ve světle víry

8/14/2019 Ve svtle vry

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Mr D a t f a a _ d k d e b d

PL _P]KL PY^B d t f k n o b v r f u b d

PLKLGYDM

adbkdmdtlkstv mfir bangyP FKFHF\ON


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M F O . MY. D A ] F A A _ D K D E B D

PL _P]KL PY^B D ] F K N O B P Y F \ B D

M Y \ G Y F U L A P ^ M A

F K F H F \ O 4 > = 7

P L K L G Y D M , A D B K D M D ] L K _ ] P M F I Y B A N G ^ P F K F H F \ O N


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A NG NK FI_]D]

Mr @rdaonsous Onalb,

olasfr lx f``nonf.

NHSYNHD]\Y

Fkfhuonn, mnl ?4. 43. 4>=0.

Mr \mdkrnous Bdrkb,

vnodrnus jlalrdkns.

Ar. 40.=


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S L M H K \ P D

]dtf bangd, btlrfu vlleafstn plmbkmhl, vyogz vsto tfuzl pf firaeh, mbkdmaeh d gkuih aiflasbh vzmka. Sfmvhl v a firae vbkdm vlog prdvm bdtfknob vry, edb esfu struasgrauty v dpftfksbh vyzaa vry.

Abtlr stn bangy, ad p. vfma st, prva st f Ifgu elmnah,tlt f Ifgu _tvfntlkn, tvrt f Eln Brnstu d pt f Orbvn Brnstfv,esfu zprdofvay mf ens t hry firdaa (dpfkfjltnoby), s pfunth bls

dasb `nkfsf`nl, vl svh olkbu vdb plmstdvuel bangd bdtfknobfu vrfubu (mfjhdtnbu). _tdkf sl tdb hyska, diyogfh hkn elmafta,plgklma d olkbfv firdz vlog prdvm.

P b a n z l e l s t m v f e k t b d 5 z b k d m a a i f l a s b a d u b d (v vfma stn f aiflastv, zelvla Ifh, elgf prdhlalog, v mdkog stlog pdb f Ifgu, f stvfla svtd, f Eln Brnstu d f Orbvn)edbf n o l k b d t f k n o b v r f u b d , fira zprdofvad.

Bangd el urlad plmlvh voh bdtfknobh blsdah, vzmkdah n prfsth, d h skfuntn b prfgkfuila aiflasbog vmfhfstf zbkdmaog prdvmog bdtfknob vry. El zdenst autaf, diy vo alzstvdkn ad rfvan aiflasbgf vzmka, btlr sn fmalskn z filoabfky d btlr sadm, en mvaf updmkf v zdpfhlaut, alesfuo mkl fiafvfvaf d nvlaf. ]db vl volog aiflasbog el tlid mkl sl vzmkvdtn.

Ad mrugh hst el bangd urlad mfspvdeo hkmln, zvkt pdbstumueo.

Hhl fvlh ad hyskn tdb fstdta adn hkml, fay alslta mfsp

vdeo enafogy d mvby, uo sl lhlsku, fiogfmu, prdoueo v bdaolkog, tfvraog, v zlhmkstv, dalif stumueo ad alerzaeog fmifraog bfkog (fiogfmaog, prhyskfvog, gfspfmsbog dtm.), ad anog ala aiflasb vyufva zdvlmlaf, d ogolhl zhra5

d) diy sl vnogan slzahnkn s gkdvahn prdvmdhn bdtfknob vry, btlr pfmkl plmaog melpnso vlmkl hyklaby arfma elst gkdva skfbfuadnog mena v tfhtf stlmflvrfpsbh prfstfru,

i) diy v tfhtf muogu iyky vyogfvay d vlmlay mdk jlalrdol adl

gf arfmd d tdb sl hfgky spkantno) fay bfky, bl btlrh Srfzltlkafst If, v ka bdtfknob Orbvl,

arfmu olkl d fprdvmu prfmogauthu muoglh blsdasbh mv pklntfst.


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Mfstdal-kn sl tdtf bangd mf rubfu kfvbd pfogyiueogf, alvogf,pskuabd bls dasb spfklafstn albdtfknob, pskuabd aiflastvalblsdasbgf, alif kfvbd ilz vyzaa, adklzal v banzl voa dsfuifra pfmda vbkdm vlog gkdvaog prdvm bdtfknob vry.

Bangd, btlr el fgkdslh mkfugfkltgf stumnd, vybkm bdtfknobfu vrfubu adprfstf voa, gklm sl vyvdrfvdtn vlog ziytlaog d przm

aog skfv, h el t vyvlad urnt hrd suogfprafstn.Kntlrra mdel esfu u bangy, urla prf nr vlleafst, uvmay ela venhla pfm drfu, ad bfaon bangy el pnpfela strua slzadh lsbog bang b mdkhu stumnu.

P Srdzl ad mla sv. Pokdvd 97. z 4>==.

Dutfr.

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S L M H K \ P D B M Y \ G H \ P ^ M A

4. vyma bangy Pl svtkl vry (4>=?>-4>=


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P F M A _ ]

A iflastv elst alevy d alevzallae bfa kfvbd. Adkzhlel vuml, u elmaftknvol n v knmsb spfklafstn, v mfi hnauk n ptfha.El menaafu sbutlafst, l aliyk mfsum adklzla arfm dalif bhla ilzaiflastv (d u vyvnautgf alif elgf ziytb).

Ehaf aiflastv elst ehaf vlknol stdr. \ vtnay lvrfpsbogarfm el prf aiflastv fivybk skfvf aedb sgfma s kdtnasbhrlknjnf. Sfogz zl sdasbrtsbgf bflal klj, of zad sirdtn, uvdf-vdtn alif vntn sn2 v rfhasbog log el zlskla tlatf bfla plmpf-afu rl, of zad fptfva, plknvfst d mklntfst prol. Kdtnasbskfvf rlknjnf iv fmvfzfvaf fm skfvls rlknjlrl (fpt vfkntn), rlkljlrl(fpt stn) d rlknjdrl (fpt svzdtn.) El tlmy thtf azvlh vyemladusnkfva naafst knmsbgf muogd, sirdeogf d uvdueogf f vztdgu dzvnskfstn kfvbd ad vy iytfstn. ltnad h prf aiflastv skfvftgrsblnd, t. e. otd b vyhu, d mlnsnmdnhfand, t. e. izl plm adm-

knmsbfu hfo. Glirletnad h skfvd nrt Edgvl, t. e. izl If, d dif-mdg Edgvl, t. e. skuid If. lsb skfvf aiflastv zad rfvashr vl, b ifstv.4

4F `nkfsf`nn d psyogfkfjnn aiflastv elmade ad pbkdm5D. Kdaj, Jruamzjl mlr Ylknjnfaspgnkfsfpgnl, 4>44.H. _oglklr, Pfh wnjla nh Hlasogla. N. Klnpznj 4>94.G. _ogfkz, Ylknjnfnaspgnkfsfpgnl. 9. Dusjdil. Ilrkna 4>99.J. Zuamlrkl, Jruamzjl mlr Ylknjnfaspgnkfsfpgnl. 9. Dusjdil. Sdmlrifh 4>9=,

S. E. _tl``ls, Ylknjnfaspgnkfsfpgnl. Blhptla 4>990.K, ml Jrdanmhdnsfna, Kd rlknjnfa plrsfalkkl. Sdrns 4>9:.L. Srzywdrd, Ylknjnfaspgnkfsfpgnl bdtgfknsoglr ]glfkfjnl. 4>9:.G. Klnsljdaj, Ylknjnfaspgnkfsfpgnl mlr Jljlawdrt. 4>?3.J. vda mlr Kllw, Sgafhlafkfjnl mlr Ylknjnfa. 4>??.Mr D. Bumrafvsb, F aiflastv. Srv st dpfkfjltnby (zbkdma aduby aif-

lasb). Srdgd 4>?94>?=. Pzmkvdo bangfvad bdtfk. afv dmy sv, WNNN.F. Bdrrlr, Mds Ylknjnfsl na mlr Hlasogglnt uam mds Ogrnstlatuh. @rlniurj n. Ir.

4>?=.

L. _fubup F. S., @nkfsf`nl aiflastv. Srdgd 4>???:.D. Mlhp`, Ylknjnfaspgnkfnsfpgnl. Klnpznj 4>?:.E. Glssla, Mnl Zlrtl mls Glnknjlh. Lnal alul Ylknjnfaspgnkfsfpgnl. Yljlasiurj

4>?7.

>

N . S F E L H A I F L A _ ] P


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Aiflastv plmstdvuel uvmfhkfu zvnskfst kfvbd ad Ifgu n-vftlh prfelvfvdafu (tf el vhr eh laa, ltyhfkfjnob). Aiflastvel svfifma pfmrfila kfvbd alevy hfon v azfrlog d nvft (t. e.uzaa ttf alevy hfon d vmfh pstfva styb s a).

Aiflastv elst uvmfhk pfhr kfvbd b Ifgu. P fisdgu skfvdaiflastv sgklmvhl tytf tn prvby5 d) fatfkfjnob, t. e. zvnskfstkfvbd ad Ifgu, i) `frhka, t. e. uzava ttf zvnskfstn kfvbd adIfgu d o) l`lbtnva, t. e. kfvb vyzav svfu zvnskfst ad Ifgu5 otfub Ifgu (bukt) d pfskuafst b elgf pnbzah. P aiflastv edbftfuvmfhkh pfhru kfvbd b Ifgu el tlmy fisdlaf5 d) uzaa vy- hfon adm kfvblh, Ifgd, ]vrol d alevygf Sad, i) vmfh d

pfont zvnskfstn ad ttf hfon, vyemla otfu b Ifgu d o) sadgfup styb s tfutf hfo d pfskuafst b pnbzah (tf el vhr voa).

Hhlkn ad hyskn aiflastv v fielbtnvah shysku (edbf adubu),

plmstdvuel sfugra prdvm f Ifgu, f lku svtd d nvftd knmsbgf (v-rfubd), sfugra hrdvaog plmpns d prdvnmlk, uprdvueoog pfhrelmaftknvol alif olkbu b alevy iytfstn (hrdvfubd). Aiflastvv suielbtnvah shysku (edbf vanta plsvmla) elst uotvah Ifgdd fmlvzmah sl kfvbd Ifgu.

Aiflastv zdueh olkgf kfvbd, elgf rfzuh, vkn d ont, elgfmun d tkf. d) Yfzuh knmsb sn m fmpfvmn ad mklnt ftzby nvft-a5 elst alevy iytfst, elst Ig, _tvfntlk d alevy Sa, btlrgf

hus kfvb uotvdtn d pfskfuogdtn6 Fmbum pfogz kfvb, of el oklhknmsbgf nvftd, edb sn h kfvb sve nvft zdmntn6 Aiflastvsvhn fmpfv hn ad alegkui d zbkdma ftzby f Ifgu, svt d nvf-t uspfbfeuel vrfzlafu d alutuogdeo tfugu kfvbd pf prdvm n pfmfiru d prftf gklm spfela s alevy hfo. Aiflastv vdb alkzl

pfbkmdtn zd plkum, zd pfug bkdh shysk, zd nst fsfia zklntfstelmaftknvol, ilz btlr iy sl hfgk mfil filentn. _butlafst vantagf,muogfvagf nvftd kfvbd, fm shysk fmknagf, sn vydmuel auta

fmpfvmn ad alemklnte ftzby f svt d nvft, f shysku d lkuvlog vo. kfvb sl alhl zon ttf fmpfvmn. Uadnkf iy tf zonsl prdvmy vilo d pfprdtn rfzuhfvfu sogfpafst knmsbgf muogd. n-a tdb sblptnonshus ( 8 pfogyifvdstv), djafstnonshus (fm djaflna8 alpfzadtn2 el tf azfr, l vl, of el hnhf shyskfvfu zbulafst,el alpfzadtlka) d t pfsntnvnshus ( 8 pfpr m admpnrfzla), btl-rtf `nkfsf`nob azfry prfgkdue, l kfvb vilo alhl b prdvmmfsptn, fmhtde vl, of sl vyhyb shyskfv zbulafstn d tdb alpn

zavde aiflastv bkdma gfmafty v nvft kfvbd, i) Aiflastvpfsnkuel knmsbfu vkn b plvahu fmgfmka Ifgu edbf alevyhuSau vzmvdtn otu d zdmntn nvft pfmkl pfzada prdvmy b mfsdlaokl, t. e. va ikdlafstn, btlrfu aiflastv skniuel. B tfhu el tlidl strday kfvbd ltaog fit. D prv b thtf mfmv aiflastv

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kfvbu sky, na ele tdb fitdvh vl sbutoog ksby b iknahu2th, l aiflastv firdo zrdb kfvbd ad ifsbfu Srfzltlkafst d

pfshrtafu fmhau, pfsbytuel hu togu d pfhfo zvkt v mfiutrpla, ifklstn, alhfon dtm., enhn el nvft knmsb prfvzla, o) ]dbont vstupuel vl skuiu aiflastv, alif sl dsta pn vlog gautogvkl.

NN . S P F M A I F L A _ ] P

Ftzbd f pvfmu aiflastv hl itn zfmpfvmad mvfeh zp-sfilh5 d) tlh lkn sl ad pvfm aiflastv vilo, psku fmpfvmenaa zdhlah vmh d pdklfatfkfjnn ( 8 aduol f tvfrstvu plmvbh, `fsnkah), i) hhlkn ad hyskn alustk vzanba aiflastvu elmaftknvog knm, uvhl aiflasbfpsyogfkfjnobgf ima.4

Menay d ltgafkfjnl ( adubd f ghftaog, sfonkaog d bukturaogpfhrlog arfm) mfbdzue, l bmlbfknv iyk d elst kfvb, vuml tdhiykf d elst n aiflastv. \ vlog arfm n albukturaog (ad azbhstupan vzmkdafstn) adkzhl rza aiflasb fidmy, btlr svm

4 F vzanbu aiflastv, f pvfmah aiflastv knmstvd d f arfmlog ad azbhbukturah stupan, pfelmavde lta bangy, ad pbkdm5

D. Kdaj, ]gl hdbnaj f` rlknjnfa. ?. lm. Kfamfa 4>3>.S. Z. _oghnmt, \rspruaj mlr Jfttlsnmll. Lnal gnstfrnsogbrntnsogl uam pfsntnvl

_tumnl. N.NP. Haogla 4>494>?7.J. Zuamlrkl, Mnl Zurzlk mlr prnhntnvla Ylknjnfa. Zrziurj 4>93.Mr E. Gdau, Fvfm mf srfvavdo vmy aiflasb. Srdgd 4>93. Pzmkvdo

bangfvad bdtfk., sv. KWW.Jgdatlpnl ml kd _dussdyl, Klgriuog ml r Ylknjnfasjlsognogtl. =. Dusj. N.N N, ] -

inajla 4>994.S. _oglilstd, Mlr \rhlasog uam slnal Ylknjnfa. 4>99.Snadrm ml kd Ifukdyl, KLtuml ofhpdrl mls rlknjnfas. NNN. Sdrns 4>994>99?.

Z . _ogh nmt uam Z (. Bpplrs, Pkblr uam Bukturla. Yljlasiurj 4>9=.@. Jrdlialr, Mds Zlktinkm mlr Srnhntnvla. 4>9=.E. Guiy, Ogrnstus. Hdaulk mgnstfnrl mls rlknjnfas. 9:.D. Kl Yfy, Kd rlknjnfa mls prnhntnvls. 999:.S. Z. _oghnmt, Gdamiuog mlr vlrjklnoglamla Ylknjnfasjlsognogtl. \rspruaj uam

Zlrmla mlr Ylknjnfa. Hastlr n. Z. 4>?3.

A. _mlrikfh, Mds Z lrmla mls Jfttlsjkduilas. \atlrsuoguaj ilr mnl Da`ajlmlr Ylknjnfa. 9. Dusjdil. Klnpznj 4>90.D. Dawdamlr, Lna`gruaj na mnl Ylknjnfasjlsognogtl. Haogla 4>?3.G. Filrhdnlr, \rjlsognogtl mlr Hlasogglnt (na Jlsognogtl mlr `grlamla Pk-

blr. K.). 4>?4.Idrfa Mlsodhps, Kl janl mls rlknjnfas. Kls frnjnals. Sdrns 4>?3.

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f vl vl esfuoafst (lxnstlaon) aedb vy iytfstn, admsvtfv, fsfia,btlr mfirf fmhuel d trlst zkf, fm a zvns nvft d shrt kfvbd adzlhn n ad vafstn d btlrfu tlmy autaf ottn, vzvdtn d ushnfvdtn. ]d-bfv vlfiloa plsvmla pfbfkla knmsbgf vl von tdb mklnt al-hl itn hyka.

4. Alsprva azfry f pvfmu aiflastv.

d) ]rdmnonfadknshus (fm kdt. trdmlrl 8 fmlvzmvdtn, smkfvdtn) prdv,l kfvb ala sogfpla, diy mfspk b aiflastv. Hkn tlmy aifla-stv, huslkf hu itn zelvlaf d pdb sl stkl umrfvdkf d plalkf (sta

pfma n trdmnol). ]latf vbkdm f vzanbu aiflastv aluspfbfeuel.Aiflastv elst zelvlh vlfiloah5 u bhla, u anog ala stagfpfma, pned tgf zl zelvla, d tdb u elmaftknvo, u anog ala aedb

vuby. Azfry, plmvda stah pfmah, sl dstf ha d tdb fm-bkmde, aiflastv vdb zstv d s pfbrfblh ali pdmblh vzmkd-afstn elst iu mfbfadkle alif ha mfbfadk. Aiflasb plsvm-la alkzl vysvtkntn ela zlvae vubfu, ilz fgklmu ad pfdmdvbyknmsb pnrfzlafstn.

i) Adturdknshus (adturd 8 prfmd, adturdkns 8 pnrfzla), btlrpfpr fielbtnva zvnskfst kfvbd ad Ifgu, vysvtkuel aiflastvrza.

Aiflastv elst pr mklh ba d zbfafmro, btl b vkdstah uprfspogu vyadklzkn ifstvd d togtf sl mfvfkvdkn b pkaa zbfa. Aiflastv vdb el stdr al ba. Ala aiflastv, prftfl esfuba, dkl pfavdm el aiflastv, prftf esfu ba. Edb hfgkf vzanbaf\tn aiflastv tdh, bml aliykf ba dan zbfafmro6 M enay ahubdzue, l iykf d elst mfmals abml aiflastv ilz ba. Pl stdrogmfiog d mfmals u hafgog arfm bfadkn vllea hfmkntiy d fitnftofv rfmna, pdtrndrogfv, badtd. Elstknl sl zbfafmron mfvfkvdkn

aiflastv b pkaa zbfa, tlmy plmpfbkmdkn aiflastv u knmu daltvfnkn el tlprvl.Aiflastv vzanbkf pr z alzadkfstn prfmy, zl strdogu plm bdzy

prfmah n (ad p. ifu, zlhtlslah d pfm.), el pkfmlh firdznvfstn dvry v bfuzlka sky. ]dbfv tvrzla el `nkfsf`noby d menaa (gnstfrno-by) alsprva, alif5 d) _trdog d grzd plm bdzy prfmahn vlmfuspl b tbu plm anhn d elenog pnafu d anbfknv b ot d izan, edbf

e l v aiflastv. kfvb hl htn fvlh izl plm grfznvhn bdzy

prfmah n d strdog plm ifstvlh. ]f vdb ala pnafu esfuoafstnvy iytfstn d aiflastv, air elenog msklmblh. P menaog knmstvdalhhl stfp pf pfmfiah vzanbu aiflastv. \ alestdrog arfm(ad p. Nam, Slrda, da d e.) n u malaog prnhntnvaog bhla,

elst vy iytfst, Ig, iytfst mfirfu, vzallafu, fograolh hrdvagf

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mu d pfm. i) Aiflastv alstdv plm zrdby kfvbd nmlka svt,vnmnau vafstn, air pfmv hu olk azfr nvfta, pfmkl btlrgftlatf pfzlhsb nvft el pprdvfu b afvhu nvftu, v ah Ig kf-vbd fmhuel. Sfelh f Ifgu ala pkfmlh firdznvfstn, air zbfu-hdeogf rfzuhu, firdznvfst tlatf pfelh pfuzl mfprfvz.

Aiflastv vzanbkf pr z alspkantlkaog pa d tuli knmsb vkld. tfugy pf ikdlafstn, v kdstah prfspogu, zl sfilotv, d) E l fvlhprdvmd, l aiflastv uspfbfeuel uklogtnk pa d tuiy kfvbd.]h sl vdb vy iytfst, ifstvf d aiflastv altvf, air plmpf-bkm. kfvb plol altfu pf tfh, f lh alv, l tf vilo elst d of tf

elst (njaftn aukkd oupnmf). ]db edbf knmsb vkl plmpfbkm rfzuh, pf-mfia, ogolkn kfvb aof fm abfgf, hus plol zatn plmlh, l mf-tya elst d bmf elst. i) Pkl knmsb ala vlmlad sklph pumlh, hlsl svfifma rfzgfmafutn hlzn vohn, plmpfbkm rfzuhfv pfzaa,zpsfi vfkiy pdb ubdzuel hrdva gfmaftu kfvbd. Sfmfia el tfhun v aiflastv, o) _filotv (ljfnshus) zad, l kfvb gklm pfuzlvkdstagf prfspogu (gkdva ghftagf). Aiflastv vdb sl vztdguelb alevy prdvm d mfiru, pdt tlmy vlh d vykuuel sfilobfst. Yfv-a tdb aiflasb nvft vykuuel sfilotv, otd b Ifgu h rz vllea ,Ig el ota edbf mrol mfird ghftagf n edbf fograol hrdvagf mu.Py iytfst, Ig, btlr fikduel kfvbd, alsanuel sl th. Pnmhlfvlh, l vloby tuiy, pa , almfstdtby vlmfu kfvbd b vdzl f shys-

ku nvftd, f pvfmu d okn vlgf d tdb pnogz kfvb rfzuhfvh zv-rlh b pfzaa auta esfuoafstn Ifgd, sv zvnskfstn ad ah nkn b a-

iflastv.Aiflastv pr pfvstdkf z pfugog ont. kfvb alhl pr Ifgd

pfzadtn dan ogttn, pfuzl ele vyonuel. Sfmkl pvrlao djafstnonshu( 8 azfr, l esfuoafst If alkzl rfzuhlh pfzadtn) d pfmkl h fmlrans-t ( 8 `nkfsf`nobfaiflasb ikuma azfry zl zdtbu 93. stfklt)kfvb mfbfaol u zml ad zlhn prfv ptfhafst ifsbfu v sfi d

tlatf zntlb el zmrfelh vlgf aiflastv. _ thtf tvrzlah alkzlsfugkdsntn, alif5 d) Ont plmpfbkm urnt plmht. Sfmfia n ontyaiflasb plmpfbkmde vma f esfuoafstn If d f zvnskfstn kf-vbd ad Ifgu. i) Panta zntlb ptfhafstn If ala phh pfza-ah Ifgd, el pfuzl pfontlh psfila ifsbgf v mun, btlrtf pfont

plmpfbkm vma, l Ig zml psfi, o) Onty, pa d tuiy hfgfuvstn kfvbd, diy plhklah mfspk b Ifgu d b aiflastv. Hdetlmy v aiflastv vlkb vzadh, alesfu vdb elgf zmrfelh.

9. _prva azfr f pvfmu aiflastv.

Fmifra vmlob ima pftvrzuel, l alestdr kfvb, elgf stfpyvmd zdogyouel, iyk sbutla kfvb, anbfknv pfkfzvl, air tvfr pf

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straol knmsb vyvnaut, iytfst hysko (natlknjlata). Alshhl sl fvlhmfhavdtn, l alestdr knm, elenog stfpy esfu ah vmloby pstupay,stkn ad zdtbu vlblrgf knmsbgf nvftd. Ud anhn sn hushl hyskntnelenog alzah plmby, sbutla knmn, f el enog hyklabfvh svt snvdb alhlhl unantn sprvaog plmstdv. D pfavdm idmdtlksbprol esfu vafvay ela urnth bhlah d stlh knmstvd z mfiy enstla gnstfrnob, alhl ah pfmdtn vmlob ima mfsum mfstd-tla fmpfvmn ad ftzbu f pvfmu aiflastv ad svt. Kl plstf,ad zbkdm zdogfvdaog ziytb pf ale stdrh kfvbu, sn hlhl un-antn plmstdvu f elgf aiflasbh nvft, d th tdb vyskfvntn prdvm-pfmfia azfr f pvfmu aiflastv vilo.

Svfm aiflastv kzl vysvtkntn z pnrfzlafstn knmsb, t. e. kfvbdsdhgf edbftf rfzuha iytfstn. Snrfzlafu sadgfu knmsbgf rfzuhu

elst gklmdtn prdvmu, pfzadtn pnau vlgf, svmfh m rfva p -

vfmol hrdvagf mu, pfmfia tfugd pf ikdlafstn vydmuel alevy-gf mfird. Ploby tytf sadgy d tuiy sl sfustl ue d adkzde mfstd-tla fmpfvmn v iytfstn alevy, Ifgu. Ul esfuoafstn (lxnstlaol)zlvaegf svtd d sv vkdsta v ah kfvb plhklah (kfjnoby) adzbkdm zbfad pnaafstn uzdvr, l elst (lxnstuel) pfsklma pnadvlgf, vy iytfst, Ig. Plshr n kfvb zvnsle ad Ifgu, uvmfhkuzaa pdb ttf zvnskfstn ad Ifgu kfvblh elst aiflastv.

]ft pftvrzue menay aiflasb. Sfbfkla knmsb v hnaukfstn n v p -

tfhafstn uvmkf d uvm sve nvft v zvnskfst ad alh vyh, if-stvu, ad Ifgu. ]utf zvnskfst zlva prfelvfvdkf (bukt) d hrdva svenvft pfmkl ifsb vkl zdnzfvdkf.

Alela rfzuh d hykla, air n vkl d ont pnprdvue u kfvbd pmuprf aiflastv, d tf edb u kfvbd stfeogf ad azbh buktura h stupan(prnhntnvagf) tdb u kfvbd bukturagf. Aiflastv el prftf vlfiloah zelvlh v menaog knmstvd, d prftfl pdt b pnrfzlafstn knmsb,elst prftf v tfhtf shysku vkfgfu kfvbu vrfzlafu2 aiflastv elst

gfmaftfu alevy, tvf sve vkdsta olklb.

N N N - S P F M A A I F L A _ ] P

Ufmpfvmtn ftzbu f pvfmah , prvfta h aiflastv knmstvd elstvlkhn tbf. Menay as alvlmfu d b pftbh knmstvd, mfbkdmy z ale-stdr mfiy knmstvd esfu vlkhn mb. N firdo sl pfzfrafst ulao b prn

tnvah bhlah, btlr stfe aleikl alestdrhu knmstvu. Sfmvdeah trdmnon svog plmb, alsfuo stfpy rfzvfel ali pdmbu aifla-sbgf. Alestdr knm fvlh alpfmkgdkn aedb trdmnon alif plmsum-bh, iykn, tf vdb tvfrfv hysko, pfsuzfvdkn slil d zlvae svt, vy-

emlah tfgf pdb iykf elenog aiflastv. Ul stumnd aiflastv, edb

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sl prfelvuel v menaog d u malaog prnhntnvaog arfm (ad azbhbukturah stupan), s pfunth aiflasb `nkfsf`nl d psyogfkfjnlQV8 adubd f mun), hlhl sn unantn plmstdvu f pvfmah aifla-stv knmstvd.

4. Elst abfknb tglfrnn f aiflastv prvaog knm, elgf pvfmu dvkdstafstlog5 d) Y. Fttf, E. Z. Gdulr vysvtkue aiflastv z vanta-gf vnma pfmstdty, fm nrrdonfakagf ontu alestdr mfiy d pf edsafuhyklabu (nmlu) f Ifgu u bukturaog arfm. Alezbkdmaeh prvblhv aiflasbh nvft iyk mnv plm sbutlafst, f a vlobf pfogz,of kfvb alunank, aof tdelhagf zd vnmntlkah svtlh, aof ena-gf, svdtgf, mfirgf, ifstv.

i) Sfmkl tglfrnl hy tgfdadky tnob vysvtkuel L. Mdoqus, l hytgyarfm vyprdvue f alvnmntlka sbutlafstn. Plobf el fnvlaf, fmulvaaf. Bmf el vyadklzk6 Anbmf. Srnhntnva kfvb hk hdjnob zla

prfmy, eh ogpdk prfmu bfklh slil n v sfi d tdb pfmstdtu If,v a vlobf spfv.o) Sfmkl Z. _oghnmtd d elgf stfuplao sl pfmfide prnhntnva knm

ah v abfknblrh shru. El tf plmlvh ftzbd pf pna vlgf,btlr pdt b prvah gauth mul. Mkl el tf sadgd pf tftdknt, olkbuu prnhntnv. ]db edbf ogpdkn mun d tkf edbf elmaftu, olklb, pfmfian fbfka svt. kfvb sl tl5 Of el tf6 Fmbum el tf6 Fmpfvm d uzd-vr ad fsfiu (sadgd pf zfsfiaa). ]ytf tn sadgy hk prnhntnva kf-

vb. Edbf firdz If, hfgk muogfvfu olstfu d ilzprfstlma kfjnbfuvystfupntn b tula d enstft svgf ]vrol (esfuoafst svtd, elgf lk-afst d sfugraa pfmlb).

m) E. Znatguns d e. mfvfzue, l nvfta ont pvfmaog prnhntnvaogarfm iyk fmkna fm zpdmagf. \zavde tglnshus (vru vl vy,ifsbfu iytfst alestd r mfiy, tdb sadgu pf fmpfvmn ad ftzbu5 fm-bum n zfsfifvdo pum. stlmah zntblh alestdrgf kfvbd iyk n-vft sh. Aiflasb hykla kfvbd vyogzlkf z elgf mulvagf n-

vftd, z elgf ont d zbulafst (spfkllastv nvftd d ksby).l) ]ytf tglfrnl sl advzelh mfpkue. Pysvtkue vdb ela st aif-lasb sbutlafstn. Aiflastv v pkah shysku elst vol al prfma`nkfsf`nl d bfshfkfjnl, t. e. vysvtkla svtd. Aiflastv h vdb pl-mlvh muogfvahrdva strabu, anbfknv pfuzl vmfh f `ysnob z-vnskfstn kfvbu b alhu, of elst adm ah. ]utf strabu aiflastvsl sad fi edsan tn E . G. Alwhda. Ig elst prnhntnvah arfmh alelahfoa, hfumr dtm., elst tdb vnmfuo, svdt, sprdvlmknv, hnkfsrma.

Aiflasb vmfh f Ifgu pfa vl svmfh. kfvb (ad vyh n an-h stupan buktury) pfonuel v sfi tdelha d alfmfkdtlka5 hus! kfvb ogpl, of el mfirf, prvf, vnad2 vlogaf tftf v ah vziuzuelmnv, z agf pdb vzanb otd d ksbd.

`) Iniknob zprvdf aiflasbog prdmenaog sl elv edbf uzdvrdr

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eo vysvtkla d sfugra tglfrnn f pvfmah aiflastv, elgf vzanbu dvkdstafstlog. P iniknobh pfma esfu pfmkl Z . _oghnmtd fisdlay z-bkdma prvby aiflastv5 plsvmla f ifsbh Muogu, _tvfntlknvlgf d pvfmu kfvbd, hrdvagf mu. B vysvtkla tfgftf vmfhstd vanta pfogfm knmsbgf pfzfrfva, anbfknv zzrda pfogfmy dzsdgy zlvae. Fsvola ala pfmkl tglfkfj (ifgfskfvo) ano enagfal vanta zelvla . kfvb sn alhus itn vmfh tdbfvgf pfzaaedbf fsvola, smkla Ifgf. Hk el d th pnedk zelvla.

Iniknob zprvd as vdb alaut, diyogfh sn rdesb stdv prvaog knmplalkn mf aedb jlanka s`ry d elenog vmfhfstn plgakn. lkfvb alh sve nvft sh fm slil, l svfu mun pnedk fm vlfiloagfMrol nvftd tftf zenta pnzav mals bdm zadtlk prnhntnvaogarfm. Alkzl adgkmafutn, prf iy tf alhkf itn pfmfia u prvaogknm.

dsta prdstdv aiflasbgf knmstvd nel mkl vl vzpfhabog prn-hntnvaog arfm, dvdb tdb u lb, hda, Slrda, Idiykfda.

\otva Ifgd, brfh vantaog bfa oty d vmafstn, sl prfelvf-vdkf hfmkntifu d pnalah fit.

9. Abtl ulaon, ad p. A. _mlrikfh, rfzmkue azfry ad pvfmaaiflastv knmstvd ad tn sbupnay5 vru v muogy (danhnshus), vru vlvy sky (hdanshus, hdjnshus) d vru v pvfmol vlgf (tglnshus),b a tlid p npf entn zvkta sbupnau5 vru v elmafgf Ifgd (hfaftglns

hus).d) Sfmkl stfuplao danhnshu (danhd 8 mul) pvfma aiflastviykd vrd v muogy alif mul, spfela s azfrlh, l olk prfmd elstfnvlad, alif bukt zlsaukog plmb d grmna. Pzanb aiflastv vybk-mde tdbtf5 kfvb pfsuzfvdk prfmu pfmkl slil d plmstdvfvdk sn enfnvlau. _palb, say d sh rt vlmky kfvbd b sumbu, l v tkl smk aofalghftagf, of psfi nvft d pfgyi, tlmy hyklabd f esfuoafstn mul._hrt sn vysvtkfvdkn knm fmogfmlh mul z tkd, fmtum hyklabd f mdk-

h nvft mul. U plmstdvy f mun vzanbkd plmstdvd f muogfvog iy-tfstlog, mfirog n zkog, iyk vytvfla elenog bukt, zvkt pdb bukt plm-b, grmna dtm.

Danhnshus, zdkfla ad t. zv. tglfrnn vvfefv, alfistfe vdb danpf straol mulva (psyogfkfjnob) dan pf straol menaa (gnstfrnob),d) l kfvbd autaf pfbkmdtn zd vyvnaut zvl, elst almfbzdah

plmsumblh vvfefv tglfrnl. kfvb ala vlmla pfuzl pumlh (na-stnabtlh), air plmlvh rfzuhlh, i) Pbkdmy danhnshu esfu al-

sprva pf straol mulva. Alestdr knm plol pfzadkn zl sv mlaazbulafstn, l olk prfmd ala nv. Ul sa, alhfon dtm. aliykn auolantytf plmstdvy advlalb zfsfifvdtn, pfzavdkn, l say alesfu sbutl-afst2 alkzl tlmy z togtf zelv fmvfzfvdtn vzanb aiflastv. Azfrf fnvla prfmy ala aiflastvh. ]lprvl pnstfupkn hyklabd f z-

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vnskfstn vlgf ad vy iytfstn, hh l aiflastv. Yfva uotva plmEo d grmna plmpfbkm hyklabu f ifstvu, o) Pbkdmy danhnst al-fistfe dan s gklmnsbd menaagf. Pnmhl z mena, l vrd vl vy iytfstn,v ifstvf, v Ifgd, el tdb stdr edbf vrd v muogy2 alkzl mfbzdtn, l iytlprvl z a vzanbkd. Muogfv sl adfpdb kn fm ifstvd d esfu pfm elgf

vkmfu. \ abtlrog arfm albukturaog ala pdb buktu plmb, btlrsl mfstdk mf aiflastv tlprvl pfzmen, m) Menay fvlh tdb ubdzue,l danhnshus hk ad vvfe aiflastv zada vknv, iyk eh pfrulaprdv aiflasb bukt, t. e. otd elma alevy iytfstn (hfaftglnshus),vlmk b hafgfifstv (pfkytglnshus). Danhnshus, btlr plmstdvuelpdmbfvfu `frhu aiflasbfu, alkzl tlmy pfbkmdtn zd pvfma, ale-stdr aiflastv knmstvd.

i) Svrlaon hfanshu (hdjnshu) spdtue pvfma aiflastv vlvl v tdelha sky, btlrog sl kfvb pfhfo bfuzlk zhfouel (hdjnl)._lh pdt n `ltnnshus, tdiunshus d tftlhnshus.

Sfmkl hdanshu alestdr knm sn almfvlmkn vysvtkntn hnhfma zel-vy prfma, ad p. ifun, zelvy knmsbgf nvftd, ad p. say, vnma, n gkl-mdkn elenog pnau v tdelhaog snkog. Sfhfo bfuzlk sl sadnkn zhfoantn sl togtf snk d vletn s anhn vl styb (bfuzlkaon).

Azfry hdanshu alfistfe dan s gklmnsbd mulvagf dan menaagf,d) P hdanshu sl plmpfbkm u kfvbd sadgd vysvtkntn sn pnau al-zahog zelv. Sfmkl zahog ppdm gklm kfvb pnau iu gh ft-afu alif alghftafu. Uelvy prfma n zelvy knmsbgf nvftd vlmky kf-vbd b hyklaol, l adm thntf naby hus itn pnad hfoae fsfia ifstvf. Sfmfia u bfuzlk sl plmpfbkm zadkfst sky n elegf

pvfmol, i) _ gklmnsbd menaagf iy iykf autaf tv rm ntn, l alestdr knmnkn v fimfi zvla ontknvfstn zl zelv prfmaog, fvkman esfuolbfuzky. \ malaog arfm albukturaog vdb adkzhl vru v muogy dbfuzkd v hdk hl, adfpdb vdb vru vl vy iytfstn, v ifstvf.

Sfmkl `ltnnshu pnpnsuel kfvb abtlrh plmhth, ad p. rfstkn-

a, zvltn, sfl, zvkta, vy hfo. Iyk tf fiylea plmht, btlrgfsl kfvb ik. Abmy iv ota plmht (`ltn) sh, enamy vy iytfst,muog v plmhtu plivdeo.

@ltnnshus alhl itn pvfmah aiflastvh. Srfelvuel sl v ahd plmpfbkm en vrd vl vy hfo, iytfst, btlr v plmhtu psfi.@ltnnshus t sdhfstdta alvystupuel, el spl zaltvflah aifla-stv.

_ `ltnnshlh sfuvns tdiunshus. ] diu el iu fsfid (alkab), plm -

ht (pfbrh, fmzadb), alif stdv (zrfzla, alhfo, shrt). El tf aof pf-svtagf, nstgf, almftbautlkagf. Bmy abmf tdiu pfru, stngafuel e psa trlsty. Srftfl vdb n tdiu el prfelv vry vl vy hfo, al-kzl v tdiunshu gklmdtn prvfta aiflastv.

P tftlhnshu hhl hstf `ltnl tftlh (bhlafv zadb slvlrfdhlrno-

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bog Namna). Iv tf firdz nvfnogd alif rfstknay edbftf zadb urn-tgf bhlal. ]dbfvgf nvfnogd ala mfvfklaf zdieltn dan pfemdtn._ tftlhlh iv spfelad n otd b plmbh bhlal.

]ftlhnshus autaf pfbkmdtn spl zd zelv spfkllasb (sfonka), an-bfknv aiflasb. ]db u hafgog albukturaog arfm vilo ogyi.

o) Sfmkl tglnshu el tlid pfbkmdtn zd pfmstdtafu skfbu pvfmagf,alestdrgf aiflastv, vru v pvfmol vlgf. Gkdva zdstaon tfgftfazfru esfu D. Kdaj, Z . _oghnmt, Z . Bfpplrs d e. ]dtf vrd sl vysby-tuel u prnhntnvaog arfm, edb mfbdzue hnsnfan. Abmy sl uzavvol iytfst, adml vlhn vdb elst alevy iytfst, btlr fiylea skuel5Ftlo. N hlhl on, l hyklabd f alevy iytfstn, Ifgu,pvfmon vl-gf, mron hrdvagf mu d fmpkdtntlkn, el zbkdmlh vlgf aiflastv.D tf el tlmy pvfma, al estdr aiflastv, btlr vyrst z rfzuhfv-gf plsvmla f vy iytfstn, hfon, fm a vlobf zvns, btlr el p-vfmolh vlgf. Ploby plmlk azfry, danhnshus, hdjnshus, `ltnnshus d tftlhnshus plmpfbkmde tutf hyklabu f vy iytfstn d hfond tdb sl stvde aiflastvh. Svfmaiflastv autaf gklmdtn v knmsbh rfzuhu, btlr plhklah f svt d f sfi mfspv b pfzaad uzaa alevy iytfstn,h b a otud el fogftla en pfskfuogdtn.

m) Alkzl vdb tvrmntn, l pvfmah aiflastvh iykf hafgfifstv(pfkytglnshus) d tlprvl z agf l sl vyvnaukf elmafifstv, t. e. vrdv elmnagf Ifgd (hfaftglnshus). _rfvavdo vmd aiflasb, stu-

mnuh arfm ad azbh bukturah stupan n srfvavdo edzybfzpyt mf-bdzue, l vlmkl azfr hafgfifsbog sltbvhl sl u togtf arfms vrfu v elmau alevy iytfst, tvrol vlgf, iytfst mfirfu. ]utf vruv elmafgf Ifgdnkn hfaftglnshus el autaf pfbkmdtn zd alestdr, pvfma aiflastv knmstvd.]lprvl pdmblh vzanbkd vrd v hafgf if-g (pfkytglnshus). El tf tdb zvda tglfrnl mljlalrda (mljlalrdol8 pdmlb). _ thtf azfrlh f pvfmah aiflastv sfugkds Sshf sv., btlr hkuv f esfuoafstn elmafgf Ifgd, _tvfntlkl alil n zl-

h, hafgfifstv pdb pfbkm zd pdmlb d pfrula prdvgf aif-lastv. ]dtf tglfrnl, vyiumfvda fm sv. Sdvkd d sv. Dujustnad, elzdstvad blsdasbhn orbvlhn. Hfaftglnshus edbf pvfma a-

iflastv iyk zdkfla ad zelvla Ifh, btlr zprfstlmbfvdkf knmlhpfzaa elmafgf Ifgd d elenog stdafvnsbf b ahu. Fmpdmlh fm zelvlad pnbkfaah b volh vzanbkf pfgdastv. Idmdtlksb prol D. Kdajd,S. Lgrlarlnoglrd, B. Srlussl, A. _fmlrikfhd, Z. _oghnmtd d e. pf-tvrzue tlatf azfr.

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NP. S L G K L M A M E N A ^ A I F L A _ ] P A D _ P ]

Aiflastv elst vlfiloah zelvlh v menaog knmstvd. Edbf sogfp-afst hyskntn, pfmfia n aiflastv pdt b sdh pnrfzlafstn knmsb.Menay as pfuue f aiflastv u arfm gnstfrnoby zahog5 buk-turaog n albukturaog, z mfiy ptfha n z mfi hnaukog. Aiflastvknmstvd plmgnstfrnobgf ah fsvtkuel pdklfatfkfjnl, ltgafkfjnl, srfv-avdo edzybfzpyt d pfm. Ul stumnd aiflastv d arfm mfiy ptfh-a n mfi hnaukog sfumhl f aiflastv knmstvd v mfi plmgnstfrnobd alestdr. Sn tfh sn vhhl zvkt aiflastv u malaog arfm

prnhntnvaog, btlr stfe alei kl alestdrh knmlh._ gklmnsbd admpnrfzlagf zelvla Ifgf hfgfu itn rfzmklad a-

iflastv ad tn sbupnay5 d) tdbfv, btlr esfu admpnrfzlagf zelvlaalevol vzmklad, t. e. aiflastv pfgdasb, i) aiflastv, zdkfla

ad admpnrfzlah zelvla Ifh, t. e. blsdastv d o) tdbfv, btlruzavde admpnrfzla zelvla, dvdb pfhogda ikumahn plmstdvd-hn d almfbfadk, t. e. nmfvstv d nskh. _ tfgftf gklmnsbd pfmvhlzml strua plgklm mena aiflastv, fvlh ela u gkdvaog arfmad svt.

Yfzknuelhl zml aiflastv arfm plmgnstfrnobog, arfm t. zv.prfmaog (kfvon, ryin, pdstn), arfm ad azbh bukturah stupan(prnhntnvaog) d arfm bukturaog.

4. Aiflastv arfm plmgnstfrnobog d prnhntnvaog.

Afve vybfpvby d aklzy fielvnky stfpy kfvbd z mfiy tvrtf-gfra (mnkuvnka), ad p. grfiy, brlsiy dtm., z anog hlhl dspf al-phf sfumntn f elenog aiflastv. Ul stumnd malaog prfmaog dprnhntnvaogarfm (v D`rnol, fife Dhlrnol, Folann) pkyal, l sbfrfvlogay uzavde esfuoafst aedbgf nvftagf zmrfel v kfvbu, btlr

pf shrtn kfvbd mkl nel d elgf ikdlafst zvns ad nvft kfvbd adzlhn. Hafg mul plogzle mf enaog knm alif mf zv dt ( 8 stgf-va mu). Abtlr z mu zlhlkog, zidvla vol knmsbog almfbf-adkfst, esfu pnpfelay b muogh, btl edbftf iytfstn vy al knm,knmn fpdtrue d esfu s anhn vl spfela. Esfu muogfv mfi d zk. Elstmkl Plkb Muog, btlr pdauel muogh d fvkm tdb sky prfma.Elst alevy, hfoa, pa nvftd d shrtn, knmlh alpstupa, mfir2vlfiloa vdb sl hu bukt alvzmv. \ vlog togtf arfm spdtuel-

hl hrdva zbfa, btlrgf autaf asklmfvdtn. Srfma arfmy zadehfmkntiy, fit, dstf ela v zlvae `frh. Bfuzlkanotvh sn gklm zs-bdtn pfhfo mfirog muog prftn zkh d zvkmafutn prfmu. Aifla-stv elst alela fsfia, air rfmnaafu d spfkllasbfu zklntfst.

Ad plogfmah stupan b arfmh bukturah elst aiflastv bhl-

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a v Hlxnbu d Slru. Pzlkf z uotva hfoaog snk prfmaog, hlzn4? vyhn ifstvy sl fielvue alevl bhlafv ig Dztb _trdkn-v, elgf i rd tr d ig zkdt prvfta mfiy. kfvb iyk stvfla z alils-b brvl d pfzlhsbog bfst. Sf shrtn el trfe stdv5 prf mfir, zk dstlma. Bukt tvf hfmkntid, fi, zvkt pdb fitn knmsb. Hafgf el

pfsvtaog hst, ogrh d svtb. Aiflastv Slruao bkdml hlznifgy ad alevy hstf ifgd skuaol. ]rva kfvbd pf shrtn uzavde,rfva pfshrtafu fmpkdtu d vzbla z hrtvog.

9. Aiflastv arfm bukturaog.

Arfmfv buktura sl kn fm arfm prfmaog d prnhntnvaog svhmenaah ogdrdbtlrlh. F elenog muogfvah nvft, zvkt pdb f a-iflastv, svm pfsvta bangy ad p. da, Nam dtm. d rza enapdhtby.

Plogad rfzla aiflastv d mf pogfmu blsdastv vzanbkdad Pogfm, v Dsnn. Pnhalhl sn alemvl aiflastv vogfmaog a-rfm hfajfksbog, pftfh sbupnay arfm bdvbdzsbog, d tf ogdhntsbog, slhntsbog d drnesbog, bfala fstdtaog hlaog arfm2b tfhu iuml pnpfela strua fisdg aiflastv blsdasbgf.

N. A I F L A _ ] P H F A J F K _ B O G A Y F M

D . da.

Aiflastv da sl iglh mfiy hankf. Alestdr aiflasbadubd da elst fisdlad v ptn bangog Bnaj (z prva pfkfvnay ?.tnsonklt p. Br.) d vl tylog bangog u. Alevy iytfst sl adzv] n 8 pa, dajtn 8 alevy pa d ]nla 8 alilsd. Elst palh nvf-td d shrtn. Ad elgf vkn esfu zvnsk muogfv fogrdaa (la) d muogfv

plmb (bvln). Fife esfu uotvan, of svm f vl v alshrtlkafst.F bukt pluel spfklafst, plmlvh g kdvd sttu dtm. Aiflasb nvftzkl v pkaa vkl If vl stt d v rfmna.

Udbkdmdtlk tdfnshu Kdftsl (adr. 03= p. Br.) u, l vlobf pfogzz ]df ( 8 rfzuh, skfvf)2 el tf alevy ifstvf, pvfm vlgf, svtfvzbfa, prdvnmkf d olstd otafstn. ]df elst ilz pnay, va muog, tvr-ol alil d zlh. ]df ala fsfifu, elst ela zmrfelh d zbfalh, psfid nel vl vlh. Otafsta kfvb h dst ad ]df, btlrgf h v sfi

ztklsantn. ]dfnshus iyk vl ?. stfk. p. Br. pfrula fm gdmd d bfu-zlkab.]rfe bukt (alevy iytfstn, jlan d plmb) sl sadnk fiafvntn Bfaj

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zlhn esfu otay edbf ifstvf, zvkt mul zlhlkog. Bfaj`utsl sgrf-hmnk stdrfiyk bangy asb. Admnk, diy ifstvu ]nla ( 8 alilsd)iykd zdogfvad vkdstafst hrdva hfon. Alunk aiflastv, airhrdvafstn s elehn plmpnsy prf stta d rfmnaa nvft. Hrdvfubd spf-v v rfvafvzl hlzn nvftlh rfzuhfvh d shyskfvh.

P 4. stfk. pf Br. sl rfznk v a iummgnshus, pfzmen blsdastv dnskh.

I. Edpfaon.

\ Edpfao elst plmlvh stdr aiflastv, snatfnshus (8 otdmuog). Svfma iykf alil, bml pfvstdkd mvfenol ifg, hlzn anhn Nsdadjn d Nsdadhn. Fm anog pfogz zlh, ifgfv skuaol, hsol d iful.Paub ifgya skuaol mfstdk vkmu adm Edpfasblh d elgf vaub nhu]laaf iyk prvah osdlh, fm agf pdb pdaueo edpfasb rfm.

O. ]dtdrsb bhlay.

]dtdrsb bhlay5 Edbut, ]uajusfv, Hfajfkon, Bnrjnzfv, ]dtdnd e. hkn alevygf ifgd, tvrol alil d zlh d prvaog knm pfm a-zvlh ]lajlrl, pfm ah el dmd ifstlv. ]ytf bhlay v v muogymfir n zk (v pfmsvt). Mals elst u anog rfzla nskh, iummgnshus dt blsdatsv.

M. \rdksbf-umsb bhlay.\ bhla urdksbfumsbog5 Kdpfao, _dhfelm, mkl Hd dr,

Iukgdr d e. iykd ifgdt hytgfkfjnl. Hkn ifstvd alils, vfm, kls,alshra pflt muog mfirog n zkog (v pfmsvt). Mals elst u togtfarfm blsdastv bdtfknob, prdvfskdva n prftlstdatsb.

\ hfajfksbog arfm v slvlra Dsnn, u bhla urdksbog d tdtdr-sbog pdauel t dhdanshus, t. e. bfuzlkanotv, spfela s vrfu v mu-ogy. dhda (bfuzlkab) vstupuel vl styb s muoglh, diy tlatf sbrzl

ae elhu dalif enah prfspk alif bfmnk.

N N . B D P B D U ] A Y F M F P

Alemvl sn vnhalhl aiflastv u arfm ogdhntsbog, bl btl-rh pdt5

D . Ljyp da.

Ljypda pdt b alestdrh hlzn bukturahn arfmy tlgmlegf sv-td. Elenog menay sdgde d mf


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elmafifstv pdb iykf sfugralh vlog uotvdaog ifg. Shog m-bdz prf tdtf tvrzla alhhl.

P mfi gnstfrnob plmstdvuel ljyptsb aiflastv shs stdroghstaog aiflastv d bukt, btlr iyky uzavay v elmaftknvog zl-hog d enog skfulah vzanbkf elmafta aiflastv urntgf sttu.Aiflasb plmstdvy Ljypda iyky spfelay s prfmfu5 skuaolh,

hsolh, lbfu Anklh, zvdty. Plmkl hafgfifstv esfu u anog stfpydanhnshu, `ltnnshu d elmafifstv. B vyanbdeoh ifgh pdt Fsnrns,

elgf otd iykd rfzlad pf olkh Ljypt. Iyk pfbkma zd vkmolknm. Elgf hdalkbfu iykd Nsns. Ig skuaol sl adzvdk Yd, vkmk adm

ifgy n knmhn2 iyk ota zvkt v Glknfpfkn. Ig fga iyk Stdg, ftloifg d tvrol svtd. Dhfa iyk ota v ]gliog d stdk sl pdb gkdvfuhstaog ifg. ]gft d _d`log esfu ifgfv hsol, hry d pshd. Gfrus d Gdtgfr esfu ifgfv skuaol, ifglh hrtvog el Dauins. Ljypda

uotvdkn zlhlk2 iykn plsvmlan f alshrtlkafstn knmsb mul. Slmvogfmlh mf alil elst mul sfuzlad plm Fsnrnslh d =9 sfumon2 tn, btl- glnkn d alnankn pfba, pnogzle mf plbkd. \ Ljypda iykfhafgf vlkbfklpog ogrh. Ba iykn rfzmklan ad tyn tmy s ale-vyh bazlh v lkl. Iyky pnalay lta fitn. Brk iyk fm Ljyp-da pfbkma zd syad ifgd Yd d iykd hu vzmvad ifsb otd.P prftnv bl buktu ifg stk bukt zvdt, ad p. ibd (Dpns), brvy, il-rdad d e., rfstkna, ad p. kftfsu, pdkhy.

I. Fstdta arfmfv ogdhntt.Fstdta arfmfv ogdhntt, fivdeo Ljypt d slvlra D`rnbu, gks

sl mals vtnafu b nskhu (suant)2 ena vyzavde vtnafu elmafifstv.A d mrugh hst el sbupnad arfm slhntsbog.l iykf v mfi plmgnstfrnob u . slhntsbog arfm rfzlaf elmaf

ifstv. el pdtraf zl eh la (sl spfklah bhlalh), enhn iyk Ig fzad-fva. ]db ad p. u Glirl skukkLp u Dssyda d Idiykfda Nku,

u fiyvdtlk _rnl Dkkfgf, u Drdi D kkg. |l fv_lh prdvdd]l u a'Bnlryog arfmu vzanbkf hafgfifstv zfsfiaah abtlrog ifsbogvkdstafst d pfm., dvdb hfadrognob zvnskfst ifg iykd uzavad.

D . _uhlrfv.

\ _uhlr, prdfiyvdtlk Idiykfanl, btl snol aliykn _lhnty, spd-tue lhl plmstdvu alevygf ifstvd. Dau elst Ig alils, alestdrifstvf. Ifglh zlh d hfl elst Ld. Iykf u anog t rfzlaf bfuzlkanotv. _uhlrfv vnkn v pfshrta nvft d v fmpkdtu pf shrtn.

RI. Dssyda d Idiykfda.

\ Dssyda d Idiykfda iyk v alestdr mfi ota elmla ig, Nkubtlr smk ad alin, gvzmog d hson. Sflt ifg pftfh vzrstdk2

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P mfi gnstfrnob esfu zahd tn ifstvd5 Dau, t. e. svrogfvda paalils, ftlo ifg, pa svtd d hstd rlog, Ilk, t. e. pa zlh d hstdAnppur, bfala Ld, t. e. ig vfm d pa hstd Lrnmu.

Arfmah ifglh Dssyda iyk Dssur, btlr iyk v lkl uvlmlaogt ifg, iyk brklh ifg, tvrol alil d zlh. Mkl esfu uotvad tdtfifstvd5 _na ig hsol, _dhd ig skuaol, Ina ig pfvt.

..Ud vkmv G dh hurdingf stdk sl v IdivkfannR(9.433 p, Bre e palhifg Hdrmub t sya ifgd Ld, pvfma ig skuaol d hstd Idilku. Mklel tf Nstdr, ifgya hstd Ananvl d e.

Dssy d Idiykfda pstfvdkn t dstrfkfjnn, hdjnn, hkn ltaogrhy, bazl, bfadkn aiflasb fidmy d prvfmy. Pnkn v pfshrt-a nvft d fmpkdtu. Plmkl stdrfidiykfasb kljlamy f stvfla svtd elstlpfs f JnkjdhlfvnEko pftfpu svtd.

i . @lrntlrg.Alevy ifstvf u @landa sl adzvdkf Lk, Mdk azvy iyky5

Iddk 8 pa alils d Hlklb 88 brk. Iddk zadnk ifgd urntgf hstd,ad p. Knidau, skuaol, alils2 rfva Hlklb zadnk ifgd skuaol d rz-aog hst, knm d pfm. Alevy ig ]yru skuk Hnkbdrt. Hnkbfh (inikno-b Hfkfog) iyk Iddk, b elgf pfot iyky fitfvay gkdva mtn. Sf

ifbu ifg iyky ifgya, ad p. Iddkdt d Hnkbdt2 mkl Doglrd d Dstdrtd(alif Nogtdr), ifgya ksby, btlr iykd uotvad aloumafsthn. Dstdrtd

_yr sl zvdkd Oyilkl.M. _yrf-drdisb bhlay.

\ syrfdrdisbog bhla (Bdadaleon, Hfdint, Drdhleon, Drdifvd e.) iykf hafgf rzaog ifg, kl n u anog alvyhnzlkd plmstdvd elm-afgf alevygf ifstvd. \ Drdhleo iyk Iddk d Lk, hfdintsb ig sl

eh lafvdk Blh" syrsb" LOdhfantsb Hnkbfh, Lmfhnt, iknzo Nzrdlkn-th, hkn pfelh elmafgf Ifgd, vkmol d tvrol.

Ale vy ig Drdiskuk Dkkg. Plmkl agf iykd dmd ifg d ifgy.Ad Drdiy psfinkf nmfvstv d blsdastv, pnedkn elmafifstv, dvdbdan tf alpnspkf b zklpla aiflasbog pfhr. P mfi vystfuplaHfgdhlmfvd (adr. bfk r.


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elst pfmrfila alzhantlkahu, plmlh hu urlahu fsumu. Sf vzb-la z hrtvog d filoah sfumu adstdal prf vo hfgdhlmay res fshn fmmklahn, pka shyskaog rfzbf, prf alvo pdb d pdtahfgdh lmay plbkf sl slmhn fmmklahn. Adbfalo vdb iumfu zdvrlanad phkuvu Hfgdhlmd uvlmlan mf rel.

Hrdvfubdnskhu el ad elma strda psa5 zdbdzuel pfva vad,vlpfvgf hdsd, uotva firdz, knogvu, vrdmu sfuvrol2 ad mrugstrda pdb vfka5 mfvfkuel hafgflastv, brlva hstu, ftrfotv, asnkvn enafvroh d pfm.

Nskh ubkm hfmkntiu ptbrt mlaa, pst v hson rdhdmdau, uh-va plm hfmkntifu, dspf elmafu zd nvft pfut mf Hlbby d rfvaife s alvohn.

Bmy iyk Hfgdhlm fm svog piuzaog v Hlbol fmhtaut, fml-irdk sl r. 099 mf Hlmnay. ]ftf plsm kla iykf adzvaf tblh (glmrd)2fm tfgf rfbu zdadk hfgdhlmasb kltfpflt.4 Hlbbd sl stdkd fm tmfiy stlmnsblh nskhu. Aiflastv Hfgdhlmfvf sl nkf gkdva a-snkh d stdkf sl pfhdku aiflastvh svtfvh.

L. Nzrdlknt.

Ud alevzadhae zahbu aiflastv Nzrdlknt el vlfiloa pf-bkmaf elmafifstv. N bmy el nmfvsb aiflastv sadm arfmazidrvlaf, plol el adprfst prftnbkdm hlzn pfgdasbh hafgfifstvh

fibkfpueoog arfm d hlzn zbkdma prdvmfu nzrdlksbgf aifla-stv5 P elmafgf Ifgd vntn iuml! Menay nzrdlksbgf arfmd vyprd-vue fvlh f dsth updmaut v hafgfifstv d hfmkstv, dvdb tdbf fmgfmkdah d vtzah ifen ltaog prfrfb f umrla vry v elmafN`nrIfgdr'"........ " ~ * -

"Nzrdlksb Ig skuk Lk, Edgvl, tvrol alils d zlh. N bmy ele NzrdlkntQpdB]tndkn zd svgf arfmagf Ifgd, ela s anhn uzdvlk shkfuvu,

plol el e uzavdkn zd ftol vlblrgf knmstvd. Ig stvfnk prdrfmnl ol-

kgf pfbfl_aren d bmy tntf utrdtnkn gogl.h prvftah sve admpn-rfzla stdv, skink enh Pybuptlklkp nna a h bfklh arfmd nzrdlksbgf iykf2 umrfvdtn v pfbfkla knmsbh vru v elmafgf Ifgd d admenv iumfuogf Pybupntlkl' Pl _tdrh Ubfal iykf pnbzaf Ifgd ottnd hnkfvdtn. QAiflasb prdbsl vdb sl bkfankd b pfughu prvah u

pfh ru hlzn ifglh d arfmlh5 zbfa sl stdvdk htblh ]]o]sbgfelmaa daTQfanbf55hdPa4g~3'tvftd2~btlr~usNfvN f zlvae pkaazbfad, 'kdb hnzlkf vanta, hrdva shkla, muog bdeoafstn, vanta

spfela s Ifgh. Btfh u pnspkd zvds rdiasbkBlfNfjkl]`lr a-iflastv unankd aiflastv zbfad, aiflasb hrdvafst plkdv hfumrfst prvanobfu. U tfgf pkyaukf, l iumfuo, flbvda _pdsn-tlk, iyk v elenog plmstdvog Qpl svtsbh, pfkntnobh fiafvntlklh

4 Fm 4. ilzad 4>4: iyk zdvlmla v ]urlobu jrljfrnasb bdklam.

9=


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zbfad d arfmagf brkfvstv al fiafvntlklh vantagf, aiflasbfhrdvagf nvftd.

N N N . DYNE_B AYFM^

VNamflvrfpt arfmfv5 Namfv, Slrda, lbfv, hda,,BlktfvQ_kfvda, Jlrhan, uotvdkn pvfma elmaf alevy ifstvf. Mfbdzueltf srfvavdo edzybfzpyt, btlr zenuel prf azlv ifstvd u togtf a-rfm t bhla. ]db ad p. zl sdasbrtsbgf mya, t. e. svtntn, el utvfla

pvkdstlb ifsb mlvd, plrsby mdlvds, lob mnfs alif tglfs, kdtnasby


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hdanshus elst aiflastv vybfupla, fsvfifzla fm svtd. H sv bf-lay v plssnhnshu Nam, zdvnaah sadm imahn nvftahn pfhryd pfkntnobh d sfonkah utnsbfvah. Aiflasbh vrdzlh tfgftf

plssnhnshu e lst adubd f stgfva mu, spfvdeo vl zafvuadrfzla sl d stgfvan mf tk zvdt alif knm pfmkl stupa, edb sl mul pn-prdvnkd ad iumfuo nvft v plmlkh nvft. El tf auta zbfa pnaafstn (bdrhd), pkd ta prf vloby. Srftfl olk nvft el vkdsta stmahstdvu utrpa, alziv al fsvfifmntn sl fm fptagf zrfzla. B tfhu

el tlid, diy muog (dthda) pfzadk svfu ifsbfu pfmstdtu, diy adgkmk,l elst elmaf sl vlfiloah ifsbh prdzmrfelh vlgf (Irdghda).P tfhtf pdaglnstnobh shysku ala pdb magf rfzmku hlzn pfm-htlh d plmhtlh, hlzn elmaftknvhn namnvnmun, ala nvftd danshrtn, utrpla alif rdmfstn, alif vlogaf elst elmaf.. Srdv ikdlafstspfv v pfzaa pka elmafty s prvfpftblh vlgf (Irdghda d

dthda). P tfh elst vkdsta vybfupla fm mdkgf zafvuzrfzla d mdk-gf nvftd ad zlhn. Diy sl olstd stgfva mu zbrtnkd, b tfhu skfufitn, slilzpfr (dstf asnka), efjnafv d `nkfsf`nl.Aleikl b okn esfu

irdghdan, pdb ifefvaon, lhlskaon, rfkaon, alea l el knm prfst (sumrfs).

xo) Iummgnshus.

Udbkdmdtlk iummgnshh Jdutdhd _nmmgdrtdt(


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mul d elegf stvfla. Meul. elst pfugh bfalh, b tlr mkl trv, mf-bum vyholah tfugy pf iyt sprvah pfzaah d dsbls sh al-zgdsal." .''' Q ~ ~

Pybupntlkl vl vkdstah shysku iummgnshus alza, Iummgd ubzdkpfuzl svh ulah d pbkdmlh olstu b vybfupla. Iummgnstnob vy-bfupla sl tb `ysnobgf zkd, spfv v pdsnva kgfstleafstn, v hrtvla

bdm abkfaafstn b nvftu. Ala tf tlmy vybfupla fm hrdva imy, fmgogu. Srftfl vybfupla sl alvztdguel vilo b Ifgu, ala tdtf adubdvkdsta aiflastvh. El tf systh f vybfupla ilz Ifgd. Iummgd shmfsvmuel, l mfsgk alevygf fsvola d vybfupla tlprvl pf pf-zaa ty svdtog prdvm.

P iummgnshu ala tlmy tlid buktu d aiflasbog fidm edb fv irdghdanshu, ala tlid tb dsblsl, std ela pdsnva kgfstleafstb nvftu.Emlklh d oklh nvftd el adprfst kgfstleafst b nvftu, t. e.

anrvdad. Ala tf adprfst anoftd, vl btlrfu iy kfvb hk pf shrtn vl-et n, el..tf. zgdsaut pumu b nvftu. M fspeoNn abmf en zml ad zlhnXhrtvlah b tfhutf stdvu, alzrfzuel sl vol pf shrtn, stv isvol`ah, pfv bknmu, alif plstdkd v ah mfstnvfst d pfonuel plmeZ rzL dsh O nrday.

Srftfl tlatf pdsnva d zpfra bknm alstd kfvbu s elgf naafst,vytvfnk sn knmfv iummgnshus z anrvay re, t. e. stdv dsta d ikdl-a, z Iummgy pdb sn unank ifgd d tlprvl th sl stdk pvfma, dtglnstno

b iummgnshus vkdsta aiflastvh. P tfhtf pfma sl zada rfz-nk mf Udma Namnl, ay, ad Bfrlu, Olka, mf Edpfasbd, ]niltu d e .El v ah t rfzlad hdjnl d rza pfvry.

Plogay pfbusy, vvsvtkfvdtn pvfm a iflastv blsdasbgf z iumm-gnshu, srfvavdo vmd aiflasb fmht. Hlzn blsdastvh d iumm-gnshlh esfu fvlh pfmfiafstn vaegf rzu, ad p. ogrhy, ba,rfuogd, bktlry, skniy d pfm., tf vdb pkyal elmadb z pfvdgy aifla-stv d elgf prfelvu vilo, elmadb z vknvu blsdastv ad Pogfm.

Iummgnstnob adubd alplvyuel pfzaa rfzuhfv. Ano alu f If-gu, alza muogfvfst d alshrtlkafst knmsb mul. Hlzn kfvblh dzvltlh ala zsdma rfzmk. Pyzav plssnhnshus, ukn, l nvft adzlhn el zkf d l pfsklmah oklh nvftd el pfpla d fmstrdaa vlblrtfugy pf nvft. Alza admpnrfzlaog pfgautlb, slilzdpla2 vyogz

ela zl slilksby d pfgautlb pnrfzlaog. Iummgnshus ala. aifla-stv zelvla, air nst knmsb d stfe vrfua n hrdvfua gkuifbfpfo]aiflastvh blsdasbh.

m) Gnamunshus.El tf. spfkla azlv prf vlogad aliummgnstnob aiflastv v-

ogfma v Namnn. Pzanbk v N. stfk. pf Br. skfulah vlmnshuQ irdghdashu d iummgnshu, pnedk pfzmen hafg prvby nskhu d blsdastv.

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_vmlotvh tfgf esfu skdva namnob lpfsy5 Hdgdigdrdtd d Ydhdydad. st prvagf sl adzv Igdjdvdmjntd. G kdvaKifgfv esfu5 Irdghd.t. e. tvrol svtd, Pnau, t. e. fograol ifg d knm plm zanblh. \ if-gd Pnau sl t olkblh mlslt prfha5 v ryiu, vlku, hlmvmd dtm.,v fsh elst Brnad, v mlvt Iummgd, bfala v mlst prfha slfielv Pnau, diy ad svt fmstrdank zkf d zdkfnk va brkfvstv mfi-

rd. Ifglh pkfmafstn d rfzbkdmu el_nvdQBrfh uvlmlaog el olk dmdifg d ifgy. P aiflasbh nvft elst rfzlad hdjnl d rza pf-vry.

I. Slrda.

Sdrsfv, vtlv tf Slrda, elenog ziytby esfu v Slrsnn d Namnn, uot-vde hafgf ifg., pfmzlaog elmafhu alif mvhd ifgh. Sdrsnsaus uprdvnk aiflasb rl`frhtfr U drdtgustrd (Ufrfdstlr) VxV7~tfk,

p. Br. Elgf adubd el fisdlad v bangog5 U lam dvlstd ( 8 trdmnol d'vma). \, l elst alevy ifstvf5 DgurdHdzmd (Frhuzm), t. e.ig svtd, nstfty, sprdvlmkafstn, tvrol alil d zlh, ifg d knm, str-ol hrdvagf mu. Ogra svt plm zklh d fogrduel kfvbd. ]vr-olh zkd elst ig Dgrnhda, btlr el vl stkh ifen s mfirlh, mfhgsl vkmy adm svtlh d sad sl plhfon Frhuzmd. Esfu t an mu-ogfv mfi, pfmzla Frhuzmfvn, d zk, pfmzla Dgrnhdafvn. Sfmkl

pfzmeog azfr adm fihd ifgy Frhuzmlh d Dgrnh dalh elst vy-

, va iytfst, btlr fid stvfnkd. Esfu tlmy v pdrsnshu stfpy elmafifsty n hafgfifstv. .Uvk el uotva Hntgrd, ig skuaol. Elgf bukt spfvdk v hyst-

rnog d pllk ad Updm mf l hsb. Edbf fograol vrafstn, pfotn-vfstn d bza iyk ota v hsbog kljnog. Iyk uotva fgah, fithnd hfmkntifu.

R O. lbfv d hda.

d) Alestdr aiflasb `frhd Glkklaubdzuel apdma pfmfiafstndrnesbhu pnrfzlahu aiflastv, btlr spdtuelhl vl vmog. Adpftbu iyk u anog uotva edbf prva ig \rdafs, t. e. ig alil.P pfzme mfi gfhrfvsb'(pf >. stfk. p. Br.) iyk v lkl ifg Ulus,ftlo ifg d knm, husb prnaonp. Mnfal plmstdvuel lasb prnaonp.Mdk ifgfv esfu5 Brfafs, ig a d zlh, Dpfkkf, ig svtd, Sfsln-mfa, ig hfl, Gl`dnstfs, ig fga, Glrd (hdalkbd Ulvd) iykd if-gya nvftd, Mnfaysfs, ig pkfmafstn, Dtgad, ifgya hfumrfstn, Drtlhns, ig kfvu, D`rfmntl, ifgya brsy d ksby, Glrhls, pfslk ifg dtm.

. lt .ifgfv..sl fi elvuen v knmsb, brsa pfstdvBrfh svtkogh de vdb tdb stnaa straby pfvdgy. Ifgfv esfu zvnsk ad hfon fsu-mu, btlr edbf tlha prfma hfo stfe adm ifgy n knmhn.

@nkfsf`nl, ad p. u Wlaf`fad d sf`nst, pfstdvnkd sl prftn ifgh.

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WE _fbrdtd, Skdtfad d Drnstftlkd iykd vyprdofvad nmld ifstvd db elmafifstv. Fiylea knm vdb tfauk v hafgfifstv d rzaog pf-vrog.

Glkklasb vl v ifgy fmpfvmdk bukt d hrdvafst. Iyky pnalayfitn, bfaay hfmkntiy, zpvy d skdvafsta prvfmy. Bukt hystrn(lklusnasbog, mnfaysnesbog, Hntgrfvog de.) tvfnk vanta strabu

aiflastv. Elmadkf sl v anog f enstftu prf va nvft d uspfbfelafaog aiflasbog pftli d tuli pf pfsvola, btlr aliyky ubfelayf`nonlkah aiflastvh.

i) \ hda iyk v alestdr mfi uotva ig Edaus (Mndaus, bhlamya, mnvuh, mlus) d ifgya Mndad2 pfzmen iyk ota Euppntlr edbf ale-klp d alevt ig (Fptnhus Hdxnhus), btlr el tvrolh ifg d knmd vlh vkmal. B mdkh ifgh pdt5 _dtura, ig sltiy, Alptua, ighfl, Hdrs, ig vkby, Hlrbur, ig fiogfmu, Euaf (hdalkbd Eupn-

tlrfvd), ifgya nvftd, Plaul, ifgya brsy d ksby, Plstd, ifgyamfhogf briu dtm.Glkklasb bukturd..spfku s aiflastvh prfanbkd pf zanbu pfkntno-

b svfifmy lobd mf hd. lt ifgfv iykn pned tn mf hsbgfpdatglfau (8 ogrhu vlog ifgu P ]db zv. aiflasb syabrlnshussl mdtuel fm r. 93= p. Br.. bmv iyk pnvlzla fm brkl ttdkd z Slrjdhfau vl @ryjnn firdz Oyilky, hdtby ifg d s a rza ifstvd hdkf-dsnesb. P n hsb iykd rfva rfzlad lta hystrnd d tdea buk-

ty, sfudsa rfstkd pfvrd, ry, bfuzkd (dujun, gdruspnbfv). Pl `nkf-sf`nn vkmk afvfpkdtfanshus2 shs glkklasbfvogfmaog aiflastv,blsdastv d nkfsf`nl plmstdvfvdk jafstnonshus (fm jafsns 8 pfzaa ) .

P mfi plmblsdasb fotkn sl lbfv d hda v aiflasbfhrdvah pdmbu, plstf, l ad p. hda sl mfhfgkn v mfi osdsbsvtfv hfon.

M. _kfvda.

\ stdrog _kfvda spdtuelh l nmlu alevygf ifgd, elhu iyknpfmzlan fstdta lta ifgfv. ] ntf sl mk ad mfir (ifj) d zk (is)."P ifzog vnmkn n zfsfiaa sky prfma alif mul plmb. Ehad if-g iykd rza pfmkl rzaog bhla d elenog pfbrfnkfstn.

\ vogfmaog _kfvda iyk ota Slrua (kntlvsbSlrbuad, pfksb Snfrua), ig grfhu d iklsbu. Plmkl agf iyk Ogrs, Mdifj, _trnifj, _nhnjdrkd d ifgya Hfbfd. \ _kfvda pfkdisbog iyk ig _vdatfvt(uotva zvkt v Drbfa ad Yuea, bml stkd elgf tygkdv hfmkd).Iyk ota edbf ig rfmy d vkby. Hfmkd ifgd skuaol vl ttna d adPfkyan skukd ]rnjkdv (iykd trfegkdv).

B mdkh skfvdasbh ifgh pdtnkn5 Plkls, ig sbftu, Kdmd (Plsad),ifgya edrd d ksby, Hfrdad, ifgya znhy d shrtn. \ _kfvda sl vy-sbytue t5 vfmab, vky (rusdkby), sumnby, sbtbfv d e. _kfvda std

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vkn ifgh mlva ogrhy alif el uotvdkn v prfm. Uvkta ba-stvf (rlon) iykf ela u _kfvda pfkdisbog. Ifgh iyky pnalayfitn5 pkfmnay n zvdtd. _kfvda vnkn v pfshrta nvft mul, admgrfiy zlsaukog bfadkn skdvafstn, tryzay (vkla gry, zpdsy, gfstn-ay). Mul zlhlkog fmogzlky mf adv n. t. e. mf rel.

L. Jlrhan.Sfmfia edbf ena arfmfv otnkn zfsfiaa sky prfma. Alestdr

elenog ig skuk ]nu (]nus), elgf sya ]nusbf. \ elmaftknvog bhla, pf-mfia edbf u lb, vystupue bhlafv ifstvd, v enog brugu elmla

ig vyanb. P hytgfkfjnn sl uvm Z fmda (Z uftda), ig alil d vk-by, pa adml vlhn ifgy. El tdb ifglh zlhlkog, btlr zvl sv mfsvgf fiymk (Zdkgdkkd). Mdk ifgfv esfu5 ]yr, ig vkby, ]gfr(Mfadr), ig iful, Idkmur, ig svtkd, @rlyed, ifgya edrd, brsy dksby, Kfbn, plmstdvueo zk prnaonp, elst ig fga. \ Jlrha iykyv ot tdb ena iytfstn, ad p. afrhy (ifgya fsumu), wdkbyry (pda-ay), mfprfvzleo pdmk grmnay mf Zdkgdkky. Jlrhan hkn t bazl,ogrhy, sfogy, fitn.

@. Blktfv.

Sdt b alestdrh arfmh vl stlma Lvrfp (v prvah tnsonkltp. Br.). F pfmstdt pvfmagf bktnobgf aiflastv hafgf alvhl.

Pkby s hday slzahnky Blkty s fkyhpsbhn ifgy. Alerfzlae-h ifglh Blkt iyk Jjrhhafs, zfirdzfvda s elklahn pdrfgy. Ilklafs iyk ig skuaol d svtkd, ]drdran]gkn iklsbu2 ifgya Lpfad iykdfograbya bfa dtm. Blktfv, hkn zvkta vrstvu basbfu zvdafumrunmfv. ]db fitn knmsb iyky u anog fivybk. Ifgfskuid iykd anog mfprfvzlad gumifu d tdaolh.

N P . F _ ] D ] A K N M _ B S K L H L A D

Sdt slh t. zv. arfmy albuktura, prfma, stfeo ad azbh buk-turah stupan vzmka ad p. lrafn, namna n, Hdkdeon, zvkt pdbpyjhlnon. prvftah u stdvu knmstvd vlkhn gkzo.

lrafnv D`rnol zad e elmafgf alevygf ifgd, btlrhu mvde rz.r `d ]had5 A ed h l~Akd]il, D`r`dhGdd@ m. ]latf ig" alzdsdguel mfknmsbog mena d pfalogv vkmu adm anhn pfmzlah muogh. ]ntfhusle itn zsban fithn, elenog zk vknv autaf hdntn. \ lrafog

elst rfzla `ltnnshus. @ltn nl urntv plmht iu alnv (bhla, gfrdvfmd, hfmkd) alif nvy (gdm, fpnol,~Brfbfmnk), y~alh@smk muogalif btlrgf muog pfuv. |l hu prfbdzfvad otd hfmkntifu, fitd pfm. lrafn v v pfshrta nvft. H de sv bazl lta bfuzlk-aby, btlr]sNfrmuogh.

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Namnanv slvlra Dhlrnol zadn rfva nlmau alevy ivtfst. vlknbgf muogd, Bntnhdantu5 stvfnk svt d m knmstvf. P tdb v muogy.k Q u k n knr f z r l aQtlhsh us. ]ftlh nl plmht (rfstknad, zvl), spf,'

ela zol s bhlal na d p f v elkn f oty . ]ftlhnshus hk pvfma v-zadh pfuzl sfonka (urfvdk bhlafvfu pskuafst) anbfkn aiflasb.Bmy iyk tftlh pfbkma zd smkf alif astrfe muogd, adiyk vzadhu

aiflasbgf.QNamnan vv .ar.&rhn`.kadst mul. ]dtf sl pf shrtn st-guel iu mf enagf tkd, dalif v klp, pfshrta nvft.

P H lxnbu, Slru d enaml iykd en v mfi plmblsdasb zada buktrd6 Iyk,uokvE,QnQ.skuaol.]l ftk d dmd enalgif H 5 vkby, sprdvlmk-afstn, mlt dtm. Hkn sv ogrhy d bazl rfzmkla mf tm. Iyky pn-alay t knmsb"fit. F mun vnkn, l plogzle vl gvzmy, zvdtdd bfala m f]d e l : I g 4u a o l v Slru sl adzvdk Natn, ifgya hsol] Q h d F k 2 mkn]iyk ota ig hfl Pnrdbftd d e. Hkn rfva ogr-

hy, bazl, uvdkn fnstaog fidm. P ogrh umrfvdky pdaay pf-svta fgl. Mul vkmo vrdolky sl pf shrtn mf skuaol, fstdtaog knmfpt ad svt d bfala mf pfmsvt.

Fiyvdtlk alezdzgf slvlru .Lsbyhon, hkn t alevy ifstvfQSnrbsfad2 mkl 'fykd u anog rfznrlad vrdv~muogy e dbfWbvuzk anot v.Sfmfia u fiyvdtlk alezdzgf engu, v FLanvl zlhn, iyk pfelh'ale-vygf ifstvd5 Pa, Alhantlka, Ftlo, pa adm nvftlh d shrt,ig mfir, btlr smk v alin d elst alvnmntlka.

Fiyvdtlk Dustrdknl d fstrfv enagf hf&Vstfe ad azbh buktur-ah stupan." Dvdb n fan uzavde elmau alevy ivtfst5 Bfeda, Hfatfjfa, ]nla d pfm. Elst pvfolh svtd d knmstvd. PKt v ena ifgyd v muogy mfir N zk. Bhlay~hd e n sv tftlh v. Hdkdnl!ad _uamsbogfstrfvlog uotvde hafgf ifa, dkl t elmafgf alevygf5 Mnoidtd,Sua, tvrol svtd knmstvd. P Hnbrfalsnnot dmu ifg mfirog n zkogd alevygf ifgd (Dkeuklp). ] u fiyvdtlk Hlkdalsnl sltbvhl sls ifgy, ogrhy, fithn dtm. Alevy ig skuel \mlajln, enam l Alvla

jut, Hdjuamn. P Sfkyalsnnuotvde hafgf ifg, hlzn anhn alevygf]dajdrfd, pad alils d zlh, knm. P v alshrtlkafst mul, btlr pfshrtn putu el mf mdkgf nvftd iu vl stlmu zlh, alif ad tdeahfstrfv, alif ad gvzmog.

\ fiyvdtlk Hlkdalsnl, Dustrdknl d Sfkyalsnl el rfzlad vrd v td e-afu sku hdad, psfio mfil n bfmknv ad kfvbd, btlr hl htn'ad an vknv. P Sfkyalsnn el rfzla tdiunshus. ]diu zad fsfiu alifvo, zdsvolafu ifgh d muogh, btlr elst elenog hdeltblh d tlmy

almftbautlka. ]diu zstv tdb mkfugf, mfbum v ah vy hfo trv.Pl stlma D`rnol, ad fstrfvlog Damdhdasbog, v Udma Namnn, ad@nknpaog d e. ne rza bhlay, hdk pastdvv t zv pyjh lnon _vhprfsth zpsfilh nvftd stfe ad aleanh stupan knmsb buktu ry d esfualeikn alestdrhu stdvu knmstvd. Elenog aiflasb d h rdva azfry

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vdb esfu vysfb,Qplm n buktura arfmy pfgdasb. Wkotnvde elmafalevy ifstvf, tvrol svtd n knm, ehalh Sukujd. kfvb sl pfmklelenog azfr sbkm z tkd, mul d muogd, ad bfaon svtd sl spfe tytfstn s ifglh Sukujd, Ig Bfvb skue~Bddaj, Gftlatftn hde sv-gf alevygf ifgd suan Jfdtsl. _lhdajfv v Namnn uotvde alevy-gf ifgd Bdrn. \ vlog togtf bhla ala stfp pf danhnshu dan buktu

plmb, z vlkb stn dan pf hdjnn. Afve stumnuh togtf bhla adazbh bukturah stupan mfbdzuel, l vrd v elmau alevy iytfst elstu anog pdtrae al u enaog bukturaog arfm pfgdasbog.

P . B L _ D A _ ] P

B svtfvh aiflastvh, rfzlah ad zlhn, pdt t blsdastvbtlr svh pvfmlh, fisdglh d zzlah sl pfmstdta kn fm fstdtaog

aiflastv.'Blsdastv mfstdkf sv pfska bl vlh arfmh fm sv-gf zdbkdmdtlkl, Ifgfkfvbd Ell Brnstd.Blsdasb prdhlay mfbdzue ifsb ogdrdbtlr fsfiy Brnstfvy n el-

gf ula. Admpnrfzlafst menaagf vzanbu d vrfuagf fisdgu bls-dastv pdt b elgf pfmstdt. Blsdastv nl v pkah skfvd shysku aiflastv z elvla,admpnrfzla..inlvnkdsl.vgbtfxn@'mfkElv arfmlnzrdlbhVXt.lrv sn uogfvdk plmstdvu Ifgd Ftol d skni vybfupla pf-bfkla knmsbgf. Pzanb blsdastv alkzl vysvtkfvdtn edbf vyv`~(d pl-

hau) alif shls enavlg davog aiflastv, ad p. loLfhsbfvogfmagf syabrltnshu. alif zIummgnstnobog vknv d aiflastv Mk-agf Pogfmu, alif zl stdrfzbfaagf nmfvstv.

Sn vzanbu aiflastv blsdasbgf vkmkd v n hsb shs aif-lasbog azfr, bvltkd tdh t lob splbukdol, aiflastv nmfvsbsl svhn prfrfotvhn stkf plm adpkaah. Dvdb zl vlgf tfgf alkzlblsdastv fmvfzfvdtn. Blsdastv elst adpkaah d usbutlaah fmDtd.rf zbana anog prf rfbplmpfvmlagf otuo`dfvak aiflastv d br-

kfvstv Ifgf, urlagf vlh knmlhQ elgf zdbkdmdtk El Brnstus elstfsfid gnstfrnob, skila Pybupntlk d Ifgfkfvb. Fife h sv plvazbtGv]Srhknv. _tdrgf d Afvgf Ubfad, zvkt pdb v lvdajl-knog. P anog el edsa vyemlaf Brnstfvf vmfh syafvstv Ifgf,anbfknv pfuzl v hrdvah, air v pfmstdtah, hltd`ysnobh shysku.

Fisdgfv sl kn aiflastv blsdasb pfmstdta fm enaog aif-lastv. Elgf zbkdmah kablh nlst ula f elmnafstn IfKd. trfenon

ifsbog fsfi. Ig Ftlo vlobf stvfnk, zdogfvv d m. Ig ogtk,

diy edbf Ftlo vlog knm Iyk gksa fm svgf elmafrfzlagf, sfupfmstdtagf _yad, diy sl vnogan knm stdkn mtbdhn Ifhn. Ela vtklaIg, btlr b sv ifsb pnrfzlafstn d fsfi pnedk pnrfzlafst knmsbfuknmsb tkf d mun, hfgk sl sttn prfstlmablh hlzn Ifglh d knmhn.]dbfv sikla sl hfgkf sttn pfuzl fsvfifzlah fm gog, fm elmna

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plbby hlzn Ifglh d knmhn. D prv _ya If sl stdk kfvblh, diysvfu shrt ad bn pfbfkla knmsb fm gog vybfupnk d zelmadk vlhknmlh hfafst va spsy, prfstlmlb, diy mfspkn sbrzl hnkfst Brns-tlh zsbdafu b syafvsbhu sikla d selmafola s Ifglh. Blsdastvel prf tj aiflastv vvbfupla.

/jwzkbls`dastv elst spfela s Ifglh, btlr sl usbutluel sbrzlBrnstd, btlr elst olstd, prdvmd d nvftQ (Eda 4=, >), tf ubnfvdagf (4. Bfr. 9, 9). [SfoksKdKd brosndastv spfv v tfh, l vtkla d vvbfupla Brnstfvf plmstdvuel prf knmstvf If hfo,btlr stdafv olstub spsl, ksbu b Ifgu d' b iknahu. fsvmfvdafu mfirhn sbutby, dIf hfumrfst,btlr u brkfvstv If d m, diy prdvmy pnrfzlad admpnrfzla iyky pnedty edbftf pfmhabd b mfsdla va spsy(srv. 4. Bfr. , 9?9=). Muog _vdt pdb, btlr z Ftol d _yad edbf z el-mnagf prdhla` rf v vv og dQQls] p sQ`n]lklh pfbfkla knmsBlgf*

Bastees, ifsb pvfmol aiflastv blsdasbgf, zdkfnk zml ad zl-hn aiflasbfu spfklafst, zlvae n vanta pfvdgy, t. e. Orblv , mdke svfu stdvu5 sv. dpftfky sl sv. Sltrlh v lkl d elenog astupon, esvlrnk sv ula, diy iykf gksaf vlh knmlh,, sv. svtfstn,, diy enhniykd umkfvad knmlh admpnrfzla hnkfst, .mdk n sv zbfay, e skinksvfu fogrdau d ifsbfu pfhfo, diy hfgkd sv pfskda trvdkl d alfhy]a pkantn. Orblv Brnstfvd el snol vnmntlka aiflasb spfklafst,dvdb svh ifsbh pvfmlh d vlsvtfvh pfskah sl pfmstdtakn fm fstdtaog aiflasbog spfklafst ad svt. Orblv plmstdvuelaiflastv blsdasb v nvft usbutlfvda, gks stkl vlh arf-mh ilz rfzmk rdsfvog dtm. tut prdvmu Brnstfvu, b pfsvola knm-stvd pfuv prfstlmb ifsbh zdbkdmdtlklh e mdaog. Ul vlogtogtf mvfm autaf pfbkmdtn aiflastv blsdasb, vl srfvaas enahn aiflastvhn, zd aiflastv alemfbfadkle, zd aiflastvdisfkuta d elmnala, btlr elst sogfpaf vlogad fstdta aiflastvadgrdm ntn d b elgf pfzaa d p nelt h itn pfbfkla knmsb pnvlmlaf.4

P. S F ] L I D D P U A D H A I F L A _ ] P

kfvb edbf iytfst rfzuha pfzav, l elst alevy iytfst, Ig,pvfmol vlsh ru d kfvbd. El tlmy elgf pfvnaafst, diy tutf alevyiytfst uotvdk d vk el e sl mnk. Melkn sl tdb, h aiflastv.

Aiflastv h vlknb vzadh prf knmsbfu spfklafst. Ogra pl-

mlvh zbkdmgiu]oNGQspklafQn, rfmnau, alift zdenuel'ele``rfzuntlkas@d ,m v hdalkh sku, diy svl pfvnaafstn aklnt

4 Sfmrfiae stdtnstnbu f pftu pskuab elmaftknvog aiflastv ad svtaluvmhl, alif ala zahd. _tdtnstnbd gkdvaog aiflastv dalif elenog sbupnaelst ad str. 474.

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pka nkn d vloby fitl hdalksbgf nvftd trpknv alskn. Aiflastvogra d fmvfmue l mkl p rdvfu hrdvafst,e l a v fmpfvmafstn Ifgu

adkzhl mfstdtla mvfm b zdogfva hrdvagf mu, bl bfaamfilgf d vdrfva sl zkgf. Plobd zvdafst pfogz v pfsklmahzmrf en fm Ifgd d prftf tdb dutfrntd (svrogfvdafst) rfmnd sttv el-

enog zdvdzueo hfon h sve zbkdm d fpfru v aiflastv. ]utskuiu prfbdzuel aiflastv sprdvlmkafstn, d tf edb v nvft sfubrf-hh d rfmnaah, tdb n vlleah d sttah, ad p. v sfumanotv, zbf-afmrstv d pfm. Aiflastv bfala pfmpfruel hr d sfunt rzaogtm d stdv arfmagf olkbu, irdtrsbfu ksbfu d naafu pfhfo.

Aiflastv el alestdr, alefisgkle d alesnkae gfmaftfud hfov muogfvah d bukturah nvft knmstvd. Aiflastv alan mfirvkdstafstn d vkfgy knmsb pnrfzlafstn, air tytf fnsuel d zukloguel.Aiflastv sl prfbzdkf v menaog knmstvd edbf alesnkae, elmnalabuktura skd,mdkf alslta pfmaty b vlklmkh uha d vmy.

B aiflastv el zdvza bdm kfvb edbgfbfknv st, pfvfkad pfstdvla, alif aiflastv el zdkflaf ad rfzuha pnrfzlafstn kf-vbd, btlr pfzav svfu zvnskfst ad Ifgu n vlogay msklmby z tfgf

pkyafuo. kfvb el zdvza b aiflastv anbfknv pfuzl edbf elmaftknvlo, a-

ir n edbf sfonka iytfst, t. e. vl spfela knm v rfmna, fion d sttu.D prftfl bdm kfvb h pfvnaafst ottn Ifgd d nvft sve pfmklvkl If zdmntn, alsh hu itn plblaf v bfalog prdv ifgfpfotyd v nvft aiflasbh.

PN. A I F L A _ ] P S N Y F U L A D A D M S N Y F U L A

Sfmkl zpsfiu, edb kfvb b aiflastv mfspv, el hyskntlka a-iflastv pnrfzla,btlr fmvfzunl pfzaa Ifgd d pfvnaafst b ahu

z rfzuhu, d aiflasv admpnrfzla nkn zelvla, btlr sl zdbkdmadznlvlan Ifh! Aiflastv pnrfzla el hfa, dvdb menay ah nst pnrfzla

aiflastv alubdzuen. Snrfzla pfzaaaiflasbog prdvm d hrdv-aog pfvnaafst alhl kfvl bu mfs dnt n:(QQBd m kfvb ala sogf

p_]pFatn"e`n zbkdmh 'p rdvmy aiflasb d pfvnaafstn hrdva.Sftliuel b tfhu vzmka, adma d plhkla. Adl pfzaa f Ifgu,zsbda rfzuhlh z vdgy f volog stvflaog, el almfbfadkQI) Men-

ay mfsvmue, l knm sl hk v alezbkdmaeog prdvmog aifzlasbfhrdvaog. Ela abfknb plmaog hyskntlk v mfi plmblsdasb (adp. Skdtf, Drnstftlkls) sl pfvzalskf b plmstdv elmnagf Ifgd. Sfgdapnpnsfvdkn ifgh gogy d skdifstn knmsb, aliykf enh edsa, edb hkfvb ottn ifstvf. Dan vlko hyskntlk almfspkn b pfzaa, l knm

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esfu sn of mf pnrfzlafstn rfvan, l enh psku knmsb prvd, sogvdkf-vdkn ftrfotv edbf zbkdm spfkllasbgf mu, mttn aliykf pnzaafprvf ad nvft d vogfvu, lad iykd pfbkmad zd iytfst haolaafu,tklsa prol zd allstafu dtm. Diy tlmy knm pfzadkn edsa zbkdmaaiflasbfhrdva prdvmy aiflastv pnrfzlagf, iykf enh tlid

phgf pfula fm Ifgd nkn aiflastv admpnrfzlagf, zelvlagf.Q B d m iytfst, d tlmy n kfvb, shuel b svhu okn. Ig pfvfkdk kf-vbd b okn admpnrfzlahu, t. e. b admpnrfzla mfbfadkfstn d ikdl-afstn. ]fgf, l kfvb elst pfvfka b admpnrfzlahu okn d edb olstdvlml b elgf mfsdla, aliyk iy kfvb vilo pfzadk pnrfzlah rf-zuhlh. _vhn snkdhn pfuzl pnrfzlahn alhl kfvb mfsgafutnsvgf pfsklmagf, admpnrfzlagf okl. _ tfgftf gklmnsbd, l tftn elkfvb pfvfka fm Ifgd b admpnrfzlahu okn, iykf kfvbu alela

pftlia, air n auta admpnrfzla zelvla aiflasbog prdvm d

hrdvaog pfvnaafst nkn aiflastv admpnrfzla.Aiflastv adminrfzla nkn zelvla nlst sfugra prdvm, btlr Ig

sdh pfbfkla knmsbhu fzahnk nkn zelvnk. U elvla elst bdm admpnrf-zla smklan prdvmy Ifglh ma knmlh. Sh nlst znlvla]prm tfgf!4Nfh"Ig ipftrla prdvmu smkun]ad pL prvah knmlh v ren,stdrfzbfaah pdtrndrogh , Hfefvn d pfm. Blihe lst zelvla prftv. nnh prva pelhol prdvm tytf mnl plmv. Uelvla If elst prfkfvbd auta, alif Ig ogolQdiyogfh pfzadkn tdb fay prdvmy, btl-

rog sbrzl pfug von stvfla pfzadtn alhlhl. Ul stvfla pfzav-hl ad p., l Ig elst, elgf vlknbfst, hfumrfst, hfo dtm., alpfzavhlvdb ad p., l esfu v Ifgu tn fsfiy, zvkta rdmby If f vybfuplaknmstvd dtm. Snedtn ifsb zelvla d vntn hu elst pfvnaafst kfvbd.Udvrgfvdtn tftf zelvla zad almfstdtlb oty b Ifgu. Sfogyifvdtnf ah alif el pfprdtn zad pfprdtn vlvmfuoafst d prdvmfhkuv-afst If. Snedtn ifsb zelvla el t pftlifu knmsb mul. Ilz zel-vla zstv kfvb v alvmfhfstn f tfh, lgf pftliuel b mfsdla

va spsy.Ig vdb fm as alm, diyogfh zelvla prdvmy sklp edbf ifsbpneh dkn. Pdtnbasb orblva sah (470>:3) prfgksnk, l vrd alasklph gauth mul , air l h fmpfvmdtn rfzuhu "h hl dhhl sl f ifsbh pvfmu zelvlaog prdvm plsvmnkn. Plfiloapkdta rrlO]^tbrttlrnd') ifsbgf zelvla esfu mvf e.'Panta;za.hbyesf Q p ifsb zelvlan alhl fisdgfvdtn ano ikumagf, alhrdvagf,may rfzpfn[E)) el vzalla, svdt, lka, pfim b mfirhu .(Pae

zahby esfu"d| fvfol ifsbgf zelvla v pfbfkla knmsbh el pfmnvu-gfma,(j) elafQgkdsdtlk, ad p. El Brnstus, sv. dpftfkfv, bfadknb pftvrzla svgf ifsbgf pfska zzrdby, t. e. sbutby, btlrog alkzlunantn d vysvtkntn pnrfzlahn snkdhn, air hfo ifsbfu, d plmpfv-mdkn iumfuo von, t. e. tdbfv, btlr alhfgky itn plmvmay.

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Ig alzelvnk pfbfkla knmsbhu vlogay prdvmy vry d hrdvagfelmaa adelmafu, air pfstupa pfmkl elgf ogpdvfstn d pftli.Sfmkl mfiv rfzlzavhl zelvla If4[ plmblstdasb (_tdr Ubfa) dbrlsdasb (AfvUdbaeV. \ prvahG]mlh v r en, Dmdhfvn d Lvl,

"zelvnk Iug abtlr aiflasb prdvmy, ad p., l Ig el _tvfntlklhalil n zlh, mdk enh pnbza v ren d pf pmu enh skink Pybupntlkl.Srva knm iykn mulva n tklsa vyspk d hfgkn vkdstah rfzuhlh

pfzadtn hafg prdvmy, 44d p. l elst vy iytfst, Ig, b ahu autafhtn otu d pfskuafst.C Mdk zelvla ifsb iykf maf sbrzl pdtrn-d ro g l (mlslt plm d mvdaot pf pftfp svtd).(e| Uvktagf zelvla

Ifgf mfstdkf sl knmstvu sbrzl Hfel (Mlsdtlrf Ifog pnbza,btlr vkdsta, brfh tltgf, fisdguel zbfa pnrfzla). Q A s kl m u elzelvla mda sbrzl prfrfby (otvn vlko, mvdaot hdkog).C Sfsklmazelvla If pnalsk svtu _pdsntlk svtd, El Brnstus, btlr uogfvv,gks d vybkm Orblv bdtfknob.

P n k . S Y D H L A ^ U E L P L A IFGF

Admpnrfzla ifsb znlvla aiflasbog d hrdvaog prdvm, btl-rgf sl pfbfkla knmsbhu mfstdkf, n lst fisdlaf v Ssh v. d v stah pfma (trdmnon).

]nshf sv. elst sirbd bang, btlr ivky adpsay vaubauth Muogd_vdtgf d btlr Orblv edbf Sshf svQpn ed kd. Mk sl ad _tdr d AfvUbfa. Sh(:sv~_tdrgf Ubfadh =< bangG 94 bang melpnsaog5~


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b nmh). ?. 4 bangd prfrfob5 Uelvla sv. Edad (Dpfbdkypsl).4 Lvdajlknuh sv. Hdtful ivkf adpsaf drdhlesby d zdogfvdkf sl nlav lobh~prlbkdmu. fstdta bangv Afvgf Ubfad iyky adpsay lob.Ae stdr plI dmy Afvgf Ubfad esfu5 Ntdkd (z 9. stfnltkkk Pukjdtd(bfk r. ?7? fm sv. Elrfahd), syrsb, bfptsb, ltgnfpsb (z 9., stf-

klt sv. vrnk d Hltfme.t $ stan pfma (trdmnol) esfu fay prdvmy, btlr El Brnstus d sv.dpftfkfv gksdkn, btlrl vsdb v Ssh sv. fisdzlay alesfu. sta pfm-a, btlr iykf gkvah pfs`mblh b' aiflasbog prdvm, tvfs Shlh sv. elmla olklb, vzelha sl pftvrzueo d mfpkueo. stapfma sl zdogfvdkf vl spnslog sv. Fto d spnsfvdtlk orblvaog, vlvyzaa vnry, v~iigfskuliaog Bangog d fidmlog, v rfzgfmaut pd-pl d orblvaog sah, v pdhtbog orblvagf uha.

4 Bangy Sshd sv. uvmhl zbrola tdbtf5

?:

_tdr Ubfa _. U.Afv Ubfa A. U.4. bangd Hfefvd (Jlalsns) 4. Hfe.

(Jla.)9. 'bangd Hfefvd (Lxfmus) 9. Hfe.

(Lx)?. bangd Hfefvd (Klvntnbus) ?. Hfe,.

(Klv.)=. bangd Hfefvd (Auhlrn) =. Hfe.

(Auh.)


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P N N N . B L _ D A _] P , P Y D , P M D , K A B^ P Y ^

K Blsdastv elst aiflastv admpnrfzla nkn zelvla. Uelvlahvl*vkdstah shysku el pfuzl admpnrfzla znlvla. btlr mdk Ig ilz ,prfstlmal sbrzl svdt fsfiy. ]ytf fimrlky fm Ifgd admpnrfzla

"pfula d bfk, diy elgf skfvf gksdky. Uzrdby d prfrfotv hky prd-vnmlka pftvrmntn elenog ifsb pfska. Edbh zpsfilh Ig sv vy-skdaol fsvofvdk, zstv tdelhstvh. ]db vlkb alblsdasb aif-lasb spfklafstn, ad p. nskh, fmvfzue sve pvfm z ifsbgf zelvl-a. Sfbum fisdgue prdvmy, esfu tf, alpnogzkn v vdgu plvzltblsdasbgf hyklabfvgf pfbkdmu, pfzadtby, btlr hl zsbdtn kf-vb vkdstah rfzuhlh. ]db zvda rfzuhfv aiflastv,btlr spfvad esfuoafstn EIf. ad pfynaaajtn rttn d pfskfuogdtn Ifgd dad alshr-tlkafstn knmsb mul, sl adzv_edonfrndknshu]. Aiflastv nzrdlksb brls`dasLl sl zsdma rfzNGh fm rdonfadknshu, alif fmvfzue sve

pvfm fm ilzprfstlmagf znlvla ifsbgf d hfgfu edk@vyhn men-adhn, tdb fisdglh prdvmu tfgftf ifsbgf pvfmu mfbzdtn.

Slmblsdasb (stdrfzbfaa) zelvla iykf pprdva d alpka.Fisdgue l vtnafu aiflasb dV h rdva prdvmy, btlr ....hfgk kfvbpfzadtn svvh rfzuhlh~ ] rvdkd olad stdrfzbfaagf zelvla spfvv ula f elmafh Ifgu (raaa.at.gln sra us), vlhfgh_`vfa@lk alil

d zlh, y uogfva admel ad iumfuogf Pybupntlkl d v hrdvaog pnbzaog Mlsdtlrd, btlrtf prdvmy d gfmafty pfgdasb svlt mdklbfplvyfvdky. Hrdvfubd stdrfzbfaa iykd vdb almfbfadk, pnzpsf-ila pfvdzl knmu nzrdlksbgf. Menay tfgftf arfmd esfu stkh ifelhelgf aiflasbog plmstdvntlk s aogykafst knmu b fmpdmu fm Ifgdd elgf zbfad.

Bo[sdaskv.,}&Kxngasnv zelvla. Ifstvh Brnstfvh elst elgfula edbftf ifsb mfbzaf. Brnstus sh prfgkduel sv ula zd

zelvla If5 Anbmf alza _yad, kl Ftlo, d anbmf alza Ftol, kl _ya,d bfhu iy tf ogtk _ya zelvntn (Hdt. 44, 9:). ]db dpftfk u5 Ifgdanbmf anbmy alvnmk2 elmafrfzla _ya, ela elst v ka Ftofv, tla tfzelvnk (Eda 4, 47). Unlvla blsdasb epsn nnpkrnd..m=dbehdkVVEdPa:`daiflastv zelvla fisdguel blsdastv alela pnrfzla prdvmy, av

ir tdb ifsb tdelhstv , ad p. ula f alesvte ]rfenon, f vtkla_yad Ifgf, f vyogzla MQ]~_vd!lLr]`lrQ]f knmsbhu rfzuhualpstupaQ]db pf elenoaelvlh alhl el bfala knmsb rfzuh'

anbmy pfogfpntn. Uelvla Afvgf Ubfad hkf zd bfk aiflastvstdrfzbfaa fnstntn ]n mepkann. ]de lh stv ` blsk`daY iykd vl _tdrhDdbfal alzahd. Ad hst muogd skuliafstn pfstdvnk.Brnskussvfgfmumtlb Ifog. Adubu f Ifgu_fumon mfpkank Brnstus zelvlah IfgdnGolrb]ly elst pka ksby d hnkfsrmlastv bl bdmhu, tdb b gabu,

?7


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hstf svtsbog adme hlsnsbogefkfnk vru v brkfvstv If, ftl-vla vlh, bmf esfu mfir vkl.

Blsdastv edbftf aiflastv zelvla n&m.fmEKxvbd pfmzlarfzuhu knmsbgf Ifgu t. n. vrd vl znlvla Ifk. ushraa vkl d ontu(admel ksbd, zifafst), fmlvzma olkgf kfvbd skui If (pfsku-

afst b pnbzah Ifh).(9* Pntn zadmvdtn abfhu zd prdvmu prf elgf dutfrntu nkn gfmafvra svmlotv. Pmtn zad pfzadtn aedbfu prdvmu z vkdstagfazfrn]d zbulafstn. Phlkn knmlh, el tf vrd knmsb. Fm a sl knvrd ifsb, btlrfu plva d rfzgfma pnsvmuelhl prdvmh zelvl-ah, prftfl zd anhn stfe dutfrntd sdhgf Ifgd, btlr prdvmy tytfzelvnk d edbftf vlvmfuo d prdvmfhkuva sl alhl dan hkntn danena bkdhdtn. Pntn v blsdasbh shysku tlmy zad5 (&) sfugkdsktns ifsbh zelvlah d pfbkmdtn el plval zd prdvmu, alif el zelvnkIg, alfhyka prdvmd,(I) fmlvzmdtn sl pka Ifgu, tytf prdvmy zel-vueohu. Prd nlst vo rfzuhu,btlrv. pfzavdel zelvla prdvmy, tytfpneh d sad sl pfmkl hfafstn enh pfrfzuhtn. Elst voeukl,Xbtlrpls hafgfu aledsafst el fogftad vntn Ifgu. Prd el yo |r#,e'btlrsl rdmuel, l sl hl pnikntn Alevyhu. Prd elst vd]otdbl voNr esbth ntf tn (fsvola d pfskla), btlr kfvbd b vla pntdguel"\pfskogalkn kfvb ttf hnkfstn, mfspv b fsprdvlmkaa d b otafstnvk@y]

Prd d vmd, zelvla d rfzuh sn alhfgfu fmpfrfvdtn. ] Ig elstpvfmolhrfzuhu n zelvla. Ig, btlr~adh mdk svtkf rfzuhu b pf-zaa pnrfzlaog prdvm, mv ah svtkf vry b afvhu d gkuihupfzaa svog vaog prdvm. Slmhtlh vry n vmy el prdvmd btlrelst ela elmad. Srftfl vdb Ig el pvfmolh pnrfzla n admpnrfzlaprdvmy, pkyal z tfgf ilzprfstlma, l prdvmnv rfzuhfv pfzadtby dzelvla prdvmy sn alhfgfu zsdma fmpfrfvdtn.Adfpdb vrd d vmd sladvzelhmfpkaun d pfmpfrue. Uelvla fisdguel tdb prdvmy, btlr

hzl kfvb pfzadtn vkdstah rfzuhlh. ]ytf prdvmy vdb, edb ahmfbdzue menay, aliyky fm hafgog vilo, fm enaog tlprvl pfzm dalmfbfadkl pfzaay. Ela ifsbhu zelvla hlhl mbfvdtn, l tdbtytf prdvmy fm bdmgf kfvbd sadmaf, ilz pnhla ikumu d s enstf-tfu hfgfu itn pnedty. Adm thntf pnrfzlahn prdvmdhn rfzprfstrsl vrd v ifsb zelvla v tdelhstvog altula gkuinay. ]db edbf td-

elhstv plmstdvue alevantae emrf zelvla Ifgf, pfmfia esfun alevth fifgdolah knmsbgf pfzaa d alegkuih adpkaah a-

iflasb tfugy. Mfogzkn abmy bl spfru hlzn vrfu d vmfu, pdb eltf spfr pfuzl zmaknv d vzanb th, l ium sl prdvmy zelvla alvy-bkmde sprva, alif sl pfug almfbzda d bkdha mfhaaby (gypftglsy) pfbkmde zd mfbzda vmlob prdvmy.

Ala anbmy mfvfklaf vru vl zelvla If pfmolfvdtn, bmy tdtf

?>


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zmaknv alfmpfvm vsklmbh vmlobgf ima. Sfmkl svrogu ll-agf hl tdbfv rfzpfr spfvdtn pfuzl ad almfrfzuha d hus itn

pfuzl plogfma. Alrfzkutntlka rfzpfr el alhfa. Esfukn tdbfvpftl, h blsda prvf n pfvnaafst vyrfvadtn sl s anhn. Alelma slv tdbfvh ppdm f pfogyifva vl vl, air f tbfst vl vl, btlresfu zsdma rfzmka. Ala vdb mfvfklaf prf tdbfv fitl sl vryzlbafutn, n bmy zmaknv ad ds ala hfa rfzkuta. Alif pfbrd-ueo prfgkuifva vrfuagf pfzaa alif vmy vlml b fmstrdaazmaknvgf rfzpfru. Sbkdmlh iumn iniknob lstnmlaa d prfmfv-mlob ima. Orblv uzav vskfva sdhfstdtafst vmy. Pmd n vrdhus sl vystgdtn plbrdfvdtn sv grdanol, diy apt hlzn anhn iykffmstrdaaf.

w pa p prdvmy esfu trfegf mrugu5 Q A b tl r hlhl adkztn d pf-zadtn pfugh rfzuhlh, ad p[ l Ig elst, l mul knmsb el alshrtlka,l kfvb h svfifmafu vkn dtm.(i) Enaog prdvm iy kfvb sh anbmyaladlk, hl vdb, bmy el Ig zelvnk, tytf prdvmy pfzadtn d el pf-ogfpntn, ad p. gog, vafu fmhau d trlst d pfm{o) Abtlr prdvmyalhl rfzuh knmsb dan adkztn, dan bmy hu iyky zelvlay el pfogf-

pntn, ad p. l esfu v elmafh Ifgu tn ifsb fsfiy, l v Eln Brnstuesfu spfelay pnrfzlafst ifsb d knmsb v elma fsfi dtm. ]ytf pf-sklma prdvmy sl adzvde tdelhstv vry. F vlog zelvlaog prdvmogkzl mfbzdtn, l Ig el sbutla zelvnk, l esfu v sfugkdsl edb hlzn sl-

ifu, tdb n s prdvmdhn nst rfzuhfvhn.kalb vry n mfjhd elst bdm zelvla prdvmd, btlrfu Orblv

edbf tdbfvfu gkdd d b ~vla pmHoN. T aby vry esfu fisdlav S sh sv. d v stah pfma. fG]Svukl `lzl Brnstd h Orblvbdtfknob zelvla prdvmy edbf mrdgfolaa pfbkdm uogfvvdtn alpfru-la, vlh knmlh el gksdtn d s pnspah Muogd _vdtgf alfhyka elvybkmdtn. El tlmy alfhyka untlksb dm Orbvl prf as prdvnmklhbdtfknob vry. Uelvla If ivkf ]llh Brnstlh d sv. dpftfky sbfa-

laf. Sfbkdm zelvlaog prdvm elst uogfvva v Orbvn bdtfknob, ttlrh trvdtn d mf bfaol svltd. S]v?v~v`r'~esduValz h a n t l a . alif vl,of pfogz fm Ifgd, el ad vby prdvmnvh . Ystn hl pfuzl pfzavafisdgu znlvlavog prdvm ndb u elmaftknvo, tdb v olk Orbvn. tdbhl Orblv prfgksntn afv kalb vry (mfjhdE]PNfh spfv rfzvfevry, f ah autaf pdhdtfvdtn, l sl altb pfmstdtagf fisdgu zel-vlaog prdvm d l ala zhafu aiflasb prdvmy, air eleh klph

pfzaah d fiedsaah.

Brtb.V_`kagra zelvlaog prdvm d kab vrv sl adzv vyzaan(svhiakah) Hle&tdx vyzaa vrv el dpftfksb, pftfh asklmueanolnsbfodngrdmsb (?9:3).

=3


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N W . B D ] F K N O B P Y F \ B D , E L E M E N A ^ D Y F U M K L A

4. Bdtfknob vrfubd elst adubd, btlr sfustdva pfmv d vybkmprdvmy vry vl zelvla Ifkh fisdzla. Prfubd (mfjhdtnbd) elst pfm-

stdtafu st ifgfvmy (tglfkfjnl, ifgfskfv). Prfubd sl rfzmkuel ad{'ofiloaftn (zbkdma nkn dpfkfjltnobfu), btlr mfbdzuel admpnrfzlapvfm aiflastv blsdasbgf, ifstv Ell Brnstd d zdkfla OrbvlBrnstfvy, d a d~|v]dtan n splonka)2 btlr n ls vmlobfu sfustdvfu prdvmf IfguQ dQ lg f zlvan naafstn, p rdvm, btlr Ig zelvnk d Orblv

Gkdvah plmhtlh bdtfknob vrfuby esfu kaby vry nkn mfjhdtd. Mrugftah Ql.h tlh vrfuby |fu n]y prdvmy, btlr sl kaby

vrv sfuvns, iud ndbf nlnnog auta plmpfbkdm, alif elenog msklmlb(esfu tf t. zv. plmpfL]dy vry, if]nfvma zvry d mfjhdtnob sbu-tlafstn).

bfklhbdtfknob vrfuby elst, diy prdvmy v ry pfmvdkd d pfelmavdkd f anog vmloby, t. n. div nl b]vfzfvdkdn d fbfvdd prdhlanuzelvla Ifgf (Sshd sv. d stagf pfma), urfvdkd vsvtvk'eleog shysk d uvmkd fpda ikumy d vbkdmy. ]h tf bfklh sl zd-iv vrfubd pfsntnva._trua plgklm pfsntnva vrfuby elst fisdlavnt d t ook]hu. Knkl f 4lh vrfuby el vdb mkl, diy plh kl-ah (splbukdo') kaby vrv. btlr nsfu edbf zelvla mfbzay, fsvtknkdd prfgkfuinkd, ubzdkd elenog vanta prdvmnvfst d sfugkds l zsdmdhnrfzuhfvhn (kfjnobhn). ]ftf el ifgfvokd splbukdtnva (sogfkdstnob'B ifgfvma splbukdon uvdkn ifgfsNfvd':hlQfjfv)]NN


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sv. Dkilrt Plknb (t 4973), sv. Ifadvlaturd (t 49:=), gkdva vdb sv.]fh Dbvnasby ( 49:=).*Elgf `nkfsf`nobh mklh elst _uhhd frn`rdjlatnkls, vrfua mkf _uhhd tglfkfjnod zstdkf al]]fbfagf. Pyan'bdeoh sogfkdstnblh 'Iyk n Muas"


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_ ] S Y P A

F I F G \ E L M N A H

Ph, v Ifgd, Ftol vlhfgfuogf, _tvfntlklalil n zlh (prva kalb vry).

Ig elst prva d pfsklma (Uelv. 4, 4:), dk`d d hljd, pftlb d okvlgf. \la f Ifgu, elgf esfuoafstn (lxnstlaon),iytafstn d vkdstafstlog,stfe v lkl vrfuby. \ntlafst rfzprdvy f Ifgu el zleh. Ig eliytfst alevzallae, ad oty d ksby alegfmae. Uatn Ifgd el prfkfvbd pftlia d mklnt. Uatn tlil el svrogfvda sprdvlmkafst dvmtn f tv hfon el bfla alshrtlkafstn (Hfum. 4


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Srfgklah sahu vdtnbasbgf iyky zdhtauty abtlrlenlsprvaazfry f hfafstn pfzaa esfuoafstn IfQQS k ` h t dfa_ k ga u kpfmklb tlr lgf'huz''okvlb pfzadtn Ifgd pfuzl z trdo]]l~" t]"X] utagf pfma,v ah elst zdogfvaf admpnrfzla z novo`WIQsafskon_]hnrWnnsafs- of 8 alzah, alvh) d sblptnonshus (pfogyifvdstv), btlr vilouprde efy5bu h fa f s p f z a d t a l o f admshyskagf, muogfy,gd ,d tlmyKIfgd(e6) Bdatv brntnonsraus. pfmkl agf mbdzy a esfarafstn Ifpfstrmde t. zv. fielbtnva pkdtafstn, tdbl esfuoafst If el tfknbf pfdmdvLlh'Ozv. prdb44obgfrzuhu. m) Azfr _ogklnlrhdoglrv d elgf

pvrlao, l kfvb pfzav Ifgd spl ontlh d svfu vanta zbulafstn) Azfr, l nmld (hyklabd) f Ifgu elst kfvbu vrfzlad, tdblsdhd fm slil v mun zdsvntal.

Srdvmd, l kfvb hl pfzadtn Ifgd pnrfzlah svtklh svgf rf-zuhu, elst edsa fisdlad v Ssh sv.P banzl Hfumrfstn tlhl5 Iykn`

ikzan vnogan knm fm pnrfzlafstn, v anogtf aliykf zahfstn Ifgd, btlz vnmntlkaog mfbfadkfst alhfgkn pfzadtn tfgf, btlr elst, dan pfza-vdeol mkd adklzkn uhkol . . . Alif z vlknbfstn d brsy tvfr kzl zv-rlh stvfntlkl elenog pfzadtn (4?, 4). Sfmfia dkh (4?, 4)5 ee lbk

ikzla v srmon svh5 Ala Ifgd. Sfmkl svdtgf dpftfkd Sdvkd esfupf g d a d h]v]a g],z l Ifg d m f stdt l a alpfzav e 5 EAlif]alvnmntlkal vkdstafstn ElknfGzl s`vroan svtd, "sbrzl ty vlon, btlr esfu unaay,rfzuhlh pfogfpla spdtlay ivde, tftn elgf va hfo d ifstv

( h. 4, 93). E_`lestdr blshsb pfma hkuv f pnrfzlah pfzaaIfgd z vo stvflaog. ]db ad p. ]glfpgnkus, insbup v Datnfognn, mf-bdzuel esfuoafst If z mu d lkafstn vl volog stvflaog.4 \v mfi plmblsdasb pfgdat `nkfsf`fv fzadfvdkn pfprdl ifg zd

ikzay, ad p. Onolrf.9 Sfmfia prdv Skdtf vl svog Ubfalog,? lanbmf z tog, btl v hkm ifstv pfprdkn, alzstdk pn tfhtf haad mf shrtn.

9. A lph mbdzy esfuoafstn If.

Yza esfu olsty knmsbgf rfzuhu b pfzaa esfuoafstn If. Ptgfvzmka d skfntog mbdz ala u vtnay knm zdpftli, alif hde

pnrfzla vmfh f Ifgu. Aiflastv elst alvvgkdmntlka vkfgd zmrd -v d alzbdla knmsb pnrfzlafstn]Bdm kfvb, n alvo, ot prdvmusKfvsv. Dujustnad5 ..] rf slil n sn as stvfnk d alpfbna`lsmol`tdkl. mfbum alspfnal v ]fi.= En stda pfgda vyzavdkn5 Hy knm

pftoiueoho ifgy,4'5,"af5 Olk svt h pfelh f ifsbog hfoafs-tlog.

==

4 Dm Dutfk. 4, 4


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Alph mbdzy esfuoafstn If esfu vzdty z pfdmdvb prdbtnobgfrfznrh u`h rdvQG u@]nQfuoadstnIfNN].Qn,' Ilz Ifgd]gya]lh k f vmfh

pfvnaafstn magf vagf fmvfmaad Ilz uzaa d pkaa sbutlayN] p f v a f s t a laan l fisttn spfklafst knmsb, stt, rfmnad. ]f vdbvydmuel dstf fsfiagf fmba d fit. B adprfst vrafstn v pkaa

pfvnaafst elst vdb mfstdtlah pfmbkdmlh pfuzl fmvfmaa pfvna-afst v Ifgu. ma ena alh mfstdtla sky prftn knmsbhu sfilotvd van. Iliflotv (dtglnshus) rfzbkm olkfu knmsbfu spfklafst./Ilz Ifgd alhk iy knmsb nvft magf shvsku. Aliykf iy sprdvlmk-afstn. Alakn Ifgd]tu elst ig adlgf nvftd (zmrdv, alhfo, altst,oBuGfid, ifgdtstv) sfugralh nrog agfm. D shrt vlobf plstv.Snka d klanv, ula alif gkupb, svdt alif kg, tn vnogan iy hknstlea bfalo, ano. magf trlstu sl dstf almfstdal hafghu zkfnaon,hafghu surfvhu anntlkn knmsbgf tst, ma fmhay klogltahusadla d grmnasb otafstn. Ilz Ifgd iyk iy nvft knmsb ela pftolahplm prfpdst anofty, vlogaf kloglta d brsa v nvft iykf iy elabkdhlh. Knmstvf edbf olklb iykf iy imae al zvdtd, btlr, bmytrp d zdanbde, dspf alhde vmfh trdjnby svgf iyt. Dvdb! Olksvt el v alebrsaeh sfukdmu d ela knmsb nvft iy iyk ilzl vlgfshysku6/o) Ilz Ifgd iv aliykf pkagf tst. Bdm kfvb tfu pnrf-zla pf s`lst d ikdlafstn G klm tst v prfm uha d vm v knmsbnasol." ptlkstv, ikdgfiytu, v pfntoog muogd, srmol d shysk. Dvdb

ma pfzlhsb tst almfvlml kfvbd fprdvmu uspfbfentn. Adl tfu-gd pf tst eml b alpfheleohu d muogfvahu mfiru, b albfalahumfiru. Ela tftf hl knmsb srmol mfbfadkl uspfbfentn. ]tf pnrfzlatfuzl kfvbd pf tst d ikdlafstn hus itn maf uspfbfela, of slusbutla elmna v Ifgu.

?. Hltd`ysnob mbdzy esfuoafstn If.

Edbhnkl mul knmsb sl prfium b vkdstahu slilvmfh d stfe plmtdelhstvh zlvaegf d vantagf svtd, zdsvntal v a prva tulaf Ifgu. ]latf ziklsb hyklaby ad Ifgd plmogz bdm vmlob,rfzuhfv vdzl. Elst bfklh tglfkfjnob vmy, diy tytf prva pfzadt-by iyky pnvlmlay b ensthu vmfh d plsvmla. D tdb iumu el knmsbmuog z vdgy f volog stvflaog vmlob, hltd`ysnob mbdzy esfuo-afstn If.4

Hltd`ysnob mbdzy esfu tv. btlr vvogzln fm spfklaog vkdstafstvo vl svt. V]db ad p. bfshfkfjnob mbdz sl zdbkm ad zvnskfstn,adgfmnkfstn d fgrdanla svtd, tlklfkfjnob pdb ad pfmbu, zbfan

4 _rv. S. JdrrnjfuKdjrdnajl, Mnlu, sfu lxnstlaol lt d adturl. Sdrns 4>4>.J. Ydildu, Mnlu, sfa lxnstlaol lt sd prfvnmlaol. Sdrns 4>??,M r @. Bfrmd, Ifgfskfv d Ig (zvkta ftnsb z lsbgf ifgfnvmagf skfvabu,

Srdgd).


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tfstn d lkafstn vlog vo. Bdm z togtf mbdz vyogz zl zbul-afstn, zl svtd ghftagf, shyskagf d plogz z tfgftf pfkl mf fikdstnadmshyskagf, t. e. hltd`ysnobgf.

Hltd`ysnob mbdzy esfuoafstn If, uzavda fm mfi Drnstftlkf-vog. pfpr Bdatv brntnonshus[ KBdat pfvduel hltd`ysnbu zd aofalhfagf d prftf tdb splbukdtnva, vmlob mbdzy esfuoafstn If

esfu hu almfstdtla. Bdat fvlh esfuoafst If uzav, mfbdzuel envdb anbfknv pfhfo hltd`ysnobog mbdz, air z pfdmdvb t. zv.

prdbtnobgf rfzuhu, z pftliy Ifgd prf nvft kfvbd d knmsb spfkl-afstn.

Sfmkl pbkdmu Bdatfvd n afve prftlstdatl d hfmlra aiflat`nkfsf`fvpfprde pkdtafst vmlobog, hltd`ysnobog mbdz esfuoafstnIf d prfgkdue vru v Ifgd zd alvygautlka pfdmdvlb hrdvagfnvftd (ad p. _pnttd), zd vo ontu d vanta zbulafstn (ad p. _ogklnlr

hdoglr d elgf stfuplaon). _lh pdt t azfry t. zv. hfmlranshu,btlriyk fmsfuzla pdpllh Snlh W. v fbruah knst Sdsolamn zl :. z4>3:. @nkfsf`nob n aiflasb zsdmy hfmlranst vkfumnky sl n mfbdtfknob ifgfvmy d sltbvhl sl s anhn stkl, gkdva v prftlstdatsbknilrka tglfkfjnn d u hfmlraog aiflasbog `nkfsf`, ds fm dsutdb u bdtfknobog dutfr, gkdva z dm kdnobog. Hfmlranshus edbftf`nkfsf`nobfaiflasb sfustdvd spfv ad djafstnonshu (t. e. l alkzlaiflasb prdvmy pfzadtn rfzuhlh), ad nhhdalatnshu (t. e. l prdv-

my aiflasb alhde fielbtnvagf pfmbkdmu d pkdtafstn, air zd-bkmde sl v adlh vmfh) d ad lvfkuonfanshu (t. e. l prdvmd sl vy-ve2 bdm arfm d bdm mfid hde svfu vru).

Sfmkl azfr togtf `nkfsf` d hfmlranst kfvb mfspv b Ifgu el -mna ontlh d vanta zbulafst. Aiflasb prdvmy alhde fielbtnvapkdtafstn, trysbde z vmfh d pfmvmfh kfvbd. \vmfhuelkn sn kf-vb tlatf vanta pfont d tvf sn f ah pfehy, esfu tytf pfuzl zrodmklhpfont, firdzlh alpfzadtlkagf. Pl vanta zbulafstn el tdb zrubd,

l tftf plsvmla f Ifgu elst prdvmnv.Pknvlh Ikfamlkfvh sl rfznk t u bdtfkb azfr, zv. natunonfans-hus.H tf itn edbsn bfhprfhns hlzn stdrhn, alsprvahn adubdhn3 vrfzla nmln Ifgd d bdtfknobfu adubfu f pfzaa esfuoafstn If.Sfmkl azfr Ikfamlkf vog kfvb pfzav, l h mfstn snk pfzavdoog4 vfkaog, ot vdb d pfzav, l vlobf2 of h, aluspfbfeuel, l tfala tf, of gklm, d prftf pnogz b alhu vyhu, of ot adm slifu,b Ifgu. Ala tf tlmy olstd rfzuhfvog mbdz, air pfuzl vanta

zbulafstn d naafstn. Srftfl djafstnonshus d nhhdalatnshus iyky fmOrbvl fmsfuzlay v hfmlranshu edbftf ikuma azfry, alkzl azfrIkfamlkfvog gentn s bdtfknobgf gklmnsbd.4

4 Fira vbkdm Ikfamlkfvd systhu pfm v S. J drrnjfuK djrdajl, Ml rlvlkdtnfal. ?. lm. Yfhdl 4>90, == mm, 934 mm, 9>0 mm.

=0


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P pfsklma mfi vziumnky pfzfrafst azfry ahlobgf hyskntlkl H d-xl _oglklrd. Sfmkl agf knmsb pfzaa zda natuno (zlah, vah-ah) pfmstdty, iytafstn, btlrfu sl plmstdv pfmhtu (suielbtu) ilz-

prfstlma enst plmht'. Diy vdb hfgk pfmht adzrdtn ad urntplmht, hus itn tlatf plmht u plmlh v hyskn, nkn pfmht hus

itn aedb uzpsfila, usogfpaa b adzra ad plmht. Mel sl tfmvfeh zpsfilh. Hltd`ysnobh bfalh el Ig pfzava adzrahad svt, anbfknv usuzfvah ad zbkdm zbfad pnaafstn, air pfuzlfirdza (syhifknoby), l Ig prfzduel svtlh. ]htf pfzaah, b a-hu el kfvb uzpsfila, mfspv b Ifgu edbftf pfsklmahu zmrfen(prnaonpu) svtd, anbfknv b Ifgu edbf muogu d _tvfntlkn. Elmna bf-alh aiflasbh hl kfvb mfsptn b Ifgu edbf muogfv, fsfiaiytfstn. Ig sl kfvbu zelvuel v bfau ksby, d bmy kfvb vziuzuelbfa ksby, spfkutvf s ifsbh bfalh ksby, mfsdguel Ifgd. _pfeknsl hltd`ysnob d aiflasb bfa, el pfzaa Ifgd mfbfadk.4

Fielbtnva mbdz esfuoafstn If, t. zv. psyogfkfjnob alif natuna,sl pfbusnk pfmdtn v aleafve mfi t G. Ilrjsfa.9 Elgf mbdz slfpr f psyogfkfjnob stumnd G. Mlkdorfnx. U fsfia aiflasb zbul-afstn, gkdva svdtog fsfi, mfvfzuel sl autafst, esfuoafstn If hnhfrfzuh kfvbd, zdbfuleogf tytf aiflasb zntby. Stfhafst Ifvl svdtog d elenog zb vztdg b Ifgu iv dstf mfprfvzla hnhf-mahn naby, btlr zelvue hfo If. Mfbdzfva esfuoafstn Ifz aiflasbgf zntbu ala ilz fit d pfsbytuel ah pfuzl t. zv.hrdva enstftu.

]] vlog hltd ysnobog mbdz sl fprhl f alezbkdmae vtu vl-gf knmsbgf hvskla, btlr zan5 v`lobt), Of elst, hus htn mfstdtlamvfm. El tf zbfa mfstdtlagf muvfdnb btlr el bdmhu "zl]hyk]"ElLf@enlkzl vyvrtntn dan pfkrdtn~"Bmf iv gf vyvrdolk, pfprdk iysxgfpafst hykla d usuzfva zmrdvgf knmsbgf rfzuhu. Pon, btlrelmafu aliyky, hus htn mfstdtla mvfm svgf iyt (lxnstlaol) hnhf

slil, pfavdm sn alhfgky sdhy sfi lxnstlaon mtn. P tfhtf ppdmhkuvhl zbfau Hnaafstn.btlr za5 vlobf, of sl stdkf, alif mel,h pnau svgf iyt. Ul zbfad pnaafstn pkyafu mvd msklmby5uonalb alhl itn mfbfadkle al pnad5 vlobf, of el mfbfadklv nabu, adkz sl vl stleah dalif vyh stupan v palhl.

HlINyNb mbdzyQEsfuoafstn If]fu prdstdr. Ad`ldal el uu stdrog pfgdasbog `nkfsf` stdrfvbu, ad p. u _fbrdtd, Skdtfad."DrnstftlkdVdn. QKVskhKfvb `nkfsf`nn d tglfkfjnn (sogfkdstnol) iyky

sbvkl vyiumfvay. Mfmals esfu plmsvmueo. _v. ]fh Dbvnasb,4 Azfry H. _oglklrd esfu fisdlay v banzl5 Pfh Lwnjla nh Hlasogla. Klnpznj

4>94.9 _rv. elgf bangu5 Kls mlux sfurols ml kd hfrdkl lt ml kd rlknjnfa. 7. m. Sd-

rns 4>?9.

=:


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bal sogfkdstnb, slstdvnk pt mbdz perf esfuoafst If5 (Knz pfgyiuvl svt;e' z dmy]nohbuenonog pr]faeQy adgfmnkfstn svltdQy zl stup- mfbfadkfstn[ _ ) pfmbu d lkafstn svtd.4Afvfsogfkdstnbd d `nkf-sf`nl vilo sldzuel hltd`ysnob mbdzy esfuoafstn If tdbtf. 4. U -mu hltd`ysnobgfuvm tytf mbdzy5 bfshfkfjnob (zl esfuoafstn vkdst-agf e d esfuoafstn svtd), bnalsnfkfjnob (z pfgyiu), nmlfkfjnob(z prdvmy, mfird d brsad), glafkfjnob (zl stup mfbfadkfstn). 9. U -mu `ysnobgf esfu mbdzy5 tlklfkfjnob (z lkafstn), latrfpfkfjnob(z pfvdgy latrfpnl, t. e. rfzptyku lalrjnl), infkfjnob (zl nvftd), tgduhdtfkfjnob (zl zzrdbu). ?. U mu hrdvagf pdb esfu mbdzy5 lumdnhfafkfjnob (z pfvdgy ikdlafstn), mlfatfkfjnob (zl zvdzafstn pn-rfzlagf mu hrdvagf) d ltgafkfjnob (zl sfugkdsu pfbfkla knmsb-gf). \vlmlhl zml hltd`ysnob mbdzy prf esfuoafst If v tfhtfpfdm5/]) zl dmy uonabueoog pnaOEz adgfmnkfstn svtd (esfu tfmbdzy Eofshfkf`nnob),(?. ) z pfgyiu vl svt,FT z prfmaog zbfa

QnvftdQeznQrdmu, zbfantfstn d lkafstn svtd.(


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9. Mbdz z adgfmnkfstn svtd (bfatnajlata).

Ubulafst as pfuuel, lel ad. svt hafgf vo, btlr sdhy f sfialnsfu auta, ad p. bdm bvtbf ad kfuol, bdm elmaftknv kfvb adzlhn, iklsb, hyklabd, rfzgfmaut dtm. P pnr fzlafstnnokntT.vo ala.diy sbutla ivkv. Hfgfu ivtn alif alitn, elenog iyt (lxnstlaol) elN j a adgfmnk. D tdb el adgfmnkyk5lky~svot Aoanl vdb vlobf, ofaya vilo el, itn tdbfvgf mrugu, pfavdm iy elmafu ano alhusnkfitn d tdb iy aya ano aliykf, of el prftn zbulafstn. E lst tlmy dspfelmad iytfst. Ebtla h...mvdoKsvga iv y sfi, tlmy vload~d adprfstfauta pfmstdtd.

Udvlr z ]ogtf mvfu mbdz5 thntf mbdzy eshl mfspkn b pfzaaesfuoafstn (lxnstlaol) If. d) ]db hy knm, pfmfia edbf shrb, eshlklay zdpnaaog pna. P elenog lkl stfe elmad alzdpn naa p-nad pnrfzlafstn knmsb, prva pnad, i) Adl iyt zvns fm elma,adprfstf auta pfmstdty. ]dtf pfmstdtd el pnafu vlgf, of el ad aszdpnaagf d adgfmnkgf2 slh pdt a nvft, skd, adl e, mul,vlobf adl bfaa. ]dtf pfmstdtd h tlmv dspf tytf mfbfadkfstn5 elnv, snka, muogfva d fsfia. H vdb tytf mfbfadkfstn vl vvhstupan al hy. prftfl". nl...h..QdhdUf?NB d prfpeuel nl. dan iykua of ztrdtnkd. ]dtf pfmstdtd nl va d alzvnsk, prftfl nl adprfstfauta, nl tf Ig, a alevy Sda, ad alh zolkd zvnshl.

OBolhlkn ikl urntn adprfstf autafu pfmstdtu, vnmhl, l ghftdala adprfstf autafu iytfst. Elst vlkhn prfhaknv, mkntlka, fm bd-m hao sky zvnsk. ]ft pkdt f zbkdmaog prvoog ghfty. Adprf-stf auta pfmstdtd el albfala mfbfadk. Adprfstf auta d alzvnsk

iytfst el pfuzl elmad.

'


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=. Mbdz z prfmaog zbfa nvftd (infkfjnob).

Puml bfklh slil spdtuelhl nvft v alerzaeog pfmfiog. S-vfma aliykf ad ad zlhn frjdansh, t. e. nvog iytfst. Mfbdzueltf pdklfatfkfjnl (t. e. vmd f zlhn, eleog vrstvog dtm.) nvft tlmyelmafu zddk. Edb6 Sfvstdk sadm z alnv ghfty6 Srfma vmd ano

pfmfiagf alzenstnkd d h mfbfaol zsdmu5 Bdm iubd fm ena iu-by. Hushl tlmy vl ehau prfma vmy vydmfvdtn hnhfsvtfvgf,nvgf pvfmol prva nv iuby. El tf prva pnad vlgf nvftdQiytfst nv, btlr almastdd vdt am enagf, h el e sdhd fm slil dvlhu nvhue l e umkuel. Yui.

Msklmby tfgftf mbdzu esfu abfknblr! de Ala tlmy prdvmfu t. zv.sdhfvfka pkfzla, edbf iy tftn nvft pfvstdk sh fm slil z alnvghfty, i) Urfmby nvftd almfkltky ad adn zlhn z ena pkdalty.

N bmyiyogfh tf pnpustnkn (pls lta fitl s thtf tvrzlah spfela),ftzbd f pvfmu nvftd th elt ala rfzkutad, air pfuzl fmsu-autd. o) Hkn nvft zdtlb, tlmy elmafu plstdal.


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Qmdla.Kurnthn pumy. Asklmueol enog sklp, mfsdgue svgf okl,n bmy gf alzade. Oklh zvlogf pumu el v prv dm uogfva mrugu,m kl pdb rfvafvgd hlzn rzahn mrugy nvfnog. ?. Olk prfmd elstfnvnmrt ale v,lka zdzlad prf umrla d rfzvfe strf nagf nvftd.Hlzn elmaftknvhn prfmahn lhn vkmal zd th lklh sfukdm, ilzagf iy iykd prol nvftaog snk hdrafu.

Uvr elst zolkd edsa. Albfala rza lka psfila rfzhdan-tog snk prfmaog hl itn pfuzl mklh hyskogf muogd. Srfmasky esfu alrfzuha. Diy sn alrfzuha prfmd sdhd urnkd ok svgf

psfila d vmfh sl f elgf mfsdla

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