vedic india i. stage one: early vedic age, 1500-1000 bce ii. stage two: later vedic age, 1000-500...
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Vedic India
I. Stage One: Early Vedic Age, 1500-1000 BCEII. Stage Two: Later Vedic Age, 1000-500 BCEIII. Stage Three: Hinduism & Early Buddhism,
after 500 BCE
IDs: Brahmans, karma, Mahavira, Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha), d. 483 BCE
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Argument
The Vedic religion provided a united identity for people in north India. It began as a tribal faith which emphasized sacrifice and evolved into an ethical religion - Hinduism – around 500 BCE.
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Indus River Civilization (3500-2000 BCE)
IndiaPakistanBangladesh
Himalaya Mtns.Punjab
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2000-1600 BCE: Crisis & collapse of Indus River Culture
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Vedic Nomads Invade, ca. 1500 BCE
• Indo-European• Vedic peoples
(Aryans)• Dravidians
Vedic Age, 1500-500 BCE
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I. Stage 1: Early Vedic Age, 1500-1000 BCE
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A. HistoryVedic People brought
• Horses• Chariots• Iron tools & weapons
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Settled Ganges River Valley
• Pastoral agricultural• Villages & no cities
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B. Caste (varna) in early Vedic Age
brahmankshatriyasvaisyasShudras
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C. Religion in early Vedic Age
• Brahmans• Vedas• Sanskrit• Rig Veda, ca. 1500 BCE• Indra
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Emphasis on Sacrifice
• Proper rituals• Sacrifices to gods• Cosmic order• Brahmans
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II. Stage 2: Late Vedic Age (1000-500 BCE)
A. HistoryMany small statesRajas
Growth of towns
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B. Caste System Develops
Jatis/sub-castesoutcastes/
untouchablespurity
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C. New religious ideas from late Vedic Age
• karma• transmigration of souls
(reincarnation)• dharma
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Philosophy & Written Texts
Upanishads (700 BCE)Brahmanatman
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III. Stage 3: Hinduism“Spiritual Age”: 6th -4th c. BCE
A. Mahavira JainismAsceticismNon-violence
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B. Dissatisfaction with Brahman leadership: Popular texts
• Mahabharata (written down 200 BCE)
• Bhagavad Gita• Krishna• Arjuna
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C. Early Buddhism
Siddhartha Gautama (c. 563 – 483 BCE)
the Buddha (the Enlightened One)
GangesBodhi tree (bo)
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Four Truths
1.Life is full of suffering.2.Suffering is caused by desires.3.The only way to rise above suffering is to
renounce desire.4.One can only do this by following Noble
Eightfold Path.
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Goals
rid self of desire & the illusion of separate identity
reach nirvana (contentment and extinction)
By following Noble Eightfold Path
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The Buddha’s Footprints
Limestone carving on stupa, India
1st c. BCE
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Sangha (Order)
• monks• nuns
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The Three Jewels“I go for refuge to
the Buddha.I go for refuge to
the Doctrine (dharma).
I go for refuge to the Order (sangha).”
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D. Religious Changes in South Asia (in Hinduism)
Emergence of Popular Cults
• Shiva• Vishnu• Krishna
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Stage One1500 – 1000 BCEEarly Vedic Religion
Stage Two(1000 BCE – 600 BCE)
History: Tribal organization, migration into north India, settlement, domination by Brahmins & kshatriya
Text: Rig Veda
Religion: Brahmins (priests), sacrifice, caste, obedience
Human Needs: Identity (caste)Security
History: Many small states governed by kshatriya; growth of towns
Text: Upanishads
Religion: elaboration of caste system, karma, reincarnation, dharma
Human Needs:IdentitySecurityAnswers
Stage Three(600 BCE – 500 BCE)Hinduism & Buddhism
History: Dissatisfaction, towns, tradeTexts: Mahabharata, RamayanaReligion: Mahavira & non-violence; Buddha & 4 Noble Truths
Human Needs:Answers Personal Connection
Development of Vedic Religion into Hinduism