The Organ systemsThis PowerPoint Presentation is made by ARLENE G. SALUSTIANO through compilation of different internet sources.

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http://creative-harmonics.org/pages/sacred-science-art-and-consciousness/sacred-science-article/mandalas/sacred-science-mandalamdashphysical-human.php

http://lady-rosales.blogspot.com/2010/08/body-system-integumentary-system-skin.html

The Integumentary

system

INTRODUCTION

The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, glands, and nerves. Its main function is to act as a barrier to protect the body from the outside world. It also functions to retain body fluids, protect against disease, eliminate waste products, and regulate body temperature. In order to do these things, the integumentary system works with all the other systems of your body, each of which has a role to play in maintaining the internal conditions that a human body needs to function properly.

FUNCTIONS OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

The integumentary system has many functions, most of which are involved in protecting you and regulating your body’s internal functions in a variety of ways:

•Protects the body's internal living tissues and organs•Protects against invasion by infectious organisms•Protects the body from dehydration•Protects the body against abrupt changes in temperature•Helps dispose of waste materials•Acts as a receptor for touch, pressure, pain, heat, and cold•Stores water and fat

HOW DOES THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM WORK WITH OTHER SYSTEMS?

Your body is a complicated system that consists of many subsystems that help to keep it functioning properly. These subsystems serve a variety of purposes and require needed materials to function properly, as well as means of communicating information to other parts of the body. Thus, the skin and other parts of the integumentary system work with other systems in your body to maintain and support the conditions that your cells, tissues, and organs need to function properly.

The skin is one of the first defense mechanisms in your immune system.  Tiny glands in the skin secrete oils that enhance the barrier function of the skin. Immune cells live in the skin and provide the first line of defense against infections. By helping to synthesize and absorb vitamin D, the integumentary system works with the digestive system to encourage the uptake of calcium from our diet.  This substance enters the bloodstream though the capillary networks in the skin. Healthy functioning of your skin also is related to the digestive system because the digestion and assimilation of dietary fats and oils are essential for the body to be able to make the protective oils for the skin and hair.

The integumentary system also works closely with the circulatory system and the surface capillaries through your body. Because certain substances can enter the bloodstream through the capillary networks in the skin, patches can be used to deliver medications in this manner for conditions ranging from heart problems (nitroglycerin) to smoking cessation (nicotine patches).

The skin also is important in helping to regulate your body temperature. If you are too hot or too cold, your brain sends nerve impulses to the skin, which has three ways to either increase or decrease heat loss from the body's surface: hairs on the skin trap more warmth if they are standing up, and less if they are lying flat; glands under the skin secrete sweat onto the surface of the skin in order to increase heat loss by evaporation if the body is too hot; capillaries near the surface can open when your body needs to cool off and close when you need to conserve heat.

Your skin plays a vital role in your body as regards the sense of touch. The nervous system depends on neurons embedded in your skin to sense the outside world. It processes input from your senses, including touch, and initiates actions based on those inputs. For example, when you stub your toe, nerve cells in the foot send signals up the leg, through the spinal cord, and up into the brain. The nerve cell connections in the brain sense these signals as pain.

As well as interacting with the body systems as explained above, the integumentary system also contributes to numerous physiological processes, especially those involved in the regulation of the body’s internal environment so as to maintain a stable condition. An example is provided by the way that the skin helps in temperature regulation by changes in the pattern of blood supply to the skin and by sweating, as mentioned above.

http://sciencenetlinks.com/student-teacher-sheets/integumentary-system/

Parts of the Skin

Our skin is a complex engineered covering.

The skin has a slightly acidic coating of oil at the surface. This coating protects the skin against some bacteria. Below the surface is a complex of sweat and oil glands, hair follicles, blood vessels, nerves, and muscle tissue. These are held together by a tough connective tissue called collagen. 

Collagen is very important in determining the health of the skin. The relative health of the collagen determines the contour of the skin, how wrinkled and lined it is. Healthy collagen is often called soluble collagen, because it can absorb and hold moisture.

Below the collagen is a layer of fat and muscle, which provides some contour and acts as a cushion and as insulation.

The skin has three layers. The inner most layer is known as the lower dermis, the middle layer is called the dermis, and the outer layer is known as the epidermis.

Lower Dermis

The various glands such as the oil and sweat glands originate in the lower dermis. From here, they rise to the surface of the skin to eliminate waste matter. Lower dermis also acts as a cushion for the rest of the skin. It contains the finely distributed muscles of the skin which regulate body temperature.

Dermis

The dermis is the layer that lies underneath the epidermis, and it is composed entirely of living cells. It consists of bundles of tough fibers which give your skin its elasticity, firmness and strength. There are also blood vessels, which feed vital nutrients to these areas.

The most important function of dermis is respiration. The countless tiny blood vessels, or capillaries end here in finely-drawn networks, from where they feed the outer skin layer. Dermis also determines the tone of the skin.

Epidermis

This is the top layer of skin and the one you can actually see. It protects your body from invasion and infection and helps to seal in moisture. It's built up of several layers of living cells which are then topped by sheets of dead cells. It's constantly growing, with new cells being produced at its base. They quickly die, and are pushed up to the surface by the arrival of new ones, These dead cells eventually flake away, which means that every new layer of skin is another chance to have a soft, glowing complexion.

The lower levels of living cells are fed by the blood supply from underneath, whereas the upper dead cells only need water to ensure they're kept plump and smooth.The epidermis is responsible for your coloring, as it holds the skin's pigment. It ranges in thickness from l/20-th of an inch on the palms and soles, to 1/200-th of an inch on the face. 

The skin contains the following specialized organs:

Sebaceous glands are tiny organs which usually open into hair follicles on the surface of your skin. They produce an oily secretion, called sebum, which is your skin's natural lubricant. 

The sebaceous glands are most concentrated on the scalp and face - particularly around the nose, cheeks, chin and forehead, which is why these are usually the most oily areas of your skin. 

Sweat glands are all over your body. There are millions of them and their main function is to regulate your body temperature. When sweat evaporates on the skin's surface, the temperature of your skin drops.

Hairs grow from the hair follicles. They can help keep your body warm by trapping air underneath them. There are no hairs on the soles of your feet and palms of your hands.

1stholistic.com/Beauty/skin/skin_parts-of-the-skin.htm

Skin Imbalances & Aging

the skin can develop 1000 different ailmentsthe most common skin disorders result from allergies or infectionsless common are burns and skin cancers

A. AllergiesContact Dermatitis- allergic response

eg. poison ivy, metals, etc

B. Infections1. viraleg. cold sores herpes simplexespecially around lips and oral mucosa2. Fungaleg. athletes foot

3. Bacterialeg. boils and carbuncles-inflammation of hair follicle and sebaceous glands esp. on dorsal side of neckeg. impetigo Streptococcus infection

C. Genetic Diseases1. Psoriasis

- chronic, noninfectious skin diseaseskin becomes dry and scaly, often with pustules - many varietiescycle of skin cell production increases by 3-4x’s normal- stratum corneum gets thick as dead cells accumulate seems to be a genetic componentoften triggered by trauma, infection , hormonal changes or stress

2. Hypertrichosis (human werewolves)

patients show dense hair growth on faces and upper bodies due to malfunction of gene on x chromosome‡ a gene silenced during evolution has been reactivated

D. Burnstoo much sunlight or heat categorized by degree of penetration of skin layer

1st degree burnsskin is inflamed, redsurface layer of skin is shed

2nd degree burnsdeeper injuryblisters form as fluid builds up beneath outer layers of epidermis

3rd degree burnsfull thickness of skin is destroyedsometimes even subcutaneous tissuesresults in ulcerating woundstypically results in catastrophic loss of fluids:

Dehydrationelectrolyte imbalances

also highly susceptible to infectionsslow recovery (from cells of hair follicles if they survive; otherwise must heal from margins of wound)

may require:autograftscadaver skinpig skin

prognosis may depend on extent of damageextend of burn damage estimated by “rule of 9’s”

E. Skin Cancercaused by excessive or chronic exposure to UV, xrays or radiation- most forms progress slowly and are easily treated-a few are deadly1. Basal Cell Carcinomaleast malignant- most commonstratum basale cant form keratinlose boundary layer between epidermis and dermisresults in tissue erosion and ulceration99%% of these cancers are fully cured

2. Squamous Cell Carcinomacancer of the cells in stratum spinosumusually induced by suncells grow rapidly and grow into the lymphatic tissues

3. Malignant Melanomacancer of pigment cells = melanocytesrare –1% of skin cancersdeadly, poor chance of cure once it developsoften begins with moles

F. Aging Skineffects often become noticeable by late 40’sHair - thinner and grayer as melanocytes die and mitosis slowsOil glands - sebaceous glands atrophyskin and hair become drierSkin Layers - mitosis declines, collagen is lost from dermisskin becomes thinner and translucentlooser and sagging as elastic fibers are lost and dermal papillae smooth outfewer blood vessels and those remaining are more fragile

more bruising, slower healing and rosacea‡ tiny dilated blood vessels esp in nose and cheeksage spots – accumulation of pigment cellsloss of immune cells and fibroblasts makes skin more susceptible to recurring infectionsthermoregulation is less efficient due to loss of blood vessels and glands‡ more vulnerable to hypothermia and heatstrokephotoaging = an acceleration of skin aging due to overexposure to sun (UV)accounts for 90% of the changes that people find medically troubling or cosmetically disagreeable

G. Autoimmune Diseaseeg. alopecia areatacauses hair to fall out in small round patches -2% of population (4.7M in US) have some form of it hair loss is usually short term and limited to a few patches in rare cases causes permanent loss of all body hair

Clinical Terms:Necrosis – cellular or tissue death, gangreneBiopsy – tissue analysis

http://www.austincc.edu/sziser/Biol%202404/2404LecNotes/2404LNExII/Integumentary%20System.pdf

Activity

Make the following:

1. Infomercial2. Brochures about how to protect your skin

from diseases.

I would like to thank the following:

http://www.austincc.edu/sziser/Biol%202404/2404LecNotes/2404LNExII/Integumentary%20System.pdf

http://creative-harmonics.org/pages/sacred-science-art-and-consciousness/sacred-science-article/mandalas/sacred-science-mandalamdashphysical-human.php

http://lady-rosales.blogspot.com/2010/08/body-system-integumentary-system-skin.html

Prepared by: Arlene G. Salustiano