α±αα¬α»αααααααΈαααΈα±ααΈαααααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α‘ααΈα‘α±αα¬ααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα
ααααΈαα₯ααΈααα±αααααααα‘ααΌα α±ααΌαΈααααααΈαα¬ααΈαααΈα±αα¬α±ααα¬
14
α±ααΈααα‘αα±α‘α¬αα±α»αα»ααα ααααΈαα¬α±ααα¬α‘α»αα α‘ααΈα»αα»αααΈα
α‘ααΈααα±αα¬ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α±αααααα±αα¬αα±ααα¬α α±ααΌααα¬αΈααααΈα±ααα¬α
αααααΈα‘ααααααααα±αα¬αααΌαα β’ ααααΈα±ααα¬αααααΈα‘αααααα αααααα α₯ααΈααα±α αΈααΌαα±αααααα ααΌα»αα¬αΈ
α»αα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα«ααα
β’ ααααΈαα₯α αααΌα¬αΈα αΎαααααΈαα«αΈαα αα±αα¬αααααα αααα αα±ααΈα»αααΈα α±ααΌαΈααα»αααΈα
αααααΈα±ααΈα±αΎαα¬αααα αα»αααΈα α±αα»ααα±α»αα¬αα±ααΌαα±α α»αααΈα α‘ααΌαααα¬αααΌα»αααΈα
ααααΈα»αααΈα
β’ ααααΈααΈα αααα αα±ααΈα±αΎαα¬α»αααΈα α±ααΌαΈααα»αααΈα αααααΈα±ααΈα±αΎαα¬αααα αα»αααΈα
α±αα»ααα±α»αα¬αα±ααΌαα±α α»αααΈα ααααΈα»αααΈα
β’ α±αααααααchinese kaleααααα αα±ααΈα±αΎαα¬α»αααΈα α±ααΌαΈααα»αααΈα ααααΈααΈαα¬αΈ
αααα αα±α α»αααΈ ααααα αααααΈα±ααΈα±αΎαα¬αααα αα»αααΈα α‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈααΌα»αα¬αΈα»αααΈα
ααααΈα»αααΈα
15
αα α₯ααΈααααΌααα¬αα¬α
α αα«αα¬αΈαααααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α±αααααααααΈα±ααα¬ αααααΈαα¬αΈ- αααααα α₯ααΈ α±αα¬αα
α±αΎαα¬ααΈαααααΈααα α‘α±ααααα¬αα¬αΈαααα¬αΈα αααααΈα‘α α‘ααα¬αΈαα»ααα ααΈααααΌααΈαα αααα αα
α‘αΎααα α»ααααααΈα α»αααΈαα¬αΈαααα ααααα‘α±α‘αΈαα αα±αα¬ααααΈαααΈα
αααα αα±α‘α¬αα±αα¬αααΌαα»αααΈ β’ αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈαααα αα±α‘α¬αα±αα¬αααΌααα«α
ααααΈααΈαα‘αα¬α α±αααααα‘αααΈαααΈααα ααααα»αα»ααα±ααΈαα«α
α±αααααα‘α±ααααα¬(ααΌα)αα¬αΈα α‘ααΌααΈαα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈαα¬ααΌααααααα
αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα Chinese kaleα±αααααα ααΈαααα αΈα±αα±αα¬α
α‘αα«α±αα¬ααααΈα±αα±αα¬α‘ααΌααα¬αΈααααΈα±αα¬ααΈ αααα¬αΈαα αα«α
ααααΈαα₯α αΎαααααΈαα«αΈααΈα αααΌα¬αΈααΈα αααααΈααα αααα ααΏααΈ α±αα¬α±α»αα¬ααΈα±αα¬
α‘ααα α»ααααααα±ααΈαα«α
αα α₯ααΈααααΌααα¬α
α»αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα‘ααΌααα¬αΈ
α±αα»ααα±α»αα¬αα±ααΌαα±α α»αααΈ
αααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαααα αα»αααΈ(αααααΈ α»ααα±ααΈα±αΎαα¬αααα αα»αααΈα α‘αα α‘ α±α‘αΈαα»αααΈαα±αα¬αα«ααΈααα¬αΈ αα¬ααΌαα»αααΈ)
αα α₯ααΈα»αααα»ααΈαα¬α±ααα¬
ααααααααααΈααΌααα¬αΈα±αα¬αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ
αααα αα±ααΈα±αΎαα¬α»αααΈααα±ααΌαΈααα»αα
α‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈααα¬αααΌααα»αααΈ ααααΈα»αααΈ
ααααα¬αΈ α±αα¬αα α₯ααΈ
αα α₯ααΈααααα¬α±ααα¬
16
αααα αα±α‘α¬αα±αα¬αααΌαα±ααΈα±αα α₯ ααα αΈα±αα±αα¬α α±αα¬αα«αα±αα±αα¬α αααα¬α
αααα±αα¬α α‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈααα±αα¬ ααΈααα¬αΈα α±ααΌαΈαααα«α
αααα±αα±αα¬ α±α»ααααΈαα α‘α»αα¬αΈα‘αααααααα¬αΈα α±αααα±ααΈα±αΎαα¬ αααα α
α±α α±ααΈαα«α
ααααΈαα¬α±ααα¬ααΌαααΈααα¬αΈα α±α»ααααΈαααααα«α±α ααα α α¬αΈααΌα±αααααα«α α‘αααΈα‘α α¬αΈααΌα»αα¬αΈααααα»αααΈ
α‘αααΈα‘α α¬αΈααΌα»αα¬αΈααααα»αααΈα»αα ααΌαααα‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈα αααΈαααΈα±ααΈαα
αα«ααα ααΈααα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα α‘αααααΈααα»αα»αααΈα αα¬ααΌαα±ααΈααα α±α αΈααΌα
αααα¬ααΌαα‘ααα±α»αα±αα¬α±ααΌαα±α ααα ααα±ααΌαα-αα%α ααΈαααααα¬α±α
ααααα
α±ααΌαΈααααΌα»αα¬αΈαΏααΈα±αα¬ααΌαααα α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα α‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈα α‘αα‘ααα‘αα
α±α αΈααΌααα‘αααα‘α α‘αααΈα‘α α¬αΈααΌα»αα¬αΈα±ααΈαααα
α±ααΌαΈααααΌα»αα¬αΈαααα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα αααααΈααΌααα½αΌααΈααααααααα
α‘αααΈα±αα¬αα‘αα‘α±αα¬ααα±αα¬ αααααΈααΌαα»αα αααα α‘ααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα
α‘α¬αΈααααα±ααΈαααα
ααΌα»αα¬αΈα±ααΌαΈαααα¬ααΌα ααΈααα‘α±αα¬αα‘ααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈααααα
17
αααΈααΈαααΈααΌαα‘α¬αΈα±ααΌαΈααααΌαααΏααΈ ααααΈα»αααα»αααΈα αααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈααααα αα±ααΈα»αααΈ
β’ αααααΈα»αααααα αα±ααΈα»αααΈα ααααααΈααα-αααppm (αααααα
ααΌααΈα-α ααΌααΈαα α .αα % ααααααα ααααα NaOCl αα±α αα αα«α
ααα±αα¬) α±αα¬α±αα¬αααααΌα α-αααα ααα αααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα α±ααΈ α±αΎαα¬
αααα αα±ααΈαα«α ααααΈααααΌααα«α±αα¬ αααααα±αΎαα¬αα»αα αα ααα αΈααα
α±αα¬αααΈααΌα¬αΈα±α ααααα
αααααΈαα«α±αα¬α±αααΌαα±ααΈα±αΎαα¬α±ααΈα±αα (NaOClααα±ααΈα±αΎαα¬αα¬αΈαΏααΈααα±ααΌαΈααα±αα¬αααΈα±α α»αααΈ)
18
β’ αααα¬ααΌαααααα±ααΈα±αΎαα¬αααα αα±ααΈα»αααΈα ααααΈαα₯ααΈααααα¬ααΌα
ααα% (α±ααα ααα¬ ααΌααααααααα« ααααα) ααΌα α±ααΈα±αΎαα¬α±ααΈα»αααΈα»αα
αα±αα¬αααα±αΎαα¬αα»αα ααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααααα¬α α-αα% αα±αα¬αα±α ααα ααα‘α¬αΈ
α»αα α‘αα¬αΈααααα±ααΌαα ααΈ ααααααααΌαα±αααα¬ α.αα-α.αα ααααααα
αα«ααα
β’ α±αααααααααα¬α ααααΈααΈαα¬αΈα±αΎαα¬αα»αα α±αα¬ ααααα¬αα αα‘αα αΌαα
α±αα¬α±αααα¬αΈααΌα α‘α»αα αα¬αΈααα α‘αααααα¬αΈαα% (αααααααΌα
α±ααααααααα¬) α ααΈ (ααΈααααααα±α α:α α‘α±αα¬α‘α±αα¬) ααααα αα¬ααα¬
ααΌααααααα¬αΈα±αα¬α α₯ααΈ (αα¬ααα¬αα α±αα‘ααΈ α:α) ααα α±αααααα
ααα αΌααΈααααΌα αααααΈα±ααΈαα«α ααΈαααααααααΌα α‘ααΈα‘α»ααα±αααα¬
α.αα- α.αα αααααααααα
ααΈα α‘ααα αα¬ααα¬ααΌααααα α₯ααΈααα»αα ααααα¬ααααΈααα±ααΈαα ααααΈα»αααΈ β’ ααααΈαα¬α±ααα¬ααΌααααααΈα±αα¬αααΌαα»αααΈ
β’ ααααααααααα αΈα»αααΈα αα¬ααΌαα±ααΈααα‘ααΈααα±αα¬αα±αα¬
αααΈα»αα ααα
19
β’ ααΈαααααΈα»αααΈα‘α±αα‘ααα αααα¬ααααΌααα±αα¬ααααΈαααΈαα¬αΈ:
α»ααααΌααΈαα αααααααααΈαα¬αΈαα α€α‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈα‘αααΈααααΈααα»αα αα
20
β’ ααΌααααα¬αα¬αΈααΌα ααααΌααΈααααΌααααα»αααΈα»αα α±αα¬ααΈα±ααα¬α ααααα
αα ααααΈααααΌα αααααααααααααα¬αΏααΈ ααααααΈααα¬αΈααα
ααα αΈααα±αα¬αααΈα±α ααα
β’ αααααααααα¬ααΌαα±ααΈααα±αα¬α‘α»αα¬αΈααααΈααα αα αα¬αΈ
ααααααΈα±αα¬ααΌααααα¬αααα αα¬αα¬αΈαααΈαα«α
αα«αΈα»αααΈα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα αααα αα α»αααΈα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈ ααααα αα¬αα¬αΈα αα αα¬αΈα±ααα¬αα¬αΈα‘ααΌααΈααα ααα»αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα±αα«ααααα¬αΈααααα ααααααα±αα¬α±ααα¬αα¬αΈα α‘αα¬α‘ααΌααα±αα¬ααααΈα»αααΈααΌα α‘ααΌααΈαα αα ααα¬αΈααα α±αααα±αααΌαα±αα¬ααΈα±α‘α¬α α‘ α±αα«αα±αα¬ααα¬αΈα»αααΈα»αα α‘ααα αα±αα¬αα±α ααα αααΈα»ααα ααΈ α±αα¬αα»αααΈαααΈα»αααα±ααΈααααα α»αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα±ααα¬αα¬αΈααΌα αα α±αα¬ααα ααααΈα α¬α ααααα αα¬αΈα±ααΈα»αααΈα
21
ααα»ααααααααΌαααααα«α ααα α±αα¬ααααααα‘αααΈ
α‘αα¬ (α₯ααα¬- αα ααααααααα) α‘ααΌααΈαα±ααα¬αα¬αΈα»αα αα
ααα
α±ααα¬αα¬αΈα α»αααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌααΈαααα α»ααααα‘ααααα«α α±αα¬α
αααα«ααα (ααααα¬αΈααα±αΎαα¬α αααααα αΈαααα) ααααα α‘ααΌα
α‘αα½αΌααααα«αα (αα α₯ααΈαα‘α¬αΈα±αΎαα¬ααααααα αΈαααα)α
α±ααα¬αα αα ααΌα α‘αααα±αα¬ α‘ααΈαα¬αΈααα¬αααα«α
α±ααα¬ααΌααΈαααΈααα ααΈαα¬αΈα αααααα¬αΈαα«α±α ααα αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα±ααα¬
αααααΌα¬αΈα±α αα α»αααΈα»αααΈαααΈαααα±ααΈαα«α
α‘αααα¬αΈα α±ααα¬αα¬αΈα α αα ααααΏαα±α‘α¬αααα±αα¬αααααΈαα«α
α±α‘αΈα»αα±αα¬α±ααα¬ααΌα ααΈααα¬αΈααα ααααΈαα«α
ααααΈααααΌαα±αα α₯α‘ααΌααΈ αααααΈα αΌα¬αα¬αΈαααα±αα¬ααα«α
β’ αα αααααααα ααα αααααΈαααα αα α±ααα¬αα¬αΈα α α¬ααΌαα
α ααα¬αΈααααΈαα αα¬αααα¬ααΌααΈ α±ααα¬αα¬αΈααΈαααα ααααΈαα₯ααΈααΌα
α‘ααα‘α αΈαα-αα% αααα¬ααα α‘αα¬αΈααα‘α»αα αα ααααΌα α.αα-α.αα α
ααα±ααΌαααααααα«ααα
α‘α±α‘αΈαα»αααΈαααααΈαααΈαα±αα¬αα»αααΈ
β’ α‘α±α‘αΈαα±ααΈα»αααΈαα ααΈαα‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈαα¬ααΌααααΈαααΈαα¬ααΌα α‘α±α»αααααα
α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈαα¬ α‘α±α‘αΈαα»αααΈααααααΌα»αα α α₯α α±ααΈα±ααΌαΈα±α αΏααΈ ααΈααα¬αΈα±αα«αααΌα¬αΈααα
α±αα¬αα±ααΈα±α ααα
β’ αααααΈααα‘αααα α±αα¬αα±ααΈααααα‘α αα±αα¬ααα¬αΈαααααααααΈα
ααΈααα»αααα¬αΈαα¬α±α ααα ααα±αΎαα¬αααααα‘α±α‘αΈαααααα α‘αααΈααααα»αα
α±α αα¬αα‘ααΈαααα (α₯ααα¬- α±αα±αα¬αααα±α‘α¬ααα¬αΈα»αααΈα α±α‘αΈααα‘αααααΈααΌα
αααααΈα»αααΈα ααααα αα‘ααα±αα±α‘αΈαα‘ααΈα»αα»αααΈα αα)α
β’ α‘α±α‘αΈαα»αααΈαααα±αα¬ααααΈαααΈα»αααΈα ααΈααααααΈα αααα±α ααα ααα±αΎαα¬α
α‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈα±αα¬ααΈ α±αα¬ααΈααα±ααΌαΈαΏααΈ α‘αααααα‘ααααααΈαα±ααΈαα«α
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ααααα‘α±α‘αΈαα»αααΈ
β’ ααΈαα‘αααα ααα»ααα αΌα¬ααααΈα±α‘α¬ααααα«α
β’ α±αααΌαα‘α±α‘αΈαα»αααΈ (α±αα±α‘αΈαααΌααα α»αααΈ) ααααα α±ααααα‘α±α‘αΈαα»αααΈαα
α±α αΈαααΈα±αα¬ α‘α±α‘αΈα±ααΈαααα¬αα¬αΈαααΈα α‘ααα±α»ααααααΈααα»αα αα«ααα
α±αααΌαααΈααΈα‘α±α‘αΈαα»αααΈα( αα±αα¬ααααΈα‘αααααα ααααα) ααΈααα¬αΈαα αα ααΈαα¬αΈ α‘α¬αΈ FAVRI α ααα¬ααααα ααΈααΌα¬αΈα±α αΏααΈ ααααΈαα₯α‘αααΌαα αΌα±αα¬αα«α α±αα¬α αααα¬α±α αα«ααα
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α±ααααα»αααΈαα α±ααααααΈααΈααα αα αα¬αΈαα ααΈααα±αα¬ααα¬αα αααααα±αα¬ααα¬ααΌα α±αααααααΈααΌα ααααΈα±αα¬ ααΈααα¬αΈα‘ααΌααααΈα±αα¬ααΈα α±αα¬ααα α±αααααααΌα αααααα±αα¬αααααΈααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ α‘ααα αα -αα αααα αααααα αα-αα αααα ααααααααααΈααΌα¬αΈα±α ααααα
αα¬α‘αααααΌα α‘ααΌααα¬αΈα±αα¬ααΈααα¬αΈαα±αααααα¬αΈα
α±ααααααΈα»αααα»αααΈ α±ααααααΈαα¬αΈ
α±ααααααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΈααα¬αΈα
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α‘α±α‘αΈαααΈααΌα αα±αα¬αα»αααΈ αααααα±ααα±ααα¬αααΈαα«α ααΈαα‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈαααΈαααΈαα¬ααΌα α‘αα±αα¬α
ααΈαααΈααα»αα ααα ααα±αα¬ αααα¬αΈαααΈα αΌααα«ααα
α‘ααααΈααΈαααΌααα (ααααΈαα₯α αααα αααΌα¬αΈα αΎαααααΈαα«αΈα ααααΈα
αα±αα¬ααα) αααα α±α‘α¬αα±αα¬α»ααα« α±αα¬ααααα±ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘αααααΌα
α±αα¬αα«αααααααα αααα±αα¬ α‘α αα«α (RH) ααΌαααα αΈααα»ααααααα
α±αα¬ααααα±ααΈααα‘ααα = αααΌα¬αΈαααααΈαα₯ αα-αα αααα αααααα αα-αα
% RH α αΎαααααΈαα«αΈ αα-αα αααα αααααα αα -αα% RH α
ααααΈααα±αα¬ααα αα-αα αααα αααααα αα-αα %RHα α±ααααα α-α.α
αααα αααααα αα-αα%HR α Chinese Kale α±ααα α-αα αααα αααααα αα-
αα %RHα
αα±αα¬αα±αα¬ α±αααα±αααΌααααα‘ααΌα ααΈαααΌααααα±αα¬ααα¬αΈααα¬ααΌααααα¬αα¬αΈ αα α‘α±α‘αΈαααΈα αα α
α‘αααα RH α‘α αα«αααα‘αααααΈααααααααΈααα¬αΈα αααααΌαααα αα
α‘ααααα α‘ααα±αα¬ααα¬ααΌα ααααΌααΈα α₯αΈα α¬αΈααα«ααα
α‘α±ααΌααα»αααΈαααα¬α‘α±α‘αΈααα±αα¬αα αα ααΌαααααΈααααΈα‘ααΈααΌα α±αα±ααΌααα±α α»αααΈα»αααααα αααααΈα‘α±α‘αΈα±ααΈ
α αα α»αααααααα α‘αααα±αα¬ααααααΈααα αααααΈααα‘αααα±α‘α¬α α-
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α αααα αααααααα¬α ααα±αα¬ RH 90% ααα»αααα¬αΈα α±αα±ααΌαααΈαααΈαα
(α‘α±ααΈααα±αα¬αααΈααΈαααΈαα) α αα±αα¬αα αΌα¬α±αα¬αααα
ααΌααα±αα¬αααΈαααΈ α α±ααααΈα±ααΈα»αααΈα α±αα α αΌαα±α α»αααΈα α±ααααΈα αα±αα¬α
α±ααΈα‘ααΌα α‘α±α‘αΈα±ααΈαααα¬ (EC-Evaporative Cooler)α
B α‘ααα¬ EC αα α±ααα¬α ECαα ααΈααΈααααααΈαα₯α αααα αΎαααααΈαα«αΈα
αααΌα¬αΈα ααααΈα αα±αα¬αααα α±ααααααα Chinese Kale α±αααααα α‘α±ααΈαα
α±αα¬αααΈααααΈαααα±αα¬αα±ααΈααααα αα αααααααΌα US $ α.αα α
α.αα αα‘ααΈα‘α»αααααααααα
ααααΈα»αααΈαααα±αα¬αα»αααΈαααα¬αααΈαα αα ααααΈα»αααΈαααα±αα¬αα»αααΈαααα¬αααΈαα αα (MA-Modified Atomosphere)
αααααα‘α¬αΈα»αα α±α‘α¬ααααααααα¬ααΌαααα±α‘α¬αααα»αααα¬αΈααα‘α±α»α
α‘α±α(α±α‘α¬αααα αα% αα αα¬ααΌαααα±α‘α¬ααα α.αα%) α»αα ααα ααΈαα
αααα αα α‘αααΌααααΏααΈα α‘α αα«ααααΈαα¬αΈα±ααΈα»αααΈα»αα ααα
B α‘ααα¬αΈαα¬ααα¬αΈα±αα¬EC 4.5x2.5x0.6 ααα¬α αα -αα
α ααααα¬αα αααα (α±αα ααα«αα)
α±ααα¬αα EC 1.3x 0.9x2.0 ααα¬
(α±αααΌααα¬αΈα±αα¬ααα‘ααα«αα)
26
α±α αΈααΌαααΌααααααααα±αα¬ MA αααα αα ααααα¬αΈα ααΈααα¬αΈααααΈαα±αα¬ααα¬ααΌαααΈααα
MA αααα αα ααααα¬αΈα α‘ααΈααΈααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα αααααααααΈα±α‘α¬ααααα¬α‘α»αα
ααααΈαα¬ααΌα α αα¬ααα¬ααΌα α αα αααα¬ααΌα αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ ααΈααα ααΈα»αα¬αΈααααΈα±ααΈα‘ααΌαααΌαα
αααΈααα¬α±αα¬α±αα¬ααΌααααα¬α±ααα¬αα¬αΈααααΌααΈαααα
ααααααΈ(ααααα) αααα±αα¬ααααΈαααα αα αααα‘ααα¬αΈααΌα α-αα
αααααααΌααΈααααΈαα¬αΈα»αααΈα»ααα‘α±ααΈααα±αα¬αααα α ααα±αα¬αα±α αΏααΈ
α αααααααΌα US$ α.αα α α.αα α‘αααα±ααΌααΈαα¬α±α ααααα
27
MAP α‘αααΌααα ααΈαα¬αΈ
MAP α‘αααΌαα±ααΈα»αααΈα»ααααααΈαα₯ααΈαααααα»αααΈααα±α‘α¬α αα±αα¬ααααα¬αΈ αα«αααΌα¬αΈ
α±α‘α¬α αα¬αΈααΈα±ααΈαααΏααΈ α α‘ααΈαα¬αΈαααααΌα»αααΈααα‘ααΌααα¬αΈαααΈααΌααΈα»αααΈααα±α‘α¬α αα¬αΈααΈ
α±ααΈααααα Chinese Kale α±αααα αΎαααααΈαα«αΈαααααΌα¬αΈααΈααα‘ααΌα αααα αα ααα
αα‘ α±αα«αα±αα¬αα±ααΈαααααα«α α‘ααΈαα¬αΈαα«ααΌα¬αΈααααα
αααααα±αα¬αα»αααΈ
αααααα±αα¬αα±ααΈαααααΈααα±αΎαα¬αααΈααααααα¬αΈα‘αα¬αΈα‘α»αα¬αΈααΈαααΈαα αα¬αα
α»αα αααα αΎαααΈαααΈα αΌα¬ααααΌαα±α»αα¬ααΈα±αααα»αααΈα αααΈαααΈαααΈα±αα¬αα±ααΈα»αααΈαα
α±αΎαα¬ααααΈ ααΈαααΈαααα¬αΈα»αα αΎααααα
α»αα ααααααααααα‘α±α‘αΈαααΈαα«α±αα¬ ααα±αα¬ααα¬α₯ (α‘α±α‘αΈαααΈααΌαα
α±αα¬ααα¬αΈαααα) α αΈαα‘ααΈα»ααα«α
α‘α±α‘αΈαααΈααα«α±αα¬αααααα±αα¬αααααΈααα α‘α±ααΌααα‘α±α‘αΈαα»αααΈαααΈαα
MA αααΈαααα‘ααΈα»αααααα
MAP α‘αααΌααα ααΈαα¬αΈ
α»αααααΌααα¬αΈα±αα¬αα ααΈαα¬αΈ
28
αααααα±αα¬αα±ααΈα±αα¬ααααααΈααα¬αΈα α±αα α‘αα αα¬αΈααΈα‘αα±ααΈα»αααΈα»αα
α‘α±α‘αΈα±αα αα αα αα‘α»αα α‘ααΈα»αααααα α±αα±ααΌαααααΈα»ααα‘α±α‘αΈα±ααΈα αα ααααΈα±ααΈα»αααΈ (α±αα α‘ααα α α‘ααΈα»ααα«) αα MA
αααα αα ααααααα¬α αα¬αΈα»αααααααα±αα¬αα±ααΈα±αα¬αααα¬αΈαααΈα‘αα±ααΈα»αααΈα
αααααα±αα¬αα±ααΈα±αα¬ααααααΈααα¬αΈα α±αα α‘αααα¬αΈααΈα‘αα±ααΈα»αααΈα»αα
α‘α±α‘αΈα±αα αα αα αα‘α»αα α‘ααΈα»αααααα
α±αα±ααΌαααααΈα»ααα‘α±α‘αΈα±ααΈα αα ααααΈα±ααΈα»αααΈ (α±αα α‘ααα α α‘ααΈα»ααα«) αα MA
αααα αα ααααααα¬α αα¬αΈα»αααααααα±αα¬αα±ααΈα±αα¬αααα¬αΈαααΈα‘αα±ααΈα»αααΈα
α±αααΌαα αα»αααΈαα α±αα α α₯α±ααα¬ααααααΈα±ααΈα»αααΈα»αα α‘ααα αα¬αΈα»ααααΈ α‘αα±ααααα±αα¬αα±αα α₯ αα¬αα‘ααΌααΈ α‘α±α‘αΈαα«αααααα«ααα
29
αααΈα ααα ααααα α±αα¬ααΈα αααα αααα±αα¬ααααα¬αΈα α±αα¬αα
αα(α±αα¬αααα )α α ααα¬αΈα±αα¬αααα±αα«ααΈα ααα¬αα¬αΈα α±ααα«αΈαα±ααα»ααααΌααΈ (αα αα¬αΈα
αα‘αααΈ) α α±αααα±αα«αα α±ααααΈαααα±ααα¬α αααΈααα α α±αααΌαα α±ααα»ααααΌααΈ
ααα αΈααΈαααΈαααα¬αΈα±αα¬αααΈα±α αααααααα±αα¬αα±ααΈαααΈαααΈαα¬αΈ: A -
α‘ααα‘ααα¬αα¬αΈαα«ααα±αα¬ααααα¬αΈα α±αα±αα¬ααααΈαα±αα»αααΈααααααα¬ααΌααα
A
B
C
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(αααΈααα ααααα¬) α‘αα¬α‘ααα«αααα α»αααΈα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈααα‘ααα¬αα¬αΈα
αα αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα»αα ααααα¬αΈααα (B) αααααααααααα‘αα«αααα¬
ααΌααα±α ααα‘α±ααΈα±ααααΈαα α₯ααΈααα±αα¬ααααΈααα±ααα«αΈα α (C) α‘ααααααα
α±αα¬αααΈα±α αα α±αααα±αααΌαα αα (αααααα¬αΈα α₯) α
α‘α»αα¬αΈαααΈαα¬αΈ α α‘ααα‘ααΈααα¬αΈαααααα¬αΈαα±αα±α‘α¬α αααααΈααα±αα¬ααα¬αΈαααα
αααα α αααααΌααααα αααΈαααΈααΌα αα¬αΈα±αα¬αα»αααΈα ααα»αααΈα αααα»αααΈα±αα¬αααΈ
α±α ααααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈααΌα α±αα‘αααα αααΈαααΈα αα αα¬αΈαα«ααααα
α±α αΈααΌαααα±αα¬ααΈαα»αααΈ
β’ α‘α±αα¬ααΈααΈααααα‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈα‘α¬αΈααααΌααα¬αΈα±αα¬α±α αΈααΌααα α¬αΈααΈαα¬αΈα α±αα¬αααα±ααΈααααα±αα¬αααΌαα»αααΈα
β’ αααααΈαααα¬ααα αΈαααα±αα¬αααα±α ααα‘ααΌα αααα αα±α α¬ααΎαααΏααΈ α‘ααΈ α‘αα¬αα¬αΈα±α‘α¬αααΌαααααΈαα«α
β’ α»αααααααα αα»αααΈα α‘αααΈα‘α α¬αΈααΌα»αα¬αΈα»αααΈα α»ααααααααΈα»αααΈα»ααααΏααΈ α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα±αα¬α±αα¬αααΈαααΈαα¬αΈα»αααααΈαααΈαα±αα¬ααα«α
β’ α±αα¬ααΈααΌααααα αα±αα¬αααΈα αα - ααααΈααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬ααΌααααα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈααααα αΌα¬ ααααΈαα αα«α αα±αα¬αα α₯ α»ααααα±αα¬α±ααα¬α αα ααααΈαα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα α‘ααα‘ααΈαα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈ αααααΈ 200 ppm ααα±αα±ααΈαΏααΈ αααα ααα«α
31
Market handling activities α»αα»ααααααα»αααΈ
ααΈααα¬αΈα α»αα»ααααααα»αααΈα»ααα‘α α¬αΈα‘α α¬αα¬αΈααα±αα¬αααααα αααΏααα±α
αα α»ααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈααΌα»αα¬αΈα αΌα¬ααααααα αα¬αααααααααα¬αααΌααα
α‘α α¬αΈα‘α α¬αα¬αΈαααααααα
α»αα»αααααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ααΈααα¬αΈαα ααα¬ααα«ααααααΏααααααα α‘α α¬αα
α±αΎααα ααΌαααα α‘α¬αα¬ααα«ααααΎααΌααααα
α‘α±α»αα¬ααα α¬αΈααΈααΌααα¬αΈααααα»αααΈ α‘α±α»αα¬αααααΈα α‘αααΈαααΈα‘ααΌααααΈαααΈα αα α»αα ααα α‘αααΎαα¬ααα
α±ααααΈαα‘α±α»αα¬ααα»αααΈαα¬αΈααα αα¬αα₯αααααααααααα ααΈααα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα
α‘α»αα¬αΈα»ααα αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈααα±αα¬αααα»αααΈα±αΎαα¬α αααΈαα¬α±ααΈααααααΌαα
32
ααΈαααΈααΌααα±αα¬α±ααααΈαααα¬αα¬αΈ α α‘ααα»ααααα αααΈαα¬α±ααΈαα αααΌα
α±αα¬ α‘α±α»αα¬ααααΈαααΈα αα α»αα ααα
αααα α‘α±α»αα¬αααααα¬ (α)α α±αα±αα¬αα»αααα α ααΈα±ααΈαΏααΈ α‘α±α»αα¬ααααΈαααΈααααα αα α αα¬αΈ αααα¬ααα¬αΈ
ααα‘α±α»αα¬ααααΈαααα¬αα¬αΈ (ααα)α αα (ααααα) 91 α»αα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα α»ααααα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘α±α»αα¬ααααΈαααα¬αα¬αΈα
(ααα αα)α ααΈααΌα¬α±αα¬αααα¬αΈα ααΈα‘αα±αα¬αααα¬αΈααΌαα‘α±α»αα¬ααααΈααα‘ααΌαα αα»ααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘αα±ααΈαααΈ (α)α
α±αα±αα¬αα»ααααΈα‘α±α»αα¬ααααΈαααα¬αα¬αΈα»αα αααααΈααα±ααααα ααα
α‘α±α»αα¬ααααΈαα¬ααΌα ααΈααΈα±αααΌααααΈααααα‘ααααααααααα¬αΎαα¬α»αααΈα
α‘α αα«ααα%α±α‘α¬αα±αα¬ααα±α α»αααΈα αααααΈαα±αα±ααΌαΈα (αα αααα αα
αααα±αα±ααΌαΈααΌα α ααα αΎαα¬α) ααΌαα αα±ααΈα»αααΈα»ααα±α»αα¬αααΌα¬αΈαα α‘αα«α‘α±αα¬α
α‘α±ααΌαΈααααα±α ααα
1 2 3
4 5 6
3
33
α±αααααα‘α±α»αα¬ααααΈα»αααΈα α₯αΈα αΌα¬α±ααΈα±αΎαα¬αααα ααα«α α‘αααα¬αΈααΌα¬αα«α αα¬αΈ α % α»ααα±αα¬α±αααα«α αααΌααΈαααΈαα¬αΈα ααα«α α‘α±α»αα¬ααααΈαααα¬αααΌαα»αααααααα«α α‘α αα«ααα«αααα αα% α±α‘α¬α αα ααα‘ααΌααΈαααα«ααα ααΈααΈα±ααααΈαα α-α αααΎαα¬αα«ααα
α‘α±α»αα¬ααααΈαΏααΈα±αα¬ ααΈαααααα αα α‘αααααΌα (α₯ααα¬ ααααΌα ααα
α‘α) αααααα α±αα±ααΌαα ααααα±αα¬αααΈα±α ααα»αα ααα αΏααΈααα±α‘αΈα»α
α±α»αα¬αα±ααΌααα±αα¬αα±αα¬α±ααα¬ααΌααα¬αΈαααα
ααααΈαα₯ααΈαααααα»αααΈ ααααΈαα₯ααΈαα α±αααΌαα±αα¬ααααα±αα¬α‘αα‘αααΈααΈ αα% α‘ααααα
αα¬αΈααα α‘ααααααααααα¬αααα¬αααααα αααα αααα‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈ
α αΎαααααα α₯ααα¬ - ααααααααΌααΈααΌαααα±ααΏααΈ α αα±ααααα»αααΈα»αααΈ
αααΈα αΈααα (α±αα¬αα±α αΈααα) α‘α±αα±αα¬αΏαα ααααααα
ααααΈαα₯ααΈααα±αα¬ααΈααΌαα±αα¬α‘αα€α«αααα ααα¬ α±α αα¬αΈααα«ααα±α ααα«α α‘ααΌα‘α
α‘ααα¬αΈααα‘α»αα¬αΈαα ααΈα‘α αα‘αααΈαα¬αΈααα«ααα ααΈαααααα α‘ααααααΈαααα
ααΌαα αΌα¬ αα ααα±αα±α αα α‘ααα‘ααα‘α±αα¬αα‘αααΈααααα ααααααΈα±αααΌα
αα«ααα < αα α-α α»αα αααα
αααα‘ααΈα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈαααΈαααΈααααΈαα₯ααΈαα¬αΈαα‘ααΈα»αααααα ααα‘αα±αα¬
α‘αααΈα‘α αα¬αΈααααααααΌαααΏααΈ α‘αα±αα¬ααααα±αα¬α±αΎαα¬αα»αα ααα
α‘ααΌααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα αααα₯ααααααααα»αααΈ αα₯ααααα‘ααΌααα¬αΈαααααα¬ααΌα αααα α‘ααα ααααΈααΈαα¬αΈα
α‘ααΈα»αααααααα αααΈααααΈααΈαα¬αΈαααΎαα¬αΈαα‘ααα α‘α»αα α±α»αα¬ααΈ
α±ααΈααα αααΈαα₯ααα‘α α¬αΈα‘α α¬ααΌα α‘α¬αα¬αααααΈαααα«αααΏααΈ α‘α α¬α±α αααα
αααΈααΌα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈα±αα¬ααΈα±α ααα
34
α±ααααααα ααααααααΈααααα₯αααααααΈααΈααααααα αα¬αα¬α
ααααα±ααΌαα% α±αα¬ααααααααα
α αα α α α α±ααΌαΈαααα«α αα α±ααΈα±αΎαα¬αααα ααα«α αα ααΌα αα‘α±α αααα«α
αα ααα αα αααα±αα«ααΈαα«α α α α‘ααΌααΌα¬αα«α αα α±α»αααΌαα«α αα α‘α»αα¬αΈαα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈααα αα
α±αα¬αα±α αΈαα‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈα‘αααααΏααΈ αα αααα ααααααα‘α±α‘αΈαα αα
ααααΈαα¬αΈααΌααααα«α
35
α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα±αα«ααΈα α»ααααααΈαα₯α ααααΈαα₯ααΈαααααα»αααΈα α‘αα±αα¬αααααΈαα₯ααΈα‘αααΈαα¬αΈαα±ααΌαΈα α±αα±ααΈα ααΌα αα α‘α±α ααα ααα ααααααΎαα¬α±α‘α¬αα±αα«ααΈ (α‘ααΌααΌα¬αααΌαα±α αα)α α‘ααΌααΌα¬α α‘α»αα¬αΈα‘αα αα¬αΈααα±αα¬α α±αα¬αα±α αΈαα±α‘α¬ααααα α‘ααα±αααΈα±α ααα‘α±αααΈαα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ ααααα αα αααα ααααααα‘α±α‘αΈαα αΏαα±αα¬α ααααΈαα¬αΈααΌαααα
ααΈααα¬αΈα»ααααα»αα»ααα»αααΈα α‘αα₯ααα‘αΈαα¬αΈαααα¬αΈααα
α‘ααααα±αα¬α‘ααΌααα¬αΈαααα¬αΈαα«α ααΌα αα ααΈα»ααα α±αα±ααΈα α‘α±α»αα¬αααα«α
αααα¬ααΈααΌααα¬αΈααΌαααα»αααΈ (α.α ααααααΌααα¬αΈ) α αα«αΈα»αααααααα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘ααΈαα¬αΈα»ααααΈα»αααΈα α‘α±ααΈαα»αααΈα
α‘αα₯αααα¬αΈα α₯αα¬αα‘ααΌααΈα±ααΌαα»αααα
α‘αα₯αααα¬αΈα±αα¬α±ααααα/αααααΈαααααΈ(ααααα)αααα αα α‘αααΌαα‘α»αα¬αΈα‘αααα¬αΈααα±αα¬ααα
36
α‘αα₯ααααααΈαααΈα‘ααααα ααΈααα±ααΌαΈαααααα αααααΈααααα αααααΈα»αααααα α±ααααααα±ααΈαααΈ αααΈαααα α»ααΈααα±αα±ααΈα α±αααΌα α±ααΌ α±α‘α¬ααα¬αΈα α‘αΈαα¬αΈααΌαααα αααααΈα‘ααΌααα¬αΈ α%α α±αααααα‘ααΌα αα% αα¬αΈααα α:α α‘ααΈ (α₯ααα¬-ααΈα α αααααααΌααα¬αΈαα α ααααα ) α‘αααΈαααα«α α‘α±αα«ααα¬αΈαα«α±αα¬ α‘α±ααΈααα αΈααα‘ααΈααααΈ (ααΈααα¬αΈαα¬αΈ αααα»ααααΌα¬αΈα±α‘α¬ααα±ααΈαα)α α- αααααα‘αααααα¬αΈα ααα±αα¬αα±αα»αα α±ααΈα ααΈααα¬αΈαααΈα αα±αα¬ ααα - α αα ααααααααα αα α‘ααα¬αΈ (ααααα) ααααΈαα¬αΈ ααΌαααα α‘α±αααΈα‘ααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα«ααΈααα±ααΈ (ααΎαα¬αΈ α%α αα¬αΈ α %α α α ααα α‘ααα α.α% αα α±αα¬αα α‘ααα α.αα %)α αα ααα α ααααααα±αααΌαα αα αα ααα αα ααΈααα α±αααΌα αα ααα α αααααα α‘α±α‘αΈαα α α±αα¬ααααΈαααΈαα±αα¬αα»αααΈαα»αα αααααΈααα‘αααααΌααα¬αΈαα«α α
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