vascular disorders: deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, peripheral vascular disease

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Vascular Disorders: Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism, Peripheral Vascular Disease Brunner ch 31, pp 848- 866, 874-884

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Vascular Disorders: Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism, Peripheral Vascular Disease. Brunner ch 31, pp 848-866, 874-884. Terminology. Sometimes called thrombophlebitis, phlebothrombosis, venous thrombosis, venous thromboembolism (VTE) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Vascular Disorders: Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism,  Peripheral Vascular Disease

Vascular Disorders: Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism,

Peripheral Vascular Disease

Brunner ch 31, pp 848-866, 874-884

Page 2: Vascular Disorders: Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism,  Peripheral Vascular Disease

Terminology

• Sometimes called thrombophlebitis, phlebothrombosis, venous thrombosis, venous thromboembolism (VTE)

• Venous thrombosis refers to clot formation in a vein with inflammation– Superficial—in small vein (INT site)– Deep—usually iliac or femoral

Page 3: Vascular Disorders: Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism,  Peripheral Vascular Disease

Etiology

• Virchow’s triad:– Venous stasis

– Damage of endothelium

– Hypercoagulability

Page 4: Vascular Disorders: Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism,  Peripheral Vascular Disease

Risk Factors for Virchow’s Triad

• Venous stasis —incompetent valves, inactivity, obesity, heart failure, afib, orthopedic and pelvic surgeries

• Endothelial damage—trauma from various causes, external pressure

• Hypercoagulability— blood disorders, sepsis, pregnancy, hormones, smoking

Page 5: Vascular Disorders: Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism,  Peripheral Vascular Disease

Pathophysiology

• When vein is traumatized, inflammation occurs and platelet aggregation and fibrin attract cells to form a thrombus

• In venous stasis, clot forms at valve cusps or bifurcations.

• If clot gets big enough to occlude vein, manifestations of DVT occur; if not, body will reabsorb it.

Page 6: Vascular Disorders: Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism,  Peripheral Vascular Disease

Assessment of DVT

• 50% are asymptomatic unless the clot is in the ileofemoral vein.

• Symptomatic patients and those with ileofemoral clot have edema ,redness, pain, warmth, decreased movement, +Homan’s sign (20% reliable).

• Dx Tests: Duplex scanning, venogram, D-dimer blood test

Page 7: Vascular Disorders: Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism,  Peripheral Vascular Disease

Preventative Management

• Antiembolism stockings (TEDs)

• Intermittent compression device (DVT boots, Venodynes)

• Antiembolism exercises (AEEs)

• SQLMWH (Lovenox)

• Early ambulation

• Encourage fluids

• Avoid popliteal pressure, crossing legs

Page 8: Vascular Disorders: Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism,  Peripheral Vascular Disease

Prevention—Surgical Care Improvement Project

• Started in 1999 to identify and implement ways to decrease postop complication.s

• Research found that in all major surgeries, 25% of pts developed DVT and 7% developed pulmonary embolism.

• Recommendation: patients receive prophylaxis within 24h a or p surgery. Could be TEDS, IPCD, LMWH*, ASA.

Page 9: Vascular Disorders: Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism,  Peripheral Vascular Disease

Core Measures for Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)

• VTE Prophylaxis

• ICU VTE Prophylaxis• VTE Patients with Anticoagulation Overlap

Therapy • VTE Patients Receiving Unfractionated Heparin

with Dosages/Platelet Count Monitoring by Protocol

• Anticoagulant Discharge Instructions

Page 10: Vascular Disorders: Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism,  Peripheral Vascular Disease

Elements of Performance: In other words, how does the hospital meet this NPSG?

• Reduce the likelihood of patient harm associated with the use of anticoagulant therapy.

– Use only oral unit-dose products, prefilled syringes, or premixed infusion bags and make sure they are age-appropriate.

– Use only programmable pumps when administering continuous IV heparin

– Use approved written protocols for initiation and maintenance of therapy.

– Use approved written protocols for addressing baseline and ongoing labs

– Assess baseline coagulation status i.e., INR, PT, PTT.

– Manage potential food and drug interactions.

– Provide education to prescribers, staff, patients, and families which includes follow-up, compliance, drug-food interactions, adverse reactions

– Evaluate these safety practices, make improvements, and measure their effectiveness.

Page 11: Vascular Disorders: Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism,  Peripheral Vascular Disease

Acute Management

• Hospital or home?—depends on size of clot and presence of comorbidities

• BR or some degree of ambulation?—EBP has shown no difference

• Heat application

• Extremity elevation

Page 12: Vascular Disorders: Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism,  Peripheral Vascular Disease

• IV Heparin—bolus followed by infusion with pump—dosage depends on established hospital protocol

• SQ Lovenox q12h—EBP show results as good

• PO Warfarin daily—dosage depends on PT, INR

• Analgesics—not NSAIDs

Acute Pharmacologic Mgmt

Page 13: Vascular Disorders: Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism,  Peripheral Vascular Disease

Acute Management cont’d

• PTT, PT, INR qam—heparin and warfarin doses depend on results; not needed for Lovenox

• Monitor for complications—50% develop pulmonary embolism

• Surgery—thrombectomy, vena cava filter

Page 14: Vascular Disorders: Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism,  Peripheral Vascular Disease

Nursing Management of DVT

• Practice prevention for at-risk pts. • For acute cases:

– Monitor VS, NV status, and extremity measurements– Maintain activity orders – Discourage activities that can cause bleeding– Encourage fluids– Monitor anticoagulants meds and labs– Analgesics and heat– Monitor Vit K in diet– Monitor for complications-PE and hemorrhage

Page 15: Vascular Disorders: Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism,  Peripheral Vascular Disease

Patient Education

• Anticoagulant therapy • Home treatment of DVT • Prevention• Dietary restrictions related to warfarin tx• Complications • How to give Lovenox at home• Home INR testing• How to apply TEDs

Page 16: Vascular Disorders: Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism,  Peripheral Vascular Disease

Pulmonary Embolism

• Usually caused from clots in the deep veins of the legs

• Embolizes to the lung vasculature, cutting off blood supply to a part of the lung, causing it to infarct.

Page 17: Vascular Disorders: Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism,  Peripheral Vascular Disease

Manifestations

• Dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, hemoptysis, chest pain

• Can lead to right-sided heart failure and respiratory failure

• + Chest x-ray, VQ scan, CT, blood D-dimer

Page 18: Vascular Disorders: Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism,  Peripheral Vascular Disease

Management

• IV Heparin, Lovenox, or thrombolytics (severe cases only)

• Warfarin for long-term therapy

• Multiple incidences may necessitate the implantation of a vena cava filter.

• Nurses need to monitor anticoag tx, provide education, and practice prevention.

Page 19: Vascular Disorders: Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism,  Peripheral Vascular Disease

Peripheral Vascular Disease

• Affects arteries and veins• Arteriosclerosis--Narrowing and sclerosis of large

arteries (femoral, iliac, popliteal) especially at bifurcations due to plaque formation

• Chronic Venous Insufficiency—inadequate venous return due to incompetent valves. Venous stasis causes problems with diminished circulation and immune response

• Risk factors are same as CAD

Page 20: Vascular Disorders: Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism,  Peripheral Vascular Disease

Arterial Manifestations

• Diminished or absent pulses• Smooth, shiny, dry skin• No hair• No edema• Round, painful ulcers on distal foot, toes or webs of toes• Dependent rubor• Pallor and pain when legs elevated• Intermittent claudication (pain with exercise)• Brittle, thick nails

Page 21: Vascular Disorders: Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism,  Peripheral Vascular Disease

Venous Manifestations

• Normal pulses• Brown patches of discoloration on lower legs• Dependent edema• Irregularly shaped, usually painless ulcers on lower legs

and ankles• Dependent cyanosis and pain• Pain relief when legs elevated• No intermittent claudication• Normal nails• Dermatitis, pruritis

Page 22: Vascular Disorders: Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism,  Peripheral Vascular Disease

Diagnostics

• Doppler ultrasound (853)

• Duplex ultrasound (855)

• Ankle-brachial index (ABI) (853)

• Exercise testing (854)

• CT and MRI

• Angiography and venography

• Contrast dye needs to be carefully considered in patients with renal dz

Page 23: Vascular Disorders: Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism,  Peripheral Vascular Disease

Management: Arterial Insufficiency

• Control modifiable risk factors—smoking is #1!• Keep legs and feet in dependent position• Use warmth carefully, avoid cold• Encourage walking—to point of pain, rest, then

resume• No leg crossing, constrictive clothing• Good foot care• Good nutrition

Page 24: Vascular Disorders: Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism,  Peripheral Vascular Disease

Pharmacologic Management

• Vasodilators

• Adrenergic blocking agents

• Narcotics

• Trental or Pletal

• Aspirin or Plavix

• Statins

Page 25: Vascular Disorders: Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism,  Peripheral Vascular Disease

Surgical/Radiologic Management

• Bypass grafting

• Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty—balloon with stent placement

• Endardarectomy

• With all of these interventions, postop assessment of neurovascular status (6 Ps) is crucial!!

Page 26: Vascular Disorders: Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism,  Peripheral Vascular Disease

Management: Venous Insufficiency

• Elevate legs and feet 10-30” q2h during day

• Elevate legs and feet at night

• Compression stockings

• Encourage walking

• Avoid trauma, constriction, leg crossing

• Good foot care

Page 27: Vascular Disorders: Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism,  Peripheral Vascular Disease

Management of Leg Ulcers

• Goals of care:

– Promote skin integrity

– Increase mobility

– Provide good nutrition

Page 28: Vascular Disorders: Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism,  Peripheral Vascular Disease

Management cont’d

• Promoting skin integrity includes good foot care, avoiding trauma, avoiding pressure and standing for long periods. It also includes proper tx of existing ulcers.

• Increase mobility as allowed and tolerated.

• Good nutrition includes protein, Vits A & C, Fe, Zn, and weight control.

Page 29: Vascular Disorders: Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism,  Peripheral Vascular Disease

Wound Care Management of Leg Ulcers

• Compression tx—stockings, Unna boots, etc. Amount of compression depends on ABI index.

• Keep wound moist—irrigate with saline, apply moisture-retentive dressings

• Prevent infection using good technique; wound culture if indicated.

• For persistent and unresponsive ulcers, surgical or pharmacologic debridement, growth factor stimulants, wound vacs, hyperbaric O2 chambers, or skin grafts may be indicated.

Page 30: Vascular Disorders: Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism,  Peripheral Vascular Disease

Education

• Good skin and foot care• Teach pt and family to check feet and skin regularly• Proper diet—Vits A & C, Fe, Zn, weight control• Appropriate activity• Avoidance of trauma • S/S infection• May need to teach patient and family dressing

changes